Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY
DR.Y.K.SHARMA
AN INTRODUCTION
OF
CRUDE EVALUTION LAB
THE CRUDE EVALUATION LAB IS ONE OF THE
HEART LABORATORIES OF THE INSTITUTE.
EVALUATION OF CRUDE OILS
TO
ASSESS
CHEMICAL
ACTIVITY)
TO
TO
WORD PETROLEUM IS
DERIVED FROM THE PETRA-ROCK AND
OLEUM-OILS.HENCE IT CAN BE DEFINE AS
NATURAL
CRUDE OILS:
CRUDE OIL IS
A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF
(I.E.
PARAFFINS,
HYDROCARBONS,
NAPHTHENES & AROMATICS)
BROWNISH BLACK IN COLOUR AND
COLLOIDAL IN NATURE.
IMPURITIES:
HETEROCOMPOUNDS OF OXYGEN, SULPHUR
AND NITROGEN TRACE METALS LIKE NI, V,
Fe, AND Ce.
PHYSICALLY CRUDE OILS CAN VARY FROM
LIGHT, MOBILE, STRAIN COLOURED LIQUIDS
CONTAINING LARGE PROPORTION OF EASILY
DISTILLABLE MATERIAL TO HIGHLY VISCOUS,
SEMI SOLID BLACK SUBSTANCES WITH VERY
LITTLE MATERIAL THAT CAN BE RECOVERED
BY DISTILLATION.
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
OF
CRUDE OILS (%WT)
CARBON
86.8
HYDROGEN
83.911.0-14.0
SULFUR
0.06-8.00
(MORE THAN 5% IN HEAVY MISSISIPPI OR
MEXICAN CRUDES, MIDDLE EAST-5%)
NITROGEN
0.02-1.70
(0.1-0.9 % IN CALIFORNIAN &SOUTH
AMERICAN CRUDE)
OXYGEN
0.08-1.82
METALS
0.00-0.14
PARAFFINS
C1-C4
PARAFFINS,
C5-C10
AROMATICS & NAPHTHENES
DO
C11-C18
GAS OIL
DO
C18-C28
VGO
DO
C28-C40
RESIDUE
ASPHALTIC
C40
ONWARDS
Fr2
(250-275 oC)
(275-300oC)
40mm Hg
BASE
P
0.8251 or less
0.8762 or less
0.8251-0.8602
0.934 to 0.8762
0.8602 or heavier
0.934 or heavier
2.
CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR
3TB
Kuop = ----------------------Sp.Gr. 60/60 oF
TB = Mean Av. Boiling Point in Degree Rankin
(a) Suppose we have Crude assay distillation data
IBP
300oF
50%
440 oF
FBP
580 oF
If 50% data is available then we should consider it
as Volume Average Boiling Point (VABP)
VABP
= 440 oF
FBP-IBP
Slope of the Curve=---------------- =
100
= 2.8 oF %
580 - 300
------------100
3. BMCI
(a) PHILIPS CARBON METHOD
BMCI
= 48640/oK+473.7 g - 456.8
g
= Sp.Gr. 60/60 oF
K
= Av. B.Pt in Degree Kelvin
(b) STONE & WEBSTER METHOD
BMCI
= 439.9 x Sp.Gr.[@ 15oC] - 333.8
(c) MURABLANK METHOD FOR BMCI
Measure Vis. in cSt.
Calculate Vis in cSt;
cSt = time in seconds. * Vis. Constant.
Convert KV in cSt between 1.81 and 500 cSt at
100oF and between 1.77 and 139.8 cSt at 210 oF, to
equivalent SUS directly from table (ASTM D-2161)
If greater than upper limit of the table at 100 oF and
210 oF than calculate as follows.
SUS = cSt * Constant (B)
Constant B= 4.632 at 100 oF and 4.664 at 210 oF
or
SUS
= (cSt + cSt2 + 176.28) / 0.452
Measure oAPI Gravity.
Derive BMCI using SUS & oAPI by Chart
BASE
BMCI
P
15
I
15-50
N
50
VGC
Where as
g
Sp.Gr. 60/60 o F
S U S Viscosity
BASE
P
0.80-0.83
0.83-0.88
0.88-0.95
HYDROCARBONS:
THE
COMPOUNDS
HYDROGEN
OF
CARBON
AND
1,2,3..........
0,2,-2,-4,-6.......... - 30
FORMULA
(C2H6)
(C3H8)
(C4H10)
(C5H12)
(C6H14)
(C7H16)
(C8H18)
(C9H20)
(C10H22)
(C11H24)
(C12H26)
(C13H28)
etc.
BOILING
POINT OC
-88.6
-42.1
-0.5
36.1
68.8
98.4
125.7
150.9
174.0
195.8
216.3
234.0
COMPOUNDS ABOVE
CETANE
(C16H34) i.e.
N-
SIGNIFICANCE :
OXIDATION OF (C8-C30) N-PARAFFINS RESULTING FATTY
ACIDS FOR SOAP INDUSTRIES
OXIDATION
OF
(C12-C14)
SECONDARY ALCOHOLS
N-PARAFFINS
RESULTING
N-PARAFFINS
BIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
(C16-C17)
PARAFFIN WAX
FREEZING POINT IN ATF
COLD FLOW PROPERTIES OF DIESEL AND LUBES
IGNITION QUALITY OF GASOLINE AND DIESESL FUELS.
FOR
ISO PARAFFINS:
BRANCHED PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS
GENERAL FORMULA OF N-PARAFFINS IS
(Cn-H2n+2).
E.g.
ISO BUTANE
ISO PENTANE etc.
(C4-C33)
HAVE
PETROLEUMS
BEEN
ISOLATED
PREDOMINANT
MEMBERS
CARRY
SIMPLEST TYPE OF SIDE CHAIN i.e. CH3
HIGHEST
CONCENTRATION OF
ALKANES IN (C6-C8) RANGE.
DI
IN
THE
2-METHYLE
SIGNIFICANCE:
ISO PARAFFINS
MOST DESIRABLE COMPONENTS FOR THE
GASOLINE (DUE TO HIGH OCTANE NO.)
ATF
LUBRICATING OIL
HIGHLY
BRANCHED
ISOMERS
UNDESIRABLE IN DIESEL FUEL.
ARE
NAPHTHENES
SATURATED COMPOUNDS
APPEARS AS A RING STRUCTURES
AND ALSO
OR CYCLIC
IN
50 %
THEY OCCUR
NAPHTHA
PREDOMINATED IN MOST OF THE GAS OILS
LUBRICATING OILS
CHEMICALLY HIGHLY STABLE HYDROCARBONS.
NAPHTHENES PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OILS AS
CYCLOPENTANE
CYCLOHEXANE & THEIR ALKYLATED DERIVATIVES,
CYCLOHEPTANE (B.P 118
C)
HAS
ALSO
BEEN
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:
UNSATURATED CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
GENERAL FORMULA (Cn-H2n-6) & (C2n-H2n-12).
AROMATICS
15 %
BY
PRESENT
THESE
THUS
HIGH
SIGNIFICANCE:
THE
OCTANE
NUMBER
OF
AROMATIC
ISOPARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
OF
NUMBER
THE
THEREFORE
SAME
AS
AND
CARBON
RESULT
OF
NAPHTHENO AROMATICS
THESE
ARE
A
KIND
OF
AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN WHICH AROMATIC RING IS
FUSED WITH AN ALICYCLIC RING WITH
ALIPHATIC CHAINS.Generally such type of
compounds
distillates.
are
present
in
middle
Octane numbers
n-Heptane
Zero
2-3,Di-methyle pentane
42
2-4,Di-methyle pentane
83
2 Methyle Hexane
91
1-Heptene
54
2-Heptene
84
1,1Dimethyl cyclopentane
92
4,4Di-methyl 2 Pentene
106
75
Toluene
120
HETERO COMPOUNDS
THE
HYDROCARBON
NITROGEN, OXYGEN
&
COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING
SULPHUR AS A CONSTITUENT
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
SULPHUR
IS PRESENT IN
HYDROCARBON
TYPE
AS
HYDROCARBON TYPE.
CRUDE OILS AS
WELL
AS
NON -
PERCENT
SULPHUR
INDIAN
IS
ALSO FOUND
SULPHUR
AND
IN
AS
CRUDE AS
HYDROGEN
RSH
THIOPHENES
CYCLIC
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
SULPHIDES
DISULFIDES
RSR
RSSR
THIOL
SULPHIDES
THIOPHENE
AND
ITS
DERIVATIVE
HAVE
REASONABLY GOOD THERMAL STABILITY.
REFINING TECHNIQUES REDUCE SULPHIDE
PRODUCTS DUE TO THEIR DISAGREEABLE
ODOUR, CORROSIVENESS, BECAUSE THEIR
COMBUSTION PRODUCES SULFUROUS AND
SULFURIC ANHYDRIDE (SO2 AND SO3)
BOILING POINT OC
METHANE THIOL
ETHANE THIOL
2-THIOPROPANE
2-PROPANETHIOL
2-METHYL 2-PROPANETHIOL
2-THIOBUTANE
1-PROPANETHIOL
3-METHYL-2-THIOBUTANE
2-BUTANETHIOL
2-METHYL 1-PROPANETHIOL
3-THIOPENTANE
1-BUTANETHIOL
3,3 DIMETHYL-2-THIOBUTANE
2-METHYL-2-BUTANETHIOL
5.96
34.00
37.31
52.56
64.22
66.65
67.50
84.81
85.51
88.72
95.52
98.40
99.00
99.00
CORROSIVE IN NATURE
ACTS AS GUM PRECURSORS DURING STORAGE
POLLUTION (TOXIC)
INCREASES DEPOSITS IN ENGINE
REDUCE LUBRICATING OIL LIFE
CAUSES WEAR IN ENGINES
ACTS
AS
REFORMING
POISON
CATALYST
DURING
ANTI-OXIDANTS
ADDITIVE FOR HIGH PRESSURE LUBRICANTS
DIESEL FUEL IGNITION QUALITY IMPROVER
CETANE NO.IMPROVER
CUTTING OIL IMPROVER
DETERGENTS
ASPHALT IMROVER
ORGANO-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN CRUDE OIL
GENERALLY LESS THAN SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN
WEIGHT PERCENT.
MOST OF THE CRUDES CONTAIN < 0.2 % WT OF
TOTAL NITROGEN.
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS PRESENT AS BASIC AS
WELL AS NONBASIC IN NATURE.
IT IS A TEMPORARY PHENOMENON.
THE COMPOUNDS ALSO IMPART ON THE
DETERIORATION
OF
THE
COLOUR
OF
PETROLEUM FRACTIONS.
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS:
OXYGEN PRESENT IN THE CRUDE OIL IS RELATIVELY
LOW VARYING FROM TRACES TO MAXIMUM 2 % BY
WEIGHT. ITS CONCENTRATION INCREASES WITH
INCREASING THE BOILING POINT THEREFORE
OXYGEN CONTENT IS FOUND ABOUT 8 % BY
WEIGHT.IN RESIDUAL OILS.
OXYGEN PRESENTS AS
FATTY ACIDS
NAPHTHENIC ACIDS (MAINLY OF CYCLOPENATNE
& CYCLOHEXANE))
PHENOLS
IN ASPHALTENES AS BRIDGE ATOM BETWEEN
POLYCYCLIC RINGD
AND
CORRODE
THE
THEY
ARE
ASPHALTENES, RESINS.
PRESENT
IN
THE
ASPHALTENE
METALLIC DERIVATIVES
METALS FOUND IN THE ASH OF PEROLEUM
RESIDUE.AND PEROLEUMFRACTIONS AS SUCH.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF CRUDE OIL:
BASIC PROPERTIES
DENSITY & API
REID VAPOUR PRESSURE
LIGHT END ANALYSIS
POUR POINT
VISCOSITY
WAX CONTENT
ASPHALTENES
CARBON RESIDUE
ASH CONTENT
DISTILLATION CHARACTERTISTICS
BASE OF CRUDE OIL
IMPURITIES:
WATER CONTENT
SALT CONTENT
BS & W
SULPHUR CONTENT
NITROGEN CONTENT
INORGANIC AND TOTAL ACID VALUE
TRACE METALS
141.5
API GRAVITY = --------------- - 131.5
SP.GR AT 60/60oF
DENSITY
BY
DIGITAL
DENSITO-METER
BY
CAPILLARY
STOPPRED
PYKNOMETER METHOD
(ASTM D-287/ IP-190)
SIGNIFICANCE
WEIGHT TO VOLUME OR VICE VERSA
CALCULATION.
CHACKNG THE CONSISTANCY OF CRUDE
SUPPLY
CONTROL OF REFINERY OPERATION
USED IN VARIOS CORRELATION
(BASE OF CRUDE OIL, BMCI,D.INDEX,NDM
METHODS ETC.
ALSO GIVES A IDEA ABOUT THE COST
ASSESSMENT OF THE CRUDE OIL
14.1
6.6
0.01-0.05
SIGNIFICANCE:
VOLATILITY
AFFECTS
EVAPORATIVE
CORRECT
FUEL
MAY
RESULT
IN
CONTROLLED
BY
DISTILLATION
SPECIFICATION.
HIGHER BOILING FRACTIONS OF GASOLINE
HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON EMISSIONS
OF UNDESIRABLE HYDROCARBONS AND
ALDEHYDES.
4DEG REDUCTION IN FBP MAY REDUCE
LEVELS
OF
BENZENE,
BUTADIENE,
ALKANES:
Alkanes are the saturated aliphatic
normal or branched chain compounds
constituting homologous series of general
formula CnH 2n+2.
Alkanes are present in all crude oils
and natural gas.
Their ranges are from C1 to about C100.
They are relatively non-reactive and
non-polar.
Uniquely described by the molecular
formula upto C3 and from C4 onwards are
as isomers.
nALKANES
B.Pt
(Atm.Eq.)
36
125.6
174.0
216.0
270.6
343.9
401.7
449.0
488.9
522
550
615.0
672.9
707.8
NUMBER OF
ISOMERS
3
18
75
355
4347
36.6 X 104
36.7 X 106
41.1 X 108
49.3 X 1010
62.4 X 1012
82.2 X 1014
221.5 X 1020
1056.4 X 1028
5920 X 1036
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
DERIVATIVES OF BENZENE AND
POLYNUCLEAR CONDENSED AROMATICS
(HOMOLOGUES OF FOLLOWING SERIES)
ALKYL AROMATICS
(Z = -6)
ALKYL NAPHTHALENES
(Z = -12)
TRINUCLEAR
(Z = -18)
TETRA NUCLEAR
(Z = -22)
PENTA NUCLEAR
6 OR 7 RINGS STRUCTURES