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Picture: Gemasolar Tower Plant - Spain

SUN INTO THE NIGHT FOR CSP:


THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Jan 2014

Manuel Nascimento
Projecto MEFT IST/LNEG

CSP Concentrating Solar Power

Solar concentration for high temperature thermal electricity generation


Parabolic
trough

Linear
Fresnel

Linear Focus:

Central
Receiver

Parabolic Dish
Maricopa Solar Project, AZ, USA

Point Focus:

Kogan Creek Solar Boost, Australia

Solar Two, Mojave Desert, CA, USA

Ashalim-2, Negev Desert, Israel

CSP Generating Electricity


Track Sun Position
- Continuous
line/point focus

Parabolic trough

Linear Fresnel

Central Receiver/Solar Tower

Parabolic Dish

Concentrate
sunlight
- 70-2000x
concentration

Collect Sunlight
- Absorb sun heat

Convert heat to
electricity
- Generate steam for
conventional turbines
- Stirling Engines for
parabolic dish

Source: https://www.eeremultimedia.energy.gov/solar/

CSP Limitations & problems

Limited daily amount of sunny hours (no production in the night)

Daily fluctuations of solar irradiance due to passing clouds:

Clear day

Cloudy day

Limited anual capacity factor (% of effective working hours)

Reduced power plant electricity production and revenue

Solutions?

Source: Lovegrove, Stein, Concentrating solar power technology - Principles, developments and applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012

TES Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal battery between


receiver and generation
Charges and supports
generation during day time
Discharges and feeds
generation after sunset
Behar, Khellaf et al.

Stabilizes electricity
generation
Counteracts cloud transients
Allows production at a later
time, including in the night!
Increases effective number
of solar hours C Factor
Preheats plant before sunrise
Lovegrove, Stein, 2012

Thermal Energy Storage why?

Increasing electricity production and plant revenue - makes Solar Thermal


Electricity (STE) competitive
Giving STE more flexibility and reliability to meet grid demands - dispatchability
Increasing share of renewables in the electricity generation mix (EU goals)
Replacing older, CO2-emitting plants - reducing CO2 emissions (EU goals)

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2011

TES dominant technologies #1

Molten salts example: Gemasolar plant (Sevilla)

Most popular concept/media used


extensively in trough plants
2 tank (hot and cold) or single tank
(thermocline) design
Danger of freezing must keep
salts above 120-220C

MS: 60% NaNO3, 40% KNO3

Layout of a solar tower CSP plant


with 2-tank molten salts storage

The two molten salts storage tanks at Gemasolar Plant

Gemasolar: 19.9 MW 8500 tons of


molten salts 15h storage!
Gemasolar has proven it is possible to
run a solar plant 24h a day!

TES dominant technologies #2

Steam accumulator example: PS10 plant (Sevilla)

Layout of a solar tower CSP plant with steam accumulator storage

Schematic of a steam storage system

Direct Steam Generation (DSG)


High temperatures and pressures: technical difficulties, expensive containers
Potential temperatures up to 500C
PS10 has 50 minutes of storage at 50% power only buffer storage capacity

TES other/future technologies?

Solid Media Storage

Replacing molten salts with potentially


cheaper materials (concrete, rock/sand...)

Potentially higher storage temperatures

Latent Heat Storage

Using the high latent energy density of


reversible phase change materials

Constant temperature during charge and


discharge interesting for steam generation

Chemical Heat Storage


Using the high energy density of a pair of
reversible endothermic/exothermic reactions

Still in early stages of


testing or none at all
Require extensive
studies and research on
design, materials,
performance and costs

Importance of Simulations

Optimization of plant performance


Analysis of behaviour/performance of each component
Overall analysis in search of the best technologies and operation strategy
for a given location/plant
Cost and revenue predictions

Studying new designs/materials


Researching new technologies, designs and materials for TES in CSP
First step before constructing and testing of demonstration plants

CSP with TES in Portugal?

Data from solargis.info

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