Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. Fracture :
- in medical term is called broken bone by trauma physic like people
accident
- Discontinitas between tissue bound and cartilago by trauma
2. Deformity :
- Accentuation of abnormal bone
- The changing of bone shape
- The abnormally position of bone because of pressure to the bone
3. Supine :
- Tidur dengan posisi terlentang
STEP 2
1. Why the patient felt so much pain in her left leg and unable to move her
left leg?
2. Why in physical examination we can found different of leg?
3. Why in her hip looks a little bruished, swelling, deformity (+) compared to
the right side hip?
4. What are the risk factors of the scenario?
5. Why the docter send the patient to instalation radiologi and what is the
expected results from AP and lateral pelvis Xray examination?
6. Why the ER doctor makes a referral to orthopaedics specialist?
7. What is the patofisiology of fracture, dislocation, luksasi, dan subluksasi?
8. What is the clasification of the fracture?
9. What is the complication of the fracture?
10.How does the healing process of fracture?
11.What are the influencing factors of the healing process?
12.What is the correlation of age and the fracture?
13.How to diagnostic? (pemeriksaan penunjang)
14.What are the sign and symptoms of the fracture?
15.What is the first treatment of fracture?
STEP 3
1. Why the patient felt so much pain in her left hip and unable to move her
left leg?
- Felt so much pain in her left :
Peradangan terkena pembuluh darah akan menyebabkan swelling,
bruished
Faktor dari fraktur : terjadi pada persendian sacroiliaca pergeseran
acetabulum dari coxae dan femur tidak bisa bergerak
- Rasa sakit : penekanan terhadap saraf
- Pada saat terjadi fraktur kerusakan pada jaringan lunak
komplikasi infeksi (malunion) dan non infeksi
- Fraktur tertutup hematom dilatasi kapiler otot pada pembuluh
darah inflamsi bengkak penekanan saraf
2. Why in her hip looks a little bruished, swelling, deformity (+) compared to
the right side hip?
STRUKTUR JARINGAN
FRAKTUR
FRAKTUR TERBUKA
FRAKTUR TERTUTUP
MANISFESTASI KLINIS
ETIOLOGY
DEFORMITAS
BENGKAK
HEMATOME
GERAK TERBATAS
COLLES
SMITH
GALEAZZI
MONTAGEA
BENTURAN KERAS
KECELAKAAN
FAKTOR TRAUMA
STEP 7
1. Why the patient felt so much pain in her left hip and unable to move her
left leg?
Felt so much pain in her left :
Peradangan terkena pembuluh darah akan menyebabkan swelling,
bruished
Faktor dari fraktur : terjadi pada persendian sacroiliaca pergeseran
acetabulum dari coxae dan femur tidak bisa bergerak
Olahraga
Age. The rate of hip fractures increases substantially with age. As you age, your bone density and
muscle mass both decrease. Older age may also bring vision and balance problems, along with slower reaction
time to avoid falling when you feel unsteady. If you're inactive, your muscles tend to weaken even more as you
age. All of these factors combined can increase your risk of a hip fracture.
Your sex. Women lose bone density at a faster rate than men do. The drop in estrogen levels that
occurs with menopause accelerates bone loss, increasing the risk of hip fractures. However, men also can
develop dangerously low levels of bone density.
Chronic medical conditions. Osteoporosis is the most powerful risk factor for hip fracture, but other
medical conditions may lead to fragile bones. These include endocrine disorders, such as an overactive thyroid,
and intestinal disorders, which may reduce your absorption of vitamin D and calcium.
Certain medications. Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bone if you take them
long term. In some cases, certain drugs or the combination of medications can make you dizzy and more prone
to falling.
Nutritional problems. Lack of calcium and vitamin D in your diet when you're young lowers your peak
bone mass and increases your risk of fracture later in life. Serious eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa
and bulimia, can damage your skeleton by depriving your body of essential nutrients needed for bone building.
Physical inactivity. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, help strengthen bones and muscles,
making falls and fractures less likely. If you don't regularly participate in weight-bearing exercise, you may have
lower bone density and weaker bones.
Tobacco and alcohol use. Smoking and drinking alcohol can interfere with the normal processes of
bone building and remodeling, resulting in bone loss.
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/basics/riskfactors/con-20021033
4. Why the docter send the patient to instalation radiologi and what is the
expected results from AP and lateral pelvis Xray examination?
Pemeriksaan radioogi :
seberapa parah fraktur terbuka ( jar. Terbuka) atau fraktur tertutup (jar.
Tertutup hubungan dari luar)
diagnostic yang pasti
mengarah ke penatalaksanaan
letak patologis (diafisis atau epifisis, distal atau proximal, menggunakan perperan pada bagian fraktur)
pengelolaan lebih optimal
www.nlmi.com
RADIOLOGIS
Tujuan pemeriksaan radiologis :
Mempelajari gambaran normal tulang dan sendi
Konfirmasi adanya fraktur
Melihat sejauh mana pergerakan dan konfigurasi fragmen
sertapergerakannya
Menentukan teknik pengobatan
Menentukan apakah fraktur itu baru atau tidak
Menentukan apakah fraktur intra-artikuler atau ekstra-artikuler
Melihat adanya keaadan patologis lain pada tulang
Melihat adanya benda asing, misalnya peluru
Pemeriksaan radiologis didasarkan prinsip dua :
Dua posisi proyeksi, dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya yaitu pada anteroposterior dan lateral
Dua sendi pada anggota gerak dan tungkai harus difoto, diatas
dandibawah sendi yang mengalami fraktur
Dua anggota gerak. Pada anak-anak sebaiknya dilakukan foto padakedua
anggota gerak terutama pada fraktur epifisis
Dua trauma, pada trauma yang hebat sering menyebabkan fraktur
padadua daerah tulang. Misalnya pada fraktur calcaneus atau femur,
makaperlu dilakukan foto panggul dan tulang belakang.
Check the person's airway and breathing. If necessary, call 911 and begin rescue breathing, CPR,
or bleeding control.
Keep the person still and calm.
Examine the person closely for other injuries.
In most cases, if medical help responds quickly, allow the medical personnel to take further action.
5.
6.
7.
8.
If the skin is broken, it should be treated immediately to prevent infection. Don't breathe on the wound or
probe it. If possible, lightly rinse the wound to remove visible dirt or other contamination, but do not
vigorously scrub or flush the wound. Cover with sterile dressings.
If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up
newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone.
Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling.
Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches above the head, and
cover the person with a coat or blanket. However, DO NOT move the person if a head, neck, or back
injury is suspected.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm
9. What is the clasification of the fracture?
Fraktur terbuka
Bila terdapat hubungan antara fragmen tulang dengan dunia
luar karena adanya perlukaan di kulit. Menurut R. Gustillo
fraktur terbuka ada 3 derajat :
a. Derajat I
o Luka < 1 cm
o Kerusakan jaringan lunak sedikit, tidak ada tanda
luka remuk
o Fraktur sederhana, transversal, oblik, atau kominutif
ringan
o Kontaminasi minimal
b. Derajat II
o Laserasi > 1 cm
o Kerusakan jaringan lunak tidak luas, flap/avulsi
o Fraktur kominutif sedang
o Kontaminasi sedang
c. Derajat III
Terjadi kerusakan jaringan lunak yang luas meliputi
struktur kulit, otot dan neurovaskuler serta kontaminasi
derajat tinggi.Fraktur derajat III terbagi atas :
o Jaringan
lunak
yang
menutupi
fraktur
tulang
fraktur
segmental/sangat
kominutif
yang
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fractures.html
Tulang
patah
Jaringan lunak
di sekitarnya
rusak
Periosteu
m
terpisah
dari
Perdaraha
n
Bekua
n
osteogeni
k
Kondrobla
s
Merangsang fosfat
Merangsang deposisi kalsium
Lap tebal di
sekitar lokasi
fraktur
Menebal,
meluas
Trabekul
a
Transformasi
metaplastik
Kalus
tulang
Osteobla
s
2.
3.
4.
5.
b.
Penyembuhan abnormal
Femur.http://www.kalbe.co.id/files/cdk/files/16FrakturBatangFemu
r120.pdf/16FrakturBatangFemur120.html.di akses tanggal 23 Juli
2010)
12.What are the influencing factors of the healing process?
13.What is the correlation of age and the fracture?
14.How to diagnostic? (pemeriksaan penunjang)
Anamnesis
Deformitas
Function lasea
Krepitasi
(Mansjoer, Arif et al. 2000. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran ed III jilid 2. Jakarta:
Media Aesculapiu)
1. Inspeksi :
Keadaan vaskularisasi
2. Palpasi
Palpasi dilakukan secara hati-hati oleh karena penderita
biasanya mengeluh sangat nyeri.
Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan :
PP
P Pemeriksaan radiologik
Dibuat 2 foto dari aarah AP dan lateral
Dibuat proyeksi yang tegak lurus
Adakalanya dibuat proyeksi Khusus misalnya proyeksi aksial
fraktur pada femur proksimal atau humerus prokismal
(radiology diagnostic)
Pemeriksaan penunjang :
Foto polos
CT-SCAN
MRI
Radioisotop scanning.
Penatalaksanaan
Analgesik yang sering digunakan
Nama Obat
Dosis
Jadwal
Aspirin
325-1000 mg
Kalium Diklofenak
50-200 mg
8 jam sekali
Natrium Diklofenak
50 mg
8 jam sekali
Ibuprofen
200-800 mg
Indometasin
25-50 mg
Ketoprofen
25-75 mg
Asam Mefenamat
250 mg
6 jam sekali
Naproxen
250-500 mg
12 jam sekali
Piroksikam
10-20 mg
Tenoksikam
20-40 mg
24 jam sekali
Meloksikam
75 mg
24 jam sekali
Celecoxib
100 mg
12 jam sekali
Nimesulide
100 mg
12 jam sekali
Ketorolak
10-30 mg
Asetaminofen
500 mg
Tramadol*
50-100 mg
8 jam sekali
A hip fracture is a serious injury that can reduce your future independence and
sometimes even shorten your life. Many adults who lived independently prior to their
hip fracture are still in a nursing home more than a year after their injury.
If a hip fracture keeps you immobile for a long time, you may develop one or more of
the following complications:
Bedsores
Pneumonia
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hipfracture/basics/complications/con-20021033
Komplikasi Segera
Lokal
-kulit dan otot = berbagai vulnus (abrasi,laserasi,sayatan,dll)avulsi
-Vaskular=terputus,perdarahan
-organ dalam=jantung,paru-paru,hepar,limpa(pada fraktur kosta)
-neurologis=otak,medula spinalis,kerusakan saraf perifer
Umum
-trauma multiple
Komplikasi Dini
Lokal
-Nekrosis kulit-otot,sindrom kompartemen,osteomielitis,trombbosis,infeksi
sendi
Umum
-emboli paru,tetanus
Komplikasi lama
Lokal
-tulang=malunion,nounion,gangguan pertumbuhan,patah tulang rekuren
-Sendi=penyakit degeneratif sendi pasca trauma
-kerusakan syaraf
Umum
-batu ginjal(akibat imobilisasi lama ditempat tidur dan hiperkalsemia
-neurosis pasca trauma
Buku Ajar Ilmu Bedah DeJong
16.Apa perbedaan foto AP, PA dan lateral? Beserta hasilnya!
PO (Posisi Objek) = Posisi Pelvis harus simetris dengan kedua sisi berjarak
FFD = 90 cm
Kriteria Evaluasi =
Tampak Tulang Pubis dan Ischi superposisi diatas sacrum dan coxigis
PP (Posisi Pasien) = Pasien tiduran dengan posisi recumbent seeing lateral dari femur dan
panggul menempel meja.
PO (Posisi Objek) = Sendi panggul ditempelkan ditengah meja, Lutut sedikit ditekuk (Fleksi),
Tungkai sisi yang lain diluruskan, diletakkan dibelakang tungkai sisi yang diperiksa dan diganjal
dengan bantal.
Ukuran kaset = 24x30cm Vertikal
FFD = 90 cm
Kriteria gambaran = Acetabulum, Femoral Head, Femoral Neck, Lesser Trochanter, Ischial tuberosity.
Kriteria Evaluasi =
Femoral Neck superposisi dengan trochanter mayor lebih besar pada proyeksi ini.