Nikesh Lettman

Professor Probst
English 1102
19 April 2016
An Annotated Bibliography
Herrick, Clare B. "Cultures of GM: Discourses of Risk and Labelling of GMOs in the UK and
EU." EBSCOhost. Wiley Blackwell, Sept. 2005. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
The back and forth between the U.S. and the EU over GMO products can be
summarized as a visual representation of the cultural, political and economic ideologies
followed by these nations(Herrick). Since the 90s and the rise of GMO production, the
U.S. and the E.U. have treated the rise of GMO technology very differently. Many
Americans are just learning about GMOs, however in the E.U. many people are
extremely knowledgeable regarding their stance against GMOs. The Science and
production of GMO technology affect the political and cultural well being of everyone
consuming them. To determine to best solution to this problem, this article has been
divided into the three sections. The first, is an analysis of the risk associated with GMOs,
the second, speaks to the ontologies to contextualize the discussion of the regulation
systems used in the U.S. or the E.U. and the third shows support for arguments positive
and negative regarding the necessity of labeling.

Bronner, David. "The Progressive | Peace and Social Justice since 1909."The Progressive | Peace
and Social Justice since 1909. Progressive, Oct. 2015. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
As a society mankind has made massive strides in all aspects of life. Most of our
advancements have been extremely beneficial.
In general quality of life and life expectancy has risen. However, not everyone is
convinced that all of our new technology is actually helping. Many journalists are aware
of a lot of the new laws being proposed such as the DARK Act, however the amount of
information being reported on it and the massive impact it could have on many American
lives do not seem congruent. A bill that could possibly give or deny crucial information
concerning how Americans food is produced and what is used should be widely and
extensively reported on. Many Americans are fighting for a right that citizens of 64
member states of the E.U. already have.
Spangler, Holly. "Information Services Company | Penton." Penton. Southwest Farm Press, Feb.
2016. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
Today Mark Lynas supports both GMO products and the labeling of those
products. In the not so distant past, former GMO activist Mark Lynas would Crawl
through mud with a machete and destroy GMO crops(Springer). Mark Lynas is a world
renowned environmental scientist. How and why did Mark Lynas radically change his
stance on GMO products? He became more informed. When Lynas looked back at a
climate change study he researched, he realized he was not using the same unbiased
perspective he was using with studies concerning GMO products and labeling. If an

expert like Lynas was biased for years, is it possible many people need to take another
look at their stance of GMO Products?
Lucht, Jan. "Viruses - Open Access Virology Journal." Viruses. Mdi.com, July-Aug. 2015.
Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
There is an extensive gap between the rising use of genetic modification and the
acceptance of this technology. This disconnect is widely attributed to the lack of
transparency between corporations and consumers. Corporations are not producing the
same products they were 50 years ago, and the consumers who realize this want answers.
The attitudes and perceptions, the risks and benefits, and the knowledge and trust speak to
the personal values of consumers. The consumer based economy, where consumers vote
with their dollars, was supposed to avoid corporations producing products consumers
don't want. However, with the lack of information consumers can not distinguish between
these companies. If consumers cannot distinguish between these companies, how can an
individual vote with his or her dollars?
Federici, Valery. "Brooklyn Law School." Brooklyn Law School. Brooklyn Journal of
International Law, June-July 2010. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.
The U.S. and the E.U. have extremely different laws regarding GMO Products as
a whole. The differences are apparent in the laws regarding GMOs, consumers attitudes
towards GMOs and what is and is not being done about the increase in production of
GMOs. In the U.S., GMO production has been deemed safe. The E.U. in contrast has
clamped down on the production and labeling of these products. The U.S. is trying to

figure out what more they can get out of GMO products while the E.U. is extremely
concerned with the strict labeling of these products and avoiding them all together.
Ruse, Michael, and David Castle. Genetically Modified Foods: Debating Biotechnology.
Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2002. Print.
In Southeast Asia alone over 70% of children under the age of 5 suffer
from vitamin A deficiency(Castle 29). If there was a way to get these young kids there
vitamin A many lives could possibly be saved, and there is! However, when things
sound too good to be true they usually are. Scientist at Monsanto have successfully
genetically engineered rice with a higher vitamin A content to help these kids.
However, it is impossible to eat enough rice to get the amount of vitamin A necessary.
What switching over to the genetically engineered rice does do is whip out all of the
biodiversity in the area. The only people who gain from this are corporations like
Monsanto,-it is a very effective strategy for corporate takeover of rice production,
using the public sector as a trojan horse(Castle 30).