Sonali, Sonali K., and Shashikant C. Dhawale. "Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review.

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Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review. 18 Nov. 2013. Web. 20 May 2016.
Sonali Doke is currently a scientific reviewer for PubFacts, regarding Scientific Publication Data
within the School of Pharmacy. In his scientific review in Science Direct, he discusses the model
organism (rats) within scientific research and the possible alternatives to these scientific
experiments. The primary bulk within his review focuses on the three Rs: reduction, refinement,
and replacement. Reduction is the process of being able to use in vitro cell culture to replicate
cells rather than resorting to a new model organism. The second R is refinement, which is the
process of refining the way animals are treated in the laboratory, starting wit the Animal Welfare
Act regulations. Finally, he proposes the final R, which is replacement. Replacing animals with
in vitro models with cell cultures and using computer generated models rather than actual
animals. Doing so will replace the number of animals used in science, although not completing
limiting it.

Rogers, Kara. "Advocacy for Animals." Advocacy for Animals Scientific Alternatives to Animal
Testing Comments. 17 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 May 2016.
Kara Rogers is currently the life sciences editor for Britannica, earning her Ph.D. in
pharmacology and toxicology and focuses her research on antioxidants in the mitochondria. In
September 2007, she published an article for the Encyclopedia Britannica Advocacy for Animals
journal where she discusses the alternatives to scientific testing. In the beginning, she
acknowledges that the use of animals in scientific research has led to most of what we
understand in science today. In contrast, she discusses the way that animals are treated in
these environments, which is mainly a huge ethical debate. Her main alternative for animal
testing is based on in vitro experiments and computer models, very similar to the scientific
review of Dr. Doke. Due to her pharmaceutical focus, she also proposes an alternative for
pharmacy research, especially in drug testing. The best alternative is making sure that animals
are treated correctly in the laboratory and subjected to animal anesthesia before injection.

"Alternatives to Animal Testing." Alternatives to Animal Testing. Web. 20 May 2016.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, an organization established by the
U.S. government within the National Institute of Health (NIH) published an article regarding the
Alternatives to Animal Testing. They emphasize the 3 Rs, which is what many scientists use
as the basis for their animal testing alternative advocacy. The first R< being reduce, is stated to
decrease the number of animals, but at the same time has to accomplish the same results.
Without the same results, then the reduce has failed. The two Rs are similar to Dr. Dokes
explanation of the refine and replace. What makes this different is that the NIH emphasizes
safety testing on chemical products prior to testing on animals. IF extra precautions are placed
in the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and the Public Health Service Policy (PHS), then there are
different ways to dramatically reduce the amount of animals that are used in the laboratory.