CHAPTER 1: UNDEFINED TERMS & BASIC DEFINITIONS

1.1: Undefined Terms (we accept these as true)

The word Geometry comes from two Ancient Greek words:
ge
metron

meaning Earth
meaning measure

1. A ___________ is a collection or group of objects with some

common characteristic.
Ex:

2. A ____________ is basically a location in space. It can be

represented by a dot on a piece of paper, named with a capital letter.
Ex:

Points have no size at all: no length, width, or thickness.

Points indicate position or location as seen when graphing points
on the coordinate plane.

3. A ___________ is an infinite set of points. When we represent a

line, arrows are placed on each end of the line to illustrate that the line
extends infinitely in both directions.
(The symbol for Infinity is ________ ).
That infinite set of points, at least as far as were concerned, usually
forms a straight line. (Well talk about curved lines much later in the
course.)
To represent a line, we choose any 2 of the points on the line and
place an over them.
Ex:

or we can name it with a lower case letter

!
Ex:
!
!

A line does not have a measurable length because it is infinitely long.

!

4. A ___________ is a set of points that forms a completely flat

surface which extends infinitely in all directions. Think of it as the
worlds biggest, flattest, thinnest piece of paper.
In fact, a plane is so thin that it has no thickness at all. Think of a
textbook: if you pile 800 pages, one on top of another, youll have a book
thats an inch or two thick. But, because planes have no thickness at all,
you can pile 8,000 of them, one on top of the other, and the thickness
wont increase.
A plane is named by a single letter:
Ex:

You try: Determine which undefined term describes the following.

1. m

2.

4.

5.

!R

!S

6. the tip of a pen

4.

B!

3. the top of
a desk

7. the edge of a magazine page

1.2 BASIC DEFINITIONS

5. A ______________ is a set of points consisting of two points on a
line, called ___________, and the set of all points on the line between
them.
We can name a segment by placing a bar over the endpoints.

Ex:

***A Line is named by any 2 points on the line,

while a Line Segment is always named by its endpoints.
6. A ____________ is the set of all points in a half line, including the
dividing point, which is called the endpoint of the ray.
A ray is named by placing an arrow pointing to the right over two
capital letters.
* 1st Letter* 2nd Letter-

Ex:

7. An ______________ is the union of two rays having the same

endpoint. Its symbol is either or
C

CAB

Side

Side

The _______________ of an angle names the endpoint of each ray, or

the corner of the angle. The vertex of the angle pictured above is at
point ________.
We have a couple of options when it comes to naming an angle. We can
use one letter: the vertex angle, and call the angle above Angle A.
Or we can use three lettersas long as the one in the middle is the
vertex. So the picture above could be called _________ or
__________. Or, if we choose, we can name our angle using numbers or
lower case letters.
Examples:

We measure angles by determining the number of DEGREES contained

in each one.

What are the different types of angles?

As you probably remember from elementary school, there are a number
of different types of angles, classified by the number of degrees it
contains:

a) __________:

0 < < 90

An ___________ angle is one measuring greater than 0 and less than

90 degrees. It can look kind of like this:

b) __________:

= 90

Its the kind of angle found in a square or a rectangle. The symbol for
this angle is a little box at the vertex, like this:

c) __________:

90 < < 180

An ________ angle is one measuring greater than 90 and less than 180
degrees. It can look kind of like this:

d) ___________:

= 180

A _____________ angle is an angle of exactly 180 degrees.

e) ___________:

180 < < 360

A ___________ angle is the one of these angle types youve probably

never heard of. Its an angle whose measure is more than 180 and less
than 360 degrees
The problem, of course, is that these angles look just like acute angles:

The reflex angle in the picture above isnt what catches your eye; its
the acute angle next to it that you tend to see. As a result, on those
rare occasions this year when we want to talk about the reflex angle,
well be sure to specify it. We can also mark the above diagram showing
the reflex angle.
is just another symbol used like the variables x or y, but
is usually used with angles. It comes from the Greek
alphabet: (pronounced theta)

Measuring Angles
As youre already aware, angles can be measured in degrees. But
sometimes, a single degree is too wide a measurement for a particular
situation. Sometimes, we need a part of an angle in order to provide
greater precision.
Each angle can be broken down into 60 smaller units called
___________. And each minute, in turn, can be broken down into 60
smaller units called, predictably enough, __________.

Here are the symbols used for each of the units of measurement:
_____________

Remember:

____________

____________

1 __________ = 60 minutes (60)

1 __________ = 60 seconds (60)

So that means, for example, that

= 15

(since of 60 is 15)

= 30

(since of 60 is 30)

= 45

(since of 60 is 45)

30 minutes or 30 seconds act like the .5 in a decimal, for rounding

purposes. That means that 30 minutes or 30 seconds is your Round UP
number any number smaller will round DOWN.

Example 1:
Round to the nearest degree
5229

_________

Round to the nearest degree

5230

_________

Example 2:
Round to the nearest minute
274329

_________

Round to the nearest minute

274330

_________

You try: Round the angle measure to the nearest degree.

1. 4637

____________

2. 15013

____________

3. 625126

____________

4. 150338

_____________

5. 1773956

_____________

You try: Round the angle measure to the nearest minute.

1. 243741

____________

2. 1632715

____________

3. 483446

____________

4. 1155208

_____________

5. 225931

_____________

8. ________________ means having same length or measure

(think: same size & shape)
The symbol for congruence is: ________
It combines the equal sign: = (same size ) with the symbol for
similarity ~ (same shape). We will learn more about similarity later
in the year.
a) Congruent Segments are segments that have the same length
A

__

__

AB & CD are congruent

__ __
AB CD

The same # of strokes indicate that the line segments

are congruent to each other

SPECIAL NOTE:
If we know that both line segments have lengths of 5 inches
then we can also write: AB = CD

(and we use the equal sign with no line segment bars over the letters)

How would you mark line segments to show they are not congruent?

b) Congruent Angles are angles which have the same measure

*The same # of arcs

within the angles

indicates that the angles
have the same measure
A

and are congruent to

each other

Please mark these angles

E
!

F
ABC

DEF

9. __________ __________ are points that lie on the same straight

line.

10. _________________ ___________, on the other hand, are

points that DO NOT lie on the same straight line.

11. A ______________ is !the point on a line segment that divides

the segment into 2 segments
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

__

A !/!!!!!!!!!M

/ B

__

AM MB

12. ____________ of a Line Segment: a segment is ___________

at a point if the point is the midpoint of the line segment.
!
!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!l!
!

Line l!bisects CD at point M, the ______________.

Therefore:

13. _____________ ___________: straight lines that never

intersect. The symbol for parallel is ______. For example we can say
ABCD.
Ex:

Note that, unlike many of the definitions weve seen thus far, Parallel
addresses the DIRECTION a line goes, and not its length. Two
segments can certainly be parallel without being congruent.
14. ________________ ___________: straight lines that intersect
and form right angles (90).
The symbol for perpendicular lines is: _____.

15. ___________________ _____________ is, as you might think,

a line or segment which does two things: it cuts the line segment in half
& forms right angles.
Line

__

l""is the perpendicular bisector of AB

Conclusions:

!!!!!!!
!!!M

""l"
16. An _______________ ____________: divides an angle into 2
congruent angles

***Reminder***

The little box in the picture of

the angle means it is a RIGHT
ANGLE

Please note: when an angle is bisected, it forms two congruent ANGLES.

It does NOT mean that the sides of the angles are congruent. Think
about it for a second cut degrees in half and you get degrees, not
inches.

17. ________________ ____________ are two angles whose sum is

90.
For example, an angle of 40 and one of 50 are complements.
Likewise, 1 and 2 in the diagram below are complements:

18. __________________ _____________ are two angles whose

sum is 180.
An angle of 116, then, would be the supplement of an angle of an angle
of 64, since their sum is 180.
You try:
1. Find the complement of 32

2. Find the complement of 4617

3. Find the supplement of 58

4. Find the supplement of 3844

5. Find the supplement of 161

6. Find the supplement of 11835

19. _______________ ______________ are angles that share a

vertex and a side, but have no interior points in common. (The word
adjacent means next to.)
A
P

ABC & CBD are

adjacent angles.
C

ABC & ABD are not

adjacent. Why?

B
D

Which angles x & y do represent adjacent angles?

(we will place x & y in the diagrams)

20. A ______________ ____________ are two angles that are

both supplementary and adjacent.

21. _________________ _____________ are formed by

intersecting lines.
In the diagram below, 1 and 3 are vertical angles, as are 2 and 4.
** Its important to remember that ______________
___________ ARE _________________.
(How would you mark the angles in the following diagram?)

Conclusions:

1
3

You try: If 4 = 60, find the other 3 angles.

1
3

Which other pairs of angles can be found in this diagram?

Which pairs add to 180?

The four angles add up to ____________degrees.

You try: In the following diagram

B
E

a) name the pairs of vertical angles.

b) name the adjacent angles at A.

c) name a linear pair.

1.3 More Practice

Use your definitions to answers these questions:
1. Describe the type of angles.
a)

75 22

b) 90

f) 19 14 34

g)

25 30

c) 120 59 22

h) 300 01 01

d)

180

i) 163

e) 216

j)

89 59 59

2. Round each angle to the nearest degree.

a)

40 13

b) 58 48

c) 120 09

d)

175 52

e) 109 22

d)

22 09 20

e) 158 11 49

3. Round each angle to the nearest minute.

a)

14 26 18

b) 75 19 38

c) 125 45 46

4. Points A, B & C are collinear and in that order

Use the diagram below to answer the following:
A

b) AB = 23, AC = 72 THEN BC = ?

c) AC = 156, BC = 91 THEN AB = ?

a) AB = 10, BC = 4 THEN AC = ?

5. Find the complement of the following angles:

a)

73

b) 38

c) 44

d)

63 23

e) 10 52

d)

161 40

e) 20 36

6. Find the supplement of the following angles:

a)

133

b) 45

c) 99

7. Add the angles, use the following diagram.

8. Subtract the angles, use the following diagram.

K
MKN + LKN = _______

F
N

HFE - GFH =_______

G

For # 9 12 All points are collinear.

9. Add the line segments,
use the following diagram.

10. Subtract the line segments,

use the following diagram

FR + RH = __________

A
QA PA = ___________

Use this diagram, then answer #s 11 & 12.

B
11.

EK ZK + BE = _________________

12. BZ BG + ZK = _________________

13. Find the complement and supplement of each of the following algebraic expressions:

a)

b)

(3y)

c)

(y + 20)

d)

(q 35)

e) (3p + 56)

1.4 Distance & Review of Absolute Value

Distance:

Absolute Value:

1.

| 98 |

= _______________

2.

| -34 |

= __________________

3.

- | -45 |

= _______________

4.

| 5 18 |

= ___________________

5. | -6 (-2) |

7. - | 15 + 9 |

9.

| -1 + -5 (-2) |

= _______________

= ________________

= _______________

6. | -2 + 2 10 | = __________________

8. | -3 (-12) |

= __________________

10. -| -36 |

= ___________________

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

G
2

H
5

Using the above number line find the distance between the following points.

11.

C&F

13.

G&H

15.

12.

D&F

___________________

_______________

14.

H&F

___________________

C&E

_______________

16.

E&G

___________________

17.

C&H

_______________

18.

H&E

___________________

19.

C&D

_______________

20.

D&H

___________________

_______________