*

The Reproductive System

*
*2 main functions of male reproductive system
*1) to produce the male gamete (_________)
*Gamete is ____________
*Have 22 autosomes & one sex chromosomes
*2) to release _________________ (the male
Sperm

Haploid

Testosterone

sex hormone) into the body

*Sex hormones are _______________

Chemical

messengers that control sexual development

and reproduction

*
Penis
*__________
*External genital organ composed of shaft and tip

called the glans penis

Erectile tissue
*Shaft contains _________________
*Can fill with blood & cause an erection
Urethra
*____________
*Passes through penis
*Sperm (male gametes) pass out of body through
Urethra
____________

Urine
*(also involved in excretion of _________)

*
Testes
*Two _________
(testis) located beneath penis
*Held outside of abdominal cavity in a sac of skin
Scrotum
called the ______________

*Keeps sperm-forming cells at cooler

Temperature
_______________

*Each testis contains more than 30 meters (over

Tubules
90 feet) of tiny, tightly packed ____________

Seminiferous tubules
*Called _________________________
*Considered the functional units of the testes
Testosterone
*Produce sperm & secrete _______________

*________________
Epididymis

Join
*Seminiferous tubules within each testis ______
*Form coiled tube (6 meters, 20 feet) lying on top of

each testis inside of the scrotum

Mature
Stored
*Sperm _________
here & are __________
until
ready to leave body

*Male reproductive system also contains ________

Ducts

Glands
& ____________

Vas deferens
*_________________and
ejaculatory ducts
Ejaculatory duct
*Two ducts unite to form a short _________________

(meets up with sperm from other testicle)

Urethra
*Transport sperm from epididymis to the __________

*
*Glands
Seminal vesicles
*1) _____________:
secrete thick fluid that
contains fructose (energy for sperm)

Prostate gland
*2) _____________:
secretes a thin fluid that further

nourishes the sperm

Bulbourethral glands
*3)________________:
2- secrete a clear, alkaline

mucus (pH control)

Semen
*The sperm & glandular secretions make up ________:

the fluid ejaculated from the penis

*
*Development Before Birth
*Males & females essentially the same except for
chromosomes

X
*Females have two ____
chromosomes
X
Y
*Males have an ___
and a ____
chromosome

*During the 2nd month after fertilization, genes on the Y

chromosome of males cause the secretion of
Testosterone
_________________

*Male sex hormone that stimulates the reproductive

organs to develop into male organs

Immature at birth
*Male reproductive organs _____________________
&

do not produce sperm or secrete testosterone

*Puberty and Its Changes

Puberty
*Reproductive organs do not mature until ___________
*Period during which humans become sexually mature
12-18
*In males, usually ___________
Hypothalamus
*_______________
in brain tells pituitary gland to secrete

hormones that target the testes

*Main pituitary hormone involved is
LH ( luteinizing hermone )
_________________________________________
*Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
*Promotes protein synthesis & growth
*Further development of reproductive structures
Secondary sex characteristics
*Development of _______________________________
*Facial hair, pubic hair, broadened shoulders, deeper
voice

*
*Adolescent Growth Spurt
Rapid
*__________
growth during puberty
Testosterone
*Controlled by ________________
*Rate of growth starts to increase early in puberty
4
*At peak could grow ___
inches per year (average)
*Growth rapid for several years
*Growth & development of muscles toward end of
height spurt

Muscles
*___________
may continue to develop & gain

Strength
____________
after growth in height is finished

*Sexually mature male producing hundreds of millions

Sperm
of ________
each day

*Production typically continues until death

*Number and quality decline later in adulthood
Spermatogenesis
*________________
process of producing mature

sperm

Seminiferous tubules
*Sperm produced in ___________________&
mature
Epididymis
in ______________

*Once meiosis is complete the male has formed

Spermatids
____________
in tubules

*Spermatids move to epididymis to mature into

sperm

*
Tail
*Grow a _______,
lose excess cytoplasm
Mitochondria
*____________
needed for movement in mature sperm
*Head contains nucleus which carries copies of fathers

chromosomes

Acrosome
*Head region also has ____________produces

enzymes that will penetrate egg

*Entire process takes 9-10 weeks

*
Ejaculation
*_________________
*Process in which sperm are released from the body
Contractions
*Muscle ___________
propel sperm from epididymis
Ducts
*Sperm forced through _______
(discussed
Urethra
earlier) & out of body through ____________

*While traveling through ducts, sperm mix with

fluids from glands (discussed earlier) to form
Semen
__________
Hundreds of millions
*_____________________
of sperm released

with each ejaculation

*
*Female reproductive system consists of structure

Eggs
that produce the female gamete (______)
and
Estrogen
secrete the female sex hormone _____________

*Functions:
Receives sperm
*1) ________________
during sexual intercourse
Fetus
Development
*2) supports the _______________
of a _______
Delivers
Baby
*3) ___________
_______
during birth
Breastfeeds
*4) ________________
a baby after birth

*
*The external female reproductive structures are
Vulva
collectively referred to as ___________.

Labia ( labium )
*Include _____________folds of skin protecting

the female genital region (vagina & urethra)

Vagina
*_________tube-like structure that begins at vulva

& extends upward to the uterus

*Has muscular walls lined with mucous membranes

*Receives sperm & is passageway for a baby to
leave mothers body

*
Uterus
*_________muscular, pear-shaped organ
*Has thick lining of tissues called
Endometrium
________________

*Has blood vessels & embryo implants

Womb
*Known as __________
Pregnancy
*Actual site of _____________
Cervix
*Lower, narrow end is known as _________
*Contractions take place in muscular walls of

uterus

*Pushes baby through cervix

*
Ovaries
*Two ____________
*Small, egg-shaped organs
*Lie on either side of uterus
*Produce eggs (located inside a structure called the
Follicle
____________)
and secrete estrogen

*Cells in follicle protect & nourish egg & help it mature

*Extending from upper corners of uterus are two

Fallopian tubes
___________________(oviducts)

*Each tube reaches one of the ovaries

Projections
*End has finger-like ______________
that helps sweep
egg from ovary into tube

*
*____________
*Not directly involved in reproduction, but
Breasts

nourish a baby after birth

*Each breast contains _____________ glands

Mammary

which secrete milk

*Milk drains into ducts leading to the

nipple

*
Form before birth
*Female reproductive organs _____________________
*They do not mature until puberty

*Development Before Birth

3rd
*By end of _____
month of fetal development, most
of the internal female organs have been formed

*Immature eggs form as well

Eggs
*Female produces all the ______
she will ever
Before birth
make _________________

*Changes of Puberty
Earlier
*Girls typically begin puberty a year or two _________
than
Boy
_______

10
*Begins around _____
years old
*Complete puberty in about 4 years

*Hypothalamus tells pituitary gland to secrete

Luteinizing hormone ( LH )
Follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH )
______________and
_______________________________

Estrogen
*These hormones help the ovary to produce ___________
*Estrogen promotes growth & physical changes of

puberty

Secondary sex characteristics

*___________________________
*Growth & development of internal reproductive

organs, breasts, and pubic hair

*
*

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Growth spurts
*Girls have shorter ________________
than boys (and

start sooner)

*Do not grow as fast as boys during spurt

15
*Adult height reached around _____
*Around 4 inches shorter (on average) than males
Menarche
*______________
Menstruation
*Beginning of ________________
*Monthly periods as the ovaries begin the cyclic

release of an egg (hormonally induced)

12.5
*Average beginning age is _______
years
*Genetic factors & environmental factors play a role

*
*Egg Production
Puberty
Mature
*Eggs do not __________
until _______________
*After menarche, one egg matures each month until middle
adulthood

*________________
*Process of produces eggs (_________) in the ovary
*Begins before birth & does not finish until after puberty
*Exists as immature ___________ until puberty
*Each month, one follicle starts to mature
*In the end, one will mature into an egg and _______
__________ form

*
*Ovulation & Fertilization
Follicle
*After 12-14 days in cycle, the _________
is

mature, it bursts open & releases a secondary

oocyte from the ovary

*The releasing of the egg from the ovary is

Ovulation
called ________________

Corpus luteum
*Follicle is now called a ___________________
*Starts to degenerate or break down
*Released egg swept into fallopian tube by
Fimbriae
fringelike projections (____________)

*
Fallopian tube
*Fertilization will occur in _____________________
Secondary oocyte
*____________________
fertilized by sperm
*Oocyte completes meiosis & forms a mature egg
Zygote
*___________
forms from egg + sperm

*If egg is not fertilized, it passes into uterus as

immature egg and will be removed through
Menstruation
__________________

*
*Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation
Ovulation
*Involves ____________
& ________________
Menstruation
*______________
process in which endometrium

lining of uterus is shed

Constrict
*Arteries that supply the endometrium __________
Hormones
*Entire cycle controlled by _____________
& messages

from hypothalamus, pituitary gland & ovaries

Begins
Menstruation
*The cycle __________
with _____________________
*After menstruation, endometrium builds up again
*New follicle starts maturing in ovary

*
14
*Ovulation occurs around day _____
*Continue to build up uterine lining for possible
Pregnancy
________________

*The ruptured follicle, now called the corpus

luteum, will secrete the hormone
Progesterone
_________________

Breaking
*Hormone that keeps endometrium from ___________

down

*If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum breaks down

Progesterone
*Without ______________,
endometrium will be shed

*
Hypothalamus
* The _________________stimulates
the anterior pituitary to increase

release of FSH & LH

* FSH stimulates the growth of an ovarian follicle, starting the ovarian

cycle

Estrogen
Follicle
* The ___________
secretes ______________
Peak
* Estrogen levels _______
right before ovulation, and then FSH and LH
Peak
_______
at ovulation.

LH
* The ______
peak triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation
Promotes
* LH also ___________
the secretion of progesterone & estrogen by the

corpus luteum

Decrease
* These high levels cause FSH & LH to ____________
* Near the end of post-ovulatory phase, the corpus luteum stops
Estrogen
Progesterone
secreting ______________
& _____________________

* A new cycle will begin (FSH & LH secreted)

*
Menopause
*______________
Menstrual
*Period during which ___________
cycle slows
Stops
down and eventually _________

Fifties
*Usually by early ____________
*Women can no longer reproduce naturally

because
Ovaries no longer produce eggs
__________________________________________

*Cleavage & Implantation

*A day or two after an ovary releases an egg, the egg
may unite with a sperm (after sexual intercourse)

Propels
*The sperm ________
from vagina and through the

uterus & enter a fallopian tube.

Fertilization
**This is where _____________
takes place (usually)
*The sperm fertilizing the egg triggers the egg to
Meiosis
complete _____________

*Sperm undergoes changes

Tail
*______
falls off & nucleus fuses with egg nucleus
Zygote
*_________
contains all chromosomes needed
for human life

*
*Zygote spends a few days traveling down fallopian
tube toward uterus

*While traveling, it divided by mitosis several times

Morula
*Forms a ball of cells called a __________
*The process of this division without growth is
Cleavage
called ____________

*Increase in # of cells but not overall size

*More divisions will occur
*A fluid-filled cavity forms inside of the ball of
cells

Blastocyst
*Now called a ____________

*
*The cells of the blastocyst form an inner mass &
outer cell layer

Embryo-blast
*Inner cell mass = ______________
*Soon develop into embryo
Trophoblast
*Outer cell layer= ___________________
*Develop into structures needed to support &

nourish the embryo

Enzymes
*Releases __________
for implantation and
Placenta
becomes part of ____________

*______________
Implantation

*Process of blastocyst embedding into the

endometrium lining of the uterus

Week
*Generally occurs a _______
after fertilization

*After implantation, the blastocyst is called an

___________

*Embryonic stage lasts through the ____ week

following fertilization

*Will develop specialized cells & tissues & starts

to form most ________

*2nd week after fertilization = ________________

*Divisions accompanied by _________
*Three distinct cell layers form
*__________________________________

*
*Three (_______) Layers
*____________ external layer
*Gives rise to skin, neuron of brain & pigment cells
*____________ middle layer
*Gives rise to cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
cells, red blood cells, tubule cell of kidney,
smooth muscle in gut

*____________- Interior layer

*Gives rise to lung cell, thyroid cell, pancreatic
cell

*
*During the 3rd week after fertilization, the embryo

begins to undergo cellular ___________________

*Process by which unspecialized cells become

___________________

*Occurs when certain genes are ___________ &

others are switched _____

*After cells differentiate, major organs begin to form

during remaining weeks of embryonic development

*Embryo will be a little over an _______ in length

after 8th week & may begin to _________

*
*From the end of the eighth week until birth (38-40
weeks), the developing human is referred to as a
_______

*Fetus grows rapidly in length & weight

*Organ development completed by week ____
*Usually born between ________ inches & ______ pounds

*
*Fetus cannot grow & develop without _________ &
____________ from mother

*__________ also must be _______________

*Exchange of these substances between the mother &
fetus occurs through the ______________

*Temporary organ that forms from trophoblast cells

(outer cell layer of blastocyst) shortly after
______________

*Continues to grow with fetus throughout gestational

period

*
*Fully developed ___________ made up of large mass
of blood vessels from both mother and fetus

*Maternal & fetal blood vessels close but _________

*Therefore there can be an exchange of substances
_____________ blood mixing

*Fetus connected to placenta through ____________

*Tube that contains ______ arteries & __ vein
*Blood from fetus enters placenta through an
umbilical _________ (makes exchange) and
returns through umbilical _______

*
*Attached to placenta is ________________
*Enclosed membrane that surrounds &
protects fetus

*Contains ________________
*Consists of ______ & dissolved substances
*Allows fetus to move freely until it grows
to fill most of the available space

*_________/ shock absorber/ protects

from injury

*
*______________
*Carrying of one or more offspring from

fertilization until _______ (development of

embryo & fetus)
*Mother must ___________________________
*Must provide nutrients & other substances
needed for normal growth & development
*Especially important are ____________
(vitamin B9), calcium, iron & omega-3 fatty
acids

*_____________
*Near time of birth water breaks aka amniotic sac
breaks & there is a gush of fluid

*_________ usually begins within a day of this event

*Labor involves ______________ of the muscular

walls of the uterus which cause the cervix to dilate

and help push the baby down

*(contractions stimulated by hormone ___________)

*Mother, along with the contractions, pushes the fetus

out of the uterus through the vagina

*______________ must be _____________ as well

*Within seconds, umbilical cord is ______
*Stimulates baby to take first _________

*
*_________ term for baby for first year after birth
*____________- first year of life after birth
*Most rapid growth after birth
*___________ teeth (baby teeth) start coming in
*_________- begins at age two & continues into adolescence
*___________ child aged one to three
*_______________- last stage before adulthood
*Transition between puberty & adulthood
*Surging ______________ (chemical messengers)
*____________ stage in life when a child becomes
sexually mature

*
*____________ no definite starting point
*Might be physically mature by 16, legal
adult at 18, use alcohol or take on many
legal/financial responsibilities at 21
*________ Adulthood 20s & early
30s
*________ Adulthood- mid 30s to mid
60s
*_______ Age begins in mid 60s and
lasts until the end of life