Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AninvestigationintotheracialprofileofOscarWinnersfromtherecentpasttoprovewhether
ornotthehighesthonorsinAmericanfilmaredisproportionatelyawardedtowhiteentertainers
overminorities.Inspiredbythe#OscarsSoWhitecontroversy,theracialdistributionofthe
AmericanpublicwillbeappliedtoOscarwinnersinhighprofilecategoriestoproveifthereis
orisnotastatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenthetwodistributions.
EmilyHeubaum
DualCreditStatistics
Period3
May18,2016
20152016
TableofContents
Introduction.................................................................................2
Analysis.......................................................................................3
Conclusion...................................................................................9
WorksCited...............................................................................12
Appendices.................................................................................13
Code...........................................................................................20
Introduction
Overthepastfewyears,awardprogramsliketheAcademyAwardshavecomeunderfire
fornotappearingraciallydiverse.Thehashtag#OscarsSoWhiteresurfaceseveryawardseason,
becausenomineesandwinnersappeartobedisproportionatelywhite(#OscarsSoWhite).
However,thecounterargumentisthatthesewinnerssimplyrepresenttheAmericanpopulation,
whichis62%white(Population).Bothideasarevalidperspectives.Awardsrecognizing
brillianceinAmericanmediashouldreflectthepopulationitiscreatedfor,butdoesitactually
reflecttheAmericanpublic?
Onlykeyawardswillbeanalyzed,andonlydatafromthepastthirtyyearswillbe
investigated.Allofthisdatawascompiledfromonlinerecords,andalthoughthesampleisnot
random,itiscompletelyrepresentativebecauseitisalltheobservationsingivenaward
categoriesoveragiventime.Theseawardsrecognizethebestinthefilmindustry,andoftengo
toartistsandtrendsettersinAmericanvisualmedia.Itisimportantfortheseiconstobediverse
andrepresenttheAmericanpublicgiventhiscountrysracerelationsandhistoryof
discrimination,especiallyintheentertainmentindustry.Thistestwillattempttoprovewhether
ornotthereisdiscriminationinthepopulationofAcademyAwardwinners.Acausecannotbe
proven,norcanitbeproventhattheAcademyisinherentlyracist,butitcanbeproventhatthe
distributioneitherdoesordoesnotmatchtheracialprofileoftheAmericanpublic.Thistestis
intendedtoprovewhetherornottheAcademyAwardsare#SoWhitethatthereisa
statisticallysignificantdifferencebetweentheracialprofilesofOscarwinnersandtheAmerican
public.
Analysis
Context&Conditions
AchisquaredgoodnessoffitanalysiswillberunoninformationconcerningOscar
winnersinhighprofilecategoriesfromthepastthirtyyearstodiscoveristhereisastatistically
significantdifferencebetweentheracialdistributionofOscarwinnersandtheAmericanpeople.
Becauseofthenatureofthechisquaredgoodnessoffittest,thenullhypothesisstates:
TheracialdistributionofOscarWinnersinmajorcategoriesoverthepastthirty
yearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.
Theplannedhypothesistotest,thealternativehypothesisisasfollows:
TheracialdistributionofOscarWinnersinmajorcategoriesoverthepastthirty
years
doesnot
matchtheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.
Thepopulationthatwillbeinvestigatedwillincludeonlywinners,notallnominees,fromthe
pastthirtyyears,datingbacktothe1986AcademyAwardsupthroughthe2015Academy
AwardsthispastFebruary.Insteadofanalyzingallwinnersineverycategory,themostvisible
andimportantawardcategorieswillbepulledfrom.ThecategorieswillbeBestActorina
LeadingRole,BestActressinaLeadingRole,BestActorinaSupportingRole,BestActressina
SupportingRole,andBestDirection.
Inallanalysesrun,wehaveanexpectedvaluelessthan5,theexpectedcounts
assumptionisviolated,soourresultsmaybesubjecttoquestion.Thissampleisnotrandom,but
itisrepresentativeofthepopulationbecauseitisallwinnersinkeycategoriesfromtherecent
history(past30years).Theobservationswereindependentbecauseeachawardyearisseparate,
butsomeobservationsrepresentthesameentertainerwinningindifferentyears.Therewerefour
degreesoffreedomforalltestsrun,sothechisquaredcriticalvaluewas9.49.Ourconfidence
level,alpha,wassetat.05.Theseassumptionsandconditionsarethesameforallfurthertestsin
thisreport.
OverallAnalysis
Ofour150totalobservations,128werewhite,12wereblack,6werehispanic,2were
asian,and2wereother.Ourchisquaredtestpredictedvaluesof93forwhite,18forblack,27
forhispanic,9forasian,and3forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstand
forthistest.Thechisquaredanalysisconcerningallwinnersyieldedachisquaredvalueof
37.2832,andapvalueof1.575e07.Becausethepvaluewaslessthanouralphalevelof.05,
werejectthenullhypothesisthattheracialdistributionofOscarwinnersinmajorcategories
overthepastthirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.Therefore
thereissufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionofOscarwinnersisdifferentthanthatof
theAmericanpopulation.Wecannotprovediscrimination,norprovecausationorpinpointa
causeofthedisparity,butthedisparityexistsandisstatisticallysignificant.
*
USPopulationinpurple,OscarWinnerPopulationingreen.
AnalysisbyGender
Therewere89malewinnersinoursetofrecentOscarwinnersinkeycategories.Of
those,75werewhite,6wereblack,5werehispanic,2wereasian,and1wasother.The
chisquaredtestpredicted55.18forwhite,10.68forblack,16.02forhispanic,5.34forasian,and
1.78forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstandforthistest.The
chisquaredanalysisconcerningmalewinnersyieldedachisquaredvalue19.1813andapvalue
of.000724.Becausethepvaluewaslessthanouralphalevelof.05,werejectthenull
hypothesisthattheracialdistributionofmaleOscarwinnersinmajorcategoriesoverthepast
thirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.Thereforethereis
sufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionofmaleOscarwinnersisdifferentthanthatof
theAmericanpopulation.
Therewere61femalewinnersinthesetofrecentOscarwinnersinkeycategories.Of
those,53werewhite,6wereblack,1washispanic,0wereasian,and1wasother.The
chisquaredtestpredicted37.82forwhite,7.32forblack,10.98forhispanic,3.66forasian,and
1.22forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstandforthistest.The
chisquaredanalysisconcerningfemalewinnersyieldedachisquaredvalue19.1017anda
pvalueof.0007506.Becausethepvaluewaslessthanouralphalevelof.05,werejectthenull
hypothesisthattheracialdistributionoffemaleOscarwinnersinmajorcategoriesoverthepast
thirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.Thereforethereis
sufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionoffemaleOscarwinnersisdifferentthanthatof
theAmericanpopulation.Evenwhenfurtherbrokendownbygender,thereisstillsignificant
evidencetosaythattheracialprofileoftherecentOscarwinnerpopulationdoesnotmatchthe
racialprofileoftheUnitedStates.
*Malewinnersinpurple,femalewinnersingreen.
AnalysisbyAwardType
Therewere60majoractingawardrecipientsinthesetofrecentOscarwinnersinkey
categories.Ofthose60,55werewhite,4wereblack,0werehispanic,0wereasian,and1was
other.Thechisquaredtestpredicted37.2forwhite,7.2forblack,10.8forhispanic,3.6for
asian,and1.2forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstandforthistest.
Thechisquaredanalysisconcerningmajoractingawardwinnersyieldedachisquaredvalueof
24.3728,andapvalueof6.724e05.Becausethepvaluewaslessthanouralphalevelof.05,
werejectthenullhypothesisthattheracialdistributionofmajoractingawardOscarwinnersin
majorcategoriesoverthepastthirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmerican
population.Thereforethereissufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionofmajoracting
awardOscarwinnersisdifferentthanthatoftheAmericanpopulation.
Therewere60minoractingawardrecipientsinthesetofrecentOscarwinnersinkey
categories.Ofthose60,49werewhite,8wereblack,3werehispanic,0wereasian,and0were
other.Thechisquaredtestpredicted37.2forwhite,7.2forblack,10.8forhispanic,3.6for
asian,and1.2forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstandforthistest.The
chisquaredanalysisconcerningminoractingawardwinnersyieldedachisquaredvalueof
14.2652,andapvalueof.006495.Becausethepvaluewaslessthanouralphalevelof.05,we
rejectthenullhypothesisthattheracialdistributionofminoractingawardOscarwinnersin
majorcategoriesoverthepastthirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmerican
population.Thereforethereissufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionofminoracting
awardOscarwinnersisdifferentthanthatoftheAmericanpopulation.Althoughthereis
evidencetosaythedistributionsaredifferent,thedisparitybetweenthepopulationandminor
actingawardwinnersissignificantlylessthanthedisparitybetweenthepopulationandmajor
actingawardwinners.Theminoractingawardwinnersaregenerallymorediverse,andless
whitethanmajoractingawardwinners.Buteitherway,theydonotmatchtheAmerican
population.
Therewere30directingawardrecipientsinthesetofrecentOscarwinnersinkey
categories.Ofthose30,24werewhite,0wereblack,3werehispanic,2wereasian,and1was
other.Thechisquaredtestpredicted18.6forwhite,3.6forblack,5.4forhispanic,1.8forasian
and.6forother.Previouslystatedconditionsandassumptionsstillstandforthistest.The
chisquaredanalysisconcerningminoractingawardwinnersyieldedachisquaredvalueof
6.5233andapvalueof.1633.Becausethepvalueisgreaterthanouralphavalue,wefailto
rejectthenullhypothesisthattheracialdistributionofdirectingawardOscarwinnersinmajor
categoriesoverthepastthirtyyearsmatchestheracialdistributionoftheAmericanpopulation.
ThereforethereisnotsufficientevidencetosaytheracialdistributionofdirectingawardOscar
winnersisdifferentthanthatoftheAmericanpopulation.Thisistheonlytestwhereasignificant
differencebetweentheAmericanpublicsandOscarwinnersracialprofilecannotbeproven.
However,twoofthethreecountsunderhispanicdirectorswerethesamedirector.Similarly,
bothcountsunderasiandirectorwerethesamedirector.Thisalsoisthetestwiththesmallest
samplesize,andislikelyevenlessreliablethantheothertests,whichalreadydonotmeetthe
expectedcountassumption.
10
Conclusion
Shownbytherejectionofthenullhypothesisinallbutonechisquaredhomogeneitytest
inthisanalysis,thereissignificantevidencetosaythatthereisastatisticallysignificant
differencebetweentheracialdistributionofOscarwinnersinkeycategoriesfromthepastthirty
years,andtheproposedmodeloftheUnitedStatesracialdistribution.Thismeansthatthereis
significantlymorewhitewinnersinmosteverycategory(exceptdirection)thanisexpectedby
theoverallproportionofwhiteAmericans.
InthecaseofBestDirection,therewerethreehispanicdirectorcounts.Twoofthose
countswerethesamedirector,AlejandroG.Inarritu,whowonbacktoback2014and2015best
directionawards.Similarly,bothcountsunderasiandirectorwereAngLee,whowonin2005
and2012.
Thisphenomenonappearedinafewotherinstances,wherethereweremultiplecountsof
inaminoritycategory,butsomeofthosecountsrepresentedthesameentertainerwinningin
differentyearsfordifferentworks.Becauseofthesediscrepancies,andthedisparitymaybeeven
morewidethanfirstconcluded.Thediscrepancyismostapparentbetweenexpectedandactual
countsofhispanicentertainers,notjustblackentertainers.Therewerealsonoasianactingaward
winners,despitetheproportionofthepopulationasianamericansmakeup.
Possiblesourcesoferrorincludethelimitingofwhichcategorieswereanalyzed,andthat
noneofthetestsmettheexpectedcountsconditionofachisquaredhomogeneitytest.The
categorieswerelimitedforareason,becausetheyarethemostprestigiousandvisiblecategories
intheAcademyawards,butthisdidlimitoursamplesizeifweweretouseonlyrecenthistory.
11
Therecenthistoryaspectcouldalsohaveaffectedtheoutcome,ifwemadeourtimerangelarger
orsmallertheteststatisticsmayhavebeendifferent.Sincenoneofthetestsmettheexpected
countscondition,theseresultsmaybesubjecttoquestion.Ifthistestweretoberunagain,the
timeframewouldeitherremainthesameorgetsmaller,andmorecategorieswouldbeincluded.
Despitetheroomforerror,thesetestsshowthatthereissignificantlymorewhite
entertainerswinningAcademyAwardsthanispredictedbythepopulationmodel.Acausality
norhasracismbeenprovenhere,butithasbeenproventhat#OscarsSoWhiteholdstruth,
becauseAcademyAwardwinnersinkeycategoriesinthepast30yearsaresignificantlymore
likelytobewhitethanwhatistobeexpected.Intentionalornot,theAcademyAwardsare
#SoWhite.
12
WorksCited
"AcademyAwardforBestActor."
Wikipedia
.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.11May2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor>.
"AcademyAwardforBestActress."
Wikipedia
.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.11May2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress>.
"AcademyAwardforBestPicture."
Wikipedia
.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.11May2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture>.
"AcademyAwardforBestSupportingActor."
Wikipedia
.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.11
May2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor>.
"AcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress."
Wikipedia
.WikimediaFoundation,n.d.Web.11
May2016.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress>.
"#OscarsSoWhite."
LosAngelesTimes
.LosAngelesTimes,25Feb.2016.Web.15Apr.2016.
<
http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/laetoscarssowhitereactionhtmlstory.html
>.
"PopulationDistributionByRace/Ethnicity."
PopulationDistributionbyRace/Ethnicity
.Kaiser
FamilyFoundation,n.d.Web.15Apr.2016.
<
http://kff.org/other/stateindicator/distributionbyraceethnicity/
>.
13
Appendices
AppendixAData
Subject Name
Year Award
Gender Race
Minority
1 LeonardoDiCaprio
2015 ActorLeading
White
2 EddieRedmayne
2014 ActorLeading
White
Matthew
3 McConaughey
2013 ActorLeading
White
4 DanielDayLewis
2012 ActorLeading
White
5 JeanDujardin
2011 ActorLeading
White
6 ColinFirth
2010 ActorLeading
White
7 JeffBridges
2009 ActorLeading
White
8 SeanPenn
2008 ActorLeading
White
9 DanielDayLewis
2007 ActorLeading
White
10 ForestWhitaker
2006 ActorLeading
Black
PhilipSeymour
11 Hoffman
2005 ActorLeading
White
12 JamieFoxx
2004 ActorLeading
Black
13 SeanPenn
2003 ActorLeading
White
14 AdrienBrody
2002 ActorLeading
White
15 DenzelWashington
2001 ActorLeading
Black
16 RussellCrowe
2000 ActorLeading
White
17 KevinSpacey
1999 ActorLeading
White
18 RobertoBenigni
1998 ActorLeading
White
19 JackNicholson
1997 ActorLeading
White
20 GeoffreyRush
1996 ActorLeading
White
21 NicholasCage
1995 ActorLeading
White
22 TomHanks
1994 ActorLeading
White
23 TomHanks
1993 ActorLeading
White
24 AlPacino
1992 ActorLeading
White
25 AnthonyHopkins
1991 ActorLeading
White
26 JeremyIrons
1990 ActorLeading
White
27 DanielDayLewis
1989 ActorLeading
White
14
28 DustinHoffman
1988 ActorLeading
White
29 MichaelDouglas
1987 ActorLeading
White
30 PaulNewman
1986 ActorLeading
White
31 BrieLarson
2015 ActressLeading
White
32 JulianneMoore
2014 ActressLeading
White
33 CateBlanchett
2013 ActressLeading
White
34 JenniferLawrence
2012 ActressLeading
White
35 MerylStreep
2011 ActressLeading
White
36 NataliePortman
2010 ActressLeading
White
37 SandraBullock
2009 ActressLeading
White
38 KateWinslet
2008 ActressLeading
White
39 MarionCotillard
2007 ActressLeading
White
40 HelenMirren
2006 ActressLeading
White
41 ReeseWitherspoon
2005 ActressLeading
White
42 HilarySwank
2004 ActressLeading
White
43 CharlizeTheron
2003 ActressLeading
White
44 NicoleKidman
2002 ActressLeading
White
45 HalleBerry
2001 ActressLeading
Black
46 JuliaRoberts
2000 ActressLeading
White
47 HilarySwank
1999 ActressLeading
White
48 GwynethPaltrow
1998 ActressLeading
White
49 HelenHunt
1997 ActressLeading
White
50 FrancesMcDormand
1996 ActressLeading
White
51 SusanSarandon
1995 ActressLeading
White
52 JessicaLange
1994 ActressLeading
White
53 HollyHunter
1993 ActressLeading
White
54 EmmaThompson
1992 ActressLeading
White
55 JodieFoster
1991 ActressLeading
White
56 KathyBates
1990 ActressLeading
White
57 JessicaTandy
1989 ActressLeading
White
58 JodieFoster
1988 ActressLeading
White
59 Cher
1987 ActressLeading
Other
60 MarleeMatlin
1986 ActressLeading
White
61 MarkRylance
2015 ActorSupporting
White
15
62 J.K.Simmons
2014 ActorSupporting
White
63 JaredLeto
2013 ActorSupporting
White
64 ChristophWaltz
2012 ActorSupporting
White
65 ChistopherPlummer
2011 ActorSupporting
White
66 ChristianBale
2010 ActorSupporting
White
67 ChristophWaltz
2009 ActorSupporting
White
68 HeathLedger
2008 ActorSupporting
White
69 JavierBardem
2007 ActorSupporting
Hispanic
70 AlanArkin
2006 ActorSupporting
White
71 GeorgeClooney
2005 ActorSupporting
White
72 MorganFreeman
2004 ActorSupporting
Black
73 TimRobbins
2003 ActorSupporting
White
74 ChrisCooper
2002 ActorSupporting
White
75 JimBroadbent
2001 ActorSupporting
White
76 BeniciodelToro
2000 ActorSupporting
Hispanic
77 MichaelCaine
1999 ActorSupporting
White
78 JamesCoburn
1998 ActorSupporting
White
79 RobinWilliams
1997 ActorSupporting
White
80 CubaGoodingJr.
1996 ActorSupporting
Black
81 KevinSpacey
1995 ActorSupporting
White
82 MartinLandau
1994 ActorSupporting
White
83 TommyLeeJones
1993 ActorSupporting
White
84 GeneHackman
1992 ActorSupporting
White
85 JackPalance
1991 ActorSupporting
White
86 JoePesci
1990 ActorSupporting
White
87 DenzelWashington
1989 ActorSupporting
Black
88 KevinKline
1988 ActorSupporting
White
89 SeanConnery
1987 ActorSupporting
White
90 MichaelCaine
1986 ActorSupporting
White
91 AliciaVikander
2015 ActressSupporting
White
92 PatriciaArquette
2014 ActressSupporting
White
93 LupitaNyong'o
2013 ActressSupporting
Black
94 AnneHathaway
2012 ActressSupporting
White
95 OctaviaSpencer
2011 ActressSupporting
Black
16
96 MelissaLeo
2010 ActressSupporting
White
97 Mo'Nique
2009 ActressSupporting
Black
98 PenelopeCruz
2008 ActressSupporting
Hispanic
99 TildaSwinton
2007 ActressSupporting
White
100 JenniferHudson
2006 ActressSupporting
Black
101 RachelWeisz
2005 ActressSupporting
White
102 CateBlanchett
2004 ActressSupporting
White
103 ReneeZellweger
2003 ActressSupporting
White
104 CatherineZetaJones
2002 ActressSupporting
White
105 JenniferConnelly
2001 ActressSupporting
White
106 MarciaGayHarden
2000 ActressSupporting
White
107 AngelinaJolie
1999 ActressSupporting
White
108 JudiDench
1998 ActressSupporting
White
109 KimBasinger
1997 ActressSupporting
White
110 JulietteBinoche
1996 ActressSupporting
White
111 MiraSorvino
1995 ActressSupporting
White
112 DianneWiest
1994 ActressSupporting
White
113 AnnaPaquin
1993 ActressSupporting
White
114 MarisaTomei
1992 ActressSupporting
White
115 MercedesRuehl
1991 ActressSupporting
White
116 WhoopiGoldberg
1990 ActressSupporting
Black
117 BrendaFricker
1989 ActressSupporting
White
118 GeenaDavis
1988 ActressSupporting
White
119 OlympiaDukakis
1987 ActressSupporting
White
120 DianneWiest
1986 ActressSupporting
White
121 AlejandroG.Inarritu
2015 Director
Hispanic
122 AlejandroG.Inarritu
2014 Director
Hispanic
123 AlfonsoCuaron
2013 Director
Hispanic
124 AngLee
2012 Director
Asian
125 MichelHazanavicius
2011 Director
White
126 TomHooper
2010 Director
White
127 KathrynBigelow
2009 Director
White
128 DannyBoyle
2008 Director
White
129 JoelandEthanCoen
2007 Director
White
17
130 MartinScorsese
2006 Director
White
131 AngLee
2005 Director
Asian
132 ClintEastwood
2004 Director
White
133 PeterJackson
2003 Director
White
134 RomanPolanski
2002 Director
White
135 RonHoward
2001 Director
White
136 StevenSoderbergh
2000 Director
White
137 SamMendes
1999 Director
Other
138 StevenSpielberg
1998 Director
White
139 JamesCameron
1997 Director
White
140 AnthonyMinghella
1996 Director
White
141 MelGibson
1995 Director
White
142 RobertZemeckis
1994 Director
White
143 StevenSpielberg
1993 Director
White
144 ClintEastwood
1992 Director
White
145 JonathanDemme
1991 Director
White
146 KevinCostner
1990 Director
White
147 OliverStone
1989 Director
White
148 BarryLevinson
1988 Director
White
149 BernardoBertolucci
1987 Director
White
150 OliverStone
1986 Director
White
AppendixBWebsiteLink
http://oscarssowhitestatistics.weebly.com/
AppendixCRevisedInquiryPitchText
18
Ifyouevengoneartheinternetduringawardsseason,youwillinevitablyseethehashtag
#OscarsSoWhite,whichclaimsthatminorityactorsanddirectorsareunderrepresentedinthe
AcademyAwards(#Oscars).
DiversityhasrecentlybeenahottopicinHollywood,butisthere
statisticalevidencetosupporttheclaimsofdiscriminationintheindustrysmostprestigious
awardsystem?Racialrepresentationinmediahasalwaysbeenimportant,especiallyinacountry
soculturallydiverseasours.IaimtocomparetheracialmakeupofOscarwinnersinhighprofile
categoriesfromrecenthistory,andtheracialmakeupoftheUnitedStatespopulationto
determineifthereisadiscrepancyinracialrepresentationintheOscars.
Racewillbeacategoricalvariable,withtheoptionsbeingWhite,Black,Hispanic,Asian,
andOther(mixed/nativeAmerican,etc).The2014USpopulationis62%white,12%Black,
18%Hispanic,6%Asian,and2%Other(Population).TheracialdistributioninOscarWinners
willbeassessedtoseeifitsignificantlydeviatesfromthisproposedmodel.
TheawardcategoriesthatwillbeanalyzedwillbeBestActorinaLeadingRole,Best
ActressinaLeadingRole,BestSupportingActor,BestSupportingActress,andBestDirector,
whicharethemosthighprofileofallawardsinthefilmindustry.Winnerswillbeanalyzedfrom
thepastthirtyyears,sotherewillbe30observationspercategory,withatotalof150
observations.ThisdataiseasilyaccessiblefromtheAcademy.Thissampleisrepresentativeof
modernOscarwinnersbecauseitwillinclude
all
winnersfromtheawardsrecenthistoryinhigh
profileareas.Wewillberunningahypothesistesttoprovewhetherornotthisdatamatchesa
proposeddistribution,soaChiSquaredHypothesistestwillberun.
Toeliminateasmuchbiasaspossibleinanalyzingthetotalracialmakeupofthese
winners,achisquaredgoodnessoffittestwillberun,withcurrentUSpopulationrace
distributionsasaproposedmodel.Thenullhypothesisforthistestisthattheracialdistribution
ofOscarwinnersisthesameasthatoftheUSpopulation.
Thistestisimportantbecauseofthe#OscarsSoWhitecontroversythathasbeen
resurfacingeveryawardsseasonduetolackofdiversityintheAcademyAwards.Thistestwill
determineifinrecenthistory,theracialdistributionofhighprofileOscarwinnersdeviatesfrom
therealracialdistributionoftheUnitedStates.Ifasignificantdifferenceisfound,oneormore
groupsissignificantlyunderrepresentedintheOscars.Ifnosignificantdifferenceisfound,then
thereisnotenoughevidencetosaythatOscarwinnersdonotadequatelyrepresenttheUS
populationintermsofrace.Issuescouldbecollectingall150observationsinamanageable
way,butIamconfidentitcanbedonewithinourtimeconstraints.Anotherissuecouldbe
determiningtheraceofsomeactors,butwithresourceslikeWikipediaandIMDB,thisshouldnt
posetoomuchofaproblem.AlldatawillbeanalyzedinRStudio,andImyselfwillcompilethe
dataset,whichwillincludeeachwinnersname,categorywon,yearwon,gender,andrace.This
isalotofinformationtohandle,whichcouldposeanissuegoingforward,butIdobelieveitto
bethebestwaytogetthemostdetaileddatasetIcantogetthemostlegitimatedataandresultsI
possiblycansoarealconclusioncanbemade.
AppendixDOriginalInquiryPitchText
19
Ifyouevengoneartheinternetduringawardsseason,youwillinevitablyseethehashtag
#OscarsSoWhite,whichclaimsthatminorityactorsanddirectorsareunderrepresentedinthe
AcademyAwards(#Oscars).DiversityhasrecentlybeenahottopicinHollywood,butis
therestatisticalevidencetosupporttheclaimsofdiscriminationintheindustrysmost
prestigiousawardsystem?Racialrepresentationinmediahasalwaysbeenimportant,especially
inacountrysoculturallydiverseasours.IaimtocomparetheracialmakeupofOscarwinnersin
high
profilecategoriesfromrecenthistory,andtheracialmakeupoftheUnitedStatespopulation
todetermineifthereisadiscrepancyinracialrepresentationintheOscars.
Racewillbeacategoricalvariable,withtheoptionsbeingWhite,Black,Hispanic,Asian,
andOther(mixed/nativeAmerican,etc).The2014USpopulationis62%white,12%Black,
18%Hispanic,6%Asian,and3%Other(Population).TheracialdistributioninOscarWinners
willbeassessedtoseeifitsignificantlydeviatesfromthisproposedmodel.
TheawardcategoriesthatwillbeanalyzedwillbeBestActorinaLeadingRole,Best
ActressinaLeadingRole,BestSupportingActor,BestSupportingActress,andBestDirector,
whicharethemosthighprofileofallawardsinthefilmindustry.Winnerswillbeanalyzedfrom
thepastthirtyyears,sotherewillbe30observationspercategory,withatotalof150
observations.ThisdataiseasilyaccessiblefromtheAcademy.Thissampleisrepresentativeof
modernOscarwinnersbecauseitwillincludeallwinnersfromtheAwardsrecenthistoryin
highprofileareas.
Toeliminateasmuchbiasaspossibleinanalyzingthetotalracialmakeupofthese
winners,achi
squaredgoodnessoffittestwillberun,withcurrentUSpopulationrace
distributionsasaproposedmodel.Thenullhypothesisforthistestisthattheracialdistribution
ofOscarwinnersisthesameasthatoftheUSpopulation.Ifasignificantdifferenceisfound,a
TukeyPost
Hoctestwilldeterminewherethediscrepancylies.
Thistestisimportantbecauseofthe#OscarsSoWhitecontroversythathasbeen
resurfacingeveryawardsseasonduetolackofdiversityintheAcademyAwards.Thistestwill
determineifinrecenthistory,theracialdistributionofhigh
profileOscarwinnersdeviatesfrom
therealracialdistributionoftheUnitedStates.Ifasignificantdifferenceisfound,oneormore
groupsissignificantlyunderrepresentedintheOscars.Ifnosignificantdifferenceisfound,then
thereisnotenoughevidencetosaythatOscarwinnersdonotadequatelyrepresenttheUS
populationintermsofrace.Issuescouldbecollectingall150observationsinamanageableway,
butIamconfidentitcanbedonewithinourtimeconstraints.Anotherissuecouldbedetermining
theraceofsomeactors,butwithresourceslikeWikipediaandIMDB,thisshouldntposemuch
ofaproblem.AlldatawillbeanalyzedinRStudio,andImyselfwillcompilethedataset,which
willincludeeachwinnersname,categorywon,yearwon,andrace.Thisisalotofinformation
tohandle,whichcouldposeanissuegoingforward,butIdobelieveittobethebestwaytoget
themostdetaileddatasetIcantogetthemostlegitimatedataandresultsIpossiblycansoareal
conclusioncanbemade.
20
Code
OverallDistributionCalculations
>#PopulationRacialDistribution
>ExpRace<c(.06,.12,.18,.02,.62)
>barplot((prop.table(Overall)),main='OscarWinner
RaceDistribution,OverlaidwithUSPopulation
Race
Distribution',ylab='Proportion',col='#7CFC0050')
>barplot(ExpRace,add=T,col='#19197050')
>#OverallTable
>table(final$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
21262128
>Overall<table(final$Race)
>#OverallExpectedCounts
>chisq.test(Overall,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
91827393
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Overall,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>
>#OverallChisquaredTest
>chisq.test(Overall,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Overall
Xsquared=37.2832,df=4,pvalue=1.575e07
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Overall,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
MaleWinnersCalculations
>barplot(Men_Tab,main='OscarWinnerRace
DistributionbyGender',ylab='Percentageof
Winners',col='#0000CD50',)
>barplot(Women_Tab,add=T,col='#C0FF3E50',)
MajorActingAwardCalculations
>#SeparatebyMajorActingRole
>Major<final[final$Award=='ActorLeading'|
final$Award=='ActressLeading',]
>table(Major$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
040155
>Major_Tab<table(Major$Race)
>chisq.test(Major_Tab,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
3.67.210.81.237.2
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Major_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>chisq.test(Major_Tab,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Major_Tab
Xsquared=24.3728,df=4,pvalue=6.724e05
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Major_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>
MinorActingAwardCalculations
21
>#SeparatebyGender
>#Male
>Men<final[final$Gender=='M',]
>table(Men$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
265175
>Men_Tab<table(Men$Race)
>chisq.test(Men_Tab,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
5.3410.6816.021.7855.18
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Men_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>chisq.test(Men_Tab,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Men_Tab
Xsquared=19.1813,df=4,pvalue=0.000724
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Men_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
FemaleWinnersCalculations
>#Female
>Women<final[final$Gender=='F',]
>table(Women$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
061153
>Women_Tab<table(Women$Race)
>chisq.test(Women_Tab,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
3.667.3210.981.2237.82
Warningmessage:
>#SeparatebyMinorActingRole
>Minor<final[final$Award=='ActorSupporting'
|final$Award=='ActressSupporting',]
>table(Minor$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
083049
>Minor_Tab<table(Minor$Race)
>chisq.test(Minor_Tab,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
3.67.210.81.237.2
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Minor_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>chisq.test(Minor_Tab,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Minor_Tab
Xsquared=14.2652,df=4,pvalue=0.006495
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Minor_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>
DirectingAwardCalculations
>#SeparatebyDirecting
>Direct<final[final$Award=='Director',]
>table(Direct$Gender)
FM
129
>table(Direct$Race)
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
203124
22
Inchisq.test(Women_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>chisq.test(Women_Tab,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Women_Tab
Xsquared=19.1017,df=4,pvalue=0.0007506
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Women_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>barplot(Minor_Tab,main='MinorActingOscar
WinnerRaceDistribution',ylab='Percentageof
Winners',col='#B0E0E650')
>barplot(Major_Tab,main='MajorActingOscar
WinnerRaceDistribution',ylab='Percentageof
Winners',col='#8B362650')
>Direct_Tab<table(Direct$Race)
>chisq.test(Direct_Tab,p=ExpRace)$expected
AsianBlackHispanicOtherWhite
1.83.65.40.618.6
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Direct_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>chisq.test(Direct_Tab,p=ExpRace)
Chisquaredtestforgivenprobabilities
data:Direct_Tab
Xsquared=6.5233,df=4,pvalue=0.1633
Warningmessage:
Inchisq.test(Direct_Tab,p=ExpRace):
Chisquaredapproximationmaybeincorrect
>layout(matrix(1:3,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE))
>barplot(Direct_Tab,main='BestDirectorOscar
WinnerRaceDistribution',ylab='Percentageof
Winners',col='#551A8B50')