Runninghead:SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

SpringResearchPaper:
Sustainability
MaryNguyen
PortlandStateUniversity
24May2016
KennyBagley


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

Abstract
Thefoodindustryisprevalenteverywhereinsocietyfromthefarms,tothefactories,
stores,homes,andfinallyinourbodies.Itisacollectivebusinessthatsuppliesourfoodand
beveragesfromproductiontodistribution.Asmuchasconsumersseemtotrusttheindustry,they
arefilledwithunderlyinghazardousfactorsthataffectsourhealthandnaturalenvironment.To
createasolution,individuals,corporations,andthegovernmentmustfindacommongroundto
makeachangeinthefoodindustry.Learningabouttheunderlyingissueswillassistinthe
creationofpoliciesandmeansofethicalconsumptiontoprovidealonglastingsustainable
industry.

Keywords:
Ethicalconsumption,Policies,underlyingissues


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

Sustainability:FoodIndustry
Thefoodindustryisacollectivechainofmultiplebusinessesthatsupplyourfoodand
beveragesweconsumeinourdailylives.Theindustryincludestheprocessanddistributionof
meat,water,fastfood,produce,andetc.Itisprevalenteverywherewelook,onthestreets,
media,anddowntooureverydayactivities.Ourconsumptionoffoodisnecessitytokeepingus
alive.However,manyofusdonotthinktwiceoftheunderlyingstructuresofthefoodindustry.
Peoplemustlooktowardsmoreethicalconsumptionbecausethevastmajorityofthefood
industryhasbroughtunsafemeasurestopeopleshealthanddamagingeffectstothe
environment.Thereforecompaniesmustalsotakestepstotakepartinsustainabilitysince
majorityofthefoodindustryhasbecomeunscrupulousintheproductionprocessoftheir
product(s).
Manyofuspurchaseourfoodandbeverageswithcompletetrustthatwhatweconsume
isunharmful.However,thereareunderlying,unethicalprocessesthatgointotheproductionof
ourfoodandbeveragesthatarenotlabeledontheitem.Thereforewemustspendtheextraeffort
toethicallyconsumetohelpnotonlyourselves,buttothepopulationaswhole,andthe
environment.AccordingtoORourkesbook,ethicalconsumerismisbuyinggoodsand
servicesthatareenvironmentallyfriendlyincludingfairtrade,organics,locallymade,and
sweatfree(ORourke,pg23).Weneedtoavoidproductsthatputsdamagingeffectsonour
societythatcancauseconsequencesinthenearfuture.Wedonotrealizewhatgoesbehindthe
productswebuy.Fromusingharshanddangerousmaterialstohavingunsafeworkenvironments
forthosewhomaketheproducts.


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

OneofthemostpopularandknownpartofthefoodindustrythatAmericansloveand
paybillionscollectivelyforistheFastFoodIndustry.Itislocatedeverywhere,andworldwide
rangingfromKFC,Wendys,andthemostpopularMcDonalds.Ittastesgood,cheapforour
budget,andmostimportantlyconvenientinourlives.Howeveritisnotconvenientforourlong
termhealth.Onefastfoodhamburgermaycontainmeatfromahundreddifferentcows
(SustainabilityVideos).Thereforeonceacowisinfected,itcanimpactanentirepopulation
sinceitsmeatismultiplydistributed.Fastfoodisnotoriouslyhighinsodiumandandtransfat.
Eatingitfrequentlycanleadtoobesity,digestiveproblems,highbloodpressure,andmanyother
majorhealthproblems(Pendick).Theindustryalsoaffectsitsworkersastheydonotreceiveany
medicalbenefitsandworkforaminimumwage.
Thefastfoodindustrycanalsonegativelyimpacttheenvironment.Fastfoodpackaging
createsalotofwaste.

Millionsofacresofforestareclearcuteveryyeartomanufacturefast
foodpackaging,whichcomprisesapproximatelyonefifthofalllitterintheU.S.Alsosomefast
foodcompaniesuseatoxiccompoundcalled
perfluoroalkylstocoattheirpaperpackagingwhich
isharmfultoboththeenvironmentandhumanhealth.
(FoodEmpowermentProject).
Whatalsoplayshandinhandwiththefastfoodindustryisthemeatindustry.Itnotonly
providesthemeatdistributedthroughfastfoodrestaurants,butalsothemeatyoucookinyour
kitchenathomeorbarbeque.TheaverageAmericaneatsabouttwohundredpoundsofmeatper
year(FoodInc).Asidefromchicken,pork,andtofu,themostconsumedmeatisbeef.Tomeet
demands,cowsarefedcorn,becomesick,andthenaretreatedwithantibiotics(Pollan).Itisa
threattohumanswhoconsumemeatbecausewecanbecomeantibioticresistanttocertain
infections.Intheproductionofmeat,animalsareslaughteredinslaughterhousesandthefecal


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

mattersuchasE.coliandotherbacteriacancontaminatethefood.Thusitcanaffectpeople
becauseweconsumethefoodandweriskcontractingdiseases.Thoseworkinginthe
slaughterhousefacilitiesarealsoatrisktoinjuryasthemachineryandknivesarehazardousif
mistakesaremade(FoodIssues).
Themeatindustryespeciallybeefenormouslyaffectstheenvironment.Acresofforestry
havebeenandarebeingcontinuouslycutdownforlivestock,andtogrowfeedforthem.This
createspollutiontotheatmosphere.Sincecowsarefedcorn,theyproducealotofmethanegas
whichismorepowerfulthanCO2.Terrifyinglycowsproducemoregreenhousegasesthan
twentytwomillioncars(SustainabilityVideos).Alotofwatergoesintotheproductionofmeat
andthefertilizersusedinfeedspreadtoaffecttheenvironmentaswell.Theproductionprocess
damagesthenaturalresources,greenery,andincreasetheinfluenceofglobalwarming.
Toavoidtheunderlyingeffectsoffastfoodandthemeatindustryitisimportanttoshop
forfoodethically.Findingalternativessuchaspurchasinglocal,organic,grassfed,andcage
freemeatscanloweryourrisks.Alsotoshyawayfromfactoryfarmproductsmakesuretoread
packagelabelstoidentifywheretheproductcomesfrom.Toavoidfastfood,itisimportantto
preparesnacksandmealswithwholesomegrains,fruitsandvegetables.However,itdoesnot
meanpurchasingotherprocesspackagedsnacksareabetteralternative.Inadditionnotallfruits
andvegetablesareashealthyastheydeemtobe.SomeconsistofGMOs,andareinjectedwith
chemicalstomakethemlookfuller,andgrowatarapidpacetomeetdemands.
GMOstandsforGeneticallyModifiedOrganisms.AccordingtotheNonGMOProject,
GMOsarelivingorganismswhosegeneticmaterialhasbeenartificiallymanipulatedina
laboratorythroughgeneticengineering,orGE
.
GMOsarefoundinmanyofouraverage


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

Americantraditionalfoodssuchaschips,cookies,andproducesuchastomatoes,applesrice,
wheat,etc.Italsocanbefoundinbeveragessuchasalcohol,soda,andjuices.Genetically
modifiedfoodscreatestoxinsinwhichweconsume.Itcanleadtomajorhealthproblemssuchas
cancer,organdamage,reproductivedisorders,andthelistgoeson.
AlongwithGMOsarepesticideswhichareusedinthefarmingaspectofourproduce
includingfruitsandvegetables.Pesticideskillandcontrolrodents,pests,weeds,andbacteria.It
helpsgrowproducebuthasnegativeeffectstohumanhealth.AccordingtotheWorldHealth
Organizationtheyestimatethattherearethreemillioncasesofpesticidepoisoningeachyearand
upto220,000deaths,primarilyindevelopingcountries(Lah).Sideeffectswiththeconsumption
ofpesticidescanalsoleadtoneurologicalhealthproblemsaswell.
GMOsandpesticidesnotonlyaffecthumanhealth,butitalsoaffectstheenvironment.
Gmosincreasetheuseofherbicidesthatharmbirds,insects,soilorganisms,andevenmarinelife
becausetheypollutethewater.(IRT)Pesticidesalsoharmothersurroundingorganisms,and
pollutetheair,soil,andwater.Thereforeitisimportanttobuyorganicproducetopreventthe
effectstoourhealthandtothedamagingeffectstoourenvironment.
Oneofthemostgeneticallymodified,withtheuseofpesticidesandfertilizersisthecrop
ofcorn.Cornitselfisnotbad.Itcontainsstarch,complexcarbohydratesandarehighinfiber.
Howeverwhenprocessed,theycontainGMOs,usedinalltypesoffoods.Abouteightyeight
percentofcornintheUnitedStateshaveGMOs(Pollan).Notonlydowehumanseatcorn,but
over(5500lbs)willbefedtoanimalstobecomemeat.Also32%oftheoneacreproduced
willbeexportedandturnedintoethanol.490lbswillbecomesweetenerssuchashighfructose
cornsyrup(Woolf).


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

OnlyafewcompaniescontroltheCornIndustry.Twocompaniesdominatethecornseed
market,ThreecompaniescontrolninetypercentofthecornMarket,andfourcompaniescontrol
eightyfivepercentofthehighfructosecornsyrupindustry(Woolf).Theyaretheonesthat
mostlyprofitfromcornandsmallfarmersthatgrowthecornmustrelyongovernmentsubsidies.
Itcanevenbequestionedifthegovernmentprovidessubsidiesforallfarmers.Everyyearwe
slowlybegintoseesmallfarmersdisappearovertakenbyhugecorporations.Thesecorporations
arebenefitingtheirownpocketswiththeriskofdestroyingtheenvironment,andnegatively
affectingthegreaterpopulation.
Thecorncorporationsarenottheonlycompaniesholdingmajorityofthenationswealth
buttherearemanyotherbigbrandsinourfoodindustryaswell.Thetenlargestfoodand
beveragecompaniesinclude:AssociatedBritishFoods(ABF),CocaCola,Danone,General
Mills,Kellogg,Mars,MondelezInternational(previouslyKraftFoods),Nestl,PepsiCoand
UnileveralsoknownastheBig10(Oxfam).TheBig10generateoverabilliondollarseach
daywiththehelpofworkerexploitationinpoorconditions.Poorworkconditionsimpact
peoplesphysicalhealth.Theyusecheaplandandlabortocreatecheapproductswithpoor
nutritionalvaluestogainthemostprofits.Poornutritionalvaluesthenleadtodiseasessuchas
diabetesandobesity.Also,theynegativelyimpacttheenvironmentbydrainingwaterresources,
andincreasinggreenhousegasemissions.
Asidefromtheunethicalpracticesinproductionofourfood,thereisalsounethical
treatmenttotheworkerswhohelpproduceourfood.Intheworldofworkerexploitation,
businessesincludingtheBig10targetpoorcommunitiesinmanycountriestofarm,andcultivate
theirproducts.Theyarepaidverylittleandworkindangerousharshenvironmentsandfacilities.


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

Aboutsixtypercentoftheworkersliveinpoverty,andoverall,uptoeightypercentoftheglobal
populationconsideredchronicallyhungryarefarmers(Oxfam).Therearealsosomecasesof
childandforcedlabor.Thesecorporationareawareabouttheunethicalpracticesbutdoeslittle
toaddresssuchproblems.Whenwepurchasefood,manydonotrealizetheunderlyingprocesses
thatgoesintoproducingtheproduct(s).Whatweconsumemattersbecausewemakeupthe
demandaspectofbusiness,andwithoutourdemandbusinesseslikeBig10cannotthrive.
CorporationsliketheBig10notonlycontroltheirspecializedproductsbuttheyalso
controlothercompaniesbelowthem.CompanieslikeNestleandPepsialsocontrolmajorityof
thebottledwaterindustrysuchasDasaniorSmartwater.InthefilmTapped,itsshowedhow
Nestlewastakingwaterfromasmalltown,deprivingthemoftheirownwaterresourceseven
whenwaterisabasichumanright.CocaColaandPepsiarepullingoutlotsofwater,bottling
waterevenwhentherearedroughts.About100milliongallonsofwaterarepumpedeachyear
(
Soechtig).Theyareoverpumpingwaterincertainareaswhichleadstonegativeeffects
towardstheenvironment.Italsodeprivesanimalsfromtheirwaterresourcessuchasfishand
forestryorganisms.Theindustrialprocessofpumpingalsoleadstodestroygreenerysuchas
plantsandtrees.Waterbottlescreateanincreasinglyamountofwastethatarethenlittered
everywhereintheenvironment.
EverydaybillionsofAmericansdrinkbottledwaterthinkingitiscleanandsafe.However
itisnotassafeaswemaythink.Thewatercompaniesbottled,isnearlythesameasthewater
fromthetap,acceptitmaycontainotherharshchemicalssuchasBPA.BPAknownas
BisphenolA,isacommonchemicalusedtohardenplasticanditgetsintothewaterandthen
withinuswhenwedrinkbottledwater.ThechemicalsincludingBPAcancausecancer,brain


SPRINGRESEARCHPAPER:Sustainability

behaviorandheartproblems(Webmd).Thereisalsoanincreaseofriskinchildrenandinfants
sincetheirbodieshasnotfullydevelopedandcanslowdowntheprocessofdevelopment.
Theethicalconsumptionandsafetymeasuresthatwecantaketoavoidthechemicalsis
touseBPAfreewaterbottlesthatarereuseableandpreventyouaswellassavesyoumoney
frombuyingmultiplebottledwater.,Alsoitistomakesureifyoudopurchasebottledwater,that
itlistsasBPAfree.However,itmakesanevengreaterimpacttopurchaseaslessbottledwater
aswecan.Waterbottlescreateanincreasinglyamountofwastethatarethenlitteredeverywhere
intheenvironment.
Onewaterpitcherfiltercaneffectivelyreplaceasmuchasthreehundred
standard16.9ouncebottles.Soyoucangetgreattastingwaterwithoutsomuchwaste(BanThe
Bottle).Theproductionofbottledwateralsotakesupalotofenergythatcouldpowerhomes,
andalotofoilthatcanfuelmillionsofcars.Manymaythinkthatbottledwaterishigherin
qualityandthereforeputtrustintodrinkingit.However,the

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
(EPA),requiresmultipledailytestsforbacteriaandmakesresultsavailabletothepublic,butthe
FoodandDrugAdministration,whichregulatesbottledwater,onlyrequiresweeklytestingand
doesnotshareitsfindingswiththeEPAorthepublic.Atanypointbottledwatercanbe
contaminatedwithoutthepublicsnotice.Thereforeitisalsoimportanttoethicallyconsume
water.
Bottledwaterisnottheonlythingthatcreateswasteontheearthbutfooditselfaswell.
Weliveinanoverabundanceoffood,andbecausenoteverythingcanbesold,itgetsthrown
away.TheamountoffoodthatisthrownawayinEuropeandNorthAmericawouldbeenoughto
feedallthehungrypeopleintheworldthreetimesover(Thurn).Therearemultiplefactorswhy
foodgetsthrownoutwhichincludesandisbasedon
differentconsumerperceptionsabout


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blemishedproduceordamagedouterpackaging,poorconsumerpurchaseplanning,
misunderstandingexpirydatesandasomewhatlackadaisicalattitudeinmiddleand
upperincomecountriesaboutwastageingeneral(Hassani).Althoughitmayseemimpossible
tostoptheamountoffoodthrownawaysbycorporations,wecanindividuallymakeadifference
asconsumerstomakeacollectiveeffortbyethicallyshopping.Wemustpreventourselvesfrom
buyingmorethanwecanconsume,andalsoknowinghowtoredistributedtheextrafoodto
othersinneed.
Havinganethicalmindofconsumptionwillhelpreformthefoodindustry.Making
sustainablefoodchoicesnotonlyhelpsourindividualhealthbutitalsoprotectsotherhuman
communities,naturalenvironment,andanimalwelfare.Encouragingotherstodothesamewill
adduptocreateabiggerandgreaterpositiveimpact.Advocatingandpromotingforethicaland
sustainablefoodconsumptionincludesafeguardingantibiotics,supportingthelabelsof
geneticallymodifiedfoods,andspreadingtheunderlyingfoodissuesthatpeopleareunawareof.
Theworldhasbecomemoreincreasinglyconstrainedofresources.Notonlydo
consumershavetotakeasteptowardsamoreethicalandsustainableconsumptiontoimpactthe
foodindustry,thecorporationsthemselvesmusttakesustainablestepstoimprovetheproduction
anddistributionoftheirproducts.AccordingtoAndreaMoffat,vicepresidentofthecompany
Ceres,anonprofitorganizationthatadvocatesforsustainabilityleadership,sheliststhreeways
forfoodandbeveragebusinessescantakeonsustainability.Firstisto
buildarobustrisk
assessmentprocess,secondistoimprovepublicdisclosureaboutagriculturesourcing,andthird
istoestablishclearprogramsandincentives.


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Buildingarobustriskassessmentprocessistomakeclearandmeasureablegoals,
targetingagriculturalinputssuchaspesticidesandseeds,andcreatingatimelinetodepictany
progress.Usuallywhencompanieshideinformationaboutanyaspectoftheircompany,they
tendtotrytodobetterinthatcategorytolessensuspicion.Thereforeitisimportanttoimprove
thepublicdisclosureofagriculturesourcingsoasconsumersweknowwhetherornotthe
decisionsandactionsmadebythecompaniesareethicalorunethical.Inorderforcompaniesto
takestepsintomoresustainablepractices,theymustestablishclearprogramsandincentivesto
follow.Withprograms,andanorganizedframework,itwillhelpguideandmakesure
companiesstayontrackanditwillbemeasurabletohelpkeeptrackofprogress.
Nowthatthereisaroleforboththeindividualandcompaniestohelptakeastandon
sustainablefood,theUnitedStatesgovernmentsharestheimportantroleaswell.Thereareways
thegovernmentcanhelpleadsustainabilityinthefoodindustry.Theycansupportandadvocate
forsustainablefarms.Inorderforthesmallersustainablefarmstothriveliketheirlarge
competitors,thegovernmentneedstoassistwithitsfinancialneedsforresearch,training,and
investmentsindevelopingalargerinfrastructure.Thegovernmentalsoneedstoimprovethe
regulationoffactoryfarms.Factoryfarmsaredangeroustoourhealth,negativelyaffectanimal
welfareandthenaturalenvironment.Theseproblemsneedtobeaddressedandcreatepoliciesto
regulateandenforceprotectionagainsttheunethicalabusesmadeinindustriallivestock.
Intermsofregulation,thegovernmentmustneedtoimprovefoodsafetyinour
productionanddistributionaswell.Foodsafetyregardingcontaminationthatcausesfoodborne
illnesses,andthehygieneoffacilitiesthatthefoodisbeingmadeandprocessed.Foodsafety


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alsoincludescorrectlabelingforthesakeoftheconsumertonotbedeceivedofwhattheyare
puttingintotheirbodies.
Otherpoliciesthatshouldbecreatedandimplementedincludingbetterhealthyfood
accessinordertoincreaseethicalconsumption.Banningtheuseofnontherapeuticantibioticson
animalswillhelpcreatesaferfoodstoeatwithlessrisksinhealthandtowardstheenvironment.
WhichleadstoaneedforamorestrictapproachonGMOs.Amajorhelpwouldbeestablishing
aFarmBillwhichcan
createfairmarketsforfarmersandconsumers,revisesthecommodity
cropsubsidystructure,supportslocal/regionalfoodsystems,andcreatesthedistribution
networksnecessarytosupportsustainableagriculture(FoodIssues).
Withsomanyunderlyingissuesinthefoodindustry,andsomanyproblemsand
improvementsthatneedtobeaddressedandimplemented,itmayseemimpossibletomakea
difference.However,overtheyearstherehasbeenprogress.Salesoforganicfoodin2005went
from12.6billionandin2009to21.4billion.OrganicUnitedStatesFarmlandwentfromin1992
935,450acrestoin20084,815,959acres(ORourke).Thenrecentlyin2014salesoforganic
foodroseto39.1billions(OrganicTradeAssociation).Thereishope,anditispossibletomakea
difference.
Sustainabilityisaffiliatedinmanyaspectsoftodayssociety,andespeciallyneededin
thefoodindustry.Thefoodindustrymakeupofdifferenttopfoodandbeveragebusinessesthat
monopolizethekindsoffoodwepurchase.Fromthefastfoodindustry,meatandwaterindustry
thesecompanieshaveunderlyingdangerstowardsourhealthandenvironmentwhichmost
consumersareoblivioustoo.Thereforeitisimportanttolearnabouttheunethicalpracticesmade
bycorporationsintheproductionanddistributionofourfood.Withtheknowledge,wemayuse


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andleantowardsethicalconsumption.Ethicallyconsumingwillhelpusvotebyourdollars
(ORourke)andswaythemarkettopressurecorporationstotakestepsintosustainability.The
governmentandcorporationsmustalsochoosetocreateandimplementpoliciestoaddressand
improvethefoodindustry.Withtheeffortoftheindividual,corporate,andgovernmentlevelswe
canseeariseinethicalconsumption,andamoresustainablefoodindustry.


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