SP SE Na eres let storeo Reflection and Trams mission BEBE BOS EMS mkssion Lays Horough a potential Step. Gusider a particle moving trom Left tovight m® ty with energy € which encounters vs? £® © one dimensional Skep of Vo is. i> ic vie Ae feu ese > Vp for x >0 a a a) ¢ oS Se) . 3 . Glamicalyy , the pbartide avviving ak the potentioh step 3 trom Jett will be stopped at x=0 omd there will 2 be totoh reflection of the particle. Since the total be eherqy € 44 constant , classical me chamics says thot ho Yortide Com entey the region x >0 __ becouse of so HE FeQIon Hat Ke. Would be “hegative spr a0, oo See er 41_veversed by the AS Potential banvier, S Quorbum mechani cally y the picture will be diftevent —aoiTthe Schve dingey egy tov Yegion T (xo) at ay, + amt. . aN ae eet C Ay) (= pe. us ee ‘2 Se oy 2 ck, ~iky Bo Re pret Le Be sa - 2) — 2 Wheve, ki= V8mE /- 1 The schvidinger equr tor region 1 (a>0) Ye aa + &m (€-\) ¥, =0 we oat 42 3 s fo = OH Adis: Shaiks 5 there, Ree] (Wo8)/h = ; da?2 dite Ka Ya = 0 dt ee z) &, WG) CoB eas) Solutions are ylos ae + months (x0) YabO= c oe + Se (x >0) Since the wove function must be finite everywhere and Since the term @ hat diverges wWhen x-3 00. So the Constant C mut be Zero Yio= eae At the boundary a=0, the wave function th the tuo vegion amd theiy derivatives must be continuo so, at Hd, We Ye and a di, ee S» i) ok x20, joys © © 0 0 © BV OOO crete Wee © 000 oy ! A+e = Dd cy of yor agoy dia dy da dx. Akla—68) = -m> - —- a) Solving 6) omd %), we obtain 62 Rake Re ak cv, [pian eee s Peron €2‘G2 €3 69696826249 A oy W=Cid ddadsddoccgebbiddddd cere Te ceeds Now, We cal code reflection amd the R= | veflected Current clencity Ps Incident Currant density | a J tyansmitled Tincident Tneident wave Js Yilo= adhe , Now Tincident = a B (we owt aye) _ am Piss hs Bh, fs Jal] rettected wave toms mission Coefficients, Trettected T theident » So the incident Garret cenity Y Fa 24e0) “ =f nh (i hye" de oe Ling, & ine) ‘ AL oh ys 6 = Uk oc YY Sropested = it yjla) ayy — ylo a¥ilo 2m ae 4 oe Fetter ~ Kk |e)’ : : » hes Tramsmitted wove 44 Ws) = De $e, wi ys ~ ” Sv , Relection Cotkicient 1 Ttyoms mitled = =e yay er Weed ayo on jae ai hice pean Kk a? 3 ae \ | Fincident |> The tyame micrinn — Crodifeiend a Tinciderst Thus the fact thot (R=1) means that a particle dncident upon potential step , With total energy Xow tham the height of the Steb, has byobability of being reflected— it is always vettected, Ohe ~ The wave tumction Wie) omd yr) + MaMa wit oe Lo Qo MMS WWL MP OO Fromenit o), if We write the complete wave function last) = ika\ #(hex- et} thay lat Et eo 6s iet e@ ghsx ae IK is AL we pu cikt _ : % eX = wckye— Csinky oe. s : tet G last) = (peng Dp * Sires ) A Is ce yen u v ° © OD ME LOP000Co WN So We /See that in the (peaton ce 20 > the Ancident amd seflected wave combine to prim 0 Stomding Wave becouse they ore of eqpab intensity. However in the yegion >0) ,theye 44 A hon Zero brobabili thot the wave function penetrates this Clarricaly forbid region. the yelative probability density, Aypj2 —akok Mada | yslyto ph ets pee ee |4 @& 4s appreciable heay x= =0 amd falls exponentally to Sma). values ga x becomes Large. Now, plot of Ix), y*lx) for allt The Spacing between the peaks of w? in tuice Od Cloce ay SPacing beth the Peake oy Ireident . ‘benetroting x amd weplected imve Wave Ob dd ti ddvustbbddivtbislulisEG Penetration vegion (xs0y: s T this region =a 2 » mio ot. Loe ee ake Ini Skat. > ReERS te So, the Probability chensity decveaseg ropidhy with wm ‘*hcreosing x. TH the clastica) mechamics, it would be = absrlut el, impossible to tind the boride tn the vegion ~~ 2>o becauce TE CVp) So. tha skin energy uu Wyre Un tye region >This phenomenon, called pentetration of the Clarvicably ex cluded yegiob | is one of the striking -eadure predictions of Qpanitwm me Chamics . * Few points regarding Penetvation region ') Penetration coer nok eas that the partie 1s Stored tn the Clamically excluded region , Indeed, the theident particle is completely reflected trom the Step. Vi} the penetration of the excluded *¥egion ta Hot dh contlict with the experiments ot claysical mechanics, The probability of finding the particle witha | conovclinale x>0 4a only abbreciable in the yegion Starting of x=0 amd extending 4n a penetration Gistance (Ax) Ne Vy amlvo-E) ea Pr se Soce @ 6 © © OWievIWWUUWeEOCeTeCEE iit} 7 aoe z\r ‘Q iw) ae re of TTX im amd \vo-€) da large compared 40 hi, that Ax 4a tmmeotirably small. “) Penetration of clarrically excluded vegion by materiol particles, 4a just omother momitestation of the wavelike nature of material waves, @ @ @ &@ WtatstgsQIWUT, | care IL) ce >\b) et Grsider the particle 4s moving trom hedt 166008 > ‘a to vight. > a The Schredinger equn -— °°” 2 region De ae ) ok a Solu, > 2 pe e oy, gry - ! 2 ‘s qa 7 WMH ee > > here k= fame 2 Tegion Tr: dy, Pe ~ a Se (E-Yo) Wy <0 ~ ) or, Ry, ea ee * meee Re Wy =o = = sy “& HE Schutions tor there eqptare where, ky = Vam[E=ve)/, e ina ike Mia Ae” 4 Be ; e pee) k | a . Yale)= ce ™ aes Yi ae) The 4 2 rst A oS : Oma Second term oh Ris of &gur (3) sepresent : ent amd rveqlected wave vebectively. . The first term on the RHO of ie eS PLA) wep aS S } presents trams writied =e Raat 2 Wave and ay theve cam be oy one tramemitied wave x ee : 220 = Me 'reGlon a>. arden D=0 SmApplying the boundary conditions od x=0, Y We wy ov, A+ BoC aeoeceoecee! @ & 69769869 0 — —- 58) 2 ox Ox ikl a—8) = tRac. mice Same) solving equh s.) and 6}, we get B= Rok and Co eke fp kit Ry ky+Re S The eigendunction ia tRy ait vd= ae | a [Ricke) ae kit ka (2% <0) # [a ak thee Ritky (=>0) A probability thux is the probability per second that a particle wihl@ be be toumd Crossing Some veperen®! point travellingina payticulay direction. the probability current densities are Ti = dkvtal? m Sy =_ ike [el mm Tea thse Jel? Mm e @ @ & lsbs8odedDwWeVeoee 0 @74 Wetticient of veflection ae lel a [kcket_ 74 ge a | jal ida (js rali-ve | trams mission (a a ep eee leviddddduvs J A a e e 4 s Be Fiera 4 Clowical we chamics, Which states thet Mone of the particles get reftected. gut Shows ttat there Ore particles that get rettected in Shite of theiy shergies being higher than the Step Vo. Thia etect mut be attributed to the wave-like behaviour O§ the pay Holes, phen c= Vo then Tao BEE ED Vn ine Since, when the Above equh yveubudbddde J omd R= 4. on the othey hand u have IRS nd T= aaa expected incident particles have very high energies the potentioh Steb is 0 weak thak produces ho noticeable ” ea Yo CVd di vvvuddves J |r al Ve° o5 bo iS pry Ely > > The wave function pls) wea) The complete wave fumction is ilat— €t/§) cae i , Ylert)= a + we) s ao, ° A ak, oilet—et/h) @ @ & e090 OB OBABEC OC Se 1 is se ¥ & + a ot a eo a 2 + =| wo — a v ° 0, the wave Yumction un a pure travelling wave of amplitude 4a , trovelling to the = & Ge Ga Se 0e0e9 OO O’O OC O wight ard probability density 4s constant. In the region x<6, the wave Ange ees combination @ Of the incident travelling ware hing to the right, and @ ° “refhected yayelling wave ot amblitude A/a moving to the dada 1D oere flection amd trom omission of A wave packet. ~ BO Assume LE ee ak, A > Ritiky > Thus uy, Le { os the sclutions in the vegion 2c <0 cam be uyiten | . in the form ms HES pp thx) “Salalay ee = [ee | » Dott) = ton! | ke \) = age pee » Re -E en : ve Stree all values Of -E are pesuible, we can! concyucla Z Wave packet formed the Super position of plome wave 2 SS, Wlant=4h Alyse oteliey -1 - ¥ A fowl ae, o# 2 he) le 2 6 2 Where , wle)= FR = 7 ay > Om the Ubber himit P Corresponds to cay, 2 fe @= {amy * ie ° Since Wises Eyecam the” nyt OS Suber position of incident J amd reflected Wave packets, ioei Poot) = yi lot)+ Plat) where | the theident p wave packet is job = CT bape call) + op (eg) ” aw fist] el un aounuwocecec amd reftected wave rent Ylut= A Af yj cil retire xte)- $k] @ Ver ond Alm fale ee 5 PA RRELUMAMMDOOMNG PMO TS O00Oe© Sy Suction omd Answers. Terai: “the benehotion diduace = AX xr a very Small dust partole of vadius x= 10% o ™ omd density $= 10419 Ira, = moving oF the very tow velocity V=45> m Is, ig the 7 particle impinges on a potential step of height equal to Pe tice fy inet, energy in the region Lett to the 22 step. 23 SeTiz The mans of the particle i ~ ia 3 es 1 ie oS Ams 5 = uxte me 108 kg Js = Gnd kg 2 Tts kinetic energy before hitting the step is : ta mts 4 x yey 1s axe? Joule “2 a 2 ng Sine VY, = xe { > pee Fe bites ae hoe Bee fenetraton distoccouus ey a ek fod ee ae Jamle-e) S ww (2uxo% xan 42 @ axio em BB) When a neutron enters aq nucleus, tt experiences a Potential energy which drops at the wacleay surfece very BHM i.o) constant” exteyral’ value vas to @ Constant intey nal Volue of about y=~ 5p Mev. The 44 Whok makea it possible toy a neutron to be bound ty tucleus’ Consider a neutron dncident with an external kinetic energy K=5 MeV, which 44 typical Wr a neutron that hag Just been cmeitted trom © wucleay Fission. Estima the brokability that the heutron decrease in the potential Upon o nucleus veveeveduveddiddswil be veftected at the muclear Surface, there by qallngg te errtey md have its chamee ot i duci co in aucing amothey mules fis. Wel alte eee wucleur potential to be a one- dimension a step potential a4 showh , the vethection coetticient t= (fem ‘+fi-vje | Since, Vo => So mey j Ca 55 wev R= [+ tae ee en 1-80] 55 Rix vag. 87) A sma beam of electrons moving at axic>mfe enters a yegion with a sharply defined boundayy ih which the electvon sheds ave reduced to 1x08 by a difference in potential, And the tyans mitted amd yeflected Currents. AnPLS OO 29D SOB LPM MOBwWSS Zz @ 8 & & So Sa taeSeSeto' Ans: Since the electron eee a ac ewer Ve moved on both sided c Re oo the boumdayy So w ‘ (® Le>v,) fie@ Sp for region x, Pe TY Yn ta the barticle ee = ) Reh *, [y= es ~ imidar'| ee bo Simi Gri , 2 TH Va a the Portide velocity a then ka = MV, is on 5 5 eo) the mefticient of relection La) a R= Ray = | my [vata ¥ Risky) MZNe 8) Sed 2 x e \%) (v+va) aaa.) > given, > Wier ee X 105m, Va = 1x10 m/s me 2 R= ja-ay 4 > - j = + 3 Q+1, GY, Coctticient of tramcuisen 1. ~~ a? Be nia ‘ey Vy Va ss (hirka)? 5 = 4MNs 2 2 ema 3 (BY Were yng? = =4x2x] g w =< & 2 ay 3 . ee The vetlected current = Lime . 3 e The tyamewritted curvent = & mA 3 4g 3 > 2——$—$—————————————— eT > ° 84) For the potential step problem (with © 2V0) the wave ® function tn the region &>0 in of the dorm en he ; Cdheudate ceo, Cid devvvvvevwpebUsiiddde mee ES Se @ Motion Across g Rectangular Potential Barrier Consider a besten of particles tobe oF mass im, all of which, KES E incident from le barriey Of height Vo amd width a. HGYe the YE om a potential The potential 4, defined as sees Co a t=0 dawicaly ) the Jett the par tdes that approach the bayriey from at constant momentum Pi=Vame , as they entey region c oe Ee apes ) Srwhere, ky= Tame ee a ON First amd Second term oh the RHS of equ (1) represents the ns Avcident wave omd reflected e wave respectively eat ey tyamemitted wave Aso Sag VES th the veqion ML. And there is no reflected wave th vegion Im So, f= ° Th region Tr The Schyv'clingey equ sus agoaodoaooaoeo 8 _, Sear © © © @ OMe da* $, | Wieime io ws see where, Ry= (am(E=VO) . be ¥ oer tee e+ oe Biased | t i o i ate ae ik nl) = ce! Ht ae pees vexca Urlaser G el x0 So the wave dumetions cam be wepresented in the chiagranm x 5 ba Yr= Yr omd dr _ dy ee a2 as ~~ ot THO, a a obs da {Be 50, We qe . s A46= C+ > ; Able -—S)e ahte-3) ge om elt, —thya dye ihe ao! Seo eS T= Gens tel kalce NE iees solving eheka equs , we get | es et ath v Ra ¢ oc [abt c Bz Cot lRea) — gi (k2 aks Y *) silt) eS ‘(= ae (k?- (re ket) ) siliga) Om Bint rig) 5 ) Sinlkad) + stky ba cet] The vettection Coeypkcient da given by R= J _ +k 2g Ss a 16} 2 eo en Ake ke? ct (Rsk) | | Us a oa Where, ELS 1) tf Nie ta PER ee See Ese Tie wetini ee Ty deyms of Vo; the reflection coefficient ts given by =4. R= a+ 4 E(E-Vo) aR) > The tvomsmission Getticient 45 given by TS ees + fhm nites] * In terme % Es Vo r bi v,3 ne - "T= [is fei ) tT 2 pg sint(p Jk a 4a ee So, We See thot R4+T= 41 ° TE E>>Vo , hence «& 5>4 , the trams missign coe ficient T becomes acymptotically equal to unity Ta 4, and ®e0,80 at very high ehergies + We also have Lota) tromemission when Sin (Pixar )=0 os, @le-1 = HIT, So the totad transmission Teh) = 1 wheneven, Spe Sn oe anh? e Vo aima®p ‘ oY, Whenever the incident energy of the particle — W al\¢ W Ie eS a ee de hy ) Ble Bel he » PFO Oo SOON MDM S OE ve e668) % obec uuyy bew vows ddoovvbbbeusbdiddddd ®S . 2 En = Wx nth a b=45%53)- Se ama? of the transmission coeticient caincide wi the enevgy eigenvalues potential ; they are maxima th 0% the infinite Square well Rhowh as vedonances, This resonance Phenomenon akich does not oceur én ch lassical ph ysics, yeaults Wom a constwictive Antevfterence between the incident and reflect Waves. This phenomenon 2s Observed experimentally th a no of cose, such ay when scattering dow energy Lerorey) electrons O44 noble atonic amd neutrons oftnudes . Tol) 4 BW= 4alK-1) 4x61) + Sin'(epa) In the limit dé 4 7 We have Sin (Bea yw BYa-) amd trome mission Coetticients iS - mat'Vo YY yo hk > Pe ae e ab | \ ma Vo | | Sey) the veHectiun becomesoe Ni) case 2 € Vo) 4 Tunneling: Claically we would expect toto reflection’, every bortide thot arivel ot © the Wawier [x=0) Wil be veqected back ; no particle cam penetrate the bayriey, here tt would have oa negatlve energy. Quantum mechomicolly , Re Sdhvsdingey eqph toy ‘region Yn dd vegion Ir’ ym aay ASD , dor vegionn, 2 Yar ge A [VRE DYe ao -- - By Axa as @eeeo ame yao “he + BME Yo — ah #2 o Soy Hhe solvtion of equh ay, a) amd 3) are YoU) mg et ae eM aie at te <0 Yr) = ¢ ht +peo" TTP) Hy oeaen Wal) = ¢ on i fo ~=8) fy sopa, Tn equ 6), eel hy the Congas wove ond ou there 1s no yeflected wave in region ar, Feo (yto= ee x <0 wate | a Rat ) Wlo= coe ape cemma thy { Yale) = Ee aya where, y= (ame 3 hee fame) reset) 5 BSS Beemer Gaeeeoveei Gd 6 CeCe CEUG WU i dd lie evo eb @ The Contiiity conditions of the wave function amd its deriva ty OF X20 ond aaa yield, ®+B8= cC4+bd ik(s-6)— Rglc-D) 4 e iki ee ve n8 _ Ee! kalc eles ea) =ARE as on coving, we qet \a\= ~ 4 (RiP ke’) sinhl kaa) [abe cosh(taa) + i(k ki) sinh kaa) BS —ik,a eee 2¢€ [>t haa) + tf eke ")ita)] A coeticient of rveflechon in B= Se _ hh |el* eos lsh Fk ta® dal m R= a & ke kg? re (RE RRY sinh? (re)Tr terms of E amd Vo R= [t+ — ado—8) rhe ve sah flies") > The tromgmission Coetticient ia qiven by Ts = th ley? ES = Jet ae lal nm “4 +, TH [ + A [APAmLY siti aaa) | 4 Ra J Th terms of €, Vy , Transmission Unedicient 4s te Fae aie) 4 EL We-E) = )) Special Cases; ‘Th Eazev, , hence Ade) oy, py iea Opp roximote Sin py 2 tu We com shew that the transmission Deames approximately equal to < Lewb(p =<), We cars pO Ce CO O 6 OO WisWNHWWwE TTT OS > 1, we may o eeeedsessus vue [Ud ddvuuvioebdsdiiidddvureve . * Toking the Clawical Jmit + 70, then Ro 4, —ap{i-x = 46 <(\-%) e 26 (W-eEVE —af am(Vo-€)a* = ee This shows that the tromsmission Coeticiert ts hot os it wowd be Charically , bude has a Finite value. pon turn mechanically, theve Lge the barvier SOO sf " Sty. So Yinite tunneling beyond When Exo hence Xe 4, then the reqtection amd trons mission Ge fficie nts ave given by . — 4 - T= [4+ mat, | sR leone \ - Pe en \ ma Vp / The equation fpr the transmission probability, incase When the barrier is Huck (a is very Sarge), neglecting the Constomt ¢ [very hitle veflection) may be showh to be given by r= 46 exb(-akra) = 26 RS esp [-thea) sla, | (HERE Te si08 Note‘ the probability jpr the transmission of the Particles into the vegionoz% <6 iy not Zero ar expected from Clastical Physics, thu io a purely Quantum Mechanical ettect which is due te the wave aspect of mmcréscopic objectsy it is known as tunneling effect» Suantum mechamica objects cam tunnel through Clan ® Ambemetvable barvievs. The vonine is dint "tn the Lec @ ought to have @ hegative k+E., Gn quomtwm mechanics, the division of total energy into kinetic amd potential % enevyy has no Sense because it vieletes Umcertainit principle, 94 we Say that a particle has a definite IE, te would mean that it has a detinite momentum, Siwilavily a particle with a definite PE, V uooukd sighity that it has detinite positon th sbace, Since the momentud amd Location of a particle camnot Sinuuuttaneo ual have definite values, it is impossible to find simultaneously Q ‘he exact value of KE and PE, Thus although the total enerqy of a particle bas quite dedinite value, i+ comnot be yepreserented i the dorm of sum of exact detevmined KE omd PE. Meme in Quantum Mechanics vee is »@ the Gonclusion that ida Wve ks meaninglers , The barrier pentration haa impor tamt abphications tn various branches e of modern bhysics Yanging 4rom partie ® amd wicleay physics ty Seri conclu cter clevices, For tnetances, vadioactve clecoys cine Charge. transport are typical td of the tunneling effects Wave ction la) and = e a = \e &6&®ee @ Sq Voviation of Reftectivn and ty omsmission Coettidents? ) wo = <2 2 ° 2 oS 3 ‘2 2 — ; ° > > > ‘eS > io did cuvvu db ssseeysysi B%) Ealculate the probabihity of tyamsmission of x fartide & | ‘through the vectangulay barrier cf gev amd Width = AB. Given the omaryy ot d- particle = 64x02” Kg ° NV! ond energy of A= parties tev. ; As. 8 The probability of troms mission us given by ‘wr Bieta) T= se SleceD en[-ag aa parties) | o given Es devotee 8s, Ve seve sande’? vy = 6y ReT = i wa CURIE Ke an Wha 15" m fea 1.08 ¥00 *4y see ae = — Ts Mexnewi Ox (90-16) %i09 ep onic Jax cump™nene® (Bax tor 0s x16 BY Te eae e ©e aude nbUUeeeowe séuewe Oo ) Electrons of nergy SB ev are Subjected to a Potertia) vodgd Vo06 for x5 ond v= Yeev frrx>5 a) Find the “2 Uncident wavelength £ b) The vettected wove hithers trom the incident pave by hot phase actor, a =) kis Vane _ (ee Sev eae ne > BS, hes 38 xtoJey nm > my 80 the wavelength in Ae AM ei e ky lo hm! ee Maw yBrelwerS) _ [Eseere ev — go past c + 3 xD Fev-nm - ey ike % — tka . yo) ‘Je ' ad Sty e i . ak > Be beeen pak | josie _ 150 yeas » kat k, 10+ 1OL 4a a4 = ——b ss Sd, cose+Lsino= —L . b= Sig &-) Shectrons of energy 1oeV are incdert on a potential step a of height ISB eV. Rind the distmce in which the prokabifity o density op Yinding the particle decreases by g ecrey z fe) et We benetratea ante fhe clamically yprbidden region. a The Wave stench in the clarsicall, torbidd ep vegion 4 —ka x > a cee ‘: wheve, k= [aml vere = Ae3=12 49 ty | PED ee i, f= wis) wix) se 9 72Rax ddSo, probability at xy in Py and at ay-tof = 0-017, =a Rt Touhy ick e = akg (ard the Me Ty ahd = 406 &, d= Alnio - Sn? - a30 _ oasnm aky to nm? a) A foride of mars tn ond energy Va. moves An a potential Vl) given by yl) Use the for ocak and 303 other wise. rE the pavticle ia moving towards the positive 8 a-axis amd encounters the bayer, etimale the probabilitys that i+ will appear dn the region a>L, Aswume Vy 2e Va+ sot AS Vee Vy so tramemicsioh probability is snd) and we Te exp {-af haa} @ ° o e e ° Q Now q kee a (Wed -€) - See ee 3 8 oe Seu) va aa = [a fen i A 3 L 8 3 3 8 @ 3 3 o Cam use eo ofl 1 Pelee = ents -1) 0 € rr re RE (SFoo oy energy E are incident on a reckangulay Lae of height Vo amd width L. Concider the care E>V,. Show that fora given Vp, the partides do not veflect for Bee idtts of the Larier, Find He vale these widths. sketch the trandmission probability aE, width of the barvier, fa T= 4€(€-vo) 4E(E-Vo) + ve o amle-wy 2 +3 7 Max Lvameiaission occurs when Gin thin core T= 4, So : Sine term 4a Zero So; Sin | aro(E-Vo) 2 0 as oy, am(E-Vvo)L% 2 ——_ Pax n nr puna ”, [-= on z 2m (E-Vo) 7 The minimum value of T ocoars when sine term u 4, The min value 4 S = Sele) 4E(E-~Ve) + V2 This oceurs Wher bathed a ee ee w 3) \am (E-Vvo) fWvossvs bb Cee EN Ud ddddwo\éer idee a . The Tanneling Effect t> © Im the sqpove potential barrier, the partie has a rfuste oO probability of tameling through the barvies, The similar bhetoneee © babbens then the “buwtey a not “Sqare. Bit a sclation annectiny aq the Tannebing probability to the bes barrier potential com be thinned by dividing the barrier into a Series of Srolk © intewals ary. 2 ww yo °° . 6 A wy Xe ot Tunneling through we) 6 2 Eade ; 5 OTR the AR enough, lve may abproximaké y\qy ot 5 Sach point i by a Sqpare potentioh bamiey Thus we can use “otinneling @ coctticient of a Sapore potential, to cabalte the . tromamission probability corresponding to VIzi). . ae JZ ariveay-8) | a a The trond missivin prokability 401 the general potential (b) . Where we clivided the region CX Za, nko @ very large = MOF Small intervals Ax; te given by N = T~ Lm JP exp] -24u nae : Sen [ t “a ai] ++ = exp ‘ba in, 7 At Jam(Vaid-&) | > “role [en as | Ms ° So, 2 Aa = : Te Sf Jan] viet) «| ° ° e the abbrorination Reacking 4» ts ye@letion is _vabind d, onby it @ the fotentiol V(x) is _a_sincoth, shaohy varying function of ag % ® a e a ° eo o ° ° e ees s oes eovevee¢M90 Not Wate any thing va this margin } } v= \e be 40 Mo ccna ° aLFr4. For vegion\D) , EAE si Mao ay aan po 2 € = Bes aa > ty . Rhye da Pps ees + a Se Where, k= Jame] 5 4 \poo + ae ay ++ AmE yao dae oo Oo pels. cae Since there 4s no reflected wave in the Veqion’ WM vedi aad Sp pug ey coe oie For regi) , 02%49 | VE Vy ap 4. am (e Yo) p= o dot BP, r a= Jamle-w) oy dy, wi yeo + dat Woo c ee — o {Do Not Waste sow thing in this margin}U.P. IC. yatf nett + Be i eas ac Mat 4 De pen oc A+be= C+D = + =} a& aco, AYld_ dvrley Ax rh > &-B= ka (cp) Baan k) Nakasa, prl= pm) Lil kia » co cog eee Chom a asa, dyn Pm da ax cD 5 te » ee ame om a[ Bt) ee sdving equ? ii} g vy, we get iR)a + LRA. a ikyatk,g 4 | c= & (he ! = Denk (a-& (Bo Not Write ‘any thing in this margin ) eeenv eee 20 @ @ s oe escseaosoneaene e e @eeevwsreesesc.esees8sé> ae DPS. | Solving equh iy pg i) siattomeously roe get] (Donor write | ee | ~ Db (4a ke \S 4 ol ack) as . Are )s 2 Ry wi) pudking values of Cond D from eqp” v) into eqp vil, we get i tkia-tk.4 | 4h = (4+ ke \sek \ee t ®)l hs) ikya ti keg —ky\| 1-ke - ee BL Ki or, pe wc Es %)) ites Eee} Baber Jo. aha, $9 Ra Rk “4n2, i ess ts ae ims \ | & 4n- © Mt flar- ela _ {26 cota + 40 siddhea | Ver[Do Not Write fay thi in this margin ) Ne 6 ibKag + Ak sib nal oh = fae (0-4) dea} ---” os pen ‘ Fao (etl4 ene oles Lo =| g ~ ‘yer = )d4 We) sites a: yp)? gue S Tromsmission Coefiident, T= yer ais calculation of ReKection coethicient Firct expres , 6 as a func of E prom egy ei) tPF tke ODS * ltag values of eR Din the alow ent 46=€ (trie) ikya-"a9 8 eR Ae ik ny 4, eeseeeeevee 0 eo eeeseesoeeeosd eo e peo5ueoeveaneenueces(Do Not write ‘any thing, __. this margin k as a ee (ke sits gels 2 Mak) cn i a ie on Ra) TR) : : i — ag -46- 6 ae Vel ane e om ka Or) Bo EAp en Sinkga. 2 Since , p= er oe yest sities — 1A) 4 1A paling vole ott IAI Yeon eget? vil) 5 a R= BLE sir hed Je [o> (4) sinha [IE mS - a ci ke ve e sink *) eRe a+ 4 — aye cin ky “ ® = [1+ ey saul U.S | (Do Not Write any thing in this margin } getU.2S.1C. (De Not Write Case I'- When E 2V, any thing in tis nage} (Do Not Write any ting 13 this margin } eat” fer region T, 2,2 Mare =< =-- ik tee ae i = | Wo Re hy Be 20 xq ys cat ee a Yn = ech Ry= a applying bourdary condition hy Jame) . = (am Nakxeo, Yro= Yar pe +B = C+D Zc sev Spe Ate da At > \p-8)= —ika (c-d) AL So, on Sdlving these ton, we have 9 A EAL Rr a nea, pp = Yo yg ike 2 active =" ee : A xsq Ye _ om < Bx am ka iki4. > eet um = th ce eesevovoe*7e es 80 8 e Se eee evceveeseovoeeecea ees neeveeseseeDPS. ’ Fi 1k) 4 — ad Peace. fa. n) € v (8) Se e 1th) Ra 8 ca ‘iy Ve =, 2>0 7, Consider the incidence of a plane voave (ad an ange ) on the Surface Z=0, Cdlve the 3-d Schradingey espation in the two regions and, wing continuity conditions dletewnine the Laws of xetlection amd vefraction, SNS y Bins. Wwitinow wy occ of generality , if com be arsumed thal the os Nie in the plame of incidence So thet the y-debendeme OF the wove fumction “cam be neglected, 6 les | 1 ° Zz \ z } 1 Z=d G y sur oa 4 AO % | » The twee—dimencional Ghrédivger equh 0 vy + am Teo viey|peumee +2 wrth Viz)2 Wy zo + Va, ZPro ; com be coily solved by wring the method of Separation of variables, } The — scution Corresponding to the xefection amd -tromamiscion Of a paride 41 given byWe A ep [tRe? | ei exp{t Bey Zz 0 ty pe 6 extftlha ae ke 2D] +8 exp [t Uae hae) | . ter zdo0 Yn=c ot] i (tox + kee 2) | Z>o where wehave axsumed without Omy Qos of generality Mat Ry =° ier the a-oxis da chosen fo Vie in the Plane e of Ancidence. ° % Cy lie + Xp conn, ) also, Ry= Rus t+ kyo k =\K) {sine T+ Cosby R= bag te hae =\R) (sine, — wid, J A R= Rat + kaze = Vea] [sinog t corte ) shea, (ISTE. sees mi = 4Z (2) = Pm ean) = [Rend rg * —} For the voavetunction +o be continues ot Z=0, (or all value of t) we wut have fe = Mano Raa = oh) From eqph iy we get Latter puting kia = hae) that eese@ev08 @ Rao = Raz => tee Bt = or so the ample of incidence amd veftection are eqpal.From egpuh hy we get that bs 6 JR.) sino, = | Ry) sinby = \iea\ sin Oe 2 6 So, (Ra) sind; = |ka] sin 8+ 6 3 Sin; = Rk: | s ey © Sindy | R } Batic = 0 So, This da nothing bud snell's Lao s £O 5 Lower voltage means denser” medium go critical omghe a i exists 3 for Bi= be well Lave by= 96 K © For 8 8c Raz 3s purely draginary amd there ta am se exponentially decaying wave in the region 270+ O° > Now , contmurty of 1p and dp oh zoo qve az 6 8 : aa ize hee \R}) cose, —| 3) coco, > pe pees +k se Te = corey +[ 2) cox Oy : ° et op lh) A RsiFo, . Ia cose —\Ra) lee e : URE | coco; | 3 ),} 4 LRAT siteg 6 i \ka]* Since, SinBe = |k3)@. 010; — (86, — sir2B¢ ys ee pe ase, FL akiz = a \R)) coco 8 Riz Raz rs R, (Ri) cospy + RQ) cosot me i i) \R3)% acosbt cost, +, sidoe— st Bt for Bi> Oc > \&) =A omd the reflection coetticient ia Unity, However the wave function 4s given by wea ¢c erp Kx sinBj alman| 2 -Wz, [sO sin — | Sin O¢ ' ale) Where, k = | ws Va) sthe aloove wave function gives the pdlouing exprexon jor the current density 4Ja Jax Hk sin6i | cfr ak (ahti— sie)” =| e esrvbessetveeveeneene Side Sth Oe Bye Besote Abplication of Wke method to the Problem of dd coy - Ae > We exact solution of the Utu7d Schrocingey equh> b - obtained only tor a Yew potential a + : . Shergqy variations = 8 (Wertz) x 1 Hada A ? 4 Kromere ond 6 yillbuin ) Gave anh abbroxi | 10 Which gives a direct i a8 sclutio LS Be iclimensional Schyi ding er eq”. ae a By a 12 : ne x ; *) As a Constant | the Solution of eee e given by s@ Yes etka am here We have omitted i Et i the arbitrary mult plicative conctart BQ that we moy tr ut i = .. Y out oO Solution of the 3 ey 2 LUC) os 2) J Where ulc) u to b dade . e determi ae i > - - need Substituting qu" (a) = 3 idu _pduvr 2 Sf shee The selution given 5 n a q ‘J SMP 1Q) 4s exact, provided ulx) ~~ 2 , solution of eqar (3) : aeNow, Hf REL) wos andebendent of & then £20, ud ume x Wer ts slowly Varying , We may heglect the term Pdr to a fo‘ obtath oe (y= Rea implying us fle) de = =2= 4) ‘Tus tn tad approximation, we obtain Ylare yolx) = op[et frac ==--8) Which ig usually yetered to as the Zeroth ovaley WkBco!" Th order to obtain the condition for the vabidi a ty of the Soliton ES "by eqhls),we dierentcte Yple) duice to blotoin oO €CCS OK QBVisINoavVssS d? ~ eo a feta) oe === 6) Tus —Yol%) vigorously sa tiofien equih (I): Bh We Compare equ" 6) by equh Uy , we find thot the ttoo eqns are thes iso same provided We com heglect the teri prpor tional’ to dy Ja tn Comparison with KM), Le. provioled ke (x z< la) ov) \% a4) YOO= Fla) Ply ford t ie HE) 6G) op [ sifrwax] ----y) re a re Where F(x) is yet to be determined | We Substitute s = ey ry ay, Sqn? 1 to obtatn ft e g i= TE + atk de tidk cays 4 ~ Gee) > dz’ da ay > ; 5 Once a gain SY” OH) vepreasents Yigorous solution of RAO HP W) provided FLX) da @ solution Of Squh By. Since ‘SS BE) & exbected to bel slay Varying, We SRESEE neglect Ss : Sess RE] y 2 to Obtain 2 ee A ae =o » else ak) dx | 2. or, . do [anf Ke] = 9 > dx i ! oy, Cf) = ‘constant IG x — Where, iy my . arbitrary Conctant 2 order Wks solutions, co 2 > 2 > > Me ° So Yor awy particle tor Which ¢ > vie) where vie) ‘e a slowly Varying potential then Ce the solution of the Schrodinger equh 2 “2 cay am, [e-Viz)] ye =o a dx2 42 “wowd be we feed VRS a 3 4 : wheve, Were Se Ee Th Jiheay Combination Form, the solution is | e q @ e e a 6 € 2a am aybitrary Constant: ae fi [ion & cit [-ifrinae provided aw ds very sinall, Nowy ih © < VIE), then the solution of the Schrodinges equ’ i Ys am Pyay-€] vie) =o =n an [\ \y wowd be eo wer etl eva] Poe exp [- Faw, Where , kins {am[va)—e) (a= = Ord Diomd Da ave constants. Note! the above colutione ave valid when le) and Ka) aye slow= varying Ge when Fr ieee kit) amd | abe An Ak | ce Key kia) dx |bas SR. \oWwuuuuwed og } peesuiiud’d CKd uve? The Connection Formulae be Stonection Formulae: a) Gosider o typical variation of Ri), 1 se turning ) KE) 1 poi oe Exponentiod wx Solutions The point x0 yepresents the turning point s where nyo. Obviously jthe Wks solutions are Valted tar fo the lett of the turning potnt and also tay to the right of the Herning Point. TE we know the WKB stlutions to the lett 04 the turning point, the we Som determine the wk Solutions +o the Tight of the Rurning point by using the connection Yormulae And yice- Versa, So, @ “Taco = ; x ! . ae exh] (Roy TRE z Tee a a i ‘ q COs | ke) dx+ ID 4 ey § @ | i ie th feos] rYo the cunnecton termulae gould be given by AW exb[ twa i ies [ { a) es "| on b b + (Reda | oy 1 eeel hy s 5 ies [ rl TS for salving probleme, When WHE cme aevess the equh diy 4 Mey yts=o with lA) becoming Give for = £00, The general Approach showWd be ad follswsy Stayt with am exponentially decaying sblition th the FeMen where a autarge RIVE, and Use Connection @ Applications of WK method . 0 ee MSL) Fovabslic Potential. * ese Retenbiad ~~» Considey the plot of Re) tee n tuming pothts ot = Z=% ond aah 2 2 a) ~ | i) 2 2 > 2 eee Weert book ter the WKB solution tor x7 b (region) | lee Wheve HSC) ative. Th "oe ute He boumdary condition i Shot Wt) must tend t 0 as xo , WE wurst Choose = the exponentially decaying a Ap region MW; thus = a Yor &) yee id + Keodx ra) VR) » = Bo Bw aeo ” Wing’ the connection formula, We obtain the follwing S WKB Solution in the ie T( qa o the the turning points ore given by fice pee. 2 ee ¥ Mim Ww’ mut a) ~. Thus the Gombisation condition 4) becomes = b — | Brtenmeay dx = Lees > = = » or, mo a : lis} \ se se eed Yay Iw »owo : by take, substitution, y= y x where y= 2 so, fb ay? Sy = hel) 2) “Cvuuuvevebsses44 we make substtitten, yo Fr sine Y) dy= (R wsdde ie AAY VF cosed6= (nat) a 7? AA) 5. a) 2 { suite do = (pat) > ati sia ov, al ~ = (Rab) * =e by t A = \BRAL) jhe bs 12) = =: shee ie ee ot covacnasovewere ae =o 38 ae = (erst) ee 9) tunnelling through potential bavvier! Cansidey a potential energy barrier a Shovon th the Rigure below. & fartole 64 arbitrary a € approaches the jetential Ve energy barriey 470m the bept, We want te ealaadte Ahe probabil the hue te ca tA the barviey Gad asp probability spr its velleetten an Eig. 2:5 & & & & €Sa052DOwVUe OT a ese &The vation of RX) is showh here omd two bs fs turning points are KRG) C X= and x—b, re 1 Region IL [2 ' (i ! ee ! [ » 1 Ss b a re { te ! pe 1 I~ | Me Pe ooh ond Xa Eins greatey | : than VU) omd the Schirv'din ger equh will be the term ie Be ee) Wes —1) AS ox? e Be Ras tama e-Vv&)) ay +e oe Now, a te Since in Region IL jwe owy have a wave Propagating i: th the +2 divection , the cory esponding wuts ot). F given by = Yry () ¢ " : md = me PL tft +) ‘ Vk) 7 > or 7 = ~ a= cla 4 cos(( ated ot) | tah fe facade ~~ res 1 BP Pe oa lee % WRI) \b Vix) be =) dl RY) oe se connectens emda = to obtain the Wks solution in Region D >» iWelai= € J ep (Fe 6 ‘ _ was) + ie veri) | a2) whee, Wy ao Blas Now, An ovdley te use the Cohnection doymulae for obtaining the Sblukin a6 Fegion T) we must write tevin Geb “ Wa) dx ih the exponent a So ’ ee ehawmunaedeee es Bla dx = [roa * ie = k= |Reids a % So the equh ls) become. f\= & Aa eP felieyda _— 7 (f ) + igs (ey cob (fit a @ = ut [ueae] We cam How WE connection fevmuda to obtain |) ih the yeqion F where , eS SSS HSSQIMNAIBAGAOREE ." Vidi edd vorbebbouowS CUTS EFF ddddiI EUs : q Paya SF sh, a . leat %) ae oe EOOh ci wy eoiee + 3 : yda+ ¥) ee ceike : th ordey wo Wr th terms of exponential, +o expres iti i i] 4 Yr as Suber aie of incident and ae Waves Mie a ot dR de +i [Reda Re = Bive abe coe : VG) Ricident wave (ancicl : ident wa i onedees neice) Ye Propagatin, git hs: os ; Where, ali, f= tc/L_ eo = i Cy ie < (4+ m) e B= tc [4 a oo te = Thus T 1 the Tromsmission Gettcient iy giren by i Del : Yee and,8, Rete 4: NOD, Fe 4 SS by Ea since «a b= o[- Jlrs] @ AS RU Ad Shaw vaTUIRG 8 6 teow be very ewell § 64 would be very small and 4 vey @ FOKQssIWVHNWWeeseT Te “ havqe . 86 3 te eee ca 62 4)g3 i ‘ =3 [kiajde Te 6 e example’ Gneider @ parabsbic barrier Of the jprx ves uF] \a\ nuclear vadius in fer, : ic. 8 ok clasig ites andl p> f° particle —baumcing badk amd prt “ait veal liad Vg insides the wuclews of diameter g R, 88 then Bey pe a yy ar Qn r= kn V+ Int or , eo a nA re) +297 [Eye sa5 ap 8 Jesu bbes ‘ Geéger Nuttel Lav ) eg Where , w= velocity Of x= particles | 2 ne decay Constom + | = = Ereray of &- particle. whch a emitted SS Plot ot ® ys. Ewe Eh Py) . = ye ‘Se Ss d i mnt: a > ‘ ro) | sh ih wuvi N= é ahe gure 43 a phat of Be IX vs ae fe a ne ok abpha= vaclionctive wielebeles, The etyaght line pied te the eapevimentah data has the = 3.95 che predicted throug the entire range bk Clecay conilants, We Gun UAE the position of the Line fe delevinine Rp) tHE RUeleay vadlud, The Gleger = Nudieh Lai predicts that the decoy coretant >, Gwid hence the halt bye hid vary stvongly with the apha= particle energy &. eo a é 6 6 6 ®3 BO)t) A particle oh wart min one dimensional enevgy voell va)= \ 9 ee : ~ every where es US din o sta “whore coordinate wave function ix given by la) = calL-x) where S48 the hovmalisation conctant . @\ Determine the expectation vale i) State dla), PR —&) Colatate the Probability that on the portide will be found in its 2 2 COL the energy in the measuvement of energy, ground stats, Caare-aoor) cud ) 2) The Wave fumction O& ashinles borticle of mass m ing es Ohendimen siowal potential vic) iu YEO= exp (-«28) ta Brveshording 45 an eigenvalue ef m .The petential s VA) in Ze, «rar Care -2004] 3s) Be one Sdliron cs intiite Square well of Jength 9 S BETS “Oye Brie vcleckwne Per meter. TH all the owes > Pt leds ore Hed , determine the energy ot the T mrst energetic electron. > ee. ce Le each energy level, the 9 Be ee Neon ub 4 ond including the last oy nth 2 level, oN Ssh. Be THE ro: of chections per unit dength da there bene re Soy DiS KIO tt ae § 4 the energy of the bth ie energy devel “ a = Ene nthe = the)? = |o-ase') (eto ev A) => &mor OF Rte * =$6, Exe 3:35 eV Gd} A particle 64 maw we 4a ehelted 4h a che dimensional boy ot Length L sick that 6 2k 2b; iheve & denater the posi bf the partie, AL tee sit had the wave fiunetion, Plai= A SiH ) cos Hs) whee Aid @ constant, aj 34 enevgy of the particle a meaiuved ab tao; what a the possible verults of the meaauvamant | bh What as the Etpetaton velike af ehavgy] eee yy Ole) A the dave funetion EO a of the forth YiR= Asle- the ciitiient GA Ae Bad Ak, ok the wave fenebion, ‘ @ @ @: St ik Y= & alae) then Anse aA parliclelg fsitos as precisely puis ‘ Hie, aus be (we dy : ba é Shee P= A ate) ‘ t os +8 = ihe i: ic alasagjda aN a Fi aig Nib = —\RR {aivifap ep ‘tla independent ‘usa all valued of p frome ont a ie eh, a bic ot 4a eau ce Hence AB, = Bs ew eaee@eGd ddd i ddossre GidVvVIVIdIUs ) the wave funch of a particle at a iven instant iy at 4 ie 1 ee thay, \a yor REO a othe ea ih: Saher > © pr 2>0 i? calcsbate At amd Abs. P sith Pam (poor 4S symmetrical about aso - Sapiae > amd, gee eS 3 - “S#ipeofe = 2 [ie tee Sige 2 o 00 1 Kop alr caf yoo oe = ee aod \erk Tas (P-p)+ Ay SIRCe HL omc ia cymmetvic aboub poh hus [

= Py <= ptt 2 J ¥"@ (REY) da me Since YO ds not erp ot x=0, So, i € teh [s No Phdey le. Be oa oe & : +€ a 8 es = ie 3 vik +e JM lates bos * [vio dae da? oO a (Pot 3S . (ema Sa (Sib ee oe a Va elo oe lxWows Lek @e6 vote Bee alg) eo 40 apa; db i 4 bs Ap) ut tit were al = ase phate 3, @pee 3= is Fa a fH} awn Ofenabare= The epevatoy Aas called a Hermitian oped ‘tp asT uw aa = s(t fia War] a : a ayy = ile wD : 3 fe fave Bak FL Hewat Lek LE red WLR) be tae avkibaary fuwetbre 2 Feb = “Tet [is sae fda = = (ope dues a cotapating by parte; Ba a ep to =k [jis ws PE as gay di Foy he taave durch ts he qpave tategrable jit mut fo @ ® 8 & 4p gere'tt on $6; Thu Hk ten Ly eto,= — 4 me {ulm = ja Yad iy ~~ dx ay ee a me Sh yD = i [he PLOT’ pale) di 2 5 WwW ° = “Pay . yale) da 3) a +. cr ais ; foe Aik (28? woods ay) S So, From i) g ii), we qet (x ZY IRS = peers oe [xte, H]= ae Ret x Lhe where, H= ey, 0 eee : : : am | Meee ch] = x [ey A bs Ve > re ee [%, t+ v] = [x Bev]t = 2 » = x[; Fe] +x Vv %, Thee V 3 Om 2] fe] +f 32 eat ~ Se ee Vel aecel y ae Rf, ; er] > fo Js © = xfhV] + c )% = ia x[rv] =) Corsider the operatpy H=K+V where Ko Ee meh V= 4 mudtie a : Verity that Cu, «]=-[x,v]=- [kv] a 7: [Ak] — ibw? (x%&+ Px | 2 = ¥ ‘path a) = Panel Tye vy k] = Ewk]=- Psy][a= (= ie) = ee a pina) + tl | ei El a3) + Bik) 5) Cw] ==ths! (Bx * A) fakj= = fev iba (AR KF) pe) Fave tak J 285 = L 2K ER ae wR e © 6 e208 vuw wT s' 8 ah 4 ete £ Zt #1} ‘ a #2 sy] : 4 : oo lS =| ea 2% [As Be BS 6 i. ta HS % = ha SBREN * a = £ Zi RE KBRS -z ak) f hie particle of was TO eg bak wave ise pide ae ad He $20, whee az gan aad poe de” AGRI ay whet 33 2P> is} kak 8 the umcevtalnlty” Ape th the waste hla &) bakat 43 the umeevlaiily AE th Sherqy: @ @ @ @ @@ Beshsne aa:bbe yory eeeuu ¥ y ououurw Pwwevvbidsvuiyiuddd Ss 4) y= p ee ts on Nermabising y Bet A = (ot) Vix) = ee, ae vn ee o(ry= 4% (4) da lank a — a 7 = rat) é ox | aio = patti ja exp) &lb- be) | 7 | lamy’ 4a | So, kp = “fpowitap + 08 = 4 exp [~ &Lp-be)® me ey 2 (bb) 5 aye ade vat Veh Zp> anh WTR yb hd P “BEY [oh | expl-Y dy ee =a fit sb Fe oy Va Sonn fpne 20 alBh yas vl {ali} *ap -anp [PoC i tal) 9 ae edt = gaye a i =a [ep ity Ae tt aoa 3 a * pat Y=\F Ww Si, Ape=) ZS —2h rh - &, Ape = = fila ah = & 4S ne ee £2 tds See Bl) RE oh3 BY Poy oo particle ; the potentich is as the-given %) below I> Vlog) = $e < aca a es + 0 elce where. ie Gove the Schyi dinger yp amd get energy eigen Ve volues , eee... 4, pent ee ye == 50, the potentich cam be ae aA Lv se oritten od : v = ' eo vlo= (5 jr caxea 4 ‘ ) : : 3 od fey \x)>a : ae ‘amd Za : = vig) = . 4pr ally = Te Svlation of the Schyiding ev eqpation cam be s done by Separation of vaviablle. +2 Evy Van $= ey -- i by using variable separable techwrque, crsume Yluod= x YY) Where, XO 4s a fumch of x only Sane Y(y) 22 a funch of y oulyfev 8zk2a, Vglas=o awk Wiy)= £ wat Gince the tetah enevgy 42 coRelant GO stich expiei¥on 1s aap a cenEtwAE, becaiite am df He tie expressions ti equal te a chkstant sé, pulling War above eqphi) we get : i Ses ct | a + 4s [eae = wo] E a ra “$24 + Gee == =i} aad =#3 ma eve gpentgimaie > 4 a + WWe €y = = =iiij 6 8 3 8 3 9 SAhing ii) aad fi), we get ‘ — als j= im (tte ake kd a @ Re | revimaliced fanetibh | 8 3 8 8 3 a 7 rg 9 he |] 433) -- = p> iF iu4 h) S Omd by =(hur db Lore 8 y = "OAs ~ So the complete Wave function Re KS = Ex+ fy [ 2 [ : ig b= tae = bo We = 0 a a ® of Se 87) Harmonic acclatoy o A partie ig ‘witolly in its ground state dn a es one— dimensional harmonic — oscidhator Pe WOES 2g te ging content ie, col ~ ; ch the probability of finding the particle > in the ground Stale of new Potential. ~ se . VEO= 2 ps2 = Ei Ie initially the Qround state fume 4 ry ime Yes (E ‘s aus io areat the @ spying Ginitant We da deubled & ak Hen the Bave YmeloR te the Grou Stele x 6 6 ; pee (CEP EE ny 1.2 | " 6 6 8 6 SO) the probability Be fihilig the favtide in the ground stake BE Reis potentiah 4 given by, ve a 1) show thot the bound state energiea (for E Pp sud ey Ss €) Considey the one-dimensional, potential Be f° wee (ems) vy wy 0 6 X24, (Region 2) ~Va. yor SX o, Assume that o portide of mans feed ehevay © is tnadent: Yrom Rett on tia potential % a.) Write time trdebendert Yt Schredinger equations amd theiv veshective colutions Be Aaa, Ag pr cach vegi on takeing = Doe #3 SS UR the me jndependent cobFsdi poe a4 aeabisns Revi nA he ae pad we oe aha cooidi ashes. séhie aHe vedial capeh ae Enea eae yobs: E883 r eae jhat Wye deneid eo oe € aac Por a fanhde af Hae ee) = & &a ahieae aaude hoa ROMER Fs KE UHR xen! a or ae aves tg, Cai 8 &) cies Fe ee, Re QAI a sUSWRe ARE Eypsie eBVEN aa é fe 8 ROS ea on AAd AE MMi a 8 3.8 gS ae aeventum : E163 e5 a je3 ates sane aq: ber AneQed Shea insane wewesd gatas Lag eae * pes esas ne > eAnngl SEhVeaHAM aqpelten ih spheres? potas en. Bake fesamagneber ah Save clediens ony e AO. 43), aerive expressions fpr Peri estoy dred Fevini energy dh the babs of free Aectron ~ of ey @ paaylké eek a ‘eS abs A) whadu Lamb Shift 9 Hoi Fach fas ib beh meaduved pron abbin te above re ane) Cam it be exalied 8 using Diva's tivisti ¢ % tov L"aeace wlabae we eye mnie *og i © | PAY 1K Rpg wepraent the Interaction potential tn the a Hamiltonian of a Hydyogen alam which qive vise a © the fine structure Spitting. © 8) Write the explicit form of He. (emeea . b\ Show thot it commutes neither with LC nor vith | Ls (the total orbital amd chin angular momenta a respectively ) L& marks] wee) Define the amgudav momentum opevatoy J thak commuter 2 With He, amd prove your Statement . Le marks] A} obtain am exprerrioin for Hes in terme of L%, Rane Sqpare of the new omgubay momentum operator J you have clefined. [Le mavke] » Ee . e) wld, degeneracy 4h the Spectrum ot am ahom 4A Yemoved by the presence of Hes. C8 marks] a ) Cadeutch Hes for a Sd electron (Neave You | °C answer in tevmns of yadial. function C8 marke} ~ TEs 2008 _%) Assuming free cleckron theory, Caloulale the Pern energy ‘ of AL with aa 4 a Cao marke] Ee] 2) Show. that the clensity of steaks gle) of 2 particle. of mars “wm? amd energy Bee between € and 4d Ay a box of volume Via giver y a5 marke] Lc} glo= \am)2v ct ark +3 | A3) write doion the Sehbiclinger auation fpr a particle dh a box having edges a,b a with potential ¢ Vlj¥)2) = 0 osxea Vwyee > 829 eb Vijy2so os2Ee : \ i i tine amd eigeh obtain the expredbrs for eigen func ms ~ 2b soba : 4) What Ja he Wathlinurin angle that the anygulir : Vector may tndke lth the a-asie; dh the case of X= 3) How inany Devele ave poselble ) Show the angles ino a vector kage Che waiked Be yo, A, A ad b, ave Puli shin malin, pare the olleing welation ola’ p 4 sin (A d= & sing Ete martsd CS 5) prove ta fe C2 ahs TP commutes iaith ali the ‘thete componente af, angulay nonce speaker P; 8 ate eo |ale) Quowrtum Mechomics IL , , » peers + Particle tn o 3D-Box > * Density ot states » , > + ; t Argulay Momentum Problem Pree electron theory of metals + Aydrogen Atom * The Sbin halt problem amd properties O$ Pauli spin matrices r NOM) Particle in a SD_Box’- be ns wv Consider o 3D box amd a | é nergy E is = | calls ¥ partie bMS to move lb Nea? ¥ Anside it. the potentiok Variation ‘a4 ot the form, Way tor o< XL; oc yeh, ©<3 wr a +8 ae Sera . We use the methed bf ane 8¥ variables and a : Ya ugy = XOYW). 218) 4 ev. yad , Wage a ¥# 3 = he = ky tz »; e ae ae subebtubing YE th equh lj, We get ye +e fy a on Sik € we XY 5 me > 4 ge a J f a x 32 ere ee a xet Be RRER an. =2s:% f+ hye ane a Bi the three terme be the LHS of equh A) aa thelependent 6{ wach etter, Sine they Summ equi 4 4 tanelust, dey eam dndvidlally be cya is constants; then using equh la} , we get e ° e e : ae? + 2 =i ae 1 de Log rio a r " sibition Bf eguh a3 24 R= Aj Sih Ry t + By cit hy & paling the Boumdary canelidtons i the se= coinpeherk a 426 3 xeQ SS. Bs we sa825 y 8 ek. 6 nhaoy, ke A= by bye ly 273, oe Rate Poe } a Peso tSihee G4 / wil vesul tn X=0 Le. particle iy ho where along theadimension withth the boxy which ts hot acceptable! gy Substituting the value or constonts S207 80.8 @ © %= Ay Sinf ny x © sinilarily, woe obtain us Ye a. a | ree 5 eu i Z= © asby,h2= 4) 2y3,--—- ©O. the 3270 point energy covveabonding to © ‘ Yomhy one 4 bs © fa oh SEy e aml> 2 ee ee 4a the 3ero-point : ee Shergy of a particletn a e 4I-D Box, ee So, the Fer O- posit energy for a particle tna 3p : Box 4a three Himes that in a one-dimensional box, This s factor 3 can be viewed oy originating trom the fact that we @ TE Contining the particle Syrpmetrically tm alll ca chinsapeiee Be cpen ener ac)« ete : e Elmarbyngy— fR (no +nd « nge) i. aml? e 3%, Such combinations Oh Rnd Me cad ng wlich yield e ane Some enev eigenvalue En» Whidk the corresbondi a ay Ag 4 © cigerStale functions seman dutinctly ditterent, Then such e Stoller are called degenemlé stabs ond such ah binations e of (Pee, Py seg ) 4» called degree of Aegeneracy Of thot ctode, e e For example e First excited stake has three possible quantum nos e@ ‘ (ba hyynsy = (244); (aia) (458-2) fang ali states e have the same energy 2 e fey Ciat Ce token e aM al ‘11: emia 4yy held the Yt excited shake dy hvecjeld degenedle. ihe seshd excited stad ales has thyes alidhevert stabes ,henee 4k 4s thveafild degenevedl itt: energy Mo eqpal t BELt bay = Big = Bigg = 9 Ey, Properties bf degenercthe Wave functions. (date) \) Bayenevday shawe that theve La syiminekvy th the problem, t4 A ebGe j thee cam bs ha coubination Ok Wises Hyjhig) Gldhich gies the Same value af eigen walitgfar eath Value 84 bm) Wal have Say she aig, stale Yume tien a: . SUPER Yi Yaa, == =) Ye ave | duttnelly didderent Jivsavdy anaepardenk ad oe. Stivié degehevaey Gn; the the geneval stale junction fer the stale way be expended ai ie & iti = ay + ag 3 Seat Hey where a) 543 545: ty Gre eampler wankers; then jay*@ wih give the probally (aiding erialioed etal unchiKe War) that the particle should be feud ih the atele Wor Of the eljeh=eneiyy Ep when a meaiuvement 44 caved et: é + Applisatian 6 fae ik a 3-3 bexppablen: : th preedectrin Webiy Of inetala He yalnce elections ea be aiummed 8 Be vee Gad cantined duside a Lex. Which @ alie the Badté bf “hiwiad = Ferd medal # the abiin: = lage eanec Se oeeweaeeeneese eG eaeeaeeneeneenoeeaeda 8) F berticle of mans m in Docated ih a trodimensional © Sepavre — well with absdute impenetrable walls. Find _ A) the fartidde permitled energy values if the set of the well are "a" and "b’, (oc tea acy cb ) J bythe probability of the partide with the Looest energy ‘i to be Uocated de wittin a vegion 0< KK 9/3, (sh the schrisdinger egy as 5 wie a> Sa boundary conditions are tHrtt Wo at aso AX=q "3 Yoo ot yaagy=b Use Sale caee- the technique of separation of variables ax . ploy) = xl YW) m Orc eae Putting tk in equ ix we get | 2 pee sty a, ee SC re x ee a ke ‘ eu = Shia . # 2 A i ' 4 3 ae Lit se, a = ke+k ‘ Fe sx Y aye Ske + yy So, Well have 2 g : ieee Ast 2 oS Q Tai ay, X= A SiR, Ar B cosky X c MSOC Sink, AD cockyapplying the boundary candtione * welll get R= A sh{ tu 2) ys 438; = = ‘sea © plas) = A sin a) (2) Eo Grd hae gael y= OY So, naa + ees . ame = Of hormaligation of yp weVAl gel yew = sift) stn (Bz) ha = 4/4) 8, = = - hy= 413) 3) - - = bY The groiml stile wave fpinction mead, ry=t putes) = A sins) sir{ ts.) so rt probability Pa & eitfig) de [ays = 196 a th =8 = 04.56. eeonvneoqnnagnaneas @Seeeeseseeneecgrnnreesmsoeensesesre &) Density__of states ‘- ‘ a & c € € € © € ;e eeneo8° O00 oO @eeoeococeocecoe Ti ® S$ Bde reteents the no: of Stohes whose energy Mes between Eomd E+d of states, order t calculate gle) we First calculate N(E) which vebretents the total ho OF Stokes whose dew than €, E NLe)= faterde 2 E then ALE) as known as density energies ave > 4le= date reas ay de : orbic Fox a pavlde in a SD box having edge length L wehwe bt + ng "3 = Smite _ &( say 5} b* -- e, Then N(E) wl be the no » Of Sets of integers Sum of sqdavea is Jets thon R2 Beet Crested 4 a wit volume amd i we olvaw PosPrere ot vadia then the volume Of positive octat wil APbroximately ve present NUE) $ we have 4. take the Positive octant because bay hy ond ae ake positive values, Ths Whose + 9h hee hy sh Space = TL lame 9h 33 ) hE rule Ame 28 ee 3h3 * NE) =Hess an additional factey 04 3 has beek abtreduced bees @ stake cam be decupied by tie lectins, Hanes density Bf ales a given by lej= AWtes _ 3 eel 4 = salen ae one 4j @ 6 6 é é 3 8 é é 6 = é | ae; es saridians® a | #22 ote me comlent 4g expec any dematy : | 7 & imeinentian Shace: Naid Be a RoR =Felativatie é Hehe 3 Be ame ; Nis Niele get3 (ameZ4 3 wile amid ps Se ene" eae : Skee ANE) SANS. s | &, awl i | os gbi= RH iA “i é 3 \ Foy FeldtvioHE Bhegy &6@ Hee ailatiiatie seated he Bs pias tel oe ieee wepreale He veaRinai of fart, ° 8 é ps Pam eAMVes @ Devil) bate states te Che materia Space a Sell 3 gives by : &sg See re Og 89 8 ee 68 Oe 08 8 8 2 0 8 28.0 8:8 po qh= en pe b> “ wlh)= gni3 3 ane ene ON(p) = Ne) Nl€)= eTi3 hw afk 3h? ae he oils och nite) ee = a Ler nici fs 5 a BhPc3 ae Pa HAvE) = 944s E (et nites A bcd We get lela (Owl? 2( 2 2.4) 2 4 oy € Ce*_ nich) Yr Es mck o for © omc? 4 Tr the extreme Limit ielE >> me®) gle)= ens e2 b3c3|< Jus sedan yf aa aeatl i ie few bis ” the main amuaapllehe 8 Aree ae | -aheery Gt mebals i) he free bes ave Ake valence dectvons of the chiprising aba i) ® valehee dake ih metal Badd ie Ee th fhe qield 8} ak tohe ama ne a a other aleetiors: 3 this tel; the tauttual uy é evayy ohare mide 3 at “slid, ‘y a ei} it ‘the eleetveh 44 ad qieh te the digue The a of ‘te meta 44 ™ | i die i at an ry pt ea within a one i Bf space called & " potential ve ber ge OE —| | | debth ee: RERBE abl ie fa F \ | Se ee Pie bape i all higher onek ave @ = Gs Gp: Whe ee o a - aia ne abeys =ehe H a ili th aecsvdenee + Pavia ‘ i cpa called the Fatal skevgy aad ie defined ad He | asain thee ahevqy that a ives dleebven eda have & the absilite gers temperabize, ein we eink as detin the en ® e ira in ae god ho He nein in sec ceo her te geo ei oanVe | @ Now, the probability of finding om electron with energy © € i given by the fermi- Divac Fumction , | © © Fle= A Ee: Fermi energy : on ay) +e 8 of TaoK € ie Fley= Ja E< &g (Eq: Fermieneygy at T=0k) © ° E> ee, e : n je A T=OK aN devels below 7 | © s woos ER are occupied and | ; 1 AW tevels above Ee, tre 7) Fle) Teal a: . Foy a Situation (when Le ol All the lowest quantumn _ het. oR State ave occupied ) the. es electron gat in said to be : Completely degenerated. For electrons inside a cubical ap box of volume L3, ; © Now, the to. of stokes th om energy thterval Et E+de e ; ine * 3 Se My, { ANCE) = gle) de. 4M amy? Me ge =a) | @ 3 | . 12 Mang eS bagel eye c, He Probable no. of a dlectrons per Gromtum stake 4 4 e PE GLEIAE = ATL Lampe Eh de 2 i soba te | Bg i t+ eka he Thin ia the lection gas energy clitribution ot je Conduction electrons in a metal, ec fe So, koto) Roane tie cua im the box ia given by le ‘s e ie Sete) gle) de ®Ms which af T=6 becbimed N= [BALEJde + Fevnteae lat abies ° ' e 5, Pm a ea = Ait? (gras gal i ca" & ~ w = #71 (653 Biggs: " ABE Weed" ia) sinte (32 y = volume 6 bis Hence Subsbtubihg the pitmevieal valid, we get ee = 58g viet BS ayy wz Heer we? pM cy kere Baa memuved dn ebro + the told energy ge a@ abtolite gera ; Tabk e & gies Fes de 5 i an’ eae i 6 Beta, ES ER ee et acuacowne ews @ t cc € & « 6 8‘é ® S 5, : em ten eg? = as Fe e h a a » |S = smb iamy® pe Se ( = (Er) c sh € We know thoct 8 3}: : N= eTl® ay pe ee 3bs 2 Substituting th the above eager, we get J = 3 NE © © * Average Snerqy per particle = Tota energy ot ok € M yy 2 c Tota) ho-of electrons oN € c Key = Z Eg, | average energy per particle. e re > fn general jthe Fermi Energy Ep, is dependent on e temperature, Rowever , When kT >> Ee, , We Soy thot © the dlectron gas 44 Strongly degenerate — ov, almost © Completely degenevale , e On the other hamd , when kT << Ep, the goa <2 said + be in ao hon- degeneyale stake, For metals Like Na,cu ete. RT « o-@a5eV (at To 300K) so, Eee tev eV Since e e 6 ° e e EPa/ py >> 4 e50, : 4) fetal he 6 4vee alectvondd a given by N= {ws FLEE = sant ae ee a4 = a2 eh ee pieide chtegrating by parts. - ey a} ce "Bg ost a i oe Sey dake = Bee ty G2 a akt wi “a ‘de sda br da. * Lene? 5 " eo we 6 + t i A vatey WE a wpe - siee dP dy ya ge 2 og Seuee@eaeeeeeeaeeneeneee S@ Fs OHooaes a Sereneaah fers ie fa ae = ) gee ®e oe j 5 es 5h hess eS err Gans Jr FO] 4 3h —% Sin eo ince : ees Cia ese wea (a+ et) s. Lani Bal Bhs ee a) e| Pe Srl aS 2 Ee, - m har y 3h3 a ) 3).\ ep a 3 . ee cis tam? oe So substituting Hus 3h? tn the above Ep, = Fermi energy at ok Deeseceeocdleccoesseaseee a°° > 6) Total crergy of ree electrons ot @ TK e= Fe ate) ete) de 2 CoR ae NA ~ wm Ja a eon Pe) dx Ee Oe j ee cee From which we get. eeececcocecoe ®2e@¢ ‘(aeeisen = de Soke) (Cv dectih = 3 pe) HERE) — ane Te) é ; - e See nreeeeneaweeees oer er emorns ioheve i vepveichis the ol eyprention 46¥ specific heat; amd ak vam temperalave the qpiambly waide “He bracket sa abatt Ygg? he electrenie specific hea visea Jnnealy With fehperatas: : * 6 > ‘ é é 3 ® aS 6 : ‘85 © a6 8 ae z : : : ‘ : 4 @ @ ° e 8 es é ia é 8 et sereneFe @ | © Cree electron in 9 metal ieee A Rrtitn > lam Nigh demas ond electrical 5 Conductivitien, biker By Century | the Gevmom Bsee Ste Rome with the € tee end of Lath tres clectron theory of metals | Pe etme ing metal {© Ake Minoleatis, £2 theory was the Ove free to move within Ib by Gea. One of the Qresleat Successes of the Wiede mown Framg Law, Be EMS. Khe! tnteraction PL a given electyon both with CO tre others amd with te tone Es weghected this heglect ot ert Sten keane aah caine) ene ou the © dependent electron approvimation. ‘ iy Coisons tr the Drude model, asin kinebe theory, ave Snctomtomest events that Gbruptly alter the velocity ot am electron, We Grol Osawme that am electyon, With a probability Per ua Lime, e He ~velaxction me experiences a Collison 4. the time ythe colton time, oe Cy Dede modal the colliton je Rip Ome lectyon's Positio,, amd velocity | 1 PM Es ace utined te Achieve thermal 20) Uibviun, leith thely Surroundings oly through — Cetbisons, Unt tombanenus Ee aeoiel Cosson owe tredléd os Scodteving event ahich mean thot the time € e * in which Scattering taker place Ju hegligible e Compayed t> the time Of braved beth catlicone e © PRpcation of om eclectic Ved & gives them a _deigt velocity e oe yy CE \t the vdawtion time fe T is the eo e e e OV] Hine beth the Colson 0 Eei. é tH wen hee RO: Bf Vleebwane RY WAL volun @ ; the awset deni} = FSLRE 3 = RelEe €] ‘Fz Ree ce Hwee the attic conductivity and + ave vd ad ae Fe be & = edt | wea; et FRE ZB RE BE: Comey sie @ | lee a s hee ‘ Fema eval Conall = ibe my Hwdet helped th ex plicang vied Rais 5b Wedemasr Sha Rang, The Wledinanh fey Las He the t MH; Ry ot the themed i sleebvieal ayduetivity sf @ Great hes of metal a atvectly puapertonal she tempevabiva; Bit & Pak tne elie aie A tB a wmeuepyid & |, Team Conducitity EA te comets’ at papal” § | Betieen ihe WR bE TRE diewmal ghey acd dee iapiatis® | Bane Gah eT Frit Jyh bese shergy dhe? he ajpaitie alwetin the Mhermed Gradient] 2 & fiom bee heavy BE GALS, RE Rye Ri&y she hed as: vfe Ss {@ Smee Ge 26 _ 2( Sher) = aes ears . cumin 3 - Kaige legate { AS meom both beth colbigons — Gia e ave ¢€ Dheve Sv 2s the Yoch wean sqpove velocity Which prude ¢ ortumed to be due to the clarttcal clistribution Gorveiponding to © the tempevature T, , Ree Reto imath [cy = easy ae su | © kinete theovy predicts thet, electron having all Ahvee “rom (fod degree Of freedom wit have energy 3 ket | £0 ) (igh) we cent of omy matewal conctamt kK a known o8 the huum oe, . aes tet ts e oa . BO emai os < = . ele le 4 2 le poe 3 (Ee) = constant | @ oT a Ve © KO = avay® unit — ohms) 4S e oT | 2 sete 2s known Ot Wiedemann— From3 ratio ty Urdepern— e 0 Seeal: 1) Hea Worker Var Sbpredably itn damp Fee th fapevatlve., . ‘ Bae : T EIBUEE ee shasge ba “as vemoeiy Gwpardlle B dhe g hebee war wer Be sewed; Resevaing & Clarteal Pkabitled weckaiai He BNRHGE LtREBe energy 6§ BA Obie di = eEt Fh 8 mila contaeR No Gee cteebione fey gaan, the ‘titel bivetic anergy Bh dea aletbn shsuld be E What Baad thevelpe & spadte head af gia 6 = gk bev Gh- ati the dabvee corte euben a8 at bay quam: Hence a iil oy a wal OY woke valent a Wave Gy= aki a8 38 Buk ckpeving ed gute elgic ye tee pi entiier 43 walk: cana it) Glewieal ddzat qa haus cant Ge applied & ke eleebsh gai te a metal: iW} Glecbving thedd cowie 3 a pacakiaguetie Suseepbbiléky: BR Bleek hai & MAaghEHe moma BE RHE BobY MAghEeR Hee 2#b p. N pee clebINE WE GE g cotinine OG TUEGREBUE 6h NE Enrtead we tind 2, Senpevahive thdfindent valuc al atti 4 ef fhe expacked Shoe dere ac € fleece: =e eeeeoeeeenedeaensedewessay . Electrical Grductivity ok Metabeys a a a ~ It 4s derived based on Somer field's tree clechon theny obeying ferm—dirac ctibishics, The ro: of elechronic strites per unit volume cursodated . WH am element db. dpy dp> tn tomentuin Space 4 Undlucing the gin) is a Py Shy dpe, Be fo in therm) equilibvivn andiin the absence of yields, the average ho. of oceuBed ay es be nie) is FUP) dbedby db a) MNS Falp) ia the Cem dislsibution fchallon Als Of the total momentuwn Pe Care fuk hoi EP eA erst P—> toto momentum pees rebutting m> mara of electron. For novia temperatures (Rr can be = ‘saat dk the dntegrat aa ts te I S, equ &) besoines os is & = #elam® jaz = 1612 am) ee ef feayae : Bhs ; ’ trade a 6 Soe) i : % jas (cee : Se | aahare, bs hho: of ebeebone % comparing with, | 2 wi lane ape iRerter further since Tp xf Bence Gee af a and [veri tty Dk Thea ck Covvert ly predicts variation of rewastivity Of metale with temperature, i s (Waviation of ¢ with T)Pavamnarneticin of Free ede ctrons = Because of intrinsic shin of am electron, It beare A inagnetic moment gren b f= Hee st (Bohr inagneton) T4 in a mrebad , a imagnetic eld da applied, some of thee decane inoukd be aligned parallel ty TF amd dome 6 anti-paralled to the magnetic fell 7, : The rragnetic moment per unt velimme Ja emit og Ma (Pp ha) Be == ai é Fipz Hay detas)ibmne oleh ® ave parallel to the magnetic® eld é his his of elects) volme tauich ° ave antrpavallel + the mag f Wittowt the external magnetic eld all ehergy devel bel © Ee, are ccuipied and alk above 6— ave empty, when a externdl magnetic field f 2s applied, all electrons ‘i= 6 ~ parallel to FP igould suffer a shigt of erevgy rah 8 Owe all dlechine amt parallel to FP would subter a cyt % Ob Hal. Th they ave coniidered to be Separately : alin py devel ther | €By Abbiication of external magnetic field Ho, energy Revels Dt parallel amd amti-barollel spine gets adjusted to a % chown un Bgare Ue), However the situation is SG batable amd aq no of electrons }rom arkiparwle) spins wilh move to the group of electrons Of parabbeh Spins, Tr eqpikibrium both halves are filled +0 the same Wee ok Show iy Figure wo, NOW, the ho: of allowed stake im each of the halves Pee her unit volume is 4 ZlEde = gledde = 21m (amy! ae kK SH The bp of ale oe sping entering — the group of paralleh spins aa 6 Pea Cnn ay 4 i : because Pat << Ep S The excess no: of electrons with parable sins ty — , as twice the value given in equh a) 6 So 3 ee amie s k © Se trom equ a), ae get x ; M = Pérrlamy 2 tk z : — 4 Be Bok ania He fe : 4 43 iho: of ehecbron/ value eae een b= er ah e fA “a So, we qet ¥ = 3pob Ha? a Thin Shows paramagnetic susceptibility of ehectrone 4s Evdependent of temperature, For temperature tr 30) aeoeeoe~ = ee SeMReE Each rcsckicine kia metals 1- = let wo detne te cnegy ob free | election ck reat insde the metal ax 6 & B= Th ovder to cabe from the = E ° 6 = metd an dlechon must have om L ~ Ene aay Perpendicular to the Surface © ok ak Qeat Es. Tus it x 44 the coordinate berpendicuday pee toa SIMRACe jm lebron must haves g sige b> Pea order ts excabe phere A oe . Se ae) o However, even Af am eclechon ab the surface has q Red ee, Pap jit does not recersarily escape, but my 5 be reflected by the potenti barier, Ohh the Profability °F escabe py an electron sahagying * the “condition BP pens as equal to [ees + (pod) la o Where, Y(Re) 4a reflection Coebiicient as tunction 2 he, et ee funch of shape of = potenti barricy , SHEP PT techore perunit yslume ath a” meiner “Leh 6 Px amd bet dby ancile the metal 4 eyal to [pe dhe, 2 ee Sih de ctvons ariving at the surtece Per Seaond ber wit aveq és eaeh — Ve PUR Py So... density ia equal to wissi are Sosy) Ae eqy J= & fe ntho[s- resp,the tev Jn the bracket is +ehiaced by sector as ue ti front of the integild » yo avg vabie of reflection cx 8, j= ge] naa ae ad We Rr, the ho df allowed gore to am eleimert Aba dby db. es -_ e 4 = 3. abba Ble Fy be) a Pedthy dbs, f the novof clectone sauipying stata with momenta between PL het abe 5} hyo bytdby amd Bey petdbe 4 there five hPa by, Ped Abahy dbs = 8 Abas de z tee akon ee iii ®) ltedabe = anf i sa— Per 4 shee En Ep = B-Ep >> RT dp all metals at ‘Youm temperature to We cay hydeb the term of unity an the ~~ junction. “lhe dpe = ie ern |é Noam "hye “Rt Nhiddhe, = atm) ef far EMlakr ay om y! :} © paling value of no lpedbe frm equ (a) in eg 4) wegh A frees ey | a jJze 4mwmRT >) b e am kT dp ‘* oe ie & ze : “k, ‘ 0 gee Sei Ps her 3S = & [4tmkT \(4-r) - elmkT) € 0 m \ 13 ~ mir LEs- Fe) / er i. Giremtk” Aiea rye eee wap ce " Sine, €,2/be= > ond A= 4temk* be = So, eo aitievs thee Pler 6 Thik 24 the Dushiran Recharelion Eat, © Every disttibubon of the emitted ele thons gc bese fu tS sete Some © Reording to Dusham equ, the total no: of electrons emitted FP Ut area per Second is . N= { armky72 aoe ie 8 - We crsume v=o here b 0 ARs) the np: of electrone awriving ok the Surface per unit © Area per second wth Be 2% Pry and velocities povmel to the Surface in the range AV 4d ca) ~ 5 3 Hx) Med the = (4 8 RT) x Ther a3 /aer foe ) ,2whens Vex represents the velocity of an electro ip the a-divectih ater eiiecloh, we have Lied = Lmif= ep. gr = Va digg = tdi o/ eies 3} Bs each of the elections ob the group Hepreiented wy eqph a) contribs ain external electron a described by eq 8) se amrudlig eqih 3) am aah a) ive gob 8 Nise) Hasdife s seatir) oor ee =e: Vig A YN Weed vexdiee = 14 (THE) « one cnet ia ay Now the vebority atatstbutton Fee) Uae of the emitted wt 4s obtained i dividing 4) ty 3), we get sh thu oi aha Asbibition ferperdicillar fo the surjace exhibits q Maxwellian form, The averige energy of the ewdtted electrons perpendicular © @ to the surface ts > ears RYRpakT 8 iit 4ee= 2msaokra afailure of the Free Electron Modelt- ys The tree electron model accounts for o ho: Of observed © properties of metals. Nevertheers, the model 44 ony om, a Abbreximation amd as such has dts Lwitations, Fer of, them ave i) on the bars of free cdechon theory , it bea been chowh that the electrical conductivity Jy propor torah to the electron concentratith, Tt 4» surprising thet the divalent | metols (Be,cd, Zn etc.) amd even trivalent metals (AX, Dn ) Ore consictentl; Les conductive than monovalent metad (Cayrg and Aw) dupite the fact that former have higher Concentration of clectrns, Hi) The qree-eledron model olioays predicts a negative Halk Constemt bile some metals (Be,2n, A) exhibit positive Hal Constants, i) Pvee-clecron modeh ahoays predicts a spherical Fermi sefee whos 42° often hon-spherical BW there 2 nothing ih the tree electon then motel to \ erplein hy the: too — temperature specific heat Should be duminded by the electronic contr button, V) The Wiedemann - Prong Saw 4a obeyed ody at high temperatures cmd wd at Lo temberatares but not ak intermedicle temperatures , where , Kp depends oh temperature Vi) ere clectwn thenry predicts tet the veristarce of Wire perpendicular to & uniform magnetic Hell Should not depend on the strength of the field, Th some we ad | $B com be made to increue aparently witha Limi es the Held increases.> “om . >. a ) ae ., te ic fF dpdy, dp. ne = ti \\ mt tl-£4 dade dp. ~ Fe MC t YAR diay a oo . [oe fo (aty (ay ah, er “2 (2) ew ( OQ) t Gooanetey ot Ram St m pe to ae eM le: xtae _ Ate Ag] ee a le MiaFermi Energy ina3-d cubicalbox: (done from Griffith's Quarbun Vechanics) Ifyou imagine a three-dimensional space, with axes k;, ky, kz, and planes drawn inath; = (%/l,), 2/1), Ble)... at ky = (at/ly), On/l,), Gt/ly), and at kr = (/Lz), 2r/1,), (3/1,), ..., each intersection point represents a distinct (one-particle) stationary state (Figure 5.3). Each block in this grid, and hence also each state, occupies a volume {5.40} Figure 5.3: Free electron gas. Each intersection on the grid represents an al- lowed energy. Shading indicates one block; there is one state for every block.core See (er N will ir kaacne is} Hear an ree i ad il a etre cone ih econ i sph re dit ear ie ified by fis hal ah Bait oI cesta eer wae L fag) 4 a (34) = (F) ‘Thus ke = Bp, (ai white pa Me i543 is the deraly Ps fee pet tft Lee me oe co chap i p= B apni, (843) ine ral ie ss pact eu tn ‘Powe coiitiis voli dati so the Huber OF eleetRat states tte shell 18 eau = alae: @ 2 & De aiFigure S4: One octant of a spherical shell in k-space. Each of these states carries an energy h742/2m (Equation 5.39), so the energy of the shell is a dE = ——— 1 dk, 5.44. Bee [5.44] and hence the total energy is nv r ge weY WGRINGIE | apy 0 ae = eaten ae 4: 1022 102m oe This quantum mechanical energy plays a role rather analogous to the internal thermal energy (U) of an ordinary gas. In particular, it exerts a Pressure on the walls, for if the box expands by an amount dV » the total energy decreases: 287 Gn?Nq)B adv aEu = —5 10x? m ve? and this shows up as work done on the outside (dW = P dV )by the quantum pressure P. Evidently VR dy = FE P= 2 Fin _ 2 Wk GareN ie (5.46) AX. 3:1022m Sm Here, then, is a partial answer to the question of why a cold solid object doesn’t simply collapse: There is a stabilizing internal pressure that has nothing to do with clectron-clectron repulsion (which we have ignored) or thermal motion (which we have excluded) but is strictly quantum mechanical, and derives ultimately from the antisymmetrization Tequirement for the wave functions of identical fermions. It is sometimes called degeneracy Pressure, although “exclusion pressure” might be a better term,'?(PRbbeier SATS Pi davai at ewanar a 86 invade aout waka ts Ai a aerator i see gui 5.43), ‘Aswuie 9, 4; ane Co Ons is ae oe pe av Cag) UN He * setae . = e: he : sis se » 1 i 48 5H a Hi acd aii ER] ria = ball ikaidjds =a =H ages i) 7 ata EE]Solution: 279K? 7 g\ /8 P= aay ® =AV-8 Boy. For copper, B = §(3.84 x 101 N/m?) = 6.4 x 10! N/m? ‘alculate the Fermi energy for electrons in a nvo-dimensional infi- nite square well. (Let o be the number of free electrons per unit area.) Solution: ne! Fite ny) Im (+e) = ye with k= (= =) Each state is represented by an {itarsection on a grid in “K-space” —this time a plane—and each state occ A= laly isthe area of the well). Tw 2 (12 nf Equation 5.30 =F, (Se pies an area x2/L,l, = x2/A (where 0 dlectrons per state enna Rg (BN ie Ne\ an pre = ME (3) (thee (42) = (ine) 2 alternatively eX (8) hor of electrons/area, = Bares of dirdle) a where ¢ = Nq/A'is the number of free electrons per unit area, ip ne Ep= ion mere aha € Nz 4m? (ae h2 7 if de R aha Ee 1 falerrlerde 3Ae 3027789799989 eeoeoocococecooes @ o2000000 ° So, no- of stokes iy ANR) = 4 Re dRsino dodd inside a cubsid of side L ia elk) = ae oe Sinededg am ‘ay Show thot the density ot Stabs for a particle of mars TWis porticle hoa momentum Ponk orth Spherical, Coordindtes of B given by (k 8) >) oooh (nds bg + ne) ami? Beh hy snd = Rete oe |S So a ’ R= \emee be Ee pa Ra | She of h2 ap Since paotk = 4 (My Lak sinsdedg ay eae SIk)= dulW= RLF credo dap dk 3m3 [res 2003)) re Or particle! 2, cubed) of side L,ES ee Voceven le astuece He Meleb =f Volomce. fo be . 1 Plows = inwis — polinhiol ; whi 4 wnalant inaida, He redel The omenaid a cledinon ratde We weal as © tortidanod ox \ Jowen ham Heb of am clodinon ouhida We well. Te ochids leuk is . . Soma} Ye + direc alot he Disty bubon ol durant in elo Lek ua otturma = Hho. relob fe bee ) 6 a shape of cube of ails Oo ete tog of ‘o. toskee Fatenhl + reprnemis a partie wm ep fe bee; with do oe among \enda, Gisen Oa | ep wh With w= wi ang ne 0) Gr Ets of He aden of 18°CV ond Jpn singly a cheating ve. of ore slates Avelolta Jon wlidson. too wey conti! Exar lonbweatNow vo o aleln csseilable lo ‘om alacin ak am ae E weld hp tam He ro o Combinelions of me My Bei which give corr poring te eal E. (quer by agp tle LUE) = q(t) dé hone LIES > ve. of lets ying bditen seovse fou feE+de te > dams: glean ok 0 ain @ : at 4 E a “To colleistoty + FURY GNM icaeatok Ge aploa of nodims in Ma Hy, M2 Spee. Now ewe Neder. slanting from onggn would owe abadts olan gn (| Wein es fate aplee. ) , “Thus Vedi cormnapords lo omesg lot Vom E: Rach | \here Neds = rmaaprd fo slots, [wmery ed. Tar olere of lock ae aledsn would be mop reten ted. a cube o unit Volume ot tha Space. @ Peseavpeeavasvoeenvetcseseoeaeenaesseeoaoeovneed= clurre. of sphere) ule =o = Hotes of 1 leks \ ee a No. of tela oth orang Io te 4 ie ~ (qesae - 1 Baw s g \ ac gle) = a de Pires E from @) (es Em = wh 2 Pal EP ep qle)\= =? feels Eo Bie\= on VG Ee K Now ainco cledinony have apna di Mute one oWloued in Lead Abele | heme densihy oo hob, fpr (adoro socially Hoe QE) = gv OnE” abot 4aa —E Tes dorahy of aletu NSH ckau Pordbslic eovoeacreseo0o be No. { ee bdloern Oren E oomh = E+dé o° \s Gpeeem by e NO dat= ZTE) * FLY : = Ale) FLE) xd E i e where Ne) > ve. 4 bodes | unit orsngyy Ae Ce ° ELEY > Ferm: Direc dubibuhken which ee ts Se, ee ee a hE e Flt) = = a clea Erase. ogy, 8 Ca Fal is Ve ok uhh pray isin 8 an omy \ Ici. | Fey} iso ° Tro) 4 tr. a comes . Plot 1 dastibabion .Te OK ; Alwbte zane Poo ee NEE Me Vows EME fe : = Etta | FlE\=o ba EVER | nol cs hes vs E TOK, te Cem) aes Ny oe wit (Taos. (aetnesae r 0 NV Kw e I ded og ee oe ees oe ay a Ye or Bee hes Ee | Ie Ze | Withers: n—> wo of Aadiiors, [welGae } Also Seenage. KE oA clade of oblychts Com ta Colartotad from * Er. ee 15 BY A LE Nelde ey x Oy ea Sh Ne As f EB aeTTomp Y OK i forite _leorpenationes eeseeceo? x. 0 ofek fpnile ie. aholl fol book ok fey 2 ass ‘ a of 5 Ate) tLe ve gee) E Sem i aw hoon Wok nr (E\ Yoleox plow only In We seen Pe Ge ise ye packs lpn ee dix doves ae we in reais ol \E-tsl = kT, e e ees evevnrveecsveseoevvers eee Now (\oniets colculcke ny ne CNR ee Eels ee = sf atev Fle dae c | En Fe)ae whew C= tig Oni | n= ¢ rae Fela, (erro dE |fee ok ee Es E~=< Filtre et Suey aCe: Foe ' y ae ie Fle) dé we ek » Ch. 2 er dE dx ak pn ae Es aa ide 5 ee -& e Gt FIRS scald; be. Yro de xeo; Me Yo wen Imik oxeph in, Vico —EeletT\ 20 com be tHondad be be —infnily ie oe ag (ures gte)artoas 2 peerage | Foo |" 2 2 (ej (eee |= \Ee oe Be |! -ehty| “Tho mepratnts “— eee ually MOWorr in Jempandtions Now average. srangy. of sloctnons ot (130) cE) = a fe ee F : < (em mrelde potential energy beturen proton i Amel electron e Er > total eregy Of the system, Be Vederenda’ ony on the late chutes (be. | WP )) between proton amd electron so instead of coorclinabes aimee it ty Obpropridte +o use the centre of mares R and relative cording 7. , op ws F Melt 7. act ieee P3-2 i+ m9amd the LaBlaciom Vy amd Fm are yelated to the Laplaclanc Ob centre oF mare —--2) We can colve thin eqe” urihg the separation of variables technique e e e ie e = 2 = Zu ee, atpeowe Zig ae ena eae ae aye” Og ° as tpdlowoe e e i . @"* 22 > ae >. Sttieos Re 4 Sees we ° ni! 2 mH 9 BK y HB ° e Where, = kn) ma — reduced mars oF » mit, the system, e So the ep? 1) becomes M= mrrme total more oF e s the system ° mie 8 22 boy -— +t 2 e c Se ee . e e @ ° e let pra GIR) Yl?) where | Pl) = Wave function depends oh Centre of meus coordina © PUP) = cmave function of relative motion, : @ e Soul By gets splitted Junto to equations @be of which © aw be Ths equation yepresenits a plane wave om describes umiform translation motion D§ the hydvogen akom aa a whee. e =i +2) e- Eq MB) e e the solution. of Dich gould be = ¥ a $B = lem ® Qt RR oxdy Can chtk* bs 2m = e epA ies: aaa wh 0M the other hand, PLY) describes the dntersial motion ob ie hydrogen atom satsties the eqph Oe uP) + eo pl) = Ey pl) O ap Tae) C Where | Ey = relative energy = Ey —ER a ~The we con cee that hydrogen being a tuo~ body problem © with the potential eneryy Achendent on relative co-ordinates ~ & |H-B] can be coved by eqah By Wich da same odtha s Yor a single barticle described by potential energy vir) et veplaced by veduced mars ancl convdlinales 5 Oe the relative coordinates, © We am howd setve equ” 3), consider the potential is coulombic Potential as yiy) meee (tet 221) 4N&y oo Bey: Spherical co~ovdindte, the equ 3.) loecomes ee) 1 2 | Sing Op) + A_/ soph te i 6 a BW Rois6 et ae ee aap age # (ss) =. eae : Casuming Ey aa €) 0 Uiscam further solve equh 4) by variable separable technique uit a PUGH SP) = Rr) Oe) FH) : Paling this in eapth 4) cued multiplying both sdes of - eqph Ay by Asis & ROG pe aer