Basic Thermodynamic Formulas (Exam Equation Sheet)

Control Mass (no mass flow across system boundaries)

Conservation of mass: =
st

Conservation of energy (1 Law):

=
=

+ +
+

Entropy Balance (2nd Law): = +

22 12
2

+ (2 1 )

Control Volume (mass flow across system boundaries)

Conservation of mass:

= ; where =

Conservation of energy (1st Law):

Entropy Balance (2nd Law):

Heat Transfer and Work Relationships

= + +

+ +

is the mass flow rate

+ +

Conduction: =

Convection: = ( )

4
)
Radiation: = (4

Heat transfer for an internally reversible process: . =

Boundary work: =

=
2
Polytropic process: = 1, = 1 1
1, =
2
1

Polytropic process for Ideal Gas:

1
2 2 1 1

(1)/

= 2

2
1

= 1
2

Reversible steady flow work: = +

12 22
2

+ (1 2 )

Ideal gas, no change in kinetic and potential energy

Isentropic: =

(1 2 )
1

Polytropic: =

(1 2 )
1

1 2

1 2

Isothermal: = 1
2

1
1

2
2

Thermal Efficiency of Cycles

Heat engine: =

Heat pump: = =

Isentropic (Adiabatic) Efficiencies:

Nozzle: =

Compressor: =

=1

Refrigeration: = =

Turbine: =

Specific Heat Relationships =

= =

2 /2

2 /2
,

, =

Incompressible Substance (solids and liquids)

Use saturation tables: @ ; @ ; @ + @ ( ) ; @

OR

= ()
Variable specific heat: = () +

=
+
Constant specific heat:

= 2

Ideal Gases = , = + , =
OR

Use ideal gas tables =

= ()
= ()

Variable specific heats:

2

= 2 1
2
1

Isentropic process:

Constant specific heats:

=
2
1

= ,
= ,

2 1

2 1
1 2

= 2 + 2
1
1

2
2

= 1 1

Isentropic process:

2 = 1
2
1
2

(1)
1

=
2
1

; = Molar mass (Table A-1)

2
1

2
1

=
1
2
1
1 = 2

Other (saturated liquid/vapor mixtures, superheated vapors, e.g. water and refrigerants) Use Tables A2 - A18
Useful Relations: = + ; = + ; = + ; = + ; = + ;

= =
; = +