3.

8 Ribosomes and mitochondria

a site for protein synthesis

Broken down into two parts the large and small subunit

Catalyze translation

Translation RNA molecule by ribosomes to create proteins

3.8 mitochondria

power plant of the cell

Site of cellular respiration to change energy into ATP for movement

Foods are cristae

More ATP production

They are descendants of a prokaryotic cells that infected eukaryotes

Endomembrane system

1.) network of membranes in and around a eukaryotic cell

2.) some are physically connected

3.) some rely on transfer of molecules by vesicles

B. Endomembrane system organelles

1.) endoplasmic reticulum

2.) Lysosomes

3.) vacuoles

4.) nuclear envelope

5.) Golgi apparatus

6.) Plasma membrane

Other organelles

lack ribosomes

Important to the synthesis of lipids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes on the rough ER

3.9 Golgi Apparatus

receives and modifies products of the ER

Other side ships the vesicles to other site

contain digestive enzymes

Digest food

Digest bacteria

Digest damaged organelles

Peroxisome

not a part of the endomembrane system

Involved in detoxification of alcohols and other harmful substances

Enlarge to hold water nutrients pigments posing and waste products

Plant cells

Plant cell structure

although, animal and plant cells are both eukaryotes

Due to life processes of plants ex photosynthesis they will have features that animals cell
do not

Cell wall

Large vacuole

Plastids

Cell wall

a rigid that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell

Composed of cellulose, proteins and polysaccharides

Cellulose mostly make up the primary cell wall

Some plants have a secondary cell wall

Pores in the cell allow water and nutrients to move in and out

Central vacuole

occupying over 30% of cells volume its main function to maintain the turgor pressure
against the cell wall

This means it maintains water pressure that pushes against the cell wall + cell membrane

It has a membrane called a tonoplast

These vacuoles can be the storage units for several dierent molecules

These include water, pigment, cell sap, or toxins

Plastids

functions include being responsible for photosynthesis, storage and production of certain
molecules

Types

Chloroplast - the organelle of photosynthesis

Chromoplast - make and store pigments that give petals or fruits the color orange or
yellow

Leuocoplast- essential for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins

Organization of cell

biological organization exists as all levels in organisms

Examples - prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

Some bacteria, single celled organisms, are able to carry out all life processes without
help

While others will pack together to form a large grouping of bacteria that sticks to a
surface and makes a protective coating over itself

This large grouping is called biofilm

Although biofilm will display some similarities with multicellular organisms, biofilms are
still single celled organisms

Nevertheless they do not have a division of labor, just as the cells of a multicellular
organisms

Biofilms are examples of colonial organisms

 This means that if separated each cell can survive on its own

This is not the case for multicellular organisms

Scientists do believe that is cooperation between single celled organisms led to

multicellularity

The colonial Theory

this scientific theory states that cooperation between many organisms of the same
species led to the development of multicellular organisms

multicellular organisms - an organisms made up of more than one cell and have
specialized cells that are grouped together to carry out specialized functions

due to their complexity, multicellular organisms have several levels of organization

cell - tissue - organ - organ system