thWw \ap-smcp ]pXp tIcfw

aX-\n-c-t]-, Agn-a-Xn-c-ln-X, hnI-knX tIcfw

I
BapJw
thWw \ap-smcp ]pXptIc-fw. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb bph Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]Xo--Iv A\p-k-cn-p
sXmgn-e-h-k-c- Ddv \Ip kwm-\-am-hWw tIc-fw. AXn-\mbn ]pXnb hyh-km-b-fpw B[p\nI Irjnbpw AXn-th-K-n hf-c-Ww. ]s AtXm-sSmw Cv \psS ]c--cm-KX taJ-e-I-fn
]Wn-sb-Sp-p sXmgn-em-fn-Iv kq kmaqlykpc-n-XXzw Dd-p-h-cp-Ww. tIc-f-nse aX\n-ct- ], P\m-[n-]Xy ]uc-t_m-[
- ns ASn-d
- b
- mb s]mXphnZym-`ym-kmZn s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\
- kwcn-pIbpw KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dbp-Ibpw thWw. Agn-a-Xnbpw sISp-Im-cy--Xbpw Cm-Xm-I-Ww. aX\n-c-t] tIc-fw, Agn-a-Xn-c-lnX tI-c-fw, hnI-knX tIcfw Ch-bmWv \psS ap{Zm-hmIy.
Cu ap{Zm-hm-Iy- kmm-XvI-cn-p--Xn\v Cy-bn \S-mn sImn-cn-p km-nI \b XS-k-am-Wv. Ch s^U-d kwhn-[m-\-n-\p-n \ap-p-m-bn-cp ]cn-an-X-amb kzmX-{y-
t]mepw shn-p-d-p-p. Fm-nepw D]cn Agn-a-Xn-bn Ipfn bp.-Un.-F^v km kwm-\-ns
km-nI nXn-tbbpw hnI-k\ {]{In-tbbpw XIn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. 14mw tIcf \nb-a-k-`-bn-tev
sXc-s-Spv \S-p-tm ta kqNn-n {]Xn-_--sf \ow sNt--Xns {]m[m-\yw a\-knemn sImv thm-h-Imiw hn\n-tbm-Kn-t--Xp-v.
cmPyv \ne-\np aX-\n-c-t]--X-bpsS ImgvN-m-Sp-Isf A{I-tam-p-I-amb hKob \ne-]m-SpI aptm-p-h
- p-sImv tI{w `cn-p _n.-sP.]n km XI-p nXn-bm-Wp-Xv. cmPy-ns
D-X-hn-Zym-`ymk m]-\--sf-sbmw X-fpsS ssIn-Sn-bn-sem-Xp-m-\p t_m[-]qamb ]cn-{i-a \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Fm taJ-e-tbbpw Imhn-h-cn-p--Xn-\p \o- kPo-h-ambn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
tIm-tdv I-\n-Iv klm-bI
- c
- a
- mb \ne-bn BtKm-fh
- -cW \b- \S-m-p-p. CXns
sISpXn A\p-`-hn-p hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K- hn {]tm-`-n-tev hp-I-gn-n-p-v. AJn-teym-X-e-n \S t{SUv bqWn-b ]Wn-ap-S-v, tamtm taJ-e-bnse ]Wn-ap-S-v, IS-tem-c-ta-J-e-bnse
_v, tIm-td-p-Imbn `qan Gs-Sp-p--Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn cmPy-hym-]-I-ambn \S sNdp-p-\npI,
h\m-h-Imiw kwc-n-m BZn-hm-kn-I \S-nb t]mcm-- XpS-n-b-h-sbmw tI{-km-cns
\b-s-Xn-cm-bp sNdp-p-\np-I-fm-Wv.
_n.-sP.]n km-cns P\-hn-cp \b- Xs-bmWv C-gn tI{ _UvP-nepw {]Xn-^-en-np--Xv. IW-p-I-fn adn-ambw krjvSn-p-sImv CXv ad-p-h-bvm-\p {ia--fmWv \S-n-b-Xv. apImev [\-hI
- p-n hI-bn-cp-n-bn-cp sNe-hp-I Irjn hIp-ns Au-n Ds-Spn-smmWv
Imjn-It- a-Je
- bvv Dun-\np _UvPv F {]Nm-ct- he kwL-Sn-n-X
- v. sXmgn-ep-d
- p-]
- X
- n-mbn
65,000 tImSn cq]-tbmfw Bh-iy-am-sW-n-cns 38,500 tImSn cq] am{X-amWv \on-h-n-p--Xv. s]mXp
\nt-]-nepw henb Ipdhv Dm-bn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\- hnp-Xp-e-bvp-Xn-eqsS 56,500 tImSn cq] t\Sn-sb-Sp-m-\mWv _UvP-nse \nt-iw. hIn-S-mv 5 ew tImSn
cq]-bpsS \nIpXn Cfhv \Inb km km[m-c-W-mp apI-fn 20,670 tImSn cq]-bpsS `mcw Ib-nh-bvp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-ebvv Bh-iy-amb ]Ww t]mepw \on-h-bvm
Xm-dm-bn-. C-c-n, tIm-td-p-Im-bp _UvP-ns\ P\-] _UvPv F apJw-aqSn Cv
Ah-X-cn-n-m-\mWv {ian-Xv.
tIc-f-ns {]iv\--tfmSv ]pdwXn-cnp\np kao-]\w Xs-bmWv tI{-km kzoI-cnp--Xv. tIc-f-nse Ghpw {][m-\-s \mWy-hn-f-bmb d-dns hne-bn-Snhv XS-bp--Xn-\p \S-]-SnI km kzoI-cn-n-. d t_mUn\v 29 tImSn cq]-bp-sSbpw tIm^n t_mUn\v 15 tImSn cq]-bpsSbpw kvss]kkv t_mUn\v 25 tImSn cq]-bp-sSbpw Ipd-hmWv _UvP-n hcp-n-b-Xv. sdbnth
_UvP-nepw kwm-\-ns Bh-iy- ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xn\v Xm-dm-bn-. ]me-mSv tImv ^mIvS-dn,
Be-p-g-bnse hmK ^mIvS-dn, sdbnth saUn- tImtfPv XpS-nb t\cs \Inb hmKvZm-\ t]mepw \S-n-em-nbn. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn Fbnwkv t]mep m]-\- Bcw-`n-p--Xn\pw
tI{km Xmdm-bn-.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb Fmhn[ Ah-Im-i-sf Ihs-Sp-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-IfmWv kzoI-cn-pXv. Bkq-{X-W--o-j-s\-tmepw ]ncn-p-hn-Xv CXns `mK-am-Wv. hym]w Agn-aXn Ds-sS-bp \nc-

h[n Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw Cu Ime-L--n Dbp-h-cn-I-bp-m-bn. X A[n-Im-c-n-se-n-bm hntZ-i-p

I--Ww cmPy-tv sImp-h-cp-sa-p _n.-sP.]nbpsS hmKvZm\w \S-n-em-n-bn-sp am{X-a-, AXv
shfp-n-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp-p-I-bmWv tI{-km sNbvX-Xv.
AJn-te-ym-Xe
-
- n _n.-sP.]n \S-p Ccw \b-s-Xn-cmbn i-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-m
tIm{K-n\v Ign-bp-n-. amn-d-n-bpsS hnj-b-n t]mepw hy-amb \ne-]mSnmsX Ccp-n Xp-IbmWv tIm{Kkv. tIm-{Kkv \S-n-em-nb AtX km-nI \b--fmWv Ctm _n.-sP.-]nbpw XpS-cp-Xv. AXp-sIm-p-X-s, _n.-sP.-]n-bpsS P\-t{Zml \b-s-Xn-cmbn \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-m Ign-bpn. bp.]n.F km-cns Imev Hp-h- Bkn-bm IcmdmWv \mWy-hn-f-I-fpsS hne--Ibvv Imc-W-am-bnoXv. _n.-sP.-]n aptm-p-h-bvp cmjv{So-bhpw kwL-S-\m-]-c-hpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb kao-]-\v tIm{K-n\v _Z-en-. am{X-a-, ]e-tmgpw _n.-sP.-]n-bpsS \b-k-ao-]-\s ]n]-p kao-]-\amWv
tIm{Kkv kzoI-cn-p-Xv.
_n.-sP.-]nbpsSbpw tIm{Knsbpw P\-hn-cp km-nI \b-s-Xn-cmbn _Z kao-]-\-ap-Xv
CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]Xy in-Im-W.v _n.sP.]n aptm-p-hbvp hKob AP-sb i-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[npXpw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]Xy ap-Wn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs, cmPy-ns atX-X-c-Xzhpw s^U-d-enkhpw Ds-sS-bp ASn-m\ aqey- kwc-n-p--Xn\pw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]-Xy-ap--WnbmWv apnv
{]hn-p--Xv.-

hnI-k-\-cwKv InXv; Agn-a-Xn-bn IpXnv

tI-cfw hn km-nI {]Xn-k-nsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-pp F bmYmy-n-te-mWv 2016-17
se _UvPv tcJ-I DssS hnc Nqp--Xv. Bkn-bm Icm \S-n-em--s--tXmsS tIc-f-ns
\mWy-hn-fI
- hn {]Xn-k
- nsb t\cn-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv. tIc-f
- ns k-ZvLS- \
- sb Xmn-\np-X
- n {][m\
]p hln-p K^v hcp-am-\
- n henb CSnhv hcm t]mhp-Ib
- m-Wv. C-cs
- amcp Ah \psS hmjnI
km-nI hfsb 34 iX-am\ambn CSnmsa-mWv F-tWm-anIv dhyq Xs hy-am-p-Xv. C-csamcp nXn-hn-tijw ISp km-nI {]Xn-k-n-bn-tev \mSns\ Fnpw. CXv a\-n-emn ZoL-ho-W-tmsS CS-s]-SpI F kao-]-\-a bp.-Un.-F^v km kzoI-cn-p--Xv. Cu nXn-hn-tijw adn-I-Sp--Xn-\p ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv F.-Un.-F^v aptm-p-h-bvp--Xv.
bp.-Un.-F^v km hnI-k\ t\--sf-p-dnv sImn-tLm-jn-p-p-s-nepw tIc-f-ns k-ZvLS\ AXoh Kpcp-X-cm-h-bn Fn-p-I-bmWv bp.-Un.-F^v sNbvXn-p-Xv Fv Ah-cpsS Xs IW-pI hy-am-p-p. Ign F.-Un.-F^v km-cns Imev 7.6 iX-am\w \nc-n-emWv k-ZvL-S\
hf-sX-n 6.1 iX-am\w F \ne-bn-emWv Ctmgs bp.-Un.F^v km-cns Imev hfn-pXv.
F]XpIfpsS Ahkm\w apX tIcfnse kmnI hf tZiob icmicnsbm anIXmbncpp. Fm, Ctm tZiob icm-i-cn-tb-m Xmsg-bmWv tIc-f-ns km-nI hfm-\n-c-v.
Dm-Z-\-ta-J-e-I-fnse Zp_-em-h ]cn-l-cn-pI F-XmWv tIcf hnI-k-\s aptm-p-sIm-pt]m-Ip--Xn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-p--Xv. Fm, Cu taJeI XIp-sIm-n-cn-pp F-XmWv hkvXp-X.
Ign km-nI hjw ImjnI hf 4.67 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. hyhkmbtaJebpw
XI-bn-em-Wv. s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\
- \jvS
- n-tev apXe-qv \S-n-bn-cn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. ]pXnb hInS
hyhkmbsfmpw hcpn. sInS \nmW taJebpsS hfbpw ao`hnncnpp. K^v taJ-ebnse {]Xn-k-n-bpsS ]m--e-n tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hfbpw apc-Sn-ns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-pXp-S-n-bncn-pp.
Cu Kpcp-X-c-amb kml-N-cys adn-I-S-p--Xn\v DX-Ip hn[-ap Fs-nepw ]-Xn-I bp.-Un.F^v km-cn-\n. 28,000 tImSn cq]-bpsS ]Xn \S-n-em-p-sa-mWv {]Jym-]-\w. Fm, AXns ]IpXn
t]mepw Fn F-XmWv bmYmyw. CXv Csm-s am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-b-. Ign hjw ]Xn
AS- 22,762 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-p. kn.-F.-Pn-bpsS IWv {]Imcw 61 iX-am\w am{Xta sNe-h-gn--s-n-pq. Ign hjw sNehmmsX em]vkmnbXv GXmv 10,000 tImSn cq]. \Sphjn sNehmmsX
]mgmm t]mIpXv 14,000 tImSn cq]bmWv. CXv ImWn-p-Xv FmWv? Ign cp hjw am{X-sa-Spm GXmv 26,000 tImSn cq]-bpsS ]-Xn-I-fmWv ]W-an-m--Xp-sImv \S-m-m Ign-bmsX t]mb-Xv. -

ta tIcfw
tI-c-f-ns kmaq-ly-ta hnI-k-\-n\v ASn-m-\-ambn \np Fm LS-I--tfbpw kw`mh\
sNbvXXv CS-Xp-]--am-Wv. CS-Xp-]--ns CS-s]-S-ens `mK-am-bn-mWv `q]cnjvIcWw, sas Iqen,
hnZym`ymk BtcmKy kuIcy, tdj, ta kuIcy, A[nImchntI{oIcWw Fp
XpSnbhsbmw Dm-bn-p-Xv. am{X-a-, P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m[w hnI-kn-n-p--Xnepw aX-ku-lmw Dun-bp-

d-n-p--Xnepw CS-Xp-] {]m-\- hln ]v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

Fm, ASn-m\ taJ-e-I-fn hnImkw Dm-p--Xn C\nbpw \mw Gsd aptm-p-t]m-tI--Xpv . D]mZ\taJeIfpsS hf XzcnXsSppXnepw hnZymkcmb ]pXnb Xeapdbv v
A\ptbmPyamb sXmgnehkc krjvSnpXnepw A\ptbmPyamb ]pXnb hyh-km-b-p-d-I-fn-tev
\app XncntbXpv. sFSn t]mepff hnm\m[njvTnX hyhkmb, Sqdnkw t]mepff tkh\
{][m\amb hyhkmb, ssev Fn\obdnwKv t]mse sshZKv[yw Bhiyamb hyhkmb, tIcfn
e`yamb hn`hfpsS aqey- h nX hyhkmb XpSnbhbmWv \mw Dutp ]pXnb
hfmtaJeI. C-c-samcp ImgvN-m-tSmsS CS-s]-Sp--Xn\v \apv Ign-tb--Xp-v.
Cy-bnse BZys sF.Sn ]mv tIc-f-n-emWv XpS-n-bXv Fnepw tkm^vSvshb Ib-p-a-Xn-bn
\psS ]v Xptemw Xp-am-Wv. BZys Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kwcw-`--fn-sem-mWv sIt{Sm-. ]s, CeIvt{Sm-WnIv hyh-km-b-n \mw Cpw ]pd-In-em-Wv. cmPymsI Ign ]Xn\p hjmen\nSbn
26,500 tImSn cq]bpsS hntZi \nt]w htm tIc-f-ns hnlnXw 102 tImSn am{XamWv. \psS hntZi
IbpaXn hcpam\hpw apcSnp \npIbmWv.
]pXnb hyhkmbtaJeIfntebvv kzImcy\nt]Isc BI-jn-m-\m-hp-n. AXn\p apJyImcWw,
tdmUpIfpw ]mpIfpw t]mepff `uXnI]me kuI-cy-f
- psS A`mhamWv. DX hnZym`ymkw t]mepff
kmaqly ]me kuIcyfpw A]cym]vXamWv. Ccw {]iv\- ]cn-lcnp-sImt aptm-p-t]mIm \apv Ign-bq.
tI-c-f-ns hnI-k-\s kw_-nv icn-bmb \ne-bn ImWp--Xn\p ]I-cw, \mn-se-m-bn-Spw Xdv \mn h ]-Xn-I Dm-pp F tXm krjvSnv P\--fpsS In s]mSn-bn-Sm-\mWv bp.-Un.F^v {ian-p--Xv. tIc-f-n hn-p Fm hInS ]-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-m CS-Xp-]--ns CSs]-S Ahbn kPo-h-am-bn-cpp. tIc-f-ns sshZypXn {]Xn-kn ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v s\Spw-Xq-Wmbn
\np CSpn Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-Xn sImp-h-Xv 1967 se km-cns Ime-m-Wv. Ctm sImn-tLmjn-s
- -Sp Iq hnam\mhfw, sImn sat{Sm, kvamv knn, hm]mSw sSan\ XpSnbhbpsSsbmw
XpS--n Xs CS-Xp-]--ns ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw CS-s]-Sepw Dm-bn-cp-p. DZvLm-S\ amam-- \Ss-nepw Cu t{]mP-IvSp-I-sfmpw ]qo-I-cn-p--Xn\v bp.-Un.-F-^n\v Ign-n-n-.
hInS \nt]samw bp.Un.F^ns s{IUnnemWtm DNmn hc-hp-h-bvp-Xv. tIcfnse
DXv]mZ\taJebn Ign Ap-hj-m-e-n-\n-S-bn Hcp hInS \nt]w t]mepw sImphcm
bp.Un.F^n\p Ignnn. C-c-n k-cw-Kpw ]cm-P-b-am-bp Hcp km-cmWv tIc-f-n-ep--Xv.
\mSns hnI-k\
-
- n\v AXy-m-t]-n-Xa
- m-bn-p-X
- mWv kam-[m-\]
- c
- a
- mb A-cow. bp.-Un.-F^v A[nIm-c-ta--tijw {Ia-k-am-[m-\-cw-Kv tIcfw ]pd-tIm-p-t]m-bn. aX-ku-lm-n\v t]cp-tI tIc-f-n Ah
XI-s-Sp KqV-amb ]-Xn-I Ac-t-dn-sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Ahsb Dq-e\w sNp--Xn\p ]Icw
t{]mm-ln-n-p kao-]-\-amWv bp.-Un.-F^v km kzoI-cn-p-Xv. kwL-]-cn-hm-dp-ambn Dm-p [mcW-bpsS `mK-am-b-mWv {]ho sXmKm-Un-b-bpsS t]cn-ep cmPy-t{Zml tIkv t]mepw ]nh-en--Xv. `qcn-]-\yq-\-] hKo-b-XI bp.-Un.-F^v km-cns Imev in-sp. CXn\p Imc-Ww, `c-W-X-e-n CSs]-Sm Ccw in-Iv Ign-bpp F-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-ns kam-[m-\-]-c-amb PohnXw Xncn-p-sIm-p-hcnI FXv hnI-k-\-n\pw sskzc-Po-hn-X-n\pw {][m-\-am-sWp ImW-Ww.
KpP-dm-mWv tIc-f-n\v amXrI Fv _n.-sP.]n {]N-cn-n-p-p-v. Fm, P\--fpsS Pohn-X-\n-ehmcw ]cn-tim-[n-m KpP-dm-n-t\-m Gsd apI-fn-emWv tIcfw Fv ImWmw. Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ym-kw,
kmaq-ly-t-aw, aX-ku-lmw, P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m[w XpS-nbhbn-semw tIcfw Gsd apn-em-Wv. KpPm-dv
tIc-f-t-m hf-cpp F {]N-c-W-ap-v. Fm, ASp--Imew hsc tIc-f-ns hfbpw \ \nebn-em-bn-cpp. thW-san tIc-f-n\v km-nI hf-bnepw KpP-dm-ns\ ]n-mw. kmaq-ly-t-a- t\- in-s-Sp-n-sm-p-Xs CXv ssIh-cn-m-\m-Ipw. A-c-samcp hnI-k\ IpXn-n-\p-X-Ip I-]-Xn-bmWv F.-Un.-F^v aptm-p-h-bvp--Xv.

FpsImv amw aKXnbnemIpp?

Fm, tI{kw-m\ km-cp-I-fpsS \ntbmen_-d \b- Cusbmcp ey-n\v hne-p-X-Snbm-Wv. CXn\v ]pd-sa-bmWv kwm\ km-cns km-nI ]m-c-w. hmbv]sbSpp ]W-ns 7080 iXam\hpw kmcns \nXy\nZm\ sNehn\mWv bp.-Un.-F^v sNehgnXv. ZoLIme apXapSn\v
]Ww Ism Cs\bpff Hcp kmcn\vv Ignbn. \nXy\nZm\ sNehn\pt]mepw KXnbnm Hcp
kmcn\v _Pn\p ]pdv ]-Xn-Ip-thn hmbv] kamlcnpXn\v Ign-bm nXn-bp-m-Ipw.

henb t{]mP-IvSp-I \S-n-em--s-S-W-sa-n km `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-n\v AXn-\p tijn-bp-mh-Ww. km b{w ImcyaamIWsan AgnaXn Cm-Xm-I-Ww. \nehnepff bpUnF^v kmcns
Imew t]mse AgnaXn sImSnIpn hmW Imew Dmbnn. am{X-a-, Bkn-bm Icm {]m_-ey-n-em-btXmsS tIc-f-ns \mWy-hn-f-I XI-Sn-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Bkn-bm Icm-dn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn hmZn bp.Un.-F-^n\v Cm-cy-n Hcp \ymb-hm-Zhpw Ctm ]d-bm-\n-.
tIc-f-ns hnI-k-\-n\v ASn--d-bn CS-Xp-]w ]pXnb {]iv\-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p--Xn\v DXIp Imcy--a-amb _Z \b--fp-am-bmWv Cu sXc-s-Sp-n P\-sf kao-]n-p--Xv. BtKm-f-hcW \b- kwm-\-ns hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _-sv Hcp-]mSv shp-hn-fn-I Dbp-p-v. s^U-d
LS-\sb XIp _n.-sP.]n km-cns \b-fpw Kuc-h-amb nXn-hn-tijw krjvSn-p-p-v. Cu
]cnanXn-II-p-\n-p-sImv _Z Dbp--Xn-\p I-]cn]mSn-I-fmWv CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]-Xy-apWn aptm-p-h-bvp--Xv. AXn-\m-bn, 600 \nt-i- Cu {]I-S-\-]-{Xn-bn-ep-v. Ch-bn Ghpw kp{]-[m\-amb 35 C\-sf apJy ap{Zm-hm-Iy--fmbn F.-Un.-F^v aptm-p-h-bvpp.

I
35 C\ ]cn-]m-Sn1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

25 ew t]v sXmgn: sF.n, Sqdnkw taJ-e-Ifnepw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv XpSn B[p-\nI hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-fnembn A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb bph-Xn--bp-hm-v Av hjw sImv 10 ew sXmgn-e-h-k-c krjvSn-pw. Irjn, sIn-S-\nm-Ww, hmWn-Pyw, sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fn-embn 15
ew sXmgn-eh
- k
- c
-
- f
- mWv ey-an-Sp-X
- v. B[p-\nI Xpd-If
- nse tPmenIv bph-Xo-b
- p-hm-sf Xmdm-p--Xn\v 10 ew t]v kvIn sUh-e-]vsa v, Icn-b ssKUkv hgn ]cn-io-e\w \Ipw.
1500 mv Ap-I: hjw-tXmdpw 1000 \qX-\ B-i-b-v 2 ew cq] hoXw t{]mm-l-\w. CXn
250 F-n\v 1 tImSn cq] hoXw CuSn-m hmbv]. CXn\v 20 iX-am\w Khsa v G, 20 iXam\w sk_n AwKo-Im-c-ap kzImcy \nt-]-I, 60 iX-am\w _mv Fn-s\ ]Ww Is-pw.
Fkv.-kn--F-kv.Sn hn`m-K- Bcw-`n-p mv Ap-Iv {]tXyI km-nI ]mtPv sImphcpw.
HcptImSn A[nI NXp-c{i ASn sF.Sn ]mv: tIc-f-nse sF.Sn ]mv hnkvXrXn 1.3 tImSn NXpc{i ASnbn \npw 2.3 tImSn NXp-c{i ASn-bmbn hn-n-pw. CXp-hgn 2.5 ew t]v {]Xy
sXmgn e`npw.
hntZi Sqdn-p-I-fpsS Fw Cc-n-bmpw: tIc-f-n hcp hntZi Sqdn-p-I-fpsS Fw 12 en \npw Av hjw sImv 24 e-ambn Dbpw. B`y-c Sqdn-p-I-fpsS Fw 25 iX-am\w
hn-n-pw. CXn- \nv 4 ew t]v sXmgn e`n-pw.
s]mXp-ta-Je em`-n: s]mXp-ta-J-esb hopw ]p\-cp--cn-pw. hopw em`-I-c-ampw. Dm-Z-\-tijn-bn 50 iX-am\w h-\hv krjvSn-pw. tIc-f-ns Aaq-ey-[mXpk-mb Icn-a-W ssSm-\nbw
sa hsc-bp aqey-hnX D]---fmn amp--Xn\v Nh-d-bnse tIcf sa & an\-d I-\nsb-qSn Ds-Sp-n-smv _rl-mb hyh-kmb kap-bw m]npw.
{]Ir-Xn-hm-XI ss]vsse ]qo-I-cn-: hmXI ss]v sse ]qo-I-cn-p-sImv sImn {]IrXn-hm-XI sSan-\e
- ns\ tZiob hmXI {KnUp-ambn _n-n-pw. AXp-hgn Xmt]mm[n-jvTnX hyhkmb A`n-hr-n-s-Spw. KmlnI ]mN-I-hmXI e`yX hn-npw.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv lmUvsh-b hyh-kmb hnI-k\w: sIt{Sm ]p\-cp--cn-pw. B-q Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv lmUvsh-b ]mv ]qo-I-cn-pw. Cu taJ-e-bn Hcp tZiob lmbn tIc-f-ns\ ampw.
aq-ey-hnX hyh-km-b
- : Irjn-m-cpsS s{]mUyq-k I-\n-If
- psS B`n-ap-Jy-n \mfn-tI-cw, d_,
kpK--{Z-hy- XpS-nb ImjnI hn`-h-fpsS aqey-hnX D]-- \nn-p hyh-kmb
{iwJ-ebvv cq]w-\Ipw. Ch-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-pw. CXn-\mbn 50 hyh-kmb ]mp-I
m]n-pw.
ImjnI hcp-am\ Ddv ]Xn: Ij-Iv an\naw hcp-am\w Dd-p-h-cp-p ]Xn Bcw-`npw. CXv
tI{-k
- wm\ kwbp-k
- vIo-ambnmbn-cnpw \S-n-empI. ta-]
- X
- n-I IqSp-X hn]p-eo-Ic
- npw.
Fm ]m-b-p-I-fnepw te_ _mv t]mep kwhn-[m-\- krjvSnpw. IjI sXmgn-em-fn-Iv
B[p-\nI Irjn kt-X
- f
- n ]cn-io-e\
- hpw kpc-n-XX
- zhpw Dd-p-hc
- p-pw. s\h-be
- p-Iv tdmbn
\Ipw. Irjn-mbn IqSp-X XpI \on-sh-pw.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

ap -hInS t{]mP-IvSp-I: hngnw lm_, Ago-, t_q, s]mm-\n, X-t-cn XpS-nb sNdpInS Xpd-ap-J-, ssev sat{Sm, Iq hnam-\-m-hfw, sImn sat{Sm, kvamv knn XpS-nb t{]mPIvSp-I ka-b-_-n-X-ambn ]qo-I-cn-pw.
sshZypXn D]m-Z\w: 1200 saKm-hmv tijn-bp sX \nebw, 300 saKm-hmv Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn, 1000saKm-hmv tkmfm sshZypXn Fo \ne-I-fn D]m-Z\tijn ssIh-cn-pw. kwm-\s __p-Isfmw F.-C.-Un-bn-tebvv amp--Xn\pw sshZypXn aX hn-n-p--Xn\pw P\-Iob Im-bn
Bcw-`n-pw.
Pe-kp-cm Iym-bn: Pe-kp-c
- bvv thn Hcp _rlXv Iym-bn Bcw-`n-pw. ssat{Im \oSw
apX \Zo-XSw hsc ka-{K-amb av--Pe kwc-W \S-]-Sn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. Akw-m\ \ZoPe Icm-dp-I ka-b-_-n-X-ambpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambpw ]p\-c-htem-I\w sNp--Xn-\p-thn Hcp ncw
I-tk\ Dm-pw.
`y-kp-c: ]--dn, ap, ]m Fn-h-bn kzbw-]-cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-pw. "Acn{io' ]Xn hgn
s\Irjn aqpew slIvS-dn-tebvv hym]n-n-pw. `y-h-kvXp--fnse ambw tN XS-bm\pw
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw Ii-\-amb hyh--I Gs-Sp-pw.
Xoc-tZ-i- ]mtPv: 5000 tImSn-bpsS Xoc-tZi ]mt-Pn {]Y-a-am-bXv Xoc-tZi ]m-e kuI-cy-fpsS hnI-k-\-am-Wv. AtXm-sSmw Xs kmaq-ly-ta kqN-I--fn kwm\ \ne-hm-c-n-s\mw
Fp--Xn\v "amXr-Im- a-y-{Kmaw' ]Xn \S-n-em-pw.
]c--cm-KX hyh-kmb kwc-Ww: Ib, ssI-dn, ]\-v, JmZn, Iip-h-n, sNv XpS-nb ]c--cmKX hyh-kmb taJ-e-Isf sXmgn kwc-n-p-sImv \ho-I-cnpw. XpWn, Ib, Ic-Iu-Iew XpS-nb
taJ-e-I-fnse ssIth-e-m-cpsS D]m-Z\w an\naw Iqen Dd-p-h-cpn km hmn kw`-cn-pw. ]c-cm-KX hyh-km-b-mbn {]tXyI hIpv Bcw-`n-pw.
tdmUv hnI-k\w: tZio-b-]mX \mep-h-cn-bm-pw. kwm\ ]mX-Ifpw Pnm tdmUp-Ifpw _n.Fw &
_n.knbn ]pXpn ]Wn-bpw. {KmaoW tdmUp-I H-X-hW ]p\-cp-cn- ]-Xn-bn Ds-Sp-pw.
Fm ss_m-kp-Ifpw ]qo-I-cn-pw. tI-c-f-n Lw L-ambn kvamv tdmUv ]Xn \S-m-pw.
Pe-]m-X-I: tZiob Pe-]mXI ]qo-I-cn-pw. Pe-]mX \nmWw ]qo-I-cnpw. tIc-f-nse
Xpd-ap-J--fp-ambn _n-nv Pe-amK-ap Ncv KXm-KXw Bcw-`n-pw. Xncp-h-\--]p-c-p-\nv
ImktKmUv hsc AXn-thK s^dn kokv Bcw-`n-m ]T\w \S-pw.
sdbnth: \nnjvS ]pXnb sdbnth sse\p-I ]qo-I-cn-m kw sNep-pw. kwm\v \ne-hn-ep cp-hcn sdbnth ]mX \mep-hcn ]mX-bm-p-X
- n\v Cy sdbnth-bp-ambn tNv
kwbp I\n Dm-pw. Cc-n-n-p ]mX AXn-thK s{Sbn HmSn-m k-amm {ian-pw.
ipNnXztIcfw: tIcfs Cy-bnse Ghpw hrn-bp kwm-\-amn ampw. CXn-\mbn Dd-hn-S-amen\y kwkvI-c-W-n-\m-bn-cnpw apK-W-\. Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-pw. CXn-\mbn
Hcp P\-Iob Iym-bn\v cq]w-\Ipw.
]mnSw: `qc-ln-Xsmw InS-mSsanepw e`y-am-pw. C.-Fw.-Fkv ]mnS ]Xn, Fw.-F ewhoSv ]Xn Fnh ]p\-cp-o-hn-nv Ap-hjw sImv Fm-hpw hoSpw Iqkpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
BZn-hm-kn-Iv Hcp G Irjn-`qan e`y-ampw. `q]-cn-jvI-cW \nbaw kwc-npw.
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e: \ne-hn-ep m^v ]mt ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw tUmIvSam-cp-sSbpw t\gvkp-am-cpsSbpw Fw Cc-n-bmbn Dbp-Ibpw sNpw. s]mXp-B-tcmKy kwhn-[m-\-hp-ambn _-s-Spn ka{Khpw km-{Xn-I-hp-amb Cjp-dkv \S-n-empw. aqv saUn- tImtf-Pp-Isf Fbnwkv \ne-hm-cn Dbpw. lrZ-b-ikv{X-{In-b-bvp kuI-cyhpw Imvem_pw Xmeqv Bip-]-{Xn-I hsc
m]npw. Xmeqv Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn A_p-Z-tcmK ]cn-tim-[\m kwhn-[m-\-ap-mpw.
BbqthZw: BbqthZ kh-I-em-ime m]n-pw. 500 tImSn cq] apXap-S-n Ghpw B[p-\n-Iamb et_m-d--dnbpw Kth-j-W-tI-{hpw m]n-pw. BbqtZ taJ-e-bn Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Sqdnkhpw _n-nv ASn-m\ kuIcyw Gs-Sppw.
-kvIq hnZym-`ymkw AtZ-iob \ne-hm-c-n-tebvv: 8 apX 12 hsc-bp mkp-I sslsS-Iv
Bpw. ]q-hn-Zymn-I-fp-sSbpw A`yp-Z-b-Imw-n-I-fp-sSbpw klIc-W-tmsS 1000 s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b AtZ-iob \ne-hm-c-n-tev Dbpw.
an-I-hns tI{-: khI-em-ime tI{-sf anI-hns tI{--fmn ampw. kl-I-cW m]-\, {Sp-I XpS-n-b kmaqly kwcw-`- km-cp-ambn kl-I-cn-p-sImv D-X-hn-Zym-`ymk taJe-sb hn]p-eo-I-cn-pw.
]n-IP
- m-Xn-]
- - n-Ih
- K taw: Ducp-Iq-
- v ]Xn Bkq-{X-W
- n ]qm[n-Imcw Dd-p-hc
- p-pw.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.
32.

33.

34.
35.

tat\m-m-[n-Im-chpw \Ipw. ]n-I-PmXn hnI-k-\-^-ns hn\n-tbmKw kw_-nv Fm-X-e--fnepw

tat\m kan-Xn-Iv cq]w-\Ipw. {Km-a-k`/ hnI-k\ skan-\m/I-k-anXn FoXe--fn ]n-IPm-Xn-m-cn \npw Dbp-h-cp \nt-i- Xt-i-`-cW m]-\- Dtp-Xv \n_-n-Xampw.
kv{Xoim-o-I-cWw: kv{XoIv thn-bp {]tXyI hIpv Bcw-`n-pw. P _UvP-nwKv ]p\-m]n-pw. IpSpw-_-{io-sb {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS D]-L-S-I--fmn ampw. IpSpw-_-{iov \mev iX-am\w ]en-ibvv
hmbv] Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
P\-Io-bm-kq-{XWw: P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-W-ns cmw-]-Xnv Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. \oS Bkq-{X-Ww, amen\y-kw-kvI-c-Ww, ssPh-]---dn Fn-hsb sXmgn-ep-dv ]-Xnbpw IpSpw-_-{io-bp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-psIm-p Hcp P\-Iob {]m-\-am-bn-cnpw CXv.
kmwkvIm-cnI \thm-m\w: kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bvp _UvPv hnlnXw KWy-ambn Dbpw. hnZym`ymk _UvP-ns Hcp iX-am\w sse{_-dn-Iv {Kmmbn \Ipw Fv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. sse{_dnIsf
UnPn--ssekv sNpw. BSvkv & kvt]mSvkv p-Iv [\-k-lmbw \Ipw. kvIq ASn-m\-n Fm Ie-I-fnepw Ipn-Iv ]cn-io-en-m kuIcyw krjvSnpw.
]cn-nXn kulrZ tIcfw: apw Pehpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw kwc-n-p-X
- n\v P\-]
- m-fn-t- msS
\o-Sm-Sn-m-\-n ]-Xn-I Xm-dm-pw. XoS \nbaw Ii-\-ambn \S-n-em-pw. Pem-i-bsf ipo-I-cn-p--Xn\v am m Xm-dmn \S-n-em-pw.
{]hm-kn-I: {]hm-kn hnI-k\ \n[n Bcw-`n-pw. Cu \n[n-bn \S-p- \nt]w D]-tbm-Knv Bcw`n-p hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn {]hmkn Xncn-p-h-cp-tm tbmKy-X-I-fp-s-n tPmenv AlXbpmIpw. Xncn-p-h-cp--hv hn]p-e-amb ]p\-c-h-[n-hmk ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.
s]mXp-hn-X-cWw: s]mXp-hn-X-cWw in-s-Sp-pw. AS-p-]q-nb \ymb-hne IS-I Xpd-pw. knhn
kss-kv, Ikyq-a s^Uv IS-I-fn ASp Ap-hj-tv hne hn-n-n-.
hni-nm tIcfw: Hcp t\c-sa-nepw `Ww Ign-m Hcm-fp-t]mepw tIc-f-n-ep-m-hn-. sXc-sSp--s {]tZ-i--fn k--kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ap-ambn kl-I-cn-p-sImv Bh-iy-ap--hv apgp-h
D-`-Ww kuP-\y-ambn \Ip--Xn-\p ]Xn Bcw-`n-pw. CXv tIcfw apgp-h hym]n-n-pw. \ymbhn-ebvv \ `Ww \Ip tlm-ep-I-fpsS irwJe krjvSn-pw.
km-aqlykpcm s]j: Pq 1 apX Fm s]j\pIfpw 1000 cq]bmbn Dbpw. Al-cmb
60 hb-p-Ign apgp-ht]pw s]j \Ipw. Fm hjhpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambn hn-n-pw.
IpSn-n-I-bn-msX amkw-tXmdpw s]j hon Fn-pw. kq BtcmKy Cjp-dkv Fmhpw e`y-am-pw.
tIc-f-ns _mv: Pnm--kw-m\ kl-I-cW _mp-Isf kwtbm-Pn-n-p-sImv tIc-f-n-t-Xmb
Hcp hInS _mn\v cq]w \Ipw. kl-I-cW taJ-e-bn ZznXe k{-Zm-b-am-bn-cnpw.
Agn-a-Xnv Ayw Ipdn-pw; kZv`-cWw Dd-m-pw: cmw `c-W-]-cn-jvImc Io-j \nt-i- \Sn-em-pw. C-Kt- h-Wkv ^e-{]-Za
- mpw. Fm ]cm-Xn-If
- nepw {]iv\
- f
- nepw 30 Znh-k
- n-\Iw kmXe-n Xop-mpw. ]cm-Xn-Itfm Bh-iy-tfm X-s-m Ah ]p\x]cn-tim-[nv hyX Dmp--Xn\v P\-]-m-fn--tm-sS-bp kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp-pw. sk{I-t-dn-bv ASn-m-\-amb kwhn-[m\w
amn tI{-km-cn-s\-tmse Ub-dI
- vt{Sv coXn-bn hntI-{o-Ir-Xhpw ^e-{]-Zh
- p-amb kwhn-[m\w sImph-cpw. Poh-\-m-cpsS Ah-Im-i- kwc-n-p-sIm-m-bn-cnpw CXv \S-m-p-I. Fm km tkh\-fpw GI-Pm-e-I-n-eqsS e`y-am-p tkh\ tI{- Gs-Sp-pw. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw ^e-{]Z-ambn \S-n-em-pw.

Fm-hpw IpSn-sh-w, `-Ww, sshZyp-Xn, ]mnSw, kmaq-ly-kp-c Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-pI F

eyw ]qo-I-cn-m-\mWv CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-Wn ]cn-{i-an-p--Xv. BtcmKy--hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-ebpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa-s-Sp-pI FXpw {][m-\-s ey-am-Wv. hnZym-k---cmb bphm-v AhcpsS tbmKy-X-bv-\p-k-cnv sXmgn Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn-\p ]-Xn-I- \S-n-em-m-\p-amWv Dt-in-p-Xv.
Ccw hnI-k-\-n\v ASn-d Hcp-p--hn[w Imjn-I--hym-h-km-bnI taJ-esb in-s-Sp-p--Xn-\pw
]m-e kuIcyw hnI-kn-n-p-X
- n-\p-ap Imcy-a
- a
- mb CS-s]-Sepw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]X
- y-ap-Wn hn`mh\w sNp-p. C-c-n \psS t\- \ne-\nnbpw ]pXnb Ime-ns Bh-iy-sf A`n-ap-Jo-Icn-p-sIm-p-ap {]h-\-]--Xn-I-fmWv F.-Un.-F^v aptm-p-h-n-p--Xv.

III
Irjn

1.

]--dn-bn kzbw ]cym-]vXX ssIh-cnpw. CXn-\mbn ssPh-]---dn-bn Dun-sm-p P\-Iob

Im-bn Bcw-`n-pw. 50,000 slIvSdn ssPh ]-dn Irjn Bcw-`n-pw. Irjn-m-cpsS s{]mUyq-k
I-\n-I, tlmn I tIm-td-j Fnh hgn ]--dnv Xd-hne \Ipw. ]dn Dm-Z\
tI{--fn kw`-c-W-n\v Nn tmtd-Pp-I Gs-Sp-pw.
2. kwtbm-PnX _lp-hnf ]pc-bn-SI
- rjn hnI-k\
-
- n\v hop-hf
- v Abq-
- f
- psS cq]o-Ic
- nv D]mZ-t\m-]m-[n-I-fpsS hnX-cWw, sNdp-InS b{-h-c-Ww, kkykwcW {]h-\- Fnh Imcy-a-am-pw. \Kc Irjnv t{]mm-l\w \Ipw.
3.
s\Irjn `qan-bpsS hnkvXrXn 3 ew slIvS-dmbn hn-n-pw. Dm-Z\w 10 ew Sm-pw. dnb
Ft-p-Im hmn Xcn-n-Sp ]mS-ti-J-c- Gs-Spv IjI {Kqp-I hgn Irjn sNm-\p
A[n-Imcw ]m-b
- p-Iv \Ipw. {Kqv ^manw-Kns\ t{]mm-ln-n-pw. s\Ir-jn-bn an seh
]mn-kn-t-dn ^manwKv k{-Zmbw Gs-Sp-pw. ssdkv _tbm ]mv m]n-pw.
4.
Fm ImjntIm-
- pw BZm-bI
- c
- a
- mb hne Dd-m-pw. D]m-Z\ sNe-hn-\\
- p-kr-Xa
- mbn s\ns
kw`-c-W-hne Dbpw. ImjnI kl-I-cW kwL--fp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-smv Hcm-gvN-bvIw
Irjn-mv ]Ww e`y-ampw.
5.
{]Ir-Xn-Z--amb Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bmb s\h-b-ep-I kwc-n-p-Xv {]IrXn Bhm-k-hy-h kwc-W-ambn Iv hnkvXr-Xn--\p-k-cnv \new DS-a-v tdmbn \Ipw. DS-a--cpsS Ah-Imiw kwcn-p-sImv s\h-be
- p-Isf kwm-\s kwc-nX s\{]-tZ-i
- f
- mbn {]Jym-]n-pw. tIc-f
- ns
`q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iaqew \o-Sm-[n-jvTnX Bkq-{XWw ImjnI A`n-hr-nv AXy-m-t]n-X-amWv. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Ifpw Pe-\nK-a\ Nmep-Ifpw av kw-c-W \nn-Xn-Ifpw
krjvSn-pIbpw ]cn-]m-en-p-Ibpw thWw. CXn-\mbn sXmgn-ep-dv ]Xnsb hn]p-e-amb tXmXn D]tbm-K-s-Sp-pw. AXp-hgn 100 Znh-ks sXmgn Zn\- Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
6.
ImjnItaJebnse \nt]w hnnpw. ImjnI taJebvpff km sNehv Ign cp
Zim_v Z ambn kwm\hcpam\ns 35 iXam\amWv . AJnteymSnm\n CXv 610
iXam\amWv . Xtikzbw`cW m]\fpsS ]XnIfn apImepmbncp an\naw
D]mZ\taJebvpff hIbncp \n_\ ]p\xm]npw. s]mXp-\n-t-]w ]v iX-am\ambn
Dbpw. ^map-I-fn ka-{K-amb sshhn-[y-h-c-Whpw Bh-iy-ap-n-S--fn b{-h-c-Whpw \Sn-em-pw.
7.
kwm-\s hnf-Isf kwc-n-m\pw Ij-Isc cn-m\pw hmeyq BUUv t{]mUIvSv Hm^v tIcf
(]mp-I) m]npw. km[y-amb Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw aqey-hnX hkvXp--fpsS \nmWw \Sp I-\n-I m]n-pw. Irjn-cw-K-tv hcp bphm-sf ]cn-io-en-nv Ah-cpsS Ign-hn-\-\pkr-X-ambn t{]mm-ln-npw.
8.
IjI ta t_mUns {]h\w bmYmy-am-pw. IjI t{]mhn-U vkv ^v Bibw
{]mhn-I-amn AXn AwK--fm-Ip Ij-Iv C.-F-kv.sF tamU NnIn \Ipw. BlXy sNbvX Irjn-m-cpsS IpSpw-_s kwc-n-m {]tXyI kvIow sImp-h-cpw.
9.
Ij-I-sm-gn-emfn taJe IqSpX BIj-Wo-b-am-t-Xn\v \nnX Znhkw sXmgn-ep-dpw hcp-am\hpw, BtcmKy kwc--Whpw, Ipn-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkhpw XpS-nbhbvp-th klm-b- Dd-p-hcp-pw. B[p-\nI Irjn kt-X--fn sXmgn-em-fn-Iv ]cn-io-e\w \Ip-Ibpw thWw. sa-s
tkh\w Irjn-mv e`y-am-p--Xn\pw Bh-iy-sa- t\cnv Irjn sNp--Xn\pw thn-bp lcnX-tk\, te_ _mv t]mep GPkn-I Fm ]m-b-nepw cq]o-I-cn-pw. sXp-I-b sXmgn-emfn-I-fpsS {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
10. {]mbm-[nIyw sImpw tcmK--Io-S-_m-[-aq-ehpw D]m-Z-\--aX Xosc Ipd sXp-I apdn-p-amn
sa-s C\--fpsS ssXI \Sp--Xn-\m-bp ]p\-cp-m-cW ]-Xn-I \mfn-tIc hnI-k\ t_mUpambn kl-I-cn-p-sImv kwm-\s Fm {][m\ Pn-I-fnepw \S-n-em-pw.
11. tIcIjI Iqm-bva-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-n tItcm aqey-h\ sshhn-y-h-cW kwcw-`-
t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn\v Fm Pn-I-fnepw \mfn-tIc ]mp-I, \mfn-tIc D]m-ZI s^U-td-j-\pIfpsSbpw s{]mUyq-k I-\n-IfpsSbpw B`n-ap-Jy-n Bcw-`n-pw. \ocbpw shfn-s-bpw am{X-a-,
Ah-bn \np aqey-hnX D]--fpw Cu ]mp-I-fn D]m-Zn-n-pw. Dm-Z-\-s-e-hp-ambn
_-s-Spn kw`-cW hne Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-pw.
12. s\Irjn taJ-eb
- n-emWv ]cn-an-Xa
- mb b{-h-cWw \S-m-bn-p-X
- v. av hnf-Iv Bh-iy-amb b{ C\nbpw Ip-]n-Sn-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. s]mmfn ]mS-v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Dg-hv, sImbvv b{-

13.
14.
15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.

e`y-a-. bp-Im-em-Sn--\-n Imjn-I-ta-Jebnse b{-h-c-Ww sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fpambn N sNbvXp-sImv \S-n-empw. tmv ASn-m-\-n At{Km kokv sk-dp-I Bcw`npw.
ImjnI kh-I-em-imebnse km-nI {]Xn-kn Kth-j-W-sbpw FIv-j {]h-\-sfbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p-p. kh-I-em-ime ka-{K-ambn ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNpw.
ay-Irjn/Xmdmhv XpS-n-bh Ds-Sp kwtbm-PnX Irjn-co-Xn t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
\ne-hn-ep av ]cn-tim-[\
- mPe-]c
- n-tim-[\m em_p-I in-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Fm Pn-If
- nepw kqva
aqe-I- DssS ]cn-tim-[n-m Ign-bp Xc-n-ep em_p-I hym]n-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. X\Xv
^e-hr---fpsS Dm-Z\ h-\-hn-\mbn AXn-km-{Xm Irjn t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
km[yamb an`qanbpw ]mcm ewLn-p tXmw `qanbpw GsSpv ASn-b--c-ambn `qclnXv
hnXcWw sNpw. BZnhmknIv Irjn`qan DdphcppXn\v h\mhImi \nbaw DuPnXambn
\Smpw.
tX\o hf t{]mm-ln-nv Ij-I-cpsS BZmbw hn-n-p--Xns `mK-ambn tX {Kma-
m]n-pw. CXv IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-kcw krjvSn-pI am{X-a-, tX\o hgn ]cm-K-Ww \S-p hnf-IfpsS Dm-Z\w hn-n-pw. Iq Irjn, ]pjv]-Irjn Fnh t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
ImjnItaJebvp hmbv]m kuIcy hnnpw. s\Irjnmpw ]dn Irjnmpw
]eniclnX hmbv] e`yampw.
Imjn-I-ta-J-e-bnse s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\--fpsS Imcy--a-amb \S-npw IrXy-amb tat\m-hpw
Dd-p-h-cp-pw. amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w s{]m^-j-W coXn-bn-emn Imcy--a-ambn {]hnn-p-Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
Irjn kvIq kne-_-kns `mK-am-pw. Irjn-h-Ip-p-ambpw arKav kwc-W hIp-p-ambn tNv
{]hn-n-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw.
]--dn-I-fpsS hnjmwiw imkv{Xo-b-ambn \nco-n-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m\w krjvSnpw. GsX-nepw
Imc-W-h-im hnjmw-i-ap ]--dn-I Is-n-bm Ii\ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
aqey-hnX ^mIvS-dn-Iv "sabvUv C tKmUvkv Hm I{Sn tIcf' F {_m v s\bnw \In D]tbm-Kn-m A\p-aXn \Ipw. Aap tamU-en d taJ-e-bn CS-s]-Sp--Xn\v ]cn-{i-an-pw.
h\y-ar-K--sf kwc-n-p--tXm-sSm-w-X-s, Ch-bpsS B{I-a-W-n\nv Irjnsb kwc-n-p-Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-pw. Irjn-\m-i-n\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \Ipw.

tXm-hnf
24.

d-_-dns domnwKv k_vknUn slIvS-dn\v Hcp ew cq]-bmbn Dbpw. hne-tbmSv _-s-Spn

d_ Irjn-mv hcp-am\w Dd-p-h-cp-m- G ASn-m-\-n k_vknUn \I-pw. CXn-\mbn
tI{ km-cn i-amb kw sNep-pw. Bh-iy-sa-n hn P\-Iob {]tm-`
- n\v kwm\
km Xs apssI-sb-Sppw. kwm\ kmcpw Cu k_vkn-Un-bpsS `mc-n Hcp `mKw hlnpw.
25. d emIvkpw d jopw Imjn-tIm-a
- mbn {]Jym-]n-p-X
- n\v tI{-km-cn kw sNeppw. d Cd-p-aXn \nb-{n-p--Xn\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. aqey-hnX D--ns Ana
hne-bpsS Hcwiw Ij-I\v e`n-- hn[-n Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-]-cn-c Dd-p-h-cp-m CS-s]Spw. tXm-hnf Irjn-m-cpsS s{]mUyq-k I-\n-I cq]o-I-cn-p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-n aqeyhnX Dm-Z\w \S-p-w. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb DZm-c-amb [\-k-lmbw \Ip--Xn\v km \Ipw.
CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw hyh-kmb ]mp-I m]npw. d ac-sf hn\ \nIp-Xn-bn\nv aqphj-tv Hgn-hm-pw.
26. tXm-hn-f D]---fpsS {]Nm-chpw Unampw hn-n-p--Xn-\p {ia- Dm-h-Ww. tdmUv \nmW-nepw CXc \nmW {]h-\--fnepap d-dns D]-tbmKw hn-n-pw. hInS d hyhkmbw tIc-f-n Bcw-`n-p--Xn\v \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
27. mt-j taJ-e-bnse apJy-{]iv\w ]g--ta-dnb ac--fm-Wv. Ch ASn-b--c-ambn dom v sNt--Xpv. CXn-s\mcp ^e-{]-Z-amb amKw sXmgn-ep-d-p-]--Xnsb CXn-\mbn D]tbm-K-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv. Fm,
CsXmcp Bh\ Irjn {]h-\-ambn Ip-sImv A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. CXv Xncpn-p--Xn\v km apssI-sb-Sp-pw.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

tXmw taJ-e-bn av--Pe kwc--W-n\pw ssPh-ssh-hn[yw \ne-\np--Xn\pw Bkq-{Xn-X-amb

]cn-{iaw thWw. ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-n--s-S-Ww. CXn-\mbp ka{K ]cn-]mSn {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-n
Xm-dmpw.
ac-h-c-W-n-\p km[y-X-I ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp--Ww. ac-ns CuSnt {]Xn-amkw
ZoL-Ime hmbv]-bmbn Hmtcm C\w ac-n\pw \nnX XpI kl-I-cW _mp-I-fn \npw e`y-am-p-Xn-\p kvIow Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. _mns hmbv]bpw ]en-ibpw acw shp-tm \In-bm aXn-bmIpw.
hne-bn-Sn-hns t]cp-]-dv hInS tXm-ap-S-a-I sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqenbpw av B\p-Iq-ey-fpw shnp-d-bvp-Xv A\p-h-Zn-m-\m-hn-. Iqenbpw B\p-Iq-ey-fpw shn-p-d-bvp-Xv {]Xn-k-n-bpsS ]cnlm-c-a-. D]m-Z-\--aX hn-n-p--Xn\v _Z am- Is-p-Itb \nhr-n-bpq. tXmw
sXmgn-em-fn-Iv an\naw PohnX kuI-cy- Dd-p-h-cp-pw. {]tXyI ]mnS ]Xn \S-m-pw. CXn\v
Xti`cW m]-\- hgn {]tXyI kvIoap-I Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. apgp-h tXmw sXmgn-em-fn-I-tfbpw
_n.-]n.-F Bbn IW-mn tdj\pw av B\p-Iq-ey-fpw \Ipw.
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn `qan ssIhiw hbvp-Ibpw km `qan ssIt-dp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p hInS tXm-apS-aI
- s-Xnsc Ii\ \S]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. Ah-cpsS ssIh-ia
- p Acw `qan s]mXp- B-hi
- y-pw
`qc-ln-Xv hnX-cWw sNpXn\pw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pw.
01.01.1977 \v app apgp-h IpSn-tb Ij-Ipw dh-\yq--h\w hIp-p-I-fpsS kwbp shcn-^n-tj ]qn-bm-n-bn-p `qan-bn \mev G hsc D]m-[n-c-ln-X-ambn ]bw \Ipw. ]bw e`n-m\p Hcp e-tmfw IpSpw-_-v ]bw \Ip-hm-\p \S-]Sn ka-b-_-n-X-ambn kzoI-cn-pw.
`qc-ln-X-cmb BZn-hm-kn-Iv `qanbpw A\p-_ tcJ-Ifpw \Ipw.
IkvXqcn cwK dntmp-ambn _-sv ]cn-nXn Zp_-e{- ]-tZ-ia
- mbn (C.-Fk
- v.F
- ) t\mnss^ sNp
{]tZ-i--fn P\-hmk tI{-, Irjn-`q-an-I, tXm- Fnh Hgn-hm-pw. bp.-Un.-F^v km
tI{ h\w--]-cn-nXn a{m-e-b-n\v \In-bn-p tcJ-I-fn CXn-\m-h-iy-amb amw hcp-pw.

arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
34.

35.
36.

37.

38.
39.
40.

41.

42.

]m D]m-Z-\-n kzbw-]-cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-pw. CXn-\mbn ana-bpsS {]h-\-sf bYm

B\v amXr-I-bn ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-pw. oc-t-a-kw-L-v kvIoap-IfpsS ASn-m-\-n IqSpX [\-k-lmbw \Ipw.
Ip-Ipn ]cn-]m-e\w kvIow km-{Xn-I-am-pw. IpSpw-_{io ]ip, BSv {Kmaw ]-Xn-I in-s-Sppw.
Id-h-m-cpsS Zue-`y-amWv Hcp {][m-\-s {]iv\w. sNdp-InS bqWn-p-I-fn ]m Id-p--Xn\v klmb-I-c-amb coXn-bn Idhp b{-sf sa-s-Sp-t--Xv Bh-iy-amWv. oc-kw-L--fpsS Iogn
samss_ Idh bqWn-p-Isf t{]mm-ln-npw.
Ip-Imen taJe t\cn-Sp Ghpw henb {]iv\w Imen-o--bp-sS Zue-`y-hp-w hnebpam-Wv. s]mXp-taJ-eb
- n Imen-o Dm-Z\
- t- ijn Cc-n-bmpIbpw \ymb-hn-ebvv Irjn-mv e`y-am-p-Ibpw sNpw.
Xo-pv Irjn-mbn sXmgn-ep-dv ]-Xnsb D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pw. sXmgn-ep-dv ]-Xn-bn Ip-Imen
hfIqSn Ds-Sp-m tI{-km-cn kw sNep-pw.
hnhn[ hep--n-ep B[p-\nI Ad-hp-im-e-Iv imkv{Xo-b-amb tamU-ep-I Xm-dm-p-Ibpw ka-b_-n-X-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-ambh Fm ap\n-kn-m-en-n-I-fnepw ]m-b-p-I-fnepw m]npw.
aqey-hnX D-
- fneqsS sshhn-[y-h-cWw \S-n-em-p-Xp hgn Irjn-m-cpsS hcp-am\w hnn-m-\mhpw.
hmIvkn-\p-I, hnc acp-p-I, tcmK-\nWb Inp-I XpS-n-b-h ]mtemSv shn-\dn _tbm-f-Pn-
Cn-yq-n Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn D]m-Zn-n-p-Ibpw saUn- khokv tIm-td-js KpW-\n-ehm-c-ap acp-p-I hmm Xt-i-`-cW m]-\-sf klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNp-w.
A\y-kw-m-\--fn \nv hcp ]m AS--ap D--fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ Ii-\ambn \S-m-pw. tIc-f-n anasb IqSmsX amXrIm oc kl-I-cW kwL-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-n
s{]mUyq-k I\nI Bcw-`n-pw. Ah Xopw ]mens aqey-hnX D-- \nn-p--Xmbn-cn-pw.
tImgn-h-f taJ-e-bn A\y-kw-m\ lmdn DS-a--m-cpsS \ocm-fn-n-Spw Ipd-bvp--Xn\v
\S-]S- n-I kzoI-cn-t-X
- p-v. ]pd-p I-hS-
- mv tIm-{SmIvSv ASn-m-\
- n-emWv tIc-f
- nse
\ ]v Irjn-mcpw {]hn-p--Xv. t]m{Sn sUh-e-]vsa v tIm-td-js Cu taJ-e-bnse CS-s]-

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

S IqSp-X in-s-Sppw.
tIc-f-n Hcp hInS tImgn-o ^mIvSdn m]n-pw. \psS \K-c--fnse Cdn amen-\yhpw ao
Ah-in-jvS-fpw Akw-kvIrX hkvXp--fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-mw. aen-\o-I-c-W-an-msX C-c-samcp ^mIvSdn
{]hn-n-m Ignbpw FmWv hntZ-i-cm-Py--fpsS A\p-`-h- ImWn-p--Xv.
Hma-\-]n hf, hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-m-\-n \mbv-fpsS {_oUnwKv, ]cn-io-e\w, ^mw Sqdn-kw,
XpS-nb sXmgn km[y-X-I hn-n-pw. Hma-\-]-n-I-fp-sSbpw \mbv-fp-sSbpw apw hmWn-Pym-Snm-\-n-ep {_oUnwKv hntI-{o-Ir-X-ambn henb tXmXn \S-p-tm hn]Wn Dd-p-h-cp--Ww.
CXn-\mbn Hmsse hn]W\ sskp-I Bcw-`n-pw.
kwm-\s kvIqfp-I tI{o-Ic
- nv ]T-\t- m-sSmw hcp-am-\hpw F ]-Xn-bn-eqsS tImgn- hf
kvIow hn]p-e-s-Sppw. d tXm-fn kpc-nX hebw Hcpn Xpd-mb ev hen-b-tXm-Xn
\mS tImgn hf t{]mm-ln-n-pw. tImgn {Kmaw ]Xn hym]-I-ampw.
arK-kw-c
- W taJ-eb
- vp hmbv]I
- ImjnI hmbv]I
- f
- mbn IW-m-p-X
- n\v _mp-Iv \ntiw
\Ip--Xn-\p \S-]Sn ssIsm-pw. arK-kw-c-W taJ-e-bvp km sNehv kwm\ hcpam-\-ns Hcp iX-am-\-ambn Dbpw.
Ip-Im-en-Iv ka{K Cjz-dkv Dd-m-pw. Xt-i-`-cW m]-\-- \Inb Ip-Im-en-I Npt]m-b-Xn-sbpw Idh ipjv-am-b-Xn-sbpw ^e-ambn IS-s-Wn-bn-emhpIbpw P]vXn \S-]-Sn-I A`n-apJo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX Irjn-m-cp-v. Chsc klm-bn-m Hcp ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. Cybnse
X\Xv P\p-p-Iv {]m[m\yw \In kwc-n-p Xc-n CS-s]-Spw. Fm Ip-Im-en-Ipw
slv ImUv ]Xn \S-n-em-pw.

ay-ta-Je
48.

49.

50.

51.
52.

53.

54.

ImjnItaJ-e-bn `q]-cn-jvI-cWw sImp-hv Irjn-`qan Irjn-mv hnX-cWw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse

ay-ta-J-e-bn IS-ens Ah-Imiw IS-en ao ]nSn-p ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv Dd-p-h-cp-p
ka-{K-amb Pe-]-cn-jvI-cW \nbaw Bhn-jvI-cnv \S-n-em-pw. AXp-hgn ay-_--t\m-]-I-c-W--fpsS
DS-am-h-Im-iw, IS-ense ay-hn-`-h--fpsS DS-am-h-Im-iw, IS-en-te-bvp {]th-i\ A[n-Imcw Fnh
ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-p--Xn\pw ]nSn-p-sIm-p-h-cp ]-a-y-ns BZy
hn]-\m-h-Imiw ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv am{X-ambn \nP-s-Sp-p--Xn\pw AtIz-dn-b dnt^mw-kn
hyh sNpw.
^nj-do-kp-ambn _-s \ne-hn-ep-ff \nb-a-fpw \nb-{-W-fpw ay-k--ns kpn-cX Dd-mm ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-n-. 1995 se D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]c ay-_-\ s]cp-amL-ns (kn.-kn.-B.-F^v) ASn-m-\-n tIc-f-ns Xoc--S ay-k-v kpn-c-amb tXmXn ]cn-]men-p--Xn\v
1980 se sI.-Fw.-F-^v.-B BIvSn ]m-fn hn`h ]cn-]m-e-\-nepw \nb-{-W-nepw Dun-bp
Imtem-Nn-X-amb t`Z-K-Xn-I hcp-pw. hntZi t{Smf-dp-I ay-_-\w \S-p coXn Cm-Xm-m
tI{-km-cn kw sNep-pw.
ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I, A\p-_--sXm-gn-em-fn-I, t_mpSa-I, DtZym-K-, imkv{X-m, k
kwL-S-\-I XpS-n- ay-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _-s Fm-h-cp-sSbpw ]m-fn--tm-Sp-IqSn ]m-fn
hn`h amt\-Pvsa v \b-fpw Ia-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. {]mtZ-inI Pnm kwm-\-X-e--fn
ay-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa v Iuknep-Iv cq]w \Ipw.
akqIme ay-_-\ \ntcm-[\w XpSpw \S-n-em-pw.
apcmcn Inn ip]mi-I \S-n-em-m kw sNeppw. hwi-\mi `ojWn t\cn-Sp Xt-iob ay-fpsS kwc--W-n-\mbn kwtbm-PnX ]-Xn-I \S-n-empw. s]mXp-P-em-i-b--fn hn]p-e-amb
tXmXn ay-hnv \nt-]n-pw. ay--fpsS kzm`m-hnI {]P-\\ Bhm-k-tI{- kwc-n-pw.
Bg--S ay-_-\ taJ-e-bn F.-H.-]n. kvIoan hntZi I-ep-I-fpsS IS-p-I-bw sNdp-p-Xn\v _Z \S-]S- n-bmbn ay-sm-gn-emfn kl-Ic
- W kwL-v Bg-S- ay-_
- \
-
- n hnZKv
]cn- i o- e \w \Ip- Xn\pw Bg- - S ay- _ - - \ n\v t]mIp Xt- i ob bm\- - s f B[p\nIhcnp--Xn\pw ]pXnb bm\- kzmb--am-p--Xn\pw k_vkn-Un-Ifpw DZm-c-amb hmbv]m-\b-fpw Bhn-jv-cnv \S-n-em-pw.
IS`nn \nmWw bp-Im-em-Sn-m-\-n hn]p-e-s-Sp-pw. IS-em-{I-aW `ojWn t\cn-Sp {]tZi--fn Xma-kn-p ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv, Ahv Xmev]-cy-ap-s-n, \ne-hn-ep `qan-bpsS
Ah-Imiw \ne-\nn-sm-p-Xs A\p-tbm-Py-amb kpc-nX taJ-e-bn-tebvv amdn-m-a-kn-p-Xn\v ]v ew cq] hoXw [\-k-lmbw \Ipw. IS-tem-c-p `qanbn hp-]n-Sn-n-p Imm-Sn-a-c-

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.

65.

66.
67.
68.

69.

-fp-sSbpw apw hcp-am-\hpw ay-sm-gn-em-fn-m-bn-cnpw. ay-sm-gn-emfn `h-\

- v kn.-B.-CskUn\nv Cfhv \In Xmm-enI \ \Ipw.
ay-ta-J-e-bn hcp-am\h-\-hn\v ]p kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpsS klm-b-m ayw kwkvI-cnv
aqey-hnX D]---fmn amp--Xn\pw sshhn-[y-h-cWw sImp-h-cp--Xn\pw ASn-m-\-ku-Icy-sam-cp-p-Ibpw sshZKv[y t]mjWn-eqsS aysmgnemfn h\n-X-Iv B taJ-e-bn ]pXnb
sXmgn-e-h-k-c- krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
^njnwKv lm_-dp-I, emnwKv sk-dp-I, ay-am-p-I Fn-hbpw Ah-sb tZio-b-]mX-bp-ambn
_n-n-p Xoc-tZi tdmUp-Ifpw hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw KpW-\n-eh
- m-ct- m-Sp-IqSn kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
ka-{K-amb tIm amt\-Pvsa v m\ns `mK-am-bn-pthWw ]pXnb lm_-dp-Iv AwKo-Imcw \tI-Xv. B[p-\n-I-h-cWw in-s-Sp-pw.
ao]nSn lm_-dp-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-n\v ay-sm-gn-em-fn-IvIqSn ]m-fn--ap lm_ amt\Pvsa v skmssk-n-Iv cq]w \Ipw. ^njnwKv lm_-dp-I-fn ioXn-I-cn tmtdPv kuI-cy-
Hcppw. a-y-_-\ Xpd-ap-J- \ho-I-cn-p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-sbmw ]m-e kuIcyw Gs-SppIbpw sNpw.
A]ISw \nd kml-N-cy--fn ay-_-\w \S-p sXmgn-em-fn-Iv IS kpc Dd-m-p-Xn\v ay-_-\ taJ-e-bn sF.-kn.Sn km[y-X-I {]tbm-P-s-Spn ka-{K-amb ISkp-cm ]mtPn\v cq]w \Ipw.
ay-ta kwL--fpsS {]h\w ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-pw.
ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Ip ]-b-hn-X-cWw ka-b-_-n-X-ambn ]qo-I-cn-p-w.
F.-]n.-F-_
- n.-]n.-F ]cn-KW
- \ IqSmsX Fm ay-smgn-em-fn-Ipw kmaq-ly-kp-cm ]-Xn-IfpsS
{]tbm-P\w e`y-am--pw.
Ib-p-aX
- n-m-cn \nv ta-\n-[n-bn-tebvv hnlnXw ]ncn-p-X
- n\v \ne-hn-ep XS-
- \ow sNbvXv
ta-\n[n t_mUns km-nI {]Xn-kn ]cn-l-cn-pw.
kmZy kam-izmk ]-Xn-bpsS B\p-Iqeyw 3600 cq]bmbn hn-nm Ign F.-Un.-F^v km
FSp Xocp-am\w ASn-b--c-ambn \S-n-empw.
ay-ta-J-e-bnse ]mnS {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v Fm-hpw hoSv, km\n-dnIqkv kuI-cy-,
IpSn-sh-w, sshZyp-Xn, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-kcw Fnh Ddp hcp-p--Xn\v ka-{K-amb Xoc-tZi
]mnS ]Xn Bhn- j v - c np \S- n- e m- pw. amXrIm ay{Kmaw ]Xn ]p\cmhnjv I cnpw.
ay{Kman DmtI an\naw kuIcyfpsS apKW\m]nI XmdmpIbpw Ah
DdphcppIbpw sNpw. ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS `h\\nm-W-n\v \nmW sNe-hns Imem-\pkr-X-amb h-\-hns ASn-m-\-n ]pXpn \n-bn-pw. ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]mnS \nmW-n\v \nb-a-]-c-ambn \ne\np XS-- Cm-Xm-m CS-s]-Spw.
Btcm-Ky--hn-Zym-`ymk cwK--fn ay-ta-Je t\cn-Sp ]ntm-m-h amn-sb-Sp-p--Xn\v Xoc-tZi
taJ- e bv v {]tXyI ]mtPv Bhn- j v I - c nv \S- m- pw. XoctZi kv qfpIfnse kuIcy
hn]peoIcnpw. sse{_dnI ]T\hoSpIfmn ampXn\v Hcp ]Xn Xmdmpw. kzm{ib tImtf-PpI- f n ]Tn- p ay- s m- g n- e mfn Ipn- I - f psS ]T\ sNehv km ]qWambpw hlnpw.
]nIhn`mKpff Fm hnZym`ymk B\pIqeyfpw aysmgnemfn IpnIpw e`yampw.
ay sXmgn-emfn IpSpw-_--fpsS km-nI nXn IW-n-se-Spv _n.-]n.-F am\-Zw A\p-h-Znp--Xn\pthn CS-s]-Spw.
ay-sm-gn-emfnIsf IS-_m-[y-X-bn \nv tamNn-n-p--Xn\v F.-Un.-F^v km sImp-h
ISm-izmk \S-]-Sn-I ]qo-I-cn-pw.
sXmgn D]IcWpw Cjzdkv Gs-Sppw. Cjz-dkv B\p-Iq-ey- hn-n-pw.
hngnw Xpd-apJ ]Xn \S-n-em-p--Xn-eqsS sXmgnepw D]-Po-h\ kuI-cy-fpw Bhm-k-hy-h-bpw
\jvS-s-Sp ay-sm-gn-em-fn-Iv A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw aXn-bmb \jvS-]-cn-lm-chpw Ddm-pw. Xpd-apJ \ho-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-sv Ccw {]iv\- Dbp-h-cp {]tZ-i--fn CtX
\S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
ay-hn-]-W\ taJ-e-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-p kv{XoIv am-p-I-fn IpSn-sh-w, iuNm-e-bw, hn{i-aku-I-cy-, ioX-kw-`-cW kuI-cy- Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-pw. ay-hn-]-W\ kwkvI-cW taJ-e-Ifn sXmgn-se-Sp-p kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-I t\cn-Sp NqjWw Ah-km-\n-n-pw. ay-am-p-I \hoI-cn-p--Xn\pw ASn-m\ kuI-cy- Gs-Sp-p--Xn\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.

70.

ay-tI-cfw ]Xn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-pw. D\m-S ay-e-`yX Ap-hjw-sImv Cc-n-bm-m-\mWv

ey-an-Sp--Xv. Ipf-fpw Umap-Ifpw am{X-a-, hb-ep-I-fn kwtbm-PnX ay-Ir-jnbpw t{]mm-ln-npw. Imb-ep-I-fnepw \Zn-I-fnepw ay -hw-i-h\ ey-an-p-sImv henbtXmXn ay-p-p-sf
\nt-]n-pw.

]cn-nXn
71.
72.

73.

74.

75.
76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

km A[n-Im-c-tav Bdp-am-k-n-\Iw ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS Cs Ah--sb-n Hcp [h-f-]{Xw Cdpw. ap km-cns ]cn-nXn hncp-hpw P\-hn-cp--hp-amb Fm D-c-hp-Ifpw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-pw.
kwm\ s\h-b--\oS kwc-W \nbaw A\p-im-kn-p {]Imcw D]-{Kl `qS-ns klmb-tmsS tUm _mp-I Bdp-am-k-n-\Iw {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Ibpw P\-Iob ]cn-tim-[-\-bvp-tijw
Hcp hj-n-\pn An-a-cq]w \Ip-Ibpw sNpw. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb A[nI DtZym-K-sc \nb-anpw.
s\h-b kwc--W-\n-b-aw, tIcf `qhn-\n-tbmK HmU Fn-h-bn shw tNm-\p bp.-Un.-F^ns \S-]-Sn-I Dt]-n-pw. \nb-a-hn-cp \new \nI--ep-Iv t\sc Ii\ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-pw. `q]cn[n \nbaw _n\man CS-]m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS ewLn-p--Xn\v XS-bn-Spw.
tIc-f-ns ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n ]n-a-L--ns {]m[m-\yhpw Dsm-p-sImv {]mtZ-inI
P\-hn-`m-K--fp-sSbpw Ij-I-cp-sSbpw ]m-fnw Dd-mnsmv ]n-a-L kwc-W ]Xnv cq]w
\Ipw.
i-m-k-v{-X k-m-t--X-n-I-h-n-Z-y-I a-e-n-\-o-I-c-W-w H-g-n-h-m--p--X-n-\v D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p Xc-n-ep \S-]-SnI kzoI-cn-pw. hyh-kmb m]-\--fn aen-\o-IcW \nb-{Ww Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
i-m-k-v{-X-o-b-amb ]T-\-n-sbpw k-m-a-q-l-y-\-n-b-{---ns-b-p-w A-S-n--m-\--n-t-e ]-m-d-, aW J\\-w \Sm A\p-aXn \Ip-I-bp-q. \ZoXS aWens Aan-X-amb NqjWw Hgn-hm-p--Xn-\mbn tijn ]T\hpw \nb-{-Whpw sImp-hcpw.
tIc-f
- ns J\n-P
- s]mXp-DS- a
-
X
- b
- n-emp-Ibpw J\-\
- n\v i-amb kmaqly \nb-{W kwhn[m\w sImp-h-cn-Ibpw sNpw. B-h-i-y-a-m-b ]-m-c-n--n-X-n-I k-w-c--W-w D-d--p-h-c-p--n-, s-]-m-X-p-t-a-J-e-b-p-s-S
a-p-ss
- I
- b
- n- a-qe
- y- h
- -n- X
- D-]m- Z- \
-
- n- \
- p- t-h
- n- - I-cn- a
- W
- J-\\
- w- \S-p-X
- n-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
t-I-c-f-w t-\-c-n-S-p- H-c-p {-]-[-m-\ {-]-i-v\-a-mb P-e a-e-n-\-o-I-cW-w ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
CXns `mK-ambn \nnX C-S-t-h-f-I-f-n P-e-K-p-W-\-n-e-h-m-c ]-c-n-t-i-m-[-\-b-p-w A-X-n-\-\-p-k-c-n--p- P-e-t-{-k-mX-k-v ]-c-n-]-m-e-\-h-p-w D-d--m--m-\-m-h-i-y-a-m-b k-w-h-n-[-m\-w X-t--i `-c-W -m-]-\---p-w Iogn Dm-pw.
Fm Xc-n-ep-ap \o-S
- fpw ]ucm-WnI sIn-S
- fpw kwc-n-p-X
- n\v Xti kzbw-`c
- W m]\--fpsS klm-b-tmsS ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cnpw.
s-N-d-p \-o--S--s-f A-S-n--m-\-a-m-n-b-p- P-e-k-w-c--W P-e-h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K h-n-I-k-\ ]-c-n-]-m-e-\ I--]-c-n]-m-S-n-I X--m-d-m-I-p-I-b-p-w A-h k-w-t-b-m-P-n--n--v s-I-m--v \-Z-o-X-S-X-e P-e-]-c-n-]-m-e-\ ]--X-n-b-p-w k-w--m-\-X-e
P-e-]-c-n-]-m-e-\ ]--X-n-b-pw \S-n-em-pw. X-t--i `cW -m-]-\--f-p-s-S D--ch-m-Z-n---n Ccw \-o-S X-e ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-I \S-n-em-p-p-sv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. K-m-l-n-I-m-]-\-Xe- h-y-m-h-k-m-b-n-I k-w-c-w` X-e--f-n-s-e--m-w a-g-s-h--s-I-m-b-v-v, P-e ]-p-\-c-p-]-t-b-m-K-w X-p-S--n-b \-S-]-S-n-I A-S--p- I-]-c-n-]-m-S-n
\S-n-em-pw.
kwm-\s Fm ]m-b-p-I-fnepw \o-S--fpsS (Ip-f-, Smv, I\m, Acp-hn, ]pg) ]nI
Xm-dm-pw. CXns hym]vXn, Bgw, ssPh-ssh-hn[yw Fnh {]Xn-]m-Zn-pw. Cs\ kqn-p
XoS ]nI AXmXv ]m-b-n kqn-p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\ D-c-hm-ZnXzw ]m-bp-I-fn \nn-]vX-am-bn-cnpw.
Dm-Z\ h\ ey-am-n-sm-p Hcp ka{K Xoc-tZi ay-_-\ \bw sImp-h-cpw. Imb,
Agn-ap-Jw, s]mgn, I Fn-h-bpsS kwc--Whpw Cu Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fn-te-p ]pg-bpsS \oscmgpv \ne-\nn-smv aen-\o-I-cWw Hgn-hm-n-sm-p-ap Hcp \bw kzoI-cn-pw.
Hcp hn[-n-ep h\w It-hpw A\p-h-Zn-p--X-. h\-ta-J-e-Ifnse Imv taJ-e-I Akv]inX
Dh-\fmbn \ne-\npw. \ne-hn-ep h\-taJesf kwc-n-p--Xn\v Xti kzbw-`-cW m]\-tfbpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-tbpw ]m-fn-I-fmpw.
X-S-n B-h-i-y-w \-n-d-t-h--m I-m-S-n-\-p ]-p-d--v I-m-j-n-I h-\h--c-W-w \-S--n-e-m-p-w. h-\-m-h-I-m-i \-n-b-a-w Ii-\-a-m-b-n \-S--n-e-m--p-I-b-p-w X-S-n-t-bX-c h-\-h-n-`-h- t-i-J-c-n--m-\-p-w h-n--m-\-p-a-p- A-h-I-m-i-w B-Z-n-h-mk-n-I--v D-d--m--pw.

84.

85.

86.
87.
88.
89.

90.
91.

h-\---v ]-p-d-s-a I-I-m-S-p-I-, I-m-h-p-I-, \-Z-o-X-o-c-k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I k-k-y-P-m-e--, Pe-m-i-b--f-p-s-S h-m-lI-{-]-t-Z-i- X-p-S--n-b-h-b-p-s-a-m-s- k-w-c--n--p-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. s-]-m-X-p D-S-a--X-b-n e`-y-a-m-b a--v F--m D-N-n-X-a-m-b {-]-t-Z-i--f-n-e-p-w h-\-h-X-v-c-W--n-\-p-w l-c-n-X-h-X-v-c-W--n-\-p-w X-t--i `-c-W
-m-]-\ X-e--n ]-c-n-]-mS-n Bhn-jvI-cnpw-.
k-w--m-\-s- F--m \-n--m-W h-k-vX-p--f-p-s-S-b-p-w B-h-i-y-h-p-w e-`-y-X-b-p-w I-W--n-s-e-S-p--p- H-c-p a-m-
-m X-m-d-m--p-w. \-n--m-W h-k-vX-p- I-g-n-b-p--n-S-t--m-f-w ]-p-\-c-p-]-t-b-m-K-n--p- c-o-X-n-b-p-w t-{-]-m--m-l-n-npw.
Xoc-\n-b{- -W\
- n-baw ay-sm-gn-em-fn-IfpsS {]iv\
- IqSn IW-n-se-Spv ]pXppw. Xoc-tZi AtXmdn-n-bpsS {]h\w hntI-{o-Ic
- npw. Ah-bpsS {]h\w kpXm-cy-am-Ip-sav Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
]nIv {Smkvt]mv kwhn-[m-\s t{]mm-ln-n-pw. kpnc KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-v apKW\ \Ipw.
i_vZ aen-\o-I-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc ka-{K-amb \nb-{-W- sImp-h-cpw.
Fm ]m-b-p-I-fnepw ap\n-kn-m-en-n-I-fnepw ssPhssh-hn[y cPn- Xm-dm-pw. \ne-hn-ep-h
imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]pXpn kq-am-pw. CXns ASn-m-\-n ssPh-ssh-hn[yw hn-n-p-Xn\v ka-b-_-nX ]cn-]mSn Xm-dm-pw.
FtUm-k^m Zpcn-X-_m-[n-Xsc kwc-n-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
mn-a-S-bnse Pe-Nq-jWhpambn _-sv kwm\ \nb-a-k` AwKo-I-cn \nbaw \S-n-em-p--Xn\v
tI{-km-cn kw sNep-pw.

]c--cm-KX hyh-kmb
Ib
92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

cmw Ib ]p\xkwLS\ kvIoan\v cq]w \Ipw. Ib kwL--fp-sSbpw \mfn-tIc D]m-Z\ s{]mUyqk I\n-I-fp-sSbpw B`n-ap-Jy-n tIc-f-nse 30 iX-am\w sXms-nepw kw`-cnv NIncn Dm-Znn-pw. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb k_vknUn \Ipw.
kaqeamb amw htcp taJe Ib]ncn kwLfpsS {]h\amWv. \ne-hn-ep kwLsf
]cntim[nv ]p\cpohnnm km[yamh Ahkm\nnpw. Zp_eamb kwLsf
kwtbmPnnpXn\pff \S]Sn kzoIcnpw. AhcpsS hmbv]I sjbdmpw. ]eni FgpXnpw.
hn\ntbmKnsSm BkvXnI ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKnpXn\pff kzmX{yw \Ipw.
Ib taJ-e-bn b{-h-cWw \S-m-pw. B[p-\nI Unss^-_dn b{, HmtmamnIv kv]nnwKv
b{, S^vnwMv XpS-nb b{-kw-hn-[m-\- t{]mm-ln-n-pw. \ne-hn-ep sXmgn-em-fn-Iv
km kq kpc Dd-p-h-cppw.
an\naw Iqen Ddphcpn kwL D]mZnnp Ib Ibs^Upw Ib D]-- Ib
tIm-td-j\pw hmpw. Cu Ib IbpaXnmpw B`y-c hym]mcnIpw hyhkmbnIpw
hnptmgpmIp \jvSw km hlnpw. CXp-hgn ssIsXm-gn-ep-Im-cpsS hcpam\w Ddp hcpm-\m-Ipw.
Ibs^Uns XIbmWv hyhkmbns nXn CXpt]mse ]cn- X m- ] - I - c - a m- p- - X n\v
hgnsbmcpnbXv. Ibs^Uns IS_m[yXI FgpXnffn ]pXnb [ \nhlnm
]cym]vXampw.
hntZ-i- hn-]-Wn-tbm-sSmw Cv B`y-c hn]-Wnbpw {][m-\-am-Wv. FUnF^v km Bhn-jvIcn ""Hcp hon Hcp Ib-dpw'' Iymbn\v henb t{]mm-l-\-amWv e`n-Xv. Ib Pntbm-sS-Ivs-ens\ Hcp \namWkma-{Kn-bmbn s]mXp-a-cm-av am\z-en AwKo-I-cn-Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-m-pw.
Ib Ib-p-aXn t{]mm-ln-n-p-X
- n-\p-thn Izmfnn It{Sm ]p\x-m-]n-p-X
- n\v Ib t_mUpw
tI{-kmcpw Xm-dm-I-Ww. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kw sNep-pw.

Iip-hn
98.

Iip-hn sXmgn-em-fn-Iv hjw apgp-h sXmgn Ddph-cp-p--Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. ASpInS-p ^mIvS-dn-I Xpdv {]hn-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I ssIsm-pw.
99. tIcfnse tXmnbpsS B`yc D]mZ\w hnnmsX hyhkmbs \ne\nm\mhn. CXn\v
D]mZ\aX IqSnbXpw ]enp hfcmXpamb Iipamhv C\ t{]mmlnnpw.
100. CdpaXnbnepmbnp A\mtcmKy {]hWXI Hgnhmpw. s]mXptaJebnse tXmn

CdpaXnbnse \S]Sn{Ia ka{Kambn ]cntim[nv Ah IqSpX kpXmcyhpw

AgnaXnclnXhpamWw. Agn-a-Xn-s-Xnsc Ii\ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. tXm-n Cd-p-aXn sNbvXv
I-hSw am{Xw \S-p t{StU-gvkns\ hyh-km-b-n \nv Hgn-hm-p--Xn-\p Ii\ \S-]Sn kzoIcn-pw.
101. ssekkv ]pXpn \Iptm sXmgnemfnImhiyamb ]me kuI-cy-fpw, tkh\ thX\
hyhIfpw \Smnbnpsv Ddv hcppw. ]n.F^v ImUpIfpw C.Fkv.sF kvamv ImUpIfpw
Fm sXmgnemfnpw e`npp-sv Dd-p-h-cp-m ]cn-tim-[\ Dun-X-s-Sp-pw. A\[nIrX
kwkvcW bqWnpI, IpSnhdpv Fnh CmXmpXn\p Ii\\S]SnI kzoIcnpw.
102. aqeyhnX DXv]fpsS DXv]mZ\hpw hn]W\hpw ]camh[n t{]mmlnnpw.
103. \nehnep apgph sXmgnemfnIpw sXmgn \Ipsa Ddv tcJmaqew \Ip sXmgnepSabvv
sj-nw-Kv taJ-e-bn ]cn-an-X-amb cq]-n b{h-cWw Gs-Sp-p-Xn\v AwKo-Imcw \Ipw.

ssIdn
104.

DmZ\ coXn-I-fpsS \ho-I-c-Whpw D] sshhn-[y-h-c-Whpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.

105. \qens Aan-Xa
- mb hne-b
-
- a
- mWv ssIdn taJe t\cn-Sp asmcp apJy-{]-iv\w. Akw-kvIrX hkvXphmb Ign-\q-ens Zue`yw ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v tIc-f-nse kl-I-cW kv]nnMv anp-I-tfm-S-\p-_-nv
Ign-\q \nam-W-tI-{- m]n-p-X
- n\v km [\-kl
- mbw \Ipw. Hcp \qev kwkvI-c-W-ime
m]n-pw. kv]nnwKv anp-If
- n lmn-bm (I-gn-\q) Hcp \nnX iX-am\w D]m-Zn-n-p-p-sv
Ddv hcp-pw.
106. kl-I-cWkw-L--fpsS ]p\-xkw-L-S\bvp IqSp-X ]Ww e`y-am-p--Xn-t\m-sSmw _n\man kwLsf \ow sNp--Xn-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cnpw. lmsS-Ivknsbpw lmho-hn-sbpw ]p\xkwL-S\ ]qn-bmpw. dnt_v ]p\xm]npw.
107. hcpam\ Ddp ]XnbpsS `mK-ambn 100 Znhkssbnepw D]mZ\w an\naw Iqen Ddphcpp
\nebvv km hmn kw`cnpw. km hIppIv Bh-iy-am-bn-p ]pXpIfpw hncnIfpw
sXmgnepdpImpff HmWkm\amb kmcnIfpw IpnIpff kvq bqWnt^mapIfpsamw
Ccn D]mZnnm\mhpw. kvIq bqWn-t^m-ap-Ismw Ign-bm-hp-n-St- mfw ssIdn XpWnI D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v \ntiw \Ipw.

JmZn {KmaoW hyhkmbw

108.

knv XpWn s\bvv, sdUn-sabvUv hmnMv bqWn-p-I, sdUn-sabvUv hkv{X-\namW bqWn-p-I,

s\bvp-]-I-c-W--fpsS \ho-I-cWw, JmZn ]cn-]m-Sn XpS-nb kvoap-I in-s-Sp-t--Xpv. ssI-dn-bn-se--t]mse JmZn-bpsS hn]-W-\-n\pw kzoI-cn-n-cn-p {]tXyI {]Nm-cW ]cn-]m-SnI in-s-Sppw. hcp-am\ Dd-p-]-Xn \S-m-pw.
109. JmZn {KmaoW hyhkmb kwcw`Iv Hcp HhW Xom ]XnbneqsS ISmizmkw
\IpXn\pff \S]Sn kzoIcnpw. kwLsf ]p\xkwLSnnpw.
110. ]p-\q kwkvI-cW tI{- a_dn Irjn-{]-tZ-i--fn m]n-pw.

av ]c--cm-KX hyh-km-b-
111.
112.

113.
114.
115.

kwm\ _mw_q tImtdjs {]h\w ka{Kambn AhtemI\w sNbvXv ]p\xkwLSnnpw.

sXmgn-ep-dv ]-Xn-bn Ds-Spn apf hym]Iambn hp-]n-Sn-npw.
kwm\v apfhymhkmbnI D]ambn hn]W\w sNp kwm\ _mw_q tImtdjs
{]h\w IqSpX ImcyaamIWw. ]ccmKX sXmgnemfnIfpsS kwcWn\v tImw XmsX
tImtdjs Iognep \fw sslsSIv ^vtfmdnwKv ssS ^mdn hn]p-eo-I-cn-pw. acn\p ]Icw
apf F kao-]-\s t{]mm-ln-npw.
sXnXSn hoSv \nm-W
- n\pw hop-]I
- c
- W \nm-W
- n-\p-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m klm-bn-p hyhkmb ime-I m]n-m kwcw-`-Isc t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
Ip, ]mb, ]\v s\bvv XpSnb ssIsm-gn-ep-Isf kwc-n-p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
Ifna hyhkmbn\mhiyamb sNfn UmapIfn\npw apw e`yampXn\v \S]Sn kzoIcnpw.
taav \jvSsSm coXnbnepw hbepIfn shffsv Hgnhmnbpw sNfn e`yampw. a]m{Xfpw
ap Ifna D]fpw B[p\nI Unssk\n aqeyhnX D]fmn ampXn\pff \S]SnI

116.
117.
118.

119.
120.

121.

122.

123.

kzoIcnpw. Sqdnkhpambn _sSpn IcIuie taJebnse Bkq{XnXamb hnIk\n\v

]cn]mSnI BhnjvIcnpw. tI-cf tv Cn-yqv Hm^v Unssk-kns {]h\w IqSp-X sas-Sp-pw.
I hyh-km-b-n \nv km-cn\v e`n-p hcp-am\w Cu taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ta-n\m-bn-s D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
_oUn, Npcpv sXmgn-em-fn-Ip {]tXyI kmaq-ly-kp-cm s]j ]-Xn- hn]p-e-s-Sp-pw. ]pXpXmbn Gs-Sp-nb A[n-I-\n-IpXn Cm-Xm-p--Xn\v \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
sNp hyhkmbn\v A\ptbmPyamb s]mw Ipd kcbn\w sXpI \SpXn\v {]tXyI
t{]mml\w \Ipw. IffpjmpI \hoIcnpXn\pw B[p\oIcnpXn\pw t{]mtmtmfn\v
cq]w \IpIbpw kwcw`Iv Bhiyamb hmbv]I e`yampIbpw sNpw. hymPaZyns\Xnscbpff
\S]SnI Dun-X-s-Sp-pw. sNv kl-I-cW kwL-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
tIcfn {][m\s Sqdnv tI{fn {Im^vv hntPpI Bcw`npw. ssIthemv AhcpsS
IgnhpI {]ZinnpXn\pw D] hn]W\w \SpXn\pw CXphgn Ignbpw.
kwm-\
- ns X\Xv ]mc-cy D-
- v hn]Wn Dd-m-m "amv tIcf' F ]Xn sImph-cpw. tIc-f
- n\n-p D-
- hntZ-ipw kztZ-ipw hn-gn-m\p ko-Ic
- W
-
- sNpw.
CXn-eqsS tIc-f-ns D--v BtKm-f-X-e-nepw B`y--c-ambpw hn]Wn Is-pw.
]pXnb kml-N-cy--fpsS shp-hnfn AXn-Po-hn-m\pw km[y-X-I D]-bp--am-m\pw s^b t{SUv
Iyq-Wnn t{SUv ]cn-[n-bn ]c--cmKX hyh-km-b-tbpw Ds-Sppw. {][m\ ]c--cm-KX hyh-kmb-sf sldn-tPv kvIn Bbn {]Jym-]nv kwc-n-pw.
Bn-kmkv tIm-td-js {]h-\- in-s-Sp-pw. km-cns klm-b- hn-n-p-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. Ic-Iu-ie sXmgn-em-fn-If
- psS hnhn[ {]iv\
- kw_-nv ]Tn ic
Inn dntmv ]cn-tim-[nv _-s kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn N sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb Xocp-a-m\--sf-Sppw. Ic-Iu-ie sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ]c--cm-KX sXmgn kaq-lw F \ne-bn Ip-sIm-p B\p-Iqey- e`n-p--Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S-pw.
hnt\m-Z-k-mc hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _-sv B\p-Iq-ey-fpw Cf-hp-Ifpw t\Sp sldn-tPv tlm-ep-Ifn ]c--cm-KX hyh-kmb D-- an\naw tXmXn-se-nepw \n_--am-pw.

B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-
124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

F^v.-F.-kn.-Sn-, Fv.-Fw.-Sn, Fv.-H.-kn, sImn jnv bmUv XpS-nb tI{ s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\-fpsS \ho-I-c-W-n\pw hn]p-eo-IcWn\pw thn i-amb kw sNep-pw. s]t{Sm sIan-
tImwIvkv F{Xbpw thKw ]qn-bm-p-hm kw sNep-pw. 1970- tI{ \nt-]-ns 3.1
iX-am-\-amWv tIc-f-n Dm-bn-cp--sX-n Cv AXv 2.6 iX-am-\-am-bn-p-v. tI{ s]mXp-ta-Jem
\nt]w \ne-hn-ep ^mIvS-dn-I-fpsS \ho-I-c-W-n\pw tImv ^mIvSdn t]mep ]pXnbh-bpsS m]\-n\pw thn i-amb kw Db-pw.
sImnbnse {]Ir-Xn-hm-XI sSan\en \npw Ipd Nne-hn [mc-f-ambn e`y-am-bn-p kml-N-cyn Hcp sa-t\m m,v tmdn kwbp--, s]t{Sm sIan- D--, hmX-Im-[n-jvTnX
sshZypXn \ne-b-, knn Kymkv ]-XnI Fnh \S-n-em-pw. \nnjvS ss]v sse ]Xn
AXnthKw ]qoIcnv tZiob hmXI {KnUpambn sImn {]IrXn hmXI sSan\ens\ _nnpw.
tI-cf
-
- ns Aaq-ey-amb [mXp-k
-
- mWv Xoc-{]-tZ-is [mXp-aW
- . Hcp Imc-Wh
- i
- mepw Akw-kvIrX
hkvXp-hmbn Ib-p-aXn sNm ]mSn-. aqey-h\ ssSm-\n-b-n HXp-msX ssSm-\nbw sa-entev \op--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hInS m v IqSntb Xocq. CXn\mhiyamb kmtXnIhnZy Cu cwKs
{]apJcpambnp Iqv kwcw`fneqsS Ism\mhpXmWv. ]cnnXn\ptbmPyamb coXnbn
{_lmb Hcp am m\ns ASnm\n AXoh temeamb ISocs temlaW L\\w
GtIm]nnpIbpw thWw.
56 hjv ap]v hn`mh\w sNbvX Bq CeIvt{SmWnIv lmUv shb ]mn\mhiyamb
esaSpv t]mepw ]qnbmm Ignnn. tkm^vvshb cwKs \psS hnI-k-\-n\v A\pcq-]-ambn Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv lmUvth-b \nm-W-n\v Bh-iy-amb ]-Xn-I ASnbncambn Bhnjv-cn-pw.
kvIn sUh-e]
- vsa v, Icn-b ssKUkv Fnh hgn 10 ew ]pXnb sXmgn-eh
- k
- c- \Ip--Xn\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv km[-\- Dm-Zn-n-p kwhn-[m-\-ap-mn Db
kmt-XnI sshZ-Kvy-ap cp-ew t]pw kmt-XnI sshZKvyw Ipd cp-ew t]pw

129.

130.

131.

132.
133.

134.

135.

sXmgn-eh
- k
- cw Dm-pw. hj-n Hcp-e
- t- mfw ]pXnb Fn-\o-bam ]pd-p-hc
- p-p-v. Chv
sXmgn-e-h-kcw Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v hnhn[ Xpd-I-fnse km[y-X-I kwtbm-Pn-nv kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw.
kwm-\v kpe-`-am-bn-p ]q, ]g-, kpK hyRvP-\- Fnh D]-tbm-Knv \m\m-Xcw
D]-- Dm-m Ign-bp-w. Cc-n {]Ir-Xn-P\yamb dkn-\p-I, Nmb-, t]mj-I-,
te]-\- Fnh \nn-p-Xns\ t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
kqva sXmgn kwcw-`- t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn\v hmbv]-tbm-sSmw kmt-XnIhnZy, ]cn-io-e-\w,
hn]-Wn XpS-n-b-h-sbmw Hcp ]mt-Pmbn \Im Ign-b-Ww. _-s hyh-km-b- ASnm-\-n m]nv D--v KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-mn {_mUv \ma-n tI{o-Ir-X-ambn
hn]-W\w sNm-\p ]-Xn-I-fmWv A`n-Imayw.
Fm Pn-If
- nepw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hyh-kmb taJ-eI
- f
- n sNdp-In-S- C
- S-
- cw hyh-km-bi
- m-eI
- f
- psS dp-I- m]n-pw. Ctm C-c-n -dp-I-fmbn {]hn-p d, sshp-Uv, s\p-Ip-v,
\mS `-Ww, kzWm-`-cWw, h{Pw t]mfn-jn-Mv, mkvnIv hkvXp-, ssSep-I, Ipm-b-, tXm,
apf, knv, `y-kw-kvc
- W
- w, s]bn v, P\-d Fn-\o-bd
- nMv XpS-nb hyh-km-b
- f
- psS {]h\w
]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw ]mT- Dsm-p-Ibpw sNpw.
sNdp-InS hyh-km-b
- p-ff hmbv]I
- klm-b]
- e
- n-ibvp e`y-ampw. CXn-\p-ff GPkn-bmbn tIcf
^n\mjy tIm]-td-js\ cq]m--c-s-Sp-pw.
tIc-f-nse asmcp k-mb Icn-a-W aqey-hnX hkvXp--fmbn am{Xta tIc-f-n\v ]pd-p-t]mImhq F \nbaw sImp-h-cpw. CXn-\mbn sXmgn km[y-X-I-fp aqey-hnX ]Xn XpS-pw. \mNzd dntkmgvkv tIm-td-js hcp-am\w Bip-]-{Xn-Ipw hnZym-`ym-k-n\pw am{X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-pw.
kwcw-`I t{]mm-l-\-n\v {]tXyI ]cn-]mSn Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. mv Av I-\n-Ip [\-k-lmbhpw t{]mm-l-\hpw hn-npw. kwm\ C-th-j t]mfn-knv cq]w \Ipw. ]n-I-Pm-Xn--]-nI-hK mv Av kwcw-`I
- v {]tXyI [\-kl
- m-bhpw t{]mm-l-\hpw \Ip--Xm-Wv.
kvs]jy F-tWm-anIv tkm (sk-kv) {]h\ Ah-tem-I\w sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am-
hcp-m apssI FSp-pw.

\nmW-ta-Je
136.

aW, Iv XpS-nb Ah-iy-h-kvXp- \mSns k-m-Wv. tIc-f-nse aW, Izmdn XpSnb

taJe km CS-s]-S-en-eqsS s]mXp-P-\-v klmb hnebvpw hInS \nm-W-n\v amv
hnebvpw \oXn-]qw e`y-am-pw. \mNz-d dntkmgvkkv tIm-td-js\ CXn-\mbn CS-s]-Sp--Xn\v
k-am-pw.
137. \nmWcwKs {]Xn-k
- n ]cn-lc
- n-m Ab kwm-\
- f
- n \npw aW Cd-p-aXn, dnkthmb-dnse aW hmc, ]cn-nXn am\-Z-- ]men-p-sIm-p Izmdn-I-fpsS {]h-\w, _Z kma{Kn-IfpsS D]m-Z\w XpS-nb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-p--Xm-Wv. DuP D]-t`mKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvp
{Ko-\nmW kmt-XnI hnZy-Ip t{]mm-l\w \Ipw.
138. kthm-]cn kna v, In-, s]bnp-I
- XpS-n-bh
- b
- psS hne-I D]m-Z\ sNe-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-msX
GI-]-o-b-ambn Dbp Ip-I- \b-s-Xnsc i-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-pw.

hmWn-Py-ta-Je
139.

tIcf Cn-yq-v Hm^v dos-bn amt\-Pvsa v m]n-pw. hym]mc taJ-e-bn kwcw-`-I-Xz-n\pw B[p\nI amt\-Pvsa v hnZ-Kv[m-scbpw ]cn-io-en-n-s-Sp-p--Xn\p thn-bmWv CXp m]n-pw.
140. hmWn-Py-an-j cq]o-I-cn-pw. Cu taJ-e-bnse km-cns t\mU GPkn-bm-bn-m-bn-cnpw hmWnPy-an-j {]hn-pI. 2025\Iw ssIh-cn-t IrXy-amb ey-fpw Hcp dos-bn \bhpw {]Jym]n-pw. hmWn-Py-hp-ambn _-s Fm hIp-p-I-fp-sSbpw {]h-\-sf {]Jym-]nX eyv
A\p-kr-X-ambn GtIm-]n-n-pI hmWn-Py-an-j-\m-bn-cn-pw.
141. tIcf dos-bn Fsmcp ]pXnb {_mUv krjvSn-t--Xp-v. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb {]Nm-cWw Sqdn-k-hpambn _-s-Spn thWw \S-m. tIc-f-nse hmWn-Py-ta-J-e-sb-p-dnv BIjI-amb {]Xn-Omb
krjvSn-p-I-bmWv Cu {_mUv {]Nm-c-W-ns eyw.
142. tIc-f-nse dos-bn taJe t\cn-Sp Ghpw {][m-\- sh-p-hnfn tZiobssh-tZ-inI BtKm-f-p-I-I-fpsS dos-bn irwJ-e-I-fn \nmWv. Cu hn]-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff {]tm`w aptmp sImp-t]mIp--tXm-sSmw \psS sNdp-InS m]-\--fpsS a-c-tijn Dbm-\p-ff \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw

143.

144.

145.
146.

thWw. CXn Ghpw {][m-\-s-Xv \mn]p-d--fn-sebpw \K-c--fn-sebpw Itm-f--fnse kuI-cy hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw \mS Nsb/_kmdns\ tjmnwKv amfp-Ip _Z-embn Dbp-I-bp-amWv.
tjmnwKv tamfn-se--t]mse Xs \nb-{nX KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw hnebpw Bkzm-Zy-I-c-amb A-co-hpw
Hmtcm Itm-f-nepw Dm-I-Ww. Ccw \ho-I-c-W-n\v km-cns klmbw \Ipw.
Ign F.-Un.-F^v km-cns Imev Bcw-`n hym]mcn ta-\n[n Ctm {]h-\--a-a-.
hn \nIp-Xn-bpsS \nn-X-i-X-am\w ta-\n-[nbvp thn \on-sh--Xns ^e-ambnmWv s]j
]Xn \S-m-m Ign-Xv. Fm, bp.-Un.-F^v km Bh-iy-amb [\-k-lmbw \Im hnk-Xn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.
hym]mcn kulrZ kao-]-\ambncnpw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n]XyapWn km ssIsm-pI. bp.-Un.F^v kmcn\p Iogn Cv hym]m-cn-Ipta \S-p DtZym-K ]oU\w Ah-km-\n-n-pw. CK-th-Wkn-eqsS Cu cwKs Agn-aXn Ipd-bvm Ign-bpw. Pn.-Fkv.-Sn.-bp-hns \S-np kw_-np
hym]m-cn-I-fp-ambn hni-Z-ambn N sNbvtX Xocp-am-\--sf-Spq.
ss{S_yq-W tIkp-Iv Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn Xop-m-pw.
mv Av Cy-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn hcp m]-\
- v tI{km \Inb Cf-hn\p ]pdsa kwm\v Hcp hjw IqSn Cfhv \Ipw. kXy-k--cmb hym]m-cn-Iv {Ko ImUv \Ipw.

s]mXp-ta-Jem hyh-kmbw
147.

148.
149.

150.

151.

152.
153.

154.
155.

s]mXp-ta-Je hyh-kmb m]-\-sf apgp-h hopw em`-n-em-pw. Ign CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]Xy

apWn km-cns Imev kzoI-cn ]p\x-kw-L-S\m X{w Xs-bm-bn-cnpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Ks-Sp-p-I. [\-]-c-amb ]p\x-kw-L-S-\, km hm \b-nse ]cn-jvImcw, s]mXp-ta-Jem m]\- Xn-ep GtIm-]\w, tI{ s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\--fp-am-bp kwtbmP\w, amt\-Pvsanse
s]mfn-s-gp-v, XpS-bmb tamWn--dnw-Kv, Agn-aXn Hgn-hm-m-\p kpXmcy \S-]-Sn-I XpS-nb Hcp
]mt-PmWv tIc-f-nse s]mXp-ta-Jesb ]p\-cp--cnXv.
s]mXp-ta-J-esb hn]p-eo-I-cnpw. aqv hjw sImv kzw em`n\nv hn]p-eo-I-c-W-n-\p
aqe-[\w kzmb--am-m s]mXp-ta-J-ebvv Ignbpw FmWv Icp-Xp-Xv.
BtKm-f-hn-]-Wn-bn-tebvv Cd-n-sv am-cy-_p-n-tbmsS {]hn-m-\p tijnbpw Cu m]-\ ssIh-cn--Ww. hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp--fp-sSbpw kmao-]yhpw sNehv Ipd A\p_ LS-I--fpsS e`y-Xbpw IW-n-se-Spv s]mXp-ta-Jem hyh-km-b- Cy-bnse ap kwm-\-fn-tepw thW-sa-n cmPy-n\v ]pd-tbvpw hym]n-n--Ww.
s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnse Agn-aXn hmepw hn-ep-ambn _-s-mWv Dm-Ip-Xv. CXp kw_-n F.Pn-bpsS dntmp-IfpsSbpw {ZpXm-t\z-jWnsbpw ASn-m-\-n kpXm-cyX Dd-p-h-cp-p Hcp
s]mXp \bn\v cq]w \Ip-w.
s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\-v _m[-I-ambn Hcp amXrIm I\n `cW Nm hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t-XmWv. t_mUp-I Fs\ Xnc-s-Sp--Ww. t_mUns Npa-X-e-I Fm-bn-cn--Ww, t_mUpw
amt\-Pvsapw Xn-ep _w XpS-n-bh Cu amXrIm Nm-dn \nh-Nn-pw. \nnX hmWnPy am\Z-- ]cn-]m-en-p I-\n-Ip ]q kzbw-`-cWw A\p-h-Zn-pw.
tImtdv `cWn Poh\mcpsS ]mfnw Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v t_mUn {]mXn-\n[yw A\p-hZn-pw.
Hcp s]mXptaJem m]\fnse if ]cn-jvI-cWw ka-b-_-n-X-ambn \S-n-em-pw. s]mXptaJem
m]\fnse Poh\mv thn Poh\m-, amt\Pvsa v,- Khsa v Fnh tNp Hcp
]mfn s]j ]Xn (tIm{Sn-_yq-dn s]j kvIow) cq]oIcnpw. Ccw s]j ^nte-p amt\-Pvsa v hnlnXw m]-\-ns em`hpw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-n-m-bn-cn-pw.
hyh-km-b--hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-m-\-n-e-m Fm s]mXp-taJem m]-\--tfbpw tkmjy HmUn-n\v
hnt[-b-ampw.
tI{ km-cn-\p-Io-gn-ep kn.-F-kv.-sF.-B, Un.-F.C, sF.-F-kv.-B.H apX-emb Kth-jW m]-\ hnI-kn-n-Xpw hym]-Ia
- mbn {]tbm-Kn-s
- -Sm-X
- p-amb \nc-h[n kmt-XnI hnZy-If
- p-v. Ah hmn
s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn ]e D]-I-c-W-fpw D]--fpw tkh-\-fpw \nn-pw.

hnhc hn\n-ab kmt-XnIhnZym hyhkmb

156.

157.

158.

159.

160.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

ccew t]v Cu taJebn sXmgn \Ip-Xn\v thn Hcp tImSn NXpc{i ASn Hm^okv
kvt]kv krjvSn-pw. CXn\mhiy-amb hyh-kmb ]mp-I \nn-p--Xn\v kvamv knn ka-b-_n-X-ambn ]qo-I-cnpw. CXpt]mep hInS kwcw-`-sf D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-tXmsSmw Ducmep- te_ kl-I-cW kwLw t]mep kmaqly m]-\--tfbpw ]n-Iv--]o-n--]mSvWjnv
amXrIIsfbpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sppw. 15 G `q]-cn[n \nb-a-n-\Ip \npsImp-Xs kzImcy
sFSn ]mp-I-fpsS Bhn`m-h-n\v hgn-sbm-cp-m-\m-Ipw. {]hm-kn-aq-e-[\w ]mp-I-fpsS \nm-Wn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s-Sppw.
sSIvt\m-]mpI ]pd-p sNdp-InS kwcw-`-v th{X ]npW \Ip kao-]\
- w kzoI-cnpw. sSIvt\m-]mnse m]-\-v CXn-\mbn B\p-Iq-ey- \Ip Imcyw ]cn-K-Wnpw.
sNdpInS CScw kwcw`fpsS KpW\nehmc h\bpw Ahv Amcmjv{S hn]Wnbpambn
]cnNbsSpXn\pw _ m]npXn\pap Ahkcsamcpp-Xn\pw CXn\v A\nhmcyamWv.
\qX\mib hgn DmIp kwcw`sf t{]mmlnnp Hcp {]{Inb BWv temIpS\ofw
Cv Ip hcpXv. kpnc kwcw`IXzw - \h kwcw`fn 10% BWv hnPbn FpXvFmWv ]T\ kqNnnpXv. XncsSps 1000 \qX\mibsf km Hmtcm hjhpw
t{]mmlnnpw. cp ew cq] Chv km {Kmmbn \Ipw. Cu ]pXp-kw-cw-`-Iv saamscbpw Gm-Sm-pw. DX hnZym-]o-T--fp-ambn Chsc _-s-Sp-pw. CsXmw hgn Ctmgp hnPb
iXam\w 10 \nv 25 tev DbpI FXmWv \psS eyw. XncsSpp 250 \qX\
Bibv Hcp tImSn cq] CuSnm hmbv] \Ipw. CXn-\mbn km-cn-sbpw sk_n AwKoIrX kzImcy \nt-]Icp-sSbpw _mp-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b-tmsS Bh-iy-amb ^v Is-pw.
CIypt_dpI, hnhn[ tImtfPpIfnse ^m_v em_pIfpambn tNv temtImc Unssk\pI
Dmp Hcp Unssk pUntbm Bbn sImv \nehnep \mjW Cnyqv Hm^v
Unssk\ns\ hfnsbSppw.
DX\nehmcap hnZym`mkw BWv \qX\mibfpsS B[mcw. DX ]T-\ Kth-jW -tI-{--sfbpw
{]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkn\p IqSpX Du sImSpp t]mfnsSIv\nIpIsfbpw, Fn-\o-b-dnwKv
tImtf-Pp-I-fp-sSbpw sk lpIfpambn t\cnv _nnpw.
tIcfnse imkv{XkmtXnI KthjW hnIk\ m]\fpw kwm\ sF.n anj\pw
sSIvt\m]mpambn ssItImpsImv {]hnp Hcp sFknSn Csmthj kwhn[m\n\p
cq]w-\Ipw. tIc-f-nse hnhn[ D]m-Z\ taJ-e-I-fn sF.-kn.-n Dtp-Xv Bbn-cnpw Cu
C-th-j Iqm-bva-bpsS apJy-eyw.
ASp Xeapd hnm\m[njvTnX hyhkmb uUv IyqnwKnsbpw Cs\v Hm^v XnwKvkv,
_tbm Cs^mamnIvkv, sImKv\nohv IyqnwKv, Cs\v- Hm^v Xnvkv Fnhbn Dunsmp
sSIvt\mfPn lpI m]n-pw. AXmXv sk lpIfn D]tbmKnp Dev]fpambn
_s Cet{mWnIv D]IcWfpsS DXvmZ\w, A\p_ sNdpInS tI{fn \Spw.
Kpcp-X-c-amb a\pjyhn`-h-Zue`yw sFSn taJe t\cn-Sp-p-v. CXv ]cn-l-cn-p-hm Fn-\o-b-dnwKv
tImtf-Pp-I, t]mfn-sS-Iv\n-p-I, CXc kmt-XnI m]-\- Fnh tI{-amn ]-Xn-I BhnjvI-cn-pw. tkm^vvshb Fn-\o-b-dnw-Kv, Bn-sS-IvN, sSnw-Kv, Izmfnn Fn-h-bn Ign-hp-I
hnI-kn-n-p--Xn-\p-X-Ip kvIn Am-Z-an-I m]n-pw. sF.-sF.-sF.-n.-Fw.sIsb DX KthjW m]-\-ambn ]cn-hnnpw.
Nnv Dev]m-Z\w XpS-nb sFn lmUvshb- \nm-W-n\v kwhn-[m-\--fp-m--Ww. Ahn-I-knX
Pn-I-fmb ae-p-dw, ]me-m-Sv, ImktKmUv XpS-nb CS- tI{-amn CXp-sN-m\mIpw. Cysb
Cet{mWnIv knwkv& Unssk am\p-^m-IvN-dnMv hyhkmbns BtKmf lmn amm\p
{iafpsS ]men CXn\v {]tXyI tI{-^-p-I Is-m-\mIpw.
km apssI-n _n.-Sp._n cwKv C-tIm-tagvkv kwcw-`- XpSn sNdp-InS Dev]m-Z-I-cpsS Ncp-Isf IqSp-X Ne-\m--I-am-pw. Ahv ]pXnb hn]-Wn-I Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p-I. CXn\mbn _n.Sp._n taf-Isf D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pw.
DuP kwcWn \np em`w D]tbmKnv hcpam\hpw aqe[\hpw Is-p F\Pn kokv
I\nIfpsS amXrIbn ImcyaXm h\hn \np aqeykrn eyanSp _nkn-\kv t{]mkkv
amt\-Pvsa v I\nI cq]oIcnpw. sI.-F-^v.-kn, sI.-F-kv.-sF.-Un.kn XpSnb m]\ Cu
I\nIv [\-k-lmbw \IWw.
s\v \yq{Sm-en-nv thn \ne-]m-sS-Sp-pw. ssk_ ss{Iw XS-bpw. A-b-tI-{- in-s-Sp-pw.

168.

169.
170.
171.

172.

173.

174.

C\m-j-W sk t^m {^o B v Hm tkmgvkv tkm^vvshbdns\ s]mXp-I-yq-Wnn DS-a-X-bn \ne-\n-dp-n-smv {]h\w hn]p-e-am-m tIc-f-nepS\ofw pU v Nm]vdpIv cq]w
\Ipw. Hm tkmgvkv Bn-tj-\p-I-fpsS hnIk\w, ]cnioe\w Fnhbvv kwm\Xen
t\XrXzw \Im C\m-j-W sk t^m {^o B v Hm tkmgvkv tkm^vvshb-dn\v Ignbphn[w k-am-pw.
sSIvt\m-tem-UvPns {]h\w Dt-in-c
- o-Xn-bn Hcn-Spw Fn-bn-n-. Fm CXv Cu Bi-bns
{]iv\-a-. Ah \S-n-em-n-b-Xn h ]mfn--bmWv. CXv Xncpm \S-]Sn thWw. sSIvt\m temUvPn
apX apS-m hntZi ae-bm-fn-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
samss_ kvamv t^m A[n-jvTn-X-amb tkh-\- km[m-cW P\-sf ey-anv hnI-kn-npw.
CXn\v klm-b-I-c-amb coXn-bn Hcp hon Hcp kv{Xov kvamv t^m kuP-\y-\n-c-n \Ipw.
kaq-l-n kmh-{Xn-I-amb sFSn km-cXm hnI-kn-n-p--Xn kp{]-[m\-amb ]p-h-ln A-btI-{-v km-cns C-K-thWkv kwhn-[m-\-n ]pXnb D-c-hm-Zn-- \Ipw.
s]mXp-`c
- W
-
- n kzX-{-tkm^vv shb D]-tbm-Kn-W
- s
- av 2007 se sFSn \bw \nt-in-ncpsnepw
AXv ]q-ambpw \S-n hn-n. CXv ]cn-lc
- n-m `cWDtZym-K kwhn-[m-\
- f
- n t_m[-hcWw thWw. DtZym-Kv amdn-am-dn-h-cp kmt-XnI hnZy-I-sf-p-dnv ImenI-amb Adnhpw ]cn-io-e\hpw \Im ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-m-I-Ww. sNdp-In-S--C-S-cw hyh-kmb taJ-ebn sFSn D]-tbmKw hym]nnphm Hm tkmgvkv A[n-jvTn-X-amb Bn-t-j-\p-I t{]mm-ln-npw.
IW-IvSn-hnn sNehv Cv sNdp-InS m]-\-v Xmm-\m-hm--Xm-Wv. Npcp-nb sNe-hn s\v
IW-IvSn-hnn e`y-am-m ]cn-]mSn Xmdmpw. XS--an-m sshZyp-Xnv kutcm kmy-X-I
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-mw. AXn-\p hmbv]tbm km klm-btam e`y-ampw.
am\p-jnI hn`-h-ti-jn-bpsS hnI-k\w kzX{ hnm-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amIWw. ]mTy-{I-a- AXn-\-\p-krX-am-bn-cn-Ww. sFSn@kvIq ]Xnv kam-\-ambn kmt-XnI, saUn- hnZym-`ymkw Ds-sS-bp
DX hnZym-`ymkcwKpw Am-Za
- nIvXe-nepw `c-W-X-e-nepw sFknSn D]-tbmKw hym]n-n-pXn\v ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cnpw.
tv Umm sk-dns\ IqSp-X kpc-n-X-Xz-hpw, tijn-bp--Xp-amn ampw. Fm km m]-\fpsSbpw hnh-c-ti-Jcw Umm sk-dp-ambn _n-npw.

ssPh kmt-XnI hyh-kmbw

175.

tIcfm _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn Io-j ]pd-n-nb kwm\ _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn \bw ey-an-Sp-Xv

kwm-\v e`y-amb ssPh-hn-`h
-
- fpw Db am\-ht- i-jnbpw D]-tbm-Ks
- -Spn BtKm-fX
- e-n-ep
_tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn D]---fpsS Bhiyw \nd-th-p--tXm-sSmw tIc-fs hnI-k-\-ns ]mX-bnse-n-p--Xn\v _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pI Fp--XmWv. CXnssbmw Xs kwm\-ns _tbm-sS-Iv\bw temtIm-c _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn Kth-jW hnI-k\m]-\- XpS-p-Xn\pw \ne-hn-ep-h \ho-I-cn-p--Xn\pw kzImcy ]mfn--tm-sS-bp ASn-m\ kuI-cy-hn-I-k-\n-\p-sams ey-an-Sp-p-v. _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn ]mp-I cq]o-I-cn-pw.
176. ]Xn-mp-I-fmbn tIc-f-n \npw Ib-dpw, Iip-h-n-bpw, kpK--hy-RvP-\--fpw, ay-D-]--fpw, ]gw, ]-dn D]--fpw Ibn Ab-bvp-p-v. Fm Cu cwKv BtKm-f-X-e-n-ep
acw t\cn-Sp--Xn\v \psS D]---fpsS KpW-ta _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn Ds-sS-bp \qX-\-km-tXn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-]-tbm-Knv h[n-npw.
177. tIc-f
- n \nn-d
- p BbpthZ Huj-[
- v AtZ-iob Itm-f-n-tebvp IS-m Ign-bpn-. CXn\v {][m\ ImcWw BbpthZ Huj-[-q-p-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-sbpw D-S--sbpw
kw_-nv hntZ-i-cm-Py-p kwi-b--fm-Wv. \nb-{nX s^sa-t-j\pw av kt-X-fpw D]tbm-K-s-Spn Cu cwKv KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-dv hcp-m Ign-bpw. D]--sf imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{KYnv kPo-h-aq-e-I-sf Xncn--dnv D-Sw \nh-Nn-p--tXmsS BbpthZ Huj-[-v AtZiob hn]Wn t\Sm-\m-Ipw.
178. Snjyq-I kmt-Xn-I-hnZy D]-tbm-K-s-Spn KpW-ta--bp Huj-[-k-ky--fpsS Ir{Xn-a-{]-P-\\w
km[y-am-n-smv Cu cwKv hyh-kmb hnI-k-\-n\pw Hw Xs ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc--W-n\p-ap km[yX sXfn-bn-m-\m-Ipw. Ae-m-c-k-ky--fpw, \mWy-hn-f-I-fp-sam-s-s C-c-n {]P\\w \S-m-sa-p-Xv tIc-f-nse Ij-Iv Ipd \nc-n KpW-ta--bp ssXI e`y-am-p-Xn\v klm-bn-pw.

179.

Pot\m-anIvkv/t{]mn-tbm-anIvkv kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fn-eqsS tcmK-sf XS-bp--Xnt\m apIqn Is-p-Xnt\m D D]-- hnI-kn-n-m Ign-bpw. tIc-f-nse _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn A[n-jvTnX Huj[-\nam-W-cw-Kv Ccw kwcw-`-p Db km[y-X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-pw.
180. sF.Sn-bpw _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fP
- nbpw ssItImv apt-dp ]p kmt-Xn-Ih
- n-Zy-bmWv _tbm-C^amn-Ivkv. Cu cwKv Kth-jW m]-\-fpw apw Bcw-`nv ]pdw-tPmen Icm DssS tIc-f-n\v
e`n-m-hp Ah-k-c- A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. Ah D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.

\mt\m kmt-XnIhnZy
181.

kh-I-em-im-e-I-fn \mt\m- km-t-Xn-I-hnZyv {]tXyI hIp-p-Ifpw C bqWn-thgvknn sk-dp-Ifpw

m]n-pIbpw \ne-hn-ep--h-bpsS {]h\w hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. hyh-kmbw DssS hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn \mt\m -kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-]-tbm-Knv \ho-I-cW-n\pw hn]p-e-\-n-\p-ap km[y-X-I
Ht-sd-bp-v. Ahsb {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv. AXn-\mbn sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX \mt\m- km-t-Xn-I-hnZym
tImgvkp-I Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.

Sqdnkw
182.

183.
184.

185.

186.

187.

188.

189.

190.
191.
192.

tIc-f-n-te-bvp Sqdn-p-I-fpsS hchv Ign cv hj--fn KWy-ambn ao-`-hn-n-p-v. CXn\p Imc-W- Isn ]cn-l-cnv Av hj-n-\p-n tIc-f-n-te-bvp hntZiSqdn-p-IfpsS Fw Cc-n-bmpw. hntZiSqdn-p-I-fpsS Fw 12 e-n \nv (2016) 24 e-ambn Av
hjw sImv (2021) Dbpw. B`y-c Sqdn-p-If
- psS Fw 1.3 tImSn-bn \nv 2 tImSn-bmbn Dbpw.
BtKmf hmjnI enddn s^nsh, kwKo-tXm--hw, Xntb- s^n-h, \mS-tIm-hw Fnh
tIcfn kwLSnnpw.
tIcfnse {][m\s ]qcfpsSbpw DhfpsSbpw hmjnI Ie Xm-dmpw. Cu Iedn
m\w ]nSnWsan ]ment am\Z cq]-s-Sppw. tIcfnse A\pjvTm\IeIfn
{]mhoWyw t\Snbnpff IemImcmv As{IUntj \IpIbpw Ah kw_n hnhc
shn e`yampIbpw sNpw. {Im^vv hntPpIfn SqdnpIfpsS HmU {]Imcw D] e`yam-p kwhn[m\apmpw.
apkncnkv, Xeticn ss]XrI ]XnIfpsS XpS-bmbn tIcfnse ]pcmX\ XpdapJ tI{sfbpw
kpK{ZhyfpsS IrjntI{fmb ImeSn, B\c XpSnb D]mZ\taJeIsfbpw
]ntajybnsebpw bqtdmnsebpw Xpd-ap-J--fp-ambn _sSpn knv dqns amXrIbn
kvss]kkv dqv BhnjvIcnpw.
\hw-_ apX amv ]IpXn hsc hntZi km-cn-If
- n-eqsS Sqdnkw kok hym]n-n-m Ign-n-pv. G{]nHIvtSm-_ Ime-b-fhpw kqW Sqdnkw kok F \ne-hm-c-n-tebvv Dbpw.
CXn-\mbn akq Sqdn-k-ns kmyX {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-pw.
AtZ-iob Sqdnv tI{--fn\nv tIc-f-n-tev t\cn-p hnam\ kokv Bcw-`n-p--Xn\v
]cn-{i-an-pw. Sqdnv I-ep-I-tfbpw BIjn-m {ian-pw. hnam\mhffn\nv Sqdnkw
tI{fntebvv KpW\nehmcap bm{Xm-ku-Icyw Ddphcppw.
Sqdnp tI{- - f n ASnm\kuIcyfmb tdmUv , IpSnshffw, s]mXp tSmbv e - p- I ,
amen\ykwkvcW kuIcy, tI_n, Cs\v IWIvSnhnn, kpcnX sshZypXn XpSnbh
Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v Hmtcm tI{-n\pw ]mekuIcy am m Dmpw. Ch aqp hjw
sImv ]qoIcnpXn\v Xt-i-`-cW m]-\-fpw UnmpsapIfpw GPknIfpw Xnep
GtIm]\w Dd-p-h-cppw. aqmBe-pg Sqdnkw sslth t]mep ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-p--Xn-\p
\S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
lukv t_mp-I, {Ko lukp-I, BbqthZ dntkmp-I, tlmwt-I, m tlm dqap-I
XpSnbhsbmw Hmtcm Sqdnkw tI{ntebvpap SqdnpIfpsS hchv hnebncpn AXn-\m-bp
kuIcyw krjvSnpw.
Ipd-Xv 2000 t]v Hcp-anv kin-m ]mI-n-ep hm Xow ]mv \nn-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn-I kzoI-cnpw.
{][m\ Sqdnkw tI{fn Sqdnv t]meokns\ hn\y-knpw. \oednbmhp Sqdnv hmUmsc Pe
Sqdnkw tI{fn \ntbm-Knpw.
s]mXphmb {]NcWtmsSmw IrXyamb SmPv HmUnbkns\bpw eyanv _s cmPyfn

193.
194.
195.
196.

197.

198.

199.

200.

201.

202.

hntijm {]NmcW {]h\ kwLSnnpw. Ad_p cmPyfn\npff Sqdnkw h\

Ahcpambn IqSpX hyn_ hfpXn\pw IpSntbn\pff Ahkc
krjvSnpXn\pw klmbnpw.
tIcf Sqdnkw amv temIs Ghpw {][m\s Sqdnp _nkn\kv aombn hnI-kn-n-p--Xn-\p
[\klmbw km \Ipw.
Amcmjv { S Sqdnkw tafIfn \psS kmn[yw C\nbpw DbWw. Ccw taf- I - f n
]sSppXn\v kzImcytaJebvv DNnXamb t{]mml\klmbw \Ipw.
Sqdnkw taJ-esb _m[n-p \nIp-Xn-I ]p\-]-cn-tim-[-\bvv hnt[-b-am-pw. Ncptkh\ \nIpXn
hcptXmsS ezdn SmIvkv CmXmIpw.
Sqdn- k - n\ thn- b p km _Pv hnlnXw KWyambn Dbpw. Sqdnkw taJ- e - b psS
sXmgnkm[yXI ]cnKWnv Cu taJebn\np kamlcnp hn`-h--fpsS \nnXiXam\w Cu
taJebpsS Xs hnIk\n\mbn apXapSpXmWv.
sI.Sn.Un.kn kmcns Ghpw {][m\s {]Xy hnIk\ GPknbmWv. sI.Sn.Un.knbvv BZyw
thXv Hcp s{]m^jW t_mUpw amt\PvsapamWv. sI.Sn.Un.knbpsS {]h\s kaqeambn
]cnjvIcnpw.
tIcfnse Sqdnkn\v {]Xnhjw Hcp ew t]scnepw ]pXpXmbn Sqdnkhpambn _s
taJeIfn Bhiyapv. Fm ]cnioe\w e`npXv GXmv 15000 t]mWv. \ne-hnse hfbpsS tXmXv A\p-k-cnv Hmtcm hjhpw A[nI am\-h-hn-`-h-tijn Sqdnkw cwKp \apv Bh-iy-amWv.
\nehnepff KITTS, KIHMS, IHMCT Fo m]\fnse IpnIfpsS Fhpw ]cnioe\ tijnbpw
Dbpw. kzm{ib ]cnioe\ m]\fpw Cu taJebn hcppv. Icnpesbpw ]cnioe\sbpw ]cntim[npXn\pw tdnwKv \SpXn\pw {]tXyI kwhn[m\w Dmpw. Sqdnv ssKUpIfpsS ]cn-io-e-\-n\v {]tXyI Du \Ipw. s]mXp BSvkv B v kbkv tImfPpIfnepw
Sqdnkhpambn _sp tImgvkpI Bcw`npw.
D-c-hm-Zn Sqdnkw\bw XpS-cpw. tIcfnse Sqdnkw tI{fpsS Fmw Imcn-bnwKv Imknn ]T\w
ASnbcambn \Spw. Sqdnkw taJeIfnse Xti `cWm]\fpsS P\{]Xn\n[nIv Sqdnkw
hnIk\n\v Hcp k_v m XmdmpXn\v tI{oIrXamb ]cnioe\w \Ipw.
Sqdnkw tI{v Hcp {Ko t{]mtmtmfpmpw. Unkvt]mkn_n km[-\--fpsS D]tbmKw
]camh[n Ipdbvpw. mnIv \ntcm[npw. lukv t_mpIfpsS amen\yw kwkvcnpXn\v B[p\nI
s]mXpkuIcytI{- m]npw.
Xom-S\ tI{-t- fbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrI tI{-t- fbpw _-s-Sp-n-bp ]n{Knwkv Sqdnkw
\bw Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. Ic-Iu-ie hyh-km-bs Sqdn-k-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-p {KmaoW \Kc Ic-Iuie taf-I Sqdn-k-ns `mK-ambn kwL-Sn-n-pw. ^mw Sqdnkw t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
BbpthZ Sqdnkns hnIk\n\mbn Cu taJebn tIcfn {]h-n-p m]\fpsS
Hcp Itkmjyw cq]oIcnv hntZifnse {Smh-amp-I-fn-eqsS ^e{]Zambn {]Ncnnpw.

hInS \Kc hnIk\w

203.

tI-c-f-nse {]apJ \K-c--fmb Xncp-h-\--]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tImgn-tmSv Fo \K-c-sf sat{Sm

knn-bmn hfn-sb-Sp-p--Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. hnam-\-m-h-f-fpw sat{Sm kwhn-[m-\-fpw
ka-b-_-n-X-ambn ]qo-I-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw. \Kc KXm-KXpcp-p-I Agnp--Xn\v knn Cw{]q-hvsa v t{]m{Km-ap-Ifpw PwKvj \ho-I-c-Whpw ss_m-kp-Ifpw \S-m-pw.
204. Xe-m\ hnI-k-\-n-\mbn Xncp-h-\--]p-cv ssltm-SXn _v m]n-, t\aw km-ssev sSan\-embn hnI-kn-n-, Bp-Im Sujnv hnI-k-\w, sh-s-n\v ]cn-lmcw XpS-nb \S-]-Sn-I
kzoI-cn-pw.

ae-_m-dns hnI-k\w
205.

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Imc-W--fm ]pd-tIm-p-t]m-bn-p ae-_m-dns hnI-k-\-n-\mbn {]tXyI ]mtPv \Sn-em-p--Xm-Wv. ImktKm-Uv, hb-\mSv t]mse hnI-k-\-]-c-ambn ]ntmw \np {]tZ-i-v
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \Ip--Xp-am-Wv.
206. Sqdnkw kIyqv amn, hS- tIc-f-nse {][m\ Sqdnv tI{- Ds-n-n-. AtZ-iob Sq
Hm-td-tam hS- tIc-f-n-tebvv Sqdn-p-Isf Abbv-p-n. Cu t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-pw.

sshZypXn
207.

208.

209.

210.

211.

212.
213.

214.

2017 apgp-h `h-\

- f
- nepw sshZypXn Fn-pw. sI.-Fk
- v.C
- .-_n.-bpsS {]h\ sNe-hp-Ifpw sshZypXn
hm sNe-hp-Ifpw bpn-k-l-am-p--Xp-hgn Fm-hpw Xmm-hp \nc-n sshZypXn Dd-mpw.
]mcn-nXnI kwc-Ww Dd-p-h-cpn 1200-1320 saKm-hmv tijn-bp Icn \nebw m]n-p-Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. ]-Xn-{]-tZ-is kmaq-ln-I--hy-h-kmb hnI-k\ ]cn-]mSn kam--c-ambn
Gs-Spv \S-n-em-p-Ibpw sNpw. tIc-f
- n Ign-bp-n-s-n Icn J\\ {]tZ-iv CXv m]npw.
\ymb-amb {]IrXn hmXI Icm-dn\mbn ]cn-{i-anpw. CXphgn sImn F.-F.Pn sSan-\ {]h-\-a-am-m\pw {]IrXn hmXI ss]vsse-\n _n-n-n-p {_-]p-cv sshZypXn \nebw m]nm\pw Ign-bpw. Imbw-Ipfw \ne-b-n\v {]IrXnhmXI e`yX Dd-p-h-cppw.
]p\-cp-]-tbmK Du-t{km-X-p-I-fmb sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I Imv, kutcmw Fn-hbn \np sshZypXn D]m-Z\w Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn hn-npw. 25 iX-am\w tXmXn hmjnI hf
ssIh-cnv 2020 HmsS tIc-f-ns BsI sshZypXn Bh-iy-I-Xbpw Ipd-Xv 10 iX-am-\-sa-nepw Chbn \nsv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. CXn-\mbn ]p\-cp-]-tbmK sshZypX D]m-Z-\-tijn 2020 HmsS 1500 saKmhm-mbn hn-n-pw. ]pc-pd kutcm sshZyp-Xn-\n-e-b-fpw Xcn-ip`qan D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bp
kutcm-\n-e-b-fpw Umw dnkthm-b-dp-Ifpw I\m-ep-Ifpw Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bnse apJy-L-S-I-ambncnpw.
{]k-cW \jvSw Ipd-bvpw.
2021HmsS 500 saKm-hmv Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I-fn \npw A[n-I-ambn ey-an-Sp-p. \ne-hn-ep ]-XnI-fpsS tijn hn-n-, ]pXn-bh \S-m-, \ne-hn-ep--h-bpsS hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ns ]p\-cp-m-cWw, kw`-c-W-tijn hn-n- Fn-h-sbmw Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS `mK-am-pw.
sshZypXn hnX-cW irwJ-eb
- psS hnizm-kyX (dn-eb
- _
- n-en-n) hn-n-m\pw An-ct- {km-X
- p-I kzmwioI-cn-m\pw kvamv {KnUv kwhn-[m\w Lw-L--ambn \S-m-pw. {]k-c-W-irwJe in-s-Sp-pw.
sshZypXnbpsS Du-a
- X
- hnnpXn\pw AXphgn BhiyIXsb kzm[o-\n-p-X
- n\pw P\Iob
Imbn kwL-Sn-npw. DuPaX-tb-dnb sshZyp-tXm-]I
- c
- W
-
- t{]mm-ln-n-pw. Chbn ]eXpw
kuP\yambn P\p \Inbmepw AXn\nv em`np sshZypXn D]mZnnpXn\pff
m]\tijnbvp thnbp apXapSp IWmptm em`Icambncnpw. Fm m]-\-fnepw DuP HmUnv \Sn Zphybw Hgnhmpw.
hymh-km-bnI kwcw-`
- v DZm-ca
- mb hyh-I
- f
- n Iym]vSohv ASn-m-\
- n sshZypXn \ne-b
- v
A\paXn \Ipw.

KXm-KXw
215.
216.

217.

218.

219.

F.-Fv47 Dw F.-Fv17 Dw \mep-hcn ]mX-bpsS \ne-hm-c-n in-s-Sp-p-Ibpw hoXn-Iq-p-Ibpw

sNpw. Fw.kn tdmUv \ho-I-cWw ]qn-bmpw.
tIc-f-nse Fm kwm-\-]m-X-Ifpw Pnm tdmUp-Ifpw _n.Fw & _n.kn tdmUp-I-fmbn \ho-I-cn-pw.
A]q-amb Fm ss_m-kp-Ifpw Fm sdbnth tam-e-fpw bp-Im-em-Sn-m-\-n ]qnbm-p-w. sabn-\kv tIm{Sm-IvtSm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cnpw Ch sS hnfn-p-I. d-ssdkvUv tdmUp-I
t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
Ign CS-Xp-ap-Wn km kwm-\-]m-X-bmbn {]Jym-]n- Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw apX ImktKmUv
hsc-bp lnsslth hnI-k-\w ]qn-bm-pw. s]m-m\n apX tImgn-tmSv hsc-bp Xoc-tZi
sslthbpw AXn-thKw ]qn-bm-pw.
sslth-I-fp-sSbpw tdmUp-I-fp-sSbpw kwc--Whpw A-Ip---Wn-Ifpw Imcy--a-ambn \S-n-em-m-\p
kwhn-[m\- Bhn-jvc
- n-pw. km DS-a
X
- b
- n samss_ tdmUv dn-b bqWnv F Bibw
\S-n-em-n-bm tdmUn-ep-m-Ip Ipgn-I thK-n \m-m\pw AXp-hgn A]-IS-
- Ipd-bvm\pw
km[n-pw. ZoL-Ime sabnkv tIm{SmIvSv hyh--I Ds-Sp-n-bm-bn-cnpw {][m\ tdmUpI sS sNp-I.
e-tas-Sp-en\v ]q-amb \jvS]
- c
- n-lm-chpw ]p\-c[
- n-hmk ]mtPpw \Ipw. CXn-\p-thn {]tXyI
I\n cq]o-I-cn-p-Ibpw kl-I-cW taJ-e-bn \npw hmbv] e`y-am-p-Ibpw sNpw.

220.

221.

222.

223.

224.

225.
226.

227.
228.

229.
230.

231.

232.
233.
234.

s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KX Imcy- sa-s-Sp-n-smv kzImcy hml-\--fpsS s]cpw sImp-m-Ip KXmK-X-p-cp-p-Ifpw A]-I-S-fpw ]cn-nXn aen-\o-I-c-Whpw KWy-amb tXmXn Ipd-bvm CS-s]Spw.
sshZypXn/_mdn sImv HmSp hml-\-, kn.-F.-Pn _kp-I, sat{Sm/ssev sdbn kwhn-[m-\, saap kokv XpS-nb ]cn-nXn kulrZKXm-KX amK- Lw- L--ambn Ah-ew-_n-pw.
sskn bm{X-mpw Im\-S-mp-ap {]tXyI ]mX-I, ]mp-I-fpsS irwJ-e, ^pSvHmh
{_n-UvPp-I, ^vssfHm-h-dp-I, k_vth-I Fn-hbvv Hcp ka-{K-]-Xn Bhn-jvI-cnv \S-n-em-pw.
kwm\ km \nn-p Hcp tdmUpw ]mehpw tSm A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-n-. A\-[n-Ir-X-amb
tSm ]ncn-hp-I \n-em-pw.
sI.-F-kv.-B.-Sn.-kn.-bpsS IS-`mcw Gs-Sp--e-Sw ka-{K-amb ]p\-cp-m-cW ]mtPv \S-n-em-pw. sI.F-kv.-B.-Sn.kn Poh-\-mv ka-b-_-n-X-ambn s]j e`n-p-p-sv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. sI.-F-kv.B.-Sn.-kn-bpsS dqp-I kwc-n-pw.
Pe-]m-X-Ifpw D\m-S Pe-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-fpw ]p\-cp--cn-pw. tZiob Pe-]mX3 (sImwtImp-dw) ]q-ambpw {]h-\-k--ampw. samw KXm-K-n Pe-K-Xm-K-Xns tXmXv \ne-hn-ep
Hcp iX-am-\-n \nv ASp Av hj-n-\Iw Av iX-am-\-ambn Dbm-\p I]Xn
cq]o-I-cn-pw.
hngn-w, sImn, s]mm-\n, t_q, Ago-tm-Sv, t_ XpS-nb Xpd-ap-J-sf _n-nv Pe-amKap Ncv kwhn-[m\w Bcw-`n-pw. Xncp-h-\--]pcw apX ImktKmUv hsc AXn-thK s^dn kokv
Bcw-`n-m ]T\w \S-pw. {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sWv Is-n-bm kzXzc thK-n \S-n-emn \ne-hnep KXm-KX {]iv\-n\v imizX ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-pw.
F.-U-yp3 hn]p-eo-I-c-Ww (sImwhngn-w, tIm-pdwImktKm-Uv) \S-n-em-m tI{-kmcns {]Jym-]-\hpw XpS\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn-\m-bp I-]-Xn Bhn-jv-cn-pw.
IpSpw-_mw-K
- f
- p-ambn bm{X sNp-h
- s
- c-tm-epw {]tIm-]\
- a
- n-msX XS-p-\nn ]cn-tim-[n-p nXnbp-v. CXv Hgn-hm-m Lw L-ambn kvamv tdmUv ]Xn \S-n-em-pw. `n-ti-jn-mmbn {]tXyI
]mnwKv XpS-nb kwhn-[m-\- tdmUns A\p-_--ambn Gs-Sp-pw.
ss{UhnwKv kvIqfp-I-fpsS \ne-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-m \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
sN-q]ndhw, lcn-mSvFd-Wm-Ipfw, Xn-cp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw\mKtIm-hn ]mX Cc-n-n- apK-W\m
{Ia-n ]qo-I-cnm tI{ km-cn-t\mSv kw sNep-pw. sjmqawK-em-]pcw ]mX
sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw apK-W\m {Ia-n ]qo-I-cn-m CS-s]-Spw.
In-tmSv sdbntImv ^mIvSdn ]qo-I-cnv {]h-\-am-cw-`n-m tI{ km-cn-t\mSv kw
sNep-pw.
Cp Xncp-h-\--]pcwawK-em-]pcw ]mX \mep-h-cn- ]mX-bmn amp--Xn\v Cy sdbnth-bp-ambn
tNv kwbp I\n cq]o-I-cnpw. Cc-n-n-p ]mX AXn-thK s{Sbn HmSn-m k-am-pw.
CXn\v sdbnth-bpsS kl-I-c-Whpw ]m-f-n-hpw km[y-am-m tI{-km-cn kw sNeppw.
Kpcp-hm-bqXncp-\m-hmb ]mX, i_cn ]mX, Xe-t-cn--ssa-kq ]mX, Fcp-ta-en-tbbpw ]p\-eqsNtm
]mX-tbbpw Xn _n-n-p ]mX, \ne-q\tImSv ]mX \nmWw Bcw-`n- apKW\m {Ia-n ]qo-I-cnm tI{ km-cn-t\mSv kw sNep-pw.
sImn sat{Sm-bp-sSbpw Xncp-h-\--]pcw, tImgn-tmSv ssev sat{Sm ]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw ]qo-I-c-Whpw
Imcy--a-amb {]h\hpw Dd-m-pw.
sImn-bn ao tamUv temPn-nIv ]mv, {][m\ hym]mc tI{--fn GIo-IrX Ncp KXm-K-Xku-Icyw \S-n-em-pw. {][m\ \K-c--fn {Smknv lp-I Bcw`n-pw.
tImgn-tmSv hnam-\-m-h-f-ns hnI-k-\-n\v kl-IcW taJ-e-tbbpw {]hm-kn-I-tfbpw ]s-Sp-n-psImv {]tXyI hnI-k\ ]mtPv \S-n-em-pw.

Pe-tkN\w
235.

Pe-hn-`h hIp-ns\ \Zo-XS- m-Sn-m-\

- n ]p\-kw-LS- n-n-p-Ibpw `qK`Pe h
- I
- p-ns {]h-\
- sf
AXp-ambn _n-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
236. {]m-tZ-inI km-cp-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-n P\-]-m-fn--tmsS sNdp-\o-Sm-Sn-m-\-n Pe-kw-cW Pe-kp-cm ]-Xn-I Xm-dm-p-Ibpw Ah DNn-X-ambn kwtbm-Pn-nv \Zo-XS ASn-m-\-nep Pe-kp-cm ]-Xnv cq]w \Ip-Ibpw sNpw. ]pg-I-sf-s Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fmn amp--Xn\v

237.
238.

239.

240.

241.

242.

243.

244.

245.
246.

thn imkv{Xo-ba
- mb ]T-\
- ns ASn-m-\
- n sNvUm-ap-If
- p-sSbpw sdKp-te-tgvkn-sbpw irwJe
]Wnbpw. `qK`-Pew doNmnw-Kn\v ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.
Pe-t{km-Xk
- p-If
- psS aen-\o-Ic
- W
-
- n-s\-Xnsc inm-\S- ]
- S- n-I IqSp-X Ii-\ampw. hnkPy-am-en\yw
kpc-n-X-ambn ]cn-]m-en-m kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-p-w.
Pe-Kp-W\
- n-eh
- mc ]cn-tim-[\bvv Fm Xti kzbw-`c
- W m]-\
- f
- nepw AwKo-IrX tI{- m]npw. lb skdn kvIq A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw hnZymn-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-tmsS kvIq em_pI-fnepw CXn-\p s]mXp-kw-hn-[m\w Hcppw.
\ne-hn-ep hInS Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-I Ii-\-amb ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n hne-bn-cp-pw. A\n-hm-cy-ambh ka-b-_-n-X-ambn ]qo-I-cn--pw. \ne-hnep-h ]qo-I-cnt ]pXnb ]-XnI Gs-Sp-pI-bpq. ImjnI Ie--dn-\-\p-k-cnv Pe-tk-N-\-]--Xn-I-fnse PehnXcWw Imcy--aampw. IqSp-X Irjn--e--fn Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw Fn-pw. AXn\v Xti kzbw-`-cW m]\--fp-ambn tNv Hcp I-]-Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.
ImU-bpsS {]h-\s ka-{K-ambn ]p\-xkw-LS- n-n-pw. {_mv I\m-ep-I Unkv{Sn-_yq-d
- okv, ^oUv
_qn-I, Xe-p-f-, ag-sh \nK-a\ tXmSp-I XpS-n-bh kwc-n-p--Xn\v henbtXmXn
sXmgn-ep-dv ]-Xnsb D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p--Xn\v {]mtZ-inI amm Dm-pw. sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\
]-Xn-Ifpw {Unv s^n-tK-j, ssat{Im Cdn-tK-j, {]nkn-j ^manwKv t]mep Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K-aX IqSnb \ho\ Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-Isf IqSp-X t{]mm-ln-npw. Pe-tk-N-\-n-\mbn m]n
]e ]-Xn-Ifpw b{--I-cm aqehpw ap Nne ]ng-hp-I aqehpw \mtim-p-J-amb Ah--bn-em-Wv.
Ahsb ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m\pw Imcy--a-ambn \ne-\nm-\p-ap ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cnpw.
ag-\n-g {]tZ-i
- f
- nse Pe-maw ]cn-lc
- n-p-X
- n\v thn {]tXyI ]-Xn-Iv cq]w \Ipw. Ghpw
Pe-Zue-`y-ap {]tZ-i--fn DZm-l-c-W-n\v Nnq Xmeq-nse sImgn-m-m-d, hS-I-c-Xn t]mep
{]tZ-i--fn apv kqNn-n Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K--aX IqSnb kvIoap-I {]tXyIw apK-W\ \In \S-nem-pw.
Akw-m\ \Zo-Pe Icm-dp-I ka-b-_-n-X-ambpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambpw ]p\-c-tem-I\w sNp--Xn\v
thn Hcp ncw I-tk\ cq]o-I-cn-pw. \Zo kwtbm-P\ ]-Xn-bn ]--A-tIm-hn Bdp-Isf
Ds-Sp-m A\p-h-Zn-p--X-. ap-s-cn-bm-dn ]pXnb Umw ]Wn-bm-\p ]cn-{iaw XpS-cpw.
Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw Cm-Xm-p--Xn\pw \Zn-Isf kwc-n-p-X
- n\pw {]tXyI B m cq]o-Ic
- n-pw.
] B m bp-Im-em-Sn-m-\-n \S-n-em-pw. th-\mSv Imb ]p\-cp-m-cW ]Xn \S-nempw. tXmSp-Ifpw CS-tXm-Sp-Ifpw hrn-bm-m\pw ]cn-]m-en-m\pw Xt-i`
- c
- W
- m-Sn-m-\
- n B
m Xm-dmpw.
Ip-\mSv ]mtPv ]qo-I-cn-pw. Ip-\m-nse aen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bvp--Xn\v ]pXn-sbmcp ImjnI Ie Xm-dmn Xoapw j-dp-I AS-n-Sp-Xv ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvpw. C-c-samcp \S-]Sn kzoI-cnp--tXm-sSm-w, IpSn-sh--maw Dm-In-sv Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v Ip-\mSv IpSn-sh ]Xn ]qoI-cn-pw.
D]-tbm-Knp Ign shw ipo-I-cnv ]p\-cp-]-tbm-Kn-m kwhn-[m\w Dm-pw.
hnZKv ]T-\- ImWn-p-Xv ]e hnf-Ipw Bh-iy-am-b-Xns 23 Ccn shw Pe-tk-N\w
sNpp Fm-Wv. Pe D]-tbmKw Ipd-bvm-\mbn Nne hnf-Iv kv{]nwKvf Pe-tk-N\w Gs-Sp-p-Xm-Wv.

IpSn-shw
247.

hen--s-dp--an-msX Fm Pe-hn-X-cW ]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw tkmjy HmUn-nwKv \Spw. t{kmX-kns

tijn, e`yX, bYmy-n \ne-hn-ep KpW-t`m-m--fpsS Fw, \ne-hn-ep Pe-hn-X-c-W--a-X,
ss]v, Smv, Smp-I XpS-n-b-h-bpsS bYm nXn, Pe-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw, ipo-I-cW kwhn-[m-\ns Imcy--a-X, t\cn-Sp {]iv\- XpS-n-b-h-sbms CXn-eqsS hne-bn-cp--s-S-pw. ]gb ]-XnI Bh-iy-sa-n ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-n-pw.
248. \-K-c-{]-tZ-i--fnse IpSn-sh maw ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v {_lXv ]XnI A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. It\-jvIpamcn IWv {]Imcw 30 iX-am\w IpSpw-_-mWv ss]v shw e`n-p--Xv. CXv 50 iX-am-\-ambn
Dbpw. ]gb ]-Xn-I ]p\-cp--cn-pw. ipo-I-cW kwhn-[m-\- Imcy--a-am-pw.

249.
250.
251.

252.
253.

tIcf hm AtXm-dnn ]p\-xkw-L-Sn-n-pw. Zph-l-amb IS-_m-[y-X- Hgn-hm-pw. hnX-c-W-\jvSw KWyambn Ipd-bvpw. km-cp-am-bp Fw.-H.-bp.-hns ASn-m-\-n \jvSw k_vknUn-bmbn \Ipw.
Pe-\n[n ]-Xn-I-fpsS \n-l-Whpw \S-npw ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w sNpw. Ch ]p\-cp--cn-m {]tXyI
kvIoan\v cq]w \Ipw.
tIc-f-nse 60 iX-am-\-n-tesd P\-fpw IpSn-sh--n-\mbn B{i-bn-p t{kmX-sk \nebvv
InW-dp-I-fpsS kwc--W-n\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \Ipw. InW-dp-Ifpw Ipf-fpw kwc-n-p--Xn\pw
ag-m-ev doNmv sNp--Xn\pw KpW-\n-e-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ \S-p--Xn\pw Fm Xti `c-W-m]-\nepw kwhn-[m-\-ap-mpw.
kzoth-Pns {]h\w {Kma--fn-tev hym]n-n-pw.
Ipn-shns hne \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p-thn Ipd sNe-hn Ah e`y-am-p--Xn-\p km
kwhn-[m-\- hn]p-e-s-Sp-pw.

amen\y \nm\w
254.

255.

256.

257.
258.

259.

260.
261.
262.

263.

Dd-hnS amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn-\mbn hntI-{o-IrX kwkvI-cW kmt-XnIhnZy-I

hym]-Iam-pw. ssPh-am-en-\y- Dd-hn-S
- ns kwkvIc
- n-p-X
- ns\ t{]mm-ln-n-pw. CXn-\mbn
Itm-nw-Kv, _tbm-Kym-kv, anc Itm-nwKv Fo kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw Ds-Sp-pw. hoSp-I-fnse
ssPh-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\hpw ASp--f-tm---fp-ambn _n-nv kpc-n-X-`-Ww Dd-m-pw.
A-s-s-P-h a-m-e-n-\-y--f-p-s-S t-i-J-c-W--n-\-p-w k-p-c--n-X \-n--m--\--n-\-p-w I-p-S-p-w-_-{-i-o k-w-c-w-`-fmbn
X-t--i `-c-W -m-]-\--f-p-s-S t-\-X-r-X-z--n e-m-`-I-c-a-m-b-n {-]-h--n--m-\-m-I-p- d-n-t-k-m-g-vk-v d-n--h-d-n k-wc-w-`- -m-]-n--p-w. s-s-P-h-h-f D-X-v-m-Z-\-h-p-w h-n-]-W-\-h-p-w-, K-m-l-n-I -m-]-\-X-e--f-n D--m-I-p- l-m\-n-I-c-a-m-b a-m-e-n-\-y--f-p-s-Sb-p-w C-e-t-{--m-W-n-Iv a-m-e-n-\-y--f-p-s-S-b-p-w k-p-c--n-X \-n--m--\-h-p-w s-s-I-I-m-c-y-w
s-N--m C-u k-w-c-w-`--s-f {-]-m-]-vX-a-m-pw.
Jc-am-en\y kwkvIc
- W ]cn-]m-e\ {]h-\
- v kmt-XnI ]npW Dd-m-p--Xn-\mbn ]cn-ioe\w knn ]cn-]m-e\ kwL-sf Xm-dmpw. Ccw kwL--fpsS {]h\w Xti`cW m]\--fpsS \nb-{-W-nepw tat\m--n-ep-am-bn-cn-pw. dkn-U vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-Iv t\Xr-Xz]-camb ]v \Ipw.
Ce-Ivt{SmWnIv _tbm-sa-Un- amen-\y-, A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y- Fnh kw`-cnv tI{
km AwKo-I-cn GPkn-Iv ssIam-dpw.
Bh-iy-ap s]mXp- C-S--fn D]-tbm-K--ahpw kv{Xoku-lr-Z-hp-amb s]mXp-iu-Nm-e-b- Dd-m-pw.
Fm 50 Intem-ao--dp-I-fnepw sslth Iw^v tj-\p-I m]npw. \ne-hn-ep s]t{Sm ]p-I,
sslth `-W-im-e-I Fn-h-tbmSv _-s-Sp-n-bm-bn-cnpw Cu iuNm-eb irwJe {]hn-pI.
kpc-n-Xa
- mb amen\y kwkvIc
- W
-
- n\pw ]mcn-n-XnI BtcmKy kwc-W
-
- n\pw kwm-\s
- am-msI
P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW amXr-I-bn Hcp Im-bn\v cq]w \Ipw. mnIv t]mep ]cn-n-Xnv tZmjw hcpp D]---fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bvp--Xn\v _Z D]---sf t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
ipNn-Xzm-tcmKy kwc-W {]h-\-sf BtKmf Xm]-\-n-s\-Xn-cmb tZiob AtZ-iob {]h\--fp-ambn _n-n-pw.
shw, hmbp Fnh aen-\-s-Sp-p--hs-Xnsc ISp \S-]Sn Dm-Ip hn[w \nb-a-\nmWw
\S-pw.
\psS Pe-t{km-X
- p-Ifmb \Zn-Ifpw XSm-I
- fpw Xo-S
- fpw AS-a
- p Pe-t{km-X
- p-I hosSp-m\pw kwc-n-m\pw _rl-Zv]
- X
- n-I sImp-hc
- pw. CXn-\mbn tIc-f
- n Pe-t{km-Xkv kwc-W
kan-Xn-I Dmpw.
kwkvI-cn--s amen\yw Irjnv {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-pw.

BtcmKyw
264.

km Bip]{XnIfpsS hn]qeoIcWn\pw \hoIcWn\pw BtcmKy \bn Du \Ipw.

kwm\ kmcns BtcmKy sNehv kwm\ Dev]mZ\ns 0.6 iXam\n \npw hjw
Iv Hcp iXam\ambn h[nnv Av iX-am-\-n Fn-pw.
265. BtcmKy Cjzdkv ]Xn hInS tImtdv Bip]{XnIsf IgnhXpw Hgnhmn km -CScw

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kzImcy Bip]{XnIfntembn ]cnanXsSppw. Cjzdkv ]Xn hgn e`np hnlnXw

{]tbmP\sSpn km Bip]{XnIfnse ASnm\ kuIcy IqSpX sasSppw. A_pZw, hr-tcm-K-, Ic, Xe-tm-dnse Syqa XpS-n-b-hbvpw CXp-hgn kuP\y NnIn Dd-p-h-cppw.
km BtcmKym]\fpsS kuIcy hn]peoIcnpw. ]n.Fv.knIfn ASap m^v
]mt DNnXamb am hcpn Bhiym\pkcWw ]cnjvIcnpw. Xtikzbw-`-cW m]-\--fpambn kl-I-cnv Fm ]n.-F-v.-kn-I-fnepw tcmKn-Isf InSn NnIn-n-p--Xn-\p kuI-cy- kam-pw. ss{]adn slv sk-dp-Isf ^manen slv sk-dp-I-fmn ampw.
kmz\NnIn kwhn[m\w kmh{XnIampw. CXn\mbp {]h\ ]n.Fv.kn Xen
GtIm]nnpw.
]Ihym[nIfpsS \ncoW kwhn[m\w insSppw. kq km{XnI CyqssWtkj
]cn]mSn Fm PnIfnepw IrXyXtbmsS \Snempw.
PohnXcoXn tcmK XSbpXn\pw {]mcw` Ln IspXn\pap BtcmKy t_m[hcW
]cn]mSnI Xtikzbw-`c
- W hIp-n-sbpw BtcmKyhIpnsbpw saUn tImtf-Pp-If
- nse kmaql
BtcmKy hnZKvcpsSbpw, s{]m^jW kwLS\IfpsSbpw klIcWtmsS \Snempw. Hmtcm
]uctbpw BtcmKy\nesb tamWn sNpXn\pw NnInbpw Dd- p- h - c p- p- - X n\pw
P\Iobkwhn[m\w Dmpw.
{]ta-l-n\pw c-k--n-\p-ap acp-p-I Ipd hnebvv e`y-ampw. aqp-amkw IqSp-tm
dhyq sNv \n_--am-pw. acpv Ign-m hnk--Xn-p--hsc IpSpw-_-{io-bp-ambn tNv t_m[h-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. InUv\n, Ic XpS-n-bh am-n-h-bvp--Xn-\p XpSNn-In
anX-amb sNe-hn Ddp-h-cp-m-\p \S-]-Snbpw kzoI-cn-pw.
kv I q, tImtfPv ]mTy]XnIfn s]mXpP\mtcmKy hnjb DsSppw. kzImcy
Bip]{XnIfpsSbpw tcmK\nb skdpIfpsSbpw \ncoWhpw kmaqly \nb{Whpw Ddv
hcppXn\mbn tI{ km AwKoIcn Z n\n- Fm-n-jvsa vkv (c-Pn-kvt{S-j & sdKpte-j) DNnXamb t`ZKXnItfmsS \Snempw.
C.Fkv.sF Bip]{XnIfpambn klIcnv sXmgnP\y tcmKsf kw_nv ]T\w \Sn DNnXamb
{]Xntcm[ NnInm kwhn[m\ GsSppw. ]-c--cm-KX taJ-e-bnse sXmgnP\y tcmK-
\n-bnv AXn\v Bh-iy-amb NnInm ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-m {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \Ipw. IpnIv Dm-Ip tcmK- apIpn Is-p--Xn-\p Gfn Cshj sk m]n-pIbpw hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
tIcf ]nIv slv Bv, ]mcmsaUn Iukn Bv, ^makn Iukn Bv Fnh
\Snempw. tIcf t\gvkkv & anUvssh^v Iukn BIvSv t`Z-KXn sNbvXv Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cnjvI-cn-pw.
t\gvknwKv hnZym-`ym-k-cw-Kv KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn-\p Ii\ \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
Fm AwKhm-Sn-Ipw Xti `cW m]-\--fpsS klm-b-tmsS kzw sInSw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
]qcI t]mj-Im-lmcw in-s-Sp-pw.
saUn ]cnioe\w ]qnbmIp apdbv v ImeXmakw Hgnhmn tUmam, \gv k pam
XpSnbhsc km Bip]{XnIfnepw saUn tImtfPpIfnepw \nbanm ]nFkv.knbn
{]tXyI kwhn[m\w GsSppw. Bhiysan saUn khokv dn{Iqvsa v t_mUv Bcw`npw.
slv kokknse kvs]jymenn tIU, AUvan\nkvt{Sohv tIU kwhn[m\fpsS A]mIXI
]cnlcnpw.
BtcmKy m]\fpsS `cWn BtcmKy hIpn\pw Xti kzbw`cW m]\pap
ZznapJ \nb{Wfnse A]mIXI ]cnlcnpw.
BZnhmknI, aysmgnemfnI XpSn {]mhcnshcpsSbpw kv { XoIfpsSbpw
{]mbm[nIyaphcpsSbpw BtcmKymhiy t\cnSpXn\mbn slv kokn {]tXyI `cW
kwhn[m\w GsSppw. `ntijnmcpsS BtcmKy{]iv\pff kuIcy hn]pesSppw.
]pI-bne D---fpsS D]-tbmKw Ii-\-ambn \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. Cm-cyn \ne-hn-ep \nb-a- Ii-\-ambn \S-n-em-pw.
FbvUvkv tcmKn-I-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-n\v {]tXyI kvIow Dm-pw. Ah-bh am ikv{X-{Inb \S-nbn-p tcmKn-I-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-n\v {]tXyI klmbw \Ipw.

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Xmeqv Bip-]{Xn hsc kvs]jym-enn tlmkv]n-e

- m-pw. Ahn-S
- f
- n lrZbi-kv{X-{In-bb
- vp kuIcyhpw Imv em_pw m]n-pw. Imk NnIn--bvp kuIcyw Cc-n-bmpw. Xmeqv ASn-m-\n Xs tcmK ]cn-tim-[\ \S-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw.
tUmIvSam-cpsS Hgnhv \nIpw. Imem-Im-e--fn apS-nb Poh-\-m-cpsS s{]mtam-j ka-b-_-n-Xambn \S-m-pw. tUmIvSamv dnkn\v Ah-k-c-ap-m-pw. BZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fn tkh-\-n\v
k--cm-Ip tUmIvSamv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw B\p-Iq-eyhpw \Ipw.
tkmjy tlmkv]n- F t]cn kl-Ic
- W taJ-ebpw k kwL-S\
- I
- fpw ASw Hnv Ipd
\nc-n tkh\w eyw hp Bip-]-{Xn-I m]n-pw. Fw.-B.sF kvIm\nwKv kuIcyw sNdnb
\nc-n k kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn tNv \S-m-pw.
saUn kIemime cq]oIcW kanXnbpsS ip]mi A\pkcnp KthjW tI{
kIemimebpsS Iogn Bcw`npw. slv kokknse tUmam, \gvkpam, ^maknpI
XpSnbhv XpS hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSn \Sm\pw Iplmkv apssIsbSppw. Xti kzbw`cW
m]\sf BtcmKy t{]mPIvpI XmdmpXn Iplmkv klmbnpw.
saUn- tImtf-Pp-Isf sk Hm^v FIvke
- kv Bpw. aqv saUn- tImtf-Pp-Isf Fbnwkv \nehm-c-n-ep-bpw.
sI.Fkv.Un.]n t\cnSp {]iv\ ]cnlcnv DmZ\w IqSpX hn]peoIcnpw. s]mXptaJebn
GXm\pw Huj[ I\nI IqSn Bcw`npw. saUn khokkv tImtdjs {]h\
sasSppw. NnInm am\Zfpw \ntiI XXzfpw s{]m^jW kwLS\IfpsSbpw
AmZanv hnZKvcpsSbpw klmbtmsS Xmdmn A`n{]mb ka\zbtmsS \Snempw.
tIc-f-nse kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-p Fm t\gvkp-ampw \ymb-amb an\naw thX-\hpw av
tkh\ hyh--Ifpw \S-n-em-pw. sXmgn kwc-Ww Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
tIcfnep KthjW m]\sf _sSpn Hcp B[p\nI Huj[ KthjW tI{w
m]npw.
tcmK{]Xntcm[ {]h\nepw BtcmKy kwcWnepw Bbpjv k{-Zm-b--fpsS tkh\w
]camh[n {]tbmP\sSpn tcmKmXpcX Ipdbvm {ianpw. BbpthZ tImtfPpIfpsS ASnm\
kuIcy kn.kn.sF.Fw \n_\I A\pkcnv sasSppw.
tcmK{]Xntcm[w, BtcmKykwcWw Fo taJeIfn \psS ]ccmKX sshZyamb
BbpthZaSap Bbpjv k{Zmbfn {]kambh {]tbm-P-\-s-Sppw.
Pnm Bip]{XnIfn Fm n\n kvs]jymennIfpw Xmeqv BbpthZ Bip]{XnIfn
sXscsSp cp kvs]jymennIfpw Bcw`nv AmwK kvs]jymenn NnInbpsS e`yX
Ddphcppw.
BbpthZs sXfnh[njvTnXambn (Evidence based Medicine) imkv{Xobambn hnIknnpXn\pw
tIcfns ]ccmKX sshZytaJebnse ka{K Kth-j-W-n-\p-ambn Hcp BbpthZ KthjW
Cknnyqv m]npw.
BbpthZ Huj[ kkyfpsS Zue`yw ]cnlcnpXn\v {]mtZinI klIcW kwLfnepsS
Huj[ kkyIrjn hym]nnpw. Huj[ kw`cWw hn]W\w aqeyhnX Dev]fpsS \nmWw
Fnhbn s]mXpP\ ]mfntmsS ]XnI BhnjvIcnpw.
kzm{ib saUn- tImtfPpIfnse ]T\\nehmcw DdphcpXn\v AmUanIv HmUnv
bqWnthgvknn Xen \Smpw.
BbpthZ Huj[\nmW taJebpsS hnIk\n\pw AXv tIcfns kmnI hnIk\n\v
{]tbmP\sSppXn\pw AkwkvIrX Huj[fpsS e`yX DdphcppXn\pw Aimkv{Xob
Huj[ D]tbmKw XSbpXn\pw imkv{Xob Huj[ D]tbmKw t{]mkmlnnpXn\pambn tIcfn\v
Hcp BbpthZ Huj[\bw Dmpw.
]ccmKX Huj[taJebn {]hnsbSpphcpsS sXmgn kwcWw Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\pw
AhcpsS sshZKvy hnIk\n\pw Huj[\nmW sSIv\o-jy tImgvkv, Huj[ kw`cW ]cnioe\w,
^maknv, ]I sSIv\ojy, Fn-h-bn ncamb tImgvkpI \Sn Cu taJebnse
a\pjyhn`htijn hnnpw.
BbpthZ {UKv It{Sm hn`mKw insSppXn\v \nmW bqWnpIv B\p]mXnIambn

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{UKv Ckvs] XkvXnIfpw . AXn\v B\p]mXnIambn ko\nb {UKv Ckvs], AUojW

{UKv It{Smf Fo XkvXnIIfpw A\phZnpw.
Huj[\nmW sSIv \ ojy tImgv k v , Huj[w kw`cW ]cnioe\w, ^maknv , ]I
sSIv\ojy, Fnhbn ncamb tImgvkpI \Sn Cu taJebnse a\pjy hn`htijn
hnnpw. CXn ]ccmKX sshZytaJebn \nphv apKW\ \Ipw.
Fm ]mbpIfnepw km BbpthZtlm-antbm Unkvs]kdnI XpSm\mbnn. Ah
Bcw`npXn\v \S]Sn kzoIcnpw.
GIoIrX tIcf saUn {]mojtWgv _n \Snhcppw.
tIcfnse Dbcp tcmKmXpcX IpdbvpXn\v BtcmKyw \ne\npXn\v DXIp `Ww
PohnX{Iaw, hymbmaw, ImbnI hnt\mZw, kmwkvImcnI ]cn]mSnI Fnh t{]mkmlnnpXn\v
Hcp kmaqlnI BtcmKy anj _lpP\ kwLS\Ifpambn klIcnv \Smpw.
knbp\m\n k{Zmbv {]Nmcap efn AhbpsS tkh\w Bbpjv anj hgn
e`yampXn\v \S]Sn kzoIcnpw.
tlmantbmXnbnse KthjWhpw hnIk\hpw t{]mmlnnpXn\v Hcp tv Cnyqpw
tUmamscbpw ]mcmsaUn Poh\mtcbpw ]cnioennpXn\v Hcp ncw s{Sbn\nwKv skdpw
Bcw`npw. hnhn[ hnjbfn ]n.Pn. tImgvkpIfpw \gvknwKv, Un^mw tImgvkpIfpw XpSpw.
tlmantbmXn Huj[\nmW cwKv {]hnp tlmwtImsb sk Hm^v FIvkekv Bbn
hnIknnpw. tlmantbmXn tImtfPv, ^makn tImtfPv, tlmwtIm FnhnSfnep `qan
D]tbmKsSpn tlmantbmXn Huj-[--m-h-iy-amb Huj[kkyIrjn t{]mmlnnpw.
sXcphv \mbv-fn\nv P\-sf kwc-n-p--Xn-\p ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.

s]mXphn-Zym-`ymkw
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Hmtcm mnepw Bn-t `mjm-]-chpw KWn-X-]-c-hp-amb tijn IpnbpsS Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cnv ]c-amh[n t\Sn-sbv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. Hmtcm Lnepw t\tS {]mYanItijn Ipn ssIhcnp Fv
Ddphcpm\p D]m[n F-Xn\v ]Icw \nc-c hne-bn-cp--se-m Ana ]co-v/ s]mXp
]co-v 20 iX-am\w kvtIm \Ip Hcp Gm-Smbn amdn. CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmc I-]-cn-]mSnv
cq]w \Ipw.
Ign FUnF^v km Bcw`n ]mTy]Xn ]cnjvIcWw AnadnpXn\p \S \osf
Xncppw. ]mT]pkv X Ifnepw ]T\{]h\fnepw hcpnb ]cnjv I mcsf Ii\amb
]cntim[\bvp hnt[bampw.
{]oss{]-adn Xew apX lbsk-Udn Xew hsc amXr-`mjm ]T\w \n_--ampw. _`mj
F \ne-bn Cwojv `mjm-]-T\w IqSp-X sa-s-Sp-t-Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-sf BIj-I-am-p-Xn-\p {][m-\-s D]m-[n-I-fn Hm-WnXv. `mj-bn {]mhoWyw t\S- Xc-n-ep Cwojv
]T-\n\v Htsd amXr-I-I- CtmXs tIc-f-n-ep-v. Ah hym]n-pw.
Ipn-I-fpsS ]T\ kabw (A-[ym]IhnZymn Bibhn\n-ab ka-bw) 200 {]hrn Znhkw (1000 aWnq) Dd-p-h-cppw. A[ym-]-I--hn-Zymn A\p-]mXw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-p Imcyw ]cn-tim-[n-pw.
\psS \mnsebpw hntZisbpw hInSbpw CSchpamb kvIn (ss\-]p-Wn) kaq-l-ns
Bhiyv tbmPn Xcn sFSnsF, t]mfnsSIv\nIv, sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\fpsS s]mXp NqSv samn Agnp ]Wnbpw. sXmgn hIppw s]mXphnZym`ymk hIppw
kmtXnI hnZym`ymk hIppw sht-sd-bmbn ]ckv]c _anm hnhn[ ]cnioe\ ]XnI
\Smp coXn \nempIbpw ]Icw Ghpw \qX\amb kmtXnI ss\]pWy ]cnioe\w e`yamm\p GIoIrXamb ]Xn Xmdmpw. kmt-XnI hnZym-`ymkw tZiob am\-Z---\p-kr-Xambn kwhn-[m\w sNpw.
AUojW kvInkv AIznknj t{]m{Kmw \Smn hcp hymhkmbnI ]mfntmSpIqSnb
IyqWnn kvIn ]mpIsf IqSpX hnimeamb ASndbpXpw (s]mXp taJebpsS ]mfnw
IqSnbp) Fm kvIn sUhe]vsa v Iukn AwKoIcnnp Nm\ ]mvW amXrI AtX]Sn
\ne\npXpamb coXnbn ]p\xkwLSnnpw. Pnm ]mbpIfpsS \nb{Wnep
IyqWnn kvIn ]mpIsf t]mfnsSIv\npIfpw sFSn-sF-Ifpw shmtjW lbskdn

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323.

kvIqfpIfpambn lv B v kvt]mIv amXrIbn _nnpw.

kmaq-ly-ambpw km-n-I-ambpw ]ntmw \np hn`m-K--fmWv shmt-j-W tImgvkpIp
]Tn-p-Xv Fv Dsm-p-sIm-p kao-]\w kzoI-cn--pw. Ah-cpsS ta-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bhn[w Cu m]-\--fnse kuIcy Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-pw.
Cv shmtjW hnZymnIv DXhnZym`ymkns [mcbntebvp ISpXn\v At\Iw
{]bmk t\cnSppv. Chsbmgnhmn shmtjW hnZym`ymkhpw DXhnZym`ymkhpw Xnepff
_w insSppw. DX hnZym-`ym-k-n\v t]mIm ap Ipn-Imbn \mn-ep hnhn[ sXmgnep-I sNp--Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w \ \ne-hm-c-n \Ipw.
{]okvIq hnZym`ymkw {]mYanI hnZym`ymkhpambn _nnpXn\pff ]cn{iaw insSppw.
{]okvq A[ym]IcpsS tkh\thX\ \ncpI sa-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ckhokv ]cnioe\w
DdphcppIbpw sNpw. {]okvIq hnZym-`ym-k-n-\mbn Hcp tamU Icnpen\v ASnbcambn
cq]w \Ipw. {]okvIq mkp apdnIfnse `uXnIkuIcy BIjIhpw IuXpIw P\n-n-p
Xc-n-ep-ampw.
Hmtcm hnZymn-bp-sSbpw Ign-hp-I Is-m\pw A`n-cp-Nn--\p-krXambn ]c-am-h[n hnI-kn-n-m-\pap s]mXp CS--fmbn kvIqfp-I amtd--Xm-Wv. Fm Ipn-Ipw Iem ImbnI, {]hrn ]cnNb
hnZym-`ymkw In- coXn-bn {]h\ ]-Xn-I Xm-dm-pw. kvIq k--dpIfpsS ASn-m-\n Hgnhp Znh-k--fn Hmtcm C\-nepw hnhn[ tI{--fn hv ]cn-io-e\w \Im Gm-Sp-mpw.
Am-Z-anv tamWn--dnwKv in-s-Sp-n-smv aptm-p-t]m-Ipw. ]m-bv/ FCH/ UnCH Xe-n
Ign-hp--hcpw ko\n-b-dp-am-bn-p A[ym-]-IscbpssS ]s-Sp-n-p-sIm-p ncw tamWn--dnwKv
kan-Xn-I Dm-hp-Ibpw AXn\v IrXy-amb {]h\ ]Xn hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. ]pXnb
]mTy]Xn icn-bmb coXn-bn \S-n-em-m ]p hn[w A[ym-]-I-cpsS {]okhokv, Cskhokv
]cnioe\ ]p\xkwhn[m\w sNpw.
Am-Za
- nIXe-n A[ym-]I
- sc Kth-jI
- c
- mn amm\p I-]c
- n-]m-Sn-Iv cq]w sImSppw. sIknF^v 2007 s ImgvN-m-S-\p-k-cnv `cW kwhn-[m\w GtIm-]n-npw. tmv, Pnm hnZym-`ymk Hm^okp-I Am-Z-anI tat\m--n\v apXq-w \In ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n--pw.
A[ym]I \nb-a\w, XkvXnI \nWbw, ew-amw, s{]mtam-j Ds-sS-bp `cW]c-amb {]h-\ Hmsse kwhn-[m-\-n-eqsSbm-pw. Ipn-Imbn mkv ({In-tb-ohv, teWnwKv Akkvsa v
knw t^m pU vkv) F tkmjy aoUnbm mvt^mw Gs-Sp-pw.
\ne-hn-ep ]nSn-F, Fkv-Fw-kn, Fkv-Fw-Unkn kwhn-[m-\- GtIm-]n-nv \ne-hnse Bi-b-p-gw
]cn-l-cnpw. s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-v ]pdsa AwKo-Im-c-ap Fm hnZym-e-b-pw CXv _m[-I-am-pw. Hmtcm kvIqfpw anI-hns tI{--fmbn amdp--Xn\v Bh-iy-amb {lkz-Im-e, ZoL-Ime ]-Xn-Iv
cq]w-sIm-Sp--pw.
{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ Aln-p Ipn-Ip hnZym-`ym-k-n IqSp-X {i tI{o-I-cn-pw. ChnSs ]T\ \ne-hmcw sa-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-pw. CXn-\mbn Fkv-F-kvF ]Xn-bpsS Iogn {]hn-p sFC-Un-kn-bpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-ns Iogn-ep sFCUnFkv-Fkv Dw
av kwhn-[m-\-fpw GtIm-]n-npw. kmaq-ly-tahIpv, BtcmKyhIpv, hnI-emwKtahIpv Fnh-bpsS {]h-\-sf CXp-ambn Iqn-tbm-Pn-nv ka-{K-amb ]-Xnv cq]w sImSppw. ]m-m-d-bn
{]hn-p tv Cn-yqv ^m^v saen Ne-nUv F m]-\s kwm-\-Xe Kth-jW
m]-\ambn amp-Ibpw {]h\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sS-sbmw t\XrXzw hln-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Npa-Xe
\Ip-w.
tI{-km-cns [\-klmb ]-Xn-I-fmb k-inm A`n-bm, cmjv{Sob am[y-anIv inm A`nbm Fn-h-bpsS \S-nv ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-pw. ]m-bv, tmp-Xe kwhn-[m-\- Dmn ]XnIsf {]h\ \nc-X-ampw.
]mbv, tmv, Pnm-X-e-n hnZym-`ymk D-a-\-n\v ka-{K-amb am m Xm-dm-pw. Xt-ikz-bw-`-cW m]-\-, Xti`cW Unmvsa v, Fw]n, FwFF Fn-h-cpsS hnhn[ ^p-I
CX-\p-k-cnv e`y-am-p--Xn-\p IrXy-amb amK-tcJ Dm-pw. kwm\ hcpam\ns \mep
iXam\sanepw s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-n-\p-thn sNehgnpw.
kvIqfp-If
- nse D-`
- W kwhn-[m-\
- n IrXyX Dd-m-p-Ibpw \nnX coXn sImp-hc
- n-Ibpw sNpw.

324.

325.

326.
327.

328.

329.

330.

331.

332.

333.

t]mjI KpW-ap Blmcw CXns `mK-am-pw.

lbsk-dn hsc ]qW-ambpw kuP-\y-hn-Zym-`ymkw \Ip--Xn-\p ]Xn Lw L-ambn \S-nem-pw. ]T\ kma-{KnI, bqWn-t^mw, `Ww, bm{Xm-ku-I-cy-sam-cp- Fnh ]qW-ambpw kuP\y-am-pw.
Ipn-Iv thn-bp ka{K BtcmKy t]mj-Im-lmc ]cn-]mSn ImtemNnX-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-pw. CXns
Npa-X-b-ebn \npw {]Yam-[ym-]I
- sc Hgn-hmn Xt-ik
- z-bw-`c
- W m]-\-sf Gn-pw. apgp-h
Ip-n-I-fp-sSbpw ImbnIaX Dd-p-h-cp-p coXn-bn Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymks ampw.
]T\ kma-{Kn-I, ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, ssIp-kvXIw Fn-h-bpsS ASn, hnX-cWw Fnh- ka-b-_-n-Xambn \n-ln-pw.
B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk ImgvN-m-Sn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn kvIq kwhn-[m-\s ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-pw. mvapdn-I kvamv mv dqw Bpw. 8,9,10,11,12 Fo mkpIsfmw sh_v t_kvUv CdmIvSohv hoUntbm
tIm^dknwKv kuIcyaphbmpw.
kvIq A-cow inip-ku-lr-Zhpw ]cn-nXn kulr-Zhpw B-Ww. ssPh-]---dn-I D]m-Zn-n, amen-\y kwkvI-cW ]Xn \S-n-em- Fnh Ipn-I-fpsS ]m-fn--tm-sSbpw kmaq-lnI
]np-W-tbm-sSbpw \S-n-em-pw.
s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k- taJ-e-bnse A\p-_- -m-]-\-fmb FkvknC-BSn, koam-v, Fkv-sF-C-Sn,
sFSn@kvIq Fn-h-bpsS LS-\, Npa-Xe Fnh ]p\\nWbn-t--Xp-v. FkvknC-BSnsb
AtZ-iobtZiob cwKv Adn-b-s-Sp Am-Z-anIv hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tat\m--n {]hn-p
kzbw-`-cW m]-\-amn am-pw.
sFSn@kvIqfns Cs Ah AXoh timN-\o-bhpw \no-h-hp-am-Wv. sFSn cwK-p {]K-cpsS tkh\w e`y-amn hnZym-`ymkcwKs `c-W-]-c-ambpw Am-Z-an-I-hp-ambpw \ho-I-cn-m DX-Ip
hn[-n sFSn@kvIqfns\ in-s-Sp--pw. FkvsFCSnsb sFSn@kvqfpambn kwtbmPnnpw.
aysmgnemfn, ]nIPmXn]nIhK taJeIfnse IpnI ]T\n Ctmgpw hfsc ]nmamWv.
CXn\p {][m\ ImcWw hoSpIfn ]T\ kulrZ A-co--anm-bva-bm-Wv. CXp adnISm\pff amKw
kao]{]tZipff sse{_dnIsftbm atm ]T\hoSpIfmbn cq]mcsSppw. HmtcmcpcpsSbpw
{]tXyI Bhiy IW-n-se-Sp-p-sIm-p {]tXyI ]npWbpw IpnIp \Ipw.
A FbvUUv hnZym-`ym-kt- a-Je
- b
- n \ne-\np {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m-\p-X-Ip--hn[w ka-{K-amb
\nb-a-\nmWw sImp-h-cpw. A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw A\-[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw tkh-\--th-X\ hyh--I icnbmb coXn-bn \S-n-em-p-p-sv Dd-p-hcp-pw.
km kvIqfp-I-fnse {]oss{]-adn Poh-\-mv \Ip B\p-Iq-ey- FbvUUv taJ-e-bnse
{]oss{]-adn Poh-\-mpw \Ipw.

D-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw
334.

kzm{ib m]-\--fn kmaqly \nb-{-Whpw Am-Z-anIv anIhpw Ddv hcp-p--Xn-\p \nb-a-`cW \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
335. kh-I-em-im-e-X-e-n tI{o-Ir-X-kn-e-_tkm tI{-kn-e-_tkm A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amWv. kne-_kv
\nmWw kh-I-em-im-e-Iv hnS-pw. {]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-v Du sImSp-p-sImv ]T\ KthjW {]h-\- cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn\v apssI-sb-Sppw.
336. m-t\mm-Z-\-n\v tijn-bpw tbmKy-X-bpap hnZymn-Isf Is-m\pw hfn-sb-Sp-p-Xn\p- a mbn hnZymn t{]mP- I v S p- I - v Du sImSp- pw.- KthjWn hnZymnIv
XmXv]cyapmm ]T\Imebfhn Ahsc KthjW m]\fn t]mv sNp--XmWv.
AtXmsSmw kwbp _lpsshm\nI A sshm\nI tImgvkpIfpw BhnjvIcnpw. tIcf-ns hnI-k\ Bh-iy- ]cn-l-cn-p--hn-[-ap Kth-jW {]h-\-v Du \Ip-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
337. tIcfn \nv Fm hnjbfnepw d^dnbnwKn\v ASnm\nepff tPWepI Bcw`npXns\
t{]mm-ln-n-p--XmWv. CXn\v apssI FSp-m-hp--hn[w tImtfPpItfbpw Unmp-sapItfbpw
aptm-p-sIm-p-h-cp--Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. Cu kwcw`n\v DZmcamb kmnI ]npW
\IpXp-amWv.

338.

339.

340.

341.

342.

343.

344.
345.

346.

347.

348.
349.

A^nentbp sNsnpff BSvkv BUv kbkv tImfPpIfpsS kuIcyfpw hnZym`ymk

\nehmchpw DbpXn\v Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn AXymt]nXamWv. B[p\nI kuIcy
koIcnpXn\v Hcp amnwKv {Km v ]Xn XpS-pw. DZmcamb kmnI ]npWtbmsS hnhn[
taJeIfn KthjW t{]mPIvSpIsfSpm Cu m]\sf t{]cnnpw. Ccw t{]mPIvSpIp
\Ip [\klmbns \mensemv Fmnjvsa v NmPpIfpsS `mKambn m]\v
FSpmw F kao]\w kzoIcnWw.
\nba\w e`np A[ym]Iv khokn {]thinpXn\p apv _s \nba,
]T\k{Zmbw, ]com \Snv, aqey\nWbw, hnZymn {]thi\w, ]mtTyXc {]h\ Fnh
kw_nv ]cnioe\w \Ipw. khoknepff A[ym]Iv Hmtcm cphjw IqSptmgpw
]T\hnjbnepw aqey\nWbnepw DbXenepff ]cnioe\w \Ipw. AmZan, m^v
tImfPpIfnse ]mTy{Iahpw CXn\v A\pkrXambn \hoIcnpw. bqWn-th-gvknn Poh-\-m-cpsS Hgn-hpI \nIpw.
khIemimemtI{sfbmWv DXhnZym`ymkns kncmtI{fmbn amt-Xv. khIemimem
tI{fn Bhiyamb XkvXnII krjvSnpIbpw Hgnp InSp XkvXnII ]qWambpw
\nIpIbpw sNpw. ]pXnb hIp-p-Ifpw AXn\v Bhiyamb ]npWmkwhn[m\fpw krjvSnpw.
Unmpsa v sse{_dnI, ayqknb, et_mddnI XpSnbh AtZiob \ne-hm-c-n-tev
Dbpw. Hmtcm kh-I-em-ime tI{fpw Ghpw D-X-amb anI-hns tI{--fmbn ampw.
tIcfn IqSpX DXhnZym]oT m]npw. tI{km DXKthjW m]\
tIcfntebvp sImphcm i-amb kw sNeppw. tIc-f-nse DXhnZym]oTv
Ghpw DXamb hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw Dd-p-hc
- p-p-X
- n-\p sse{_dn, A[ym]Ipff kuIcy,
hnZym-n-Ip DZmcamb kvtImfjnpI, BtKmf{]Xn`IfpsS {lkzIme ki\ ]cn]mSnI,
et_m-d--dn-I Fnh Ddphcppw. Chsbmw sns A\p_ m]\fmp Cs
\ne]mSp Xncppw. Chv ]qW HmtmWan \IpIbpw Iuknens NpaXe GtIm]\w, AhtemI\w, s]mXpZni \nWbn Fnhbn HXp-p-Ibpw sNpw.
BbqthZs tI{oIcnpsImpff AXnhn]peamb Hcp DX _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn KthjW
m]\w tIcfn AXymt]nXamWv. imkv{X-K-th-j-W-n\v tI{o-Ir-X-amb dnkv em_-d-dn-IfpsS m]-\w {][m\amWv. A-c-n-ep Kth-jW em_v kh-I-em-imem tI{fpambn,
{]tXyInv sImn k-I-em-im-e-bp-ambn _sv m]npw.
kh-I-em-ime {Kme-b-sf AtZ-iob \ne-hm-c-ap Kth-jW tI{--fmbn ampw. ]gb
]pkvXIfpw tcJIfpsamw UnPnssekv sNpw. sse{_dn, ]pkvXIsaSppXn\p am{Xa,
IpnIpff Hcp ]T\tI{w IqSnbmn ampw. \qdpIWn\v IpnIv HcpanncnpXn\v
Bhiyamb hnimeamb lmfpI, Cs\v kuIcyw Fnh sse{_dnIfn e`yampw.
kvtImfjnv ^n-tebvv km {Kmn\v ]pdta kw`m-h-\-Ifpw FtUm-hvsap-Ifpw tNv hn]peo-I-cn-pw. Cv \Ip sacnv kvtImfjnv XpI Cc-n-sb-nepw Bn hn-n-pw.
{][m\ Kth-j-W-tI-{--fnepw kzbw-`-cW Unmvsap-I-fnepw s^tm-jn-p-I m]npw. hnZ-Kv]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS ASn-m-\-n AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp Kth-jW t{]mP-IvSp-Isf ap\nn Hcp \nnX-Im-e-b-f-hn-te-bvmWv s^temjn-p-I \IpI. Cs\ sXc-s-Sp--s-Sp s^tem-I kzw
Kth-jWw IqSmsX Ah {]hn-p tI{-ns hnI-k-\-n ]m-fn-bm-Im-\p D-c-hm-ZnXzhpw Gs-Sp-p hn[-hp-am-bn-cnpw CXv.
Iemsshm-\nI taJ-eIfnse ]T\ Kth-jW {]h-\- kwL-Sn-n-p--Xn\pw hnhn[ Iem-ssh-m-\nI k-p-Isf _-s-Sp-p-Xn\pw Am-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-n-ep anI-hns tI{w
m]n-m \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
knUntv, AmZanIv Iukn, sk\v XpSnb khIemimem `cWkanXnIfpsS LS\,
A[nImc]cn[n, AwKfpsS XncsSpv, XpSnbh \mfnXphscbp A\p`hfpsS ASnm\n
Ii\amb ]cntim[\bvp hnt[bamn A`n{]mbka\zbtmsS DNnXamb am hcppw.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb {]h-\-fpw Am-Z-anIv kzbw-`-c-Whpw DX hnZym-`ymk cwKv Ddv hcppw. hnZymn-I-fpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i- DX hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn Ddv hcp-pw.
tImtfPv -dp-I F Bibw tIcfw apgp-h hym]n-n-p-Ibpw AXn\v Cp XS-- Hgn-hmp-Ibpw sNpw. Am-Z-anIv kwLm-S-\n\pw ]cn-tim-[-\-bvpap kwhn-[m-\--fmbn -dp-Isf
hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-X-e-n tImtf-Pp-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-p kwhn-[m-\--fmbn

350.

351.

352.

353.
354.

355.

Ahsb amp-Ibpw sNpw.

tIcfnse khIemimeIfn \Sp hnZqc ]T\kwhn[m\sf GtIm-]n-n-p-sIm-p Hcp
s]mXp{IaoIcWw GsSppw. Bhiysan Hcp Hm bqWnthgvknn A`n-{]m-bk
- a
- \
- z-ba
- p-mn
m]n-m {ianpw.
kzm{i-b-m-]-\--fn DssS hnZymn-I-fp-tSbpw A[ym-]-I-cp-tSbpw A\-[ym-]-I-cp-tSbpw P\m-[n]Xy Ah-Im-i
- fpw kwL-S\mkzmX-{yhpw ]cn-c
- n-p-X
- n\v th \S-]S- n-I kzoI-cn-pw. kzm{ib
tImtfPpIfn an\naw ASnm\ kuIcy Dsv khIemimeI ]cntim[nv Ddphcppw.
D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-Ks tI{ GPknIfpw khIemimeIfpw \ntinp tbmKy-X-bp--hsc
am{Xta A[ym]Icpw Poh\mcpambn \nbanm ]mSpffqshv hyh-s
- Npw. kzm{ib m]-\
- fn A[ym-]-I--A-\-[ym-]I Poh-\-mv am\y-amb \ne-bn-ep tkh-\--thX\ hy-hI Dd-p-h-cpp--Xn\v \nb-a-\nmWw sImp-hcpw.
tIc-f-ns hnI-k-\-{]-iv\-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p Xc-n-ep Kth-jW {]h-\-v Du
sImSp-p--hn[w tIc-f-nse Kth-jW m]-\-sf cq]-s-Sp-pw. tIcf imkv{XkmtXnI
KthjW Iuknensbpw, KthjW m]-\--fp-sSbpw {]h\w hni-Z-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bvv
hnt[-b-amn Bh-iy-amb Xncp--ep-I hcp-pw.
tI-c-f-nse Av Fn-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pp-I Cn-yqv Hm^v sSIv\n- FIvke
- kv Bbn
Dbpw. ChnsS Am-cmjv{S \ne-hm-ca
- p ASn-m\ kuI-cy- Gs-Sp-pw.
hnZym-`ymk hmbv]m IpSn-n-Ibpw _mp-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Kuc-h-amb kmaq-ly-{]iv\-am-bn-p-v. tPmen
e`n-p--Xp-hsc Xncn--Shv \n_-n-m ]mSn-. tPmen e`n-mepw hcp-am-\-nse \nnX iX-am-\n-e-[nIw Xncn--Shv hcm ]mSn-. C-c-samcp Xocp-am-\-n-tev Fp--Xn-\mbn ]cn-{i-an-pw. ]enibvv k_vknUn \Ipw.
Iem-eb
-
- f
- n\npw Am-sX-bp-ambn \qX-\m-ib
-
- f
- p-ambn Fp-h
- v km-nI klmbw \Ipw.
Iem-e-b--fn\npw k-I-em-imem Kth-jW m]-\--fn\npw Dbp-h-cp \qX-\m-i-b-
s]mXp-ta-J-e-, -km taJe Fo cwK--fn {]mhn-I-am-m {ianpw.

kmaq-ly-kp-c
356.

357.

358.

359.

360.
361.
362.

AkwLSnX taJebnse sXmgnemfnIsf apgph ta\n[n hebn sImp-hcpw. ta\n[n

AwKfpsS Fw AXpen \nv Hcp tImSnbmbn Dbpw. sXmgn-epdv sXmgn-em-fn-I,
Ij-I-sm-gn-em-fn-I, hnhn[ ]c--cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-I, ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I XpS-nb
Iqen-th-e-m-sc-sbmw _n.]n.-F Bbn IW-mn kmaq-ly-kp-cm he-b-n sImp-h-cpw.
an\naw ta s]j BZyhjw 1000 cq]bmpIbpw XpSp hj--fn hnnpIbpw
sNpw. Cu an\naw s]j\p ]pdsa sXmgnemfnIv, {]tXyInv nc-h-cp-am-\-mv, Hmtcm amkhpw
A[nIXpI ASv AwKamIm ]p tIm{Sn_yqdn s]j\papmmhp- kwhn-[m\w GsSppw. ta s]j-\p-I IrXy-ambn hnX-cWw sNp-p-sv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. Ch t\cnv hoSp-I-fn
Fn-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-mpw. km-aq-ly-kp-cm s]j ]Xn IqSp-X hn]p-e-am-p-Xn\p kwhn-[m\w Dm-pw.
ta\n[n AwKfpsS apgph IpSpw_mwKpw ka{K BtcmKy Cjzdkv \Ipw. s]js
Imcynset]mse CXn\pw Fmhpw kuP\yambn e`n-p an\naw BtcmKy]cncbpw
A[nI{]oanbw ASm e`yamIp A[nI BtcmKy]cncbpw Dmbn-cnpw. k-a{K BtcmKy Cjzdkv ]Xn hn]p-e-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Al-X-bp--hsmw AXv e`n-p-p-sv Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw
B\p-Iq-ey- hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. 1000 cq]-bn Xmsg s]j hmp ]n.-F^v s]jImv BtcmKy Cjz-dkv \S-n-em-m ]cn-{i-anpw. ]n.-F^v s]jIm-cpsS {]iv\- ]cn-lcn-p--Xn\v tI{-km-cn i-amb kw sNep-pw.
]mNI sXmgn-em-fn-Iv ta-\n[n A\p-h-Zn-pw. Chsc C.-F-kv.sF ]cn-[n-bn sImp-h-cp--Xn\v
\S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. Cjz-dkv ]Xn Bcw-`n-p-X
- n-\p \S-]S- nbpw kzoI-cn-pw. C.-Fk
- v.sF kvIow
Al-Xb
- p Fm hn`m-K
- n\pw e`y-am-p-t- Xm-sSmw ]cn[n kwm-\s
- m-msI Bp-Ibpw sNpw.
hop-tPm-en-mv thn-bp ta-\n[n {]h-\--a-am-p-Ibpw BIj-I-am-p-Ibpw sNpw.
Xp-h-cp-am-\-m-cmb kzImcy t{X-Po-h-\-mv ta-\n[n Gs-Sp-pw. t{X Poh-\-mv kab-_-nX t{KUp-I A\p-h-Zn-pw.
sXmgn \jvS-s Ip-sNv sXmgn-em-fn-I, Nmcmb sXmgn-em-fn-I, _m sXmgn-em-fn-I Fn-hv

sXmgn e`y-am-p--Xn-\p Hcp ]mtPv \S-n-em-pw.

inipkwcWw
363.

Ipn-Iv t\sc-bp B{I-aW

-
- f
- pw ]oU\-f
- pw ssewKnIm-Xn-{I-a
- fpw Cmbva sNp-hm\p t_m[h-c-Whpw \nba kwhn-[m-\--fpw Dd-p-h-cppw. Ipn-I-fp-tSbpw Xt-i-kz-bw-`-cW km-cp-I-fptSbpw c-Ir kan-Xn-IfpsSbpw {]Xn\n-[n-Isf Ds-Spnbp Pm{K-Xm-k-an-Xn- cq]o-I-cnpw.
364. kw-m\v Ipn-I-fpsS Btcm-K-y-kw-c--W-n-\p-thn \S-n-em-n-bn-p ]-Xn-Ifmb Btcm-KyInc-Ww, Xmtem-ew, Imcp-W-y, A-bpw- Ippw XpS-nbh ]p\-kw-L-Sn-n-pw. A-ampw Ipn-Ipw
thn-bp Bip-]-{Xn-I-fpsS Fhpw Ah \Ip tkh-\fpw hnnp-Ibpw sa-s-SppIbpw sNpw.

]mnSw
365.

C.Fw.Fkv ]mnS ]Xnbpw Fw.-F ew-hoSv ]-Xnbpw ]p\cmhnjvIcnpw. tI{ sF.F.ssh

hoSv ]-Xn-bp-ambn kwtbmPnnmbncnpw CXp \SmpI. CXn\p {]mcw`ambn ]Wn Xocm hoSpIfpsS
]qW env XmdmpIbpw AhbpsS ]Wn ]qoIcnpXn\pff {]tXyI ]Xnbvp cq]w
\IpIbpw sNpw. kzambn `qanbnmhv XnjvSapff ev `qan hmpXn\pff
A\phmZw \IpIbpw km \nbn s^b hmeyphns\m \nnXiXam\w XpI A[nI
klmbambn \Ipw. km Xs `qan AIzb sNbvXv `qclnXv ]mnS \nm-W-n-\mbn
\Ip Imcyhpw Btem-Nn-pw. {]Xnhjw Hcp ew hoSp hoXw \nnv Ap hjw sImv
Fmhpw hoSv Ddph-cp-pw.
366. 1000 NXp-c{i ASn hsc-bp hoSp-I 5 skn Ipd- ev \nn-m Hcp A\p-a-Xnbpw thXn-. 1500 NXp-c{i ASn hsc-bp kutcm ]m\-ep-I m]n hoSp-I-fpsS \nm-W-n\pw A\pa-Xn-I thsp hbvpw. 1000 NXp-c{i ASn hsc-bp hoSp-Iv sInS \nIpXn Hgn-hm-pw.
367. IS-tem-cpw CXc Xoc--fn-ep-a 1500 NXp-c{i ASn hsc-bp hoSp-Ipw 2010\p apv \nn-n-p-hbvpw _nUnwKv sse\ns ASn-m-\-n kn.-B.-C-kUv Cfhv \Ipw. tI{ \nb-a-ns
]cn[nbn hcp taJ-e-bn CXn\v tI{-n kw sNep-pw.
368. hInS sInS kap--b-v m\nwKv skkv Gs-Sp-pw. Cu XpI hoSn-m--hv hoSv \nn-p\Im D]-tbm-Kn-pw.

s]mXphnX-c-Ww
369.

370.
371.

372.
373.

374.

tIcfnse _n]nF ]cn[n KWyamb Hcp hn`mKw ]mhshsc s]mXphnXcW k{Zmbn\np

]pdmp nXn-bmWv Dm-bn-cn-p-Xv. F.-F.-ssh--_n.-]n.-F IpSpw-_-M-Mv kuP-\y-ambn
Acn hnX-cWw sNpw. hnhn[ Akw-L-Sn-X-ta-Jem sXmgnemfn hn`mKsfbpw sXmgnepdp sXmgn-em-fnI-sfbpw _n]nF Bbn ]cnKWnv Ahv IqSn kuP\y tdj \IpXn\p kwhn[m\w
Dmpw.
2013 ]pXp-t tdj ImUp-I CXp-hsc hnX-cWw sNm Ign-n-n-. Hcp hjw sImv
tdjImUv hnX-cWw ]qo-I-cn-pw. CXp-ambn _-sv Dbp-h-cp ]cm-Xn-I ]cn-l-cn-pw.
s]mXp Itm-f-nse hne\nehmcw ]nSn-p-\nm Ign-bp Xc-n knhn ksskv tIm-tdjs\ amv Cshj\v {]m]vXa
- m-pw. Ikyq-as^-Uns {]h-\
- sf ka{Kamb At\zjWw
\Sn AgnaXnbpw shnpw \Snbhsc innpIbpw Ikyqas^Uns _m[yXI HhW
XopmpIbpw sNpw. kl-I-cW kwLfpsS AXnhn]peamb irwJe DhImes Itmf
CSs]Sen\v D]-tbm-K-s-SppXn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
amthen tmdpIfpsS {]h\w insSppw. ASp Av hj-tbvv amthen tmdp-I-fnse
D]---fpsS hne Dbp--X-.
`y-[m\y hn]-Wn-bnse Xn-p-I, Icn--, ]qgvn-shv, Ah[n hym]m-cw, Ir{Xna hne--bw apXem-bh XS-bp--Xn\v Pnkv hm[z Inn dntmv ip]mi sNp hn[-n-ep ]cmXn ]cn-lmc
Io-j cq]o-I-cn-p--XmWv.
tIcfnse tdjIS irwJe Cs ]cnanXamb tdj hnphcpam\ns ASnm\n
\ne\nm\mhn. AXpsImv Chsb Hcp \nb{nXhne hn]W\ irwJebmbn

hfnsbSppXn\pthn sshhnyhXvIcnpIbpw B[p\oIcnpIbpw sNpw. ]mN-I-hm-XI

hnX-c-W-cw-Ks A]m-I-X-Ifpw {Ia-t-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn-m kwm\ km- CS-s]-Spw.
375. tIcfs hninm kwm\amn ampw. Bhiyapffhsmw Hcp t\cs DuWp kuP\yambn
\IpXn- \ p ]Xn Bhn- j v I - c n- pw. BZyw ]co- - W m- S n- m- \ - n sXcsSps
{]tZifn \Snem-pw. kzIm-cy-ta-J-esb IqSn ]s-Sp-n-pXn\p-X-Ip \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
376. anXamb \ncn sas `Ww \IpXn\v As{IUnUv tlmepIfpsS irwJe IpSpw_{iobpsS
B`napJyn Bcw`npw.

CXc kwm\ sXmgnemfnI

377.

CXc kwm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Imbn 2010 tIcf km ta ]Xn kaq-ea

- mbn ]cn-jvIc
- n-v BIjI-am-pw. tI{kwm\ \nbafpsS NqSns\ ASnm\amn, CXc kwm\ sXmgnemfnIsf
kw_nv Hcp ka{K \nb-a-\nmWw sImp-h-cpw.
378. CXc -kw-m\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iv \ym-b-amb \nc-n hrn-bpw shSn-p-ap ]mnSw \Ip--Xn-\mh-i-y-amb kmaq-l-y-kp-c-m-]-Xn Xm-dm-pw. B.-F-kv.-_n.ssh tZihym]Iambn D]-tbm-Kn--s-Sm
AhImiap BtcmKy ]cnc BbXn\m Chsc BtcmKy Cjzdkv hebn sImphcpw.

htbmP\
379.

kmaqly BtcmKy Bip]{Xn apX apIfntebvv Fm XpIfnepw htbm-P\

-
- p thnbp {]tXyI
BtcmKykwhn[m\ Dmpw.
380. kmz\]cn]me\ irwJe kmh{XnIampw.
381. htbmP\mbpff ]IhoSpIfpsS Fw hn- n- p- I bpw hnt\mZn\pw Iqmb
{]h\pw eLp`Wn\pw thnbpff kuIcy Ccw tI{fn Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
htbm-P-\--fpsS {]iv\-sf kw_-nv ka-{K-amb ]T\w \Sn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m CS-s]-Spw.

{SmkvsPU hn`mKw
382.

Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgn taJ-e-I-fn {SmkvsPU-dn\v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \Im DX-Ip

\ne-bn-ep {SmkvsPU t]mfnkn \S-n-em-pw.

`ntijnm
383.

_Uvkv kvqfpIpff kwm\ kmcns [\klmbw KWyambn Db-pw. A[ym-]-Ip

thX\w Dbpw. Hmnkw _m[n apgph IpnIpw kmaqlyamb ]cnNcWw Ddphcppw.
AlXbpff Fm kvs]jy kvIqfpIsfbpw FbvUUv kvIqfpIfmbn ampw. ap m]\v
{]tXyI [\klmbhpw km \Ipw.
384. hnIemwK tIm]tdj ]p\xkwLSnnpw. Pnm tI{--fn Hm^okv A\p-h-Znpw. CXpt]mse
Xs kmaqly kpcm anj\pw kaqeamb ]p\xkwLS\bvv hnt[-b-am-pw. Hm^t\PpIp
[\-k-lmbw hnnpw.
385. sI.-F-kv.-B.-Sn.-kn, Pnm Bip-]{Xn, If-Ivt{S-v, Xmeqv Hm^o-kv, knhn tj XpS-nb m]-\-fn hnI-emw-Kv _v hv sXmgn \S-m A\p-aXn \Ipw.
386. km/A-km m]-\--fn hnI-emw-K-cpsS kwh-cWw ]q-ambpw \S-n-em-pw.

]n-I-Pm-Xn-taw
387.

Zfn-X-cpsS `q DS-a-X sa-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Ign-bm-hp Fm \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ssIsm--Ww. CXn-\mbn

Hmtcm {]tZ-ipw e`y-amb ]pd-tmv `qan, an-`qan Fnh 22000--tmfw hcp `qc-lnX IpSpw-v
ASn-b--c-ambn hnX-cWw sNpw. Fm-hpw InS-m-S-sa-nepw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
388. Xt-i kzbw-`-cW m]-\-, ]n-I-PmXn hnI-k\ hIpv Fnh `qan-hm-p--Xn-\mbn [\-k-lmbw
\Ip ]-Xn-I-fn ZfnXv IpSpw-_-v Xn-jvS-ap {]tZ-iv `qan Ip-]n-Sn-p--Xn\v
kzmX{yw \Ipw. AXXv Xti`cW m-]-\-ns ]cn-[n-bn Ip-]n-Sn-p `qan-bpsS hn]Wn
hne Ahv [\-k-lm-bambn \Ipw.
389. \ne-hn-ep hoSp-I-fn ]Tn-p Ipn-I Ds-n Ahv kz-amb Hcp ]T\ apdn hoSns `mK-

390.

391.

392.

393.

394.

395.
396.
397.
398.

399.

400.
401.

ambn ]pXp-Xmbn \nn-p--Xn\v [\-k-lmbw \Ipw.

Hmtcm BhmkktXn\pw an\naw thp ASnm\ kuIcy \nbnpw. CXn\p ]pdta
Hmtcm {]tZinsbpw {]tXyIX IWnseSpv shsv Hgnhm XpSn A[nIambn thp
kuIcy IqSn \nbnpw. Ch Hcp ]mtPmbn apgph ktXfnepw Ap hjw sImv
e`yampXn\v Hcp {]tXyI ]cn]mSn Xmdmpw.
ZfnXv hnZymnIn-S-bn tXmhn-bp-tS-bpw, sImgn-p-t]m-n-sbpw \ncv ]T-\-n-\n-S-bn IqSpX-em-sW Imcyw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImv CXv ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\mbn ]T-\-n ]ntmw \np
Ipn-Iv kvIqfp-I-fn Xs {]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w XpS-bmbn \Ip--Xn\v kuIcyw Dm-pw.
CtXm-sSmw 25 IqSp-X ZfnXv IpSpw-_- ]mp kt-X- tI{o-I-cnv ZfnXv hnZymnIv Krlm--co--n \nv amdn ]Tn-p--Xn-\p ]T\hoSv ]Xn Bh-iy-ap-n-S--fn BhnjvI-cn-pw.
ZfnXv Ipn-Ipthnbpff {]osa-{SnIvt]mv sa{SnIv tlm-ep-Isf B[p-\o-I-cnpw. Xma-k-ku-Icyhpw `Whpw anI--Xm-pI am{X-a-, tlm-ep-I-fn Iyq- em-_v, apdn-I-fn Cs\v kwhn[m-\w Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-pw. t]mv sa{SnIv tlm-ep-I-fpsS Imcy-n Ipn-I-fpsS ]T\ klm-b-n\v
20 Ipn-Iv Hv F tXmXn-se-nepw Syqamsc \nb-anpw. Ch-bpsS \S-n-ns D-c-hm-ZnXzw
Pnm ]m-b-p-Im-bncnpw. Pnm ]m-bv Hcp tkmjy HmUnv kan-Xnsb \n-bnv aqv
amk-n Hcn- {]h\w hne-bn-cp-n Bh-iy-amb Xncp--ep-I hcppw.
ZfnXv hnZymn-Iv thn-bp tamU dkn-Ujy kvIqfp-Ifn an aoUnb kuI-cy--fp
kvIq mkv dqapw, Ifn--ew, t]mjI kar--amb `Ww Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-pw. sslkvIq Xew
apX Ipn-Iv kz-ambn Iyq--dp-Ifpw e`y-ampw. tamU dkn-Ujy kvIqfp-I-fpsS \S-nn\v kvIq amt\-Pvsa v kan-Xn-I cq]oI-cn-pw.
ZfnXv hnZymn-Iv \Ip ]T\ [\-kl
- mbw ss{]adn, Ass{]-a-dn, Xe--fn amk-n 750
cq]bpw, sslkvIq, lb sk-dn Xe--fn 1000 cq]bpw Bn hn-n-p-w. Hmtcm 3 hjw
IqSp-tmgpw PohnX sNe-hp-I-\p-k-cnv XpI ]pXpn \n-bnpw. _ncp-Z--_n-cp-Zm-cXe-n-ep
hnZymn-Iv tImtfPv tlm-en Xma-kn-m Npcp-n-bXv 3000 cq] ss v \Ipw. tImtfPv
hnZymn-Iv kz-ambn Iyq- \Ipw.
ZfnXv hnZymn-I-fn \smcp `mKw tXmhn-aqew ]T\w \np-- s{]m^-j-W hnZymn-Ipthn {]tXyI ^n\n-jnKv kvIqfp-I Bcw-`npw.
s{]m^-j-W tImtf-Pp-I-fn ]Tn-p Zfn-Xv--B-Zn-hmkn Ipn-Iv kuP-\y-ambn em]vtSm-p-I e`yam-pw. anSp--cmb av k-I-em-imem hnZymn-Ipw CtX B\p-Iqeyw e`n-pw.
kwLSnX taJebn tPmenbpffh HgnsIbpff apgph ZfnXv IpSpw_sfbpw _n]nF Bbn
IWmn tdj\pw av B\pIqeyfpw e`yampw.
{]mtZinI kmcpIfpsS ZfnXmbp {]tXyI ]XnIsf Ign Hc ]Xnmp Imes
A\p`hfpsS ASnm\n Hcp ka{Khnebncpnen\v hnt[bamn amtcJI
Imem\pkrXambn ]cnjvIcnpw.
{]mtZinI kmcpIv XfpsS {]tZis Hmtcm ZfnXv IpSpw_n\pw {]tXyI ]cnKW\ \Ip
Xcn IpSpw_m[njvTnX kao]\w ZfnXv hnIk\ ]XnIfpsS Bkq{XWnepw, \Snnepw
sImphcm\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. ZfnXv hnIk\ ]XnI Bkq{XWw sNpXn\v hjn
Hcn ]mbv/ ap\nkn Xen ZfnXcpsS {]tXyI {Kmak`I hnfnp tNpw.
Fm Pn-I-fnepw ]n-I-Pm-Xn--]-n-I-hK AXn-{Ia \ntcm-[\ {]Im-ca
- p tIkp-I ssIImcyw sNp-Xn\v {]tXyI tImS-Xn-I m]n-pw.
Fm Pn-I-fnepw ]n-I-Pm-Xn--]-n-I-hK hyh-kmb kwcw-`-Iv ]pXnb hyh-kmb kwcw-`- XpS-p-Xn\v {]tXyI km-nI ]mtPv \S-n-em-pw. ]n-I-Pm-Xn--]n-I-hK mv Ap-I Fm Pn-Ifnepw Bcw-`n-p--Xn\v ]-Xn-I Xm-dmpw.

]n-I-h taw
402.

BZn-hmkn Ducp-I-fpsS ASn-m\kuIcyhnI-k-\-n\v 34 Ducp-I-fpsS A-Sn-m-\-n ]Xn-Iv cq]w-\Ipw. Ducp-I-fn-te-bvp tdmUp-I, IpSn-sh-w, sshZypXn km[y-X-a-m-n-Sv
tkmfm kwhn-[m-\w, AwKhm-Sn-I, ]mn-Sw, ]T-\-ho-Sv, av kwc-W {]h-\- XpS-n-b-h-

403.

404.

405.

406.

407.

408.

409.

410.

411.

412.
413.

414.

415.

sbmw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
hmv amXr-I-bn-ep hoSp-Iv ]Icw IpSpw-_-ns Bh-iy-fpw Xm]-cyhpw a\-n-em-n-smm-bn-cnpw ]mnS ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-pI. A-m-Sn-bn hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-n-em-nb amXr-I-bm-bncnpw CXn\mbn kzoI-cn-p-I.
BZn-hm-kn-Iv Ah-cpsS `qan-bnep Ah-Imiw kwc-n-p--Xn\pw Ah-cpsS kpc-n-XXzw Dd-mp- - X n- \ p- a p \S- ] - S n- I ssIsm- pw. BZn- h m- k n- I fpsS ka{K hnIk\n\v `q{]iv \ w
]cnlcntXv AXy-m-t]-n-X-am-Wv. `qc-ln-X-cmb apgp-h BZn-hmkn IpSpw-_-pw Htc-
`qan-sb-nepw ]Xnp \Ip-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. Xcn-ip-In-S-p `qan Gs-Spv Irjn sNp-Xn\v AXXv {]tZ-is {Kma-]-m-b-p-I BZn-hmknIv Ah-kcw \Ipw. tXmw taJ-e-Ifp Pn-I-fn ]m-m-em-h[n Ign tXm- CXn\mbn D]tbmKsSppw. CtXm-sSmw 2005 se
h\m-h-Imi \nbaw tIc-f-n imkv{Xo-b-ambn \S-m-pw.
BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ducp-I-fn kz-ambn `qan-bphv AhnsS Irjn sNp--Xn\pw kzm{i-b-amb `y
DXv]m-Z-\-n\pw DX-Ip ]n-I \S-nem-n `y kpc--bpw, t]mj-Im-lmc e`y-Xbpw ZoL-Im-etv Ddnpw.
BZn-hmkn bph-Xo--bp-hm--fpsS sXmgn tk\-I cq]o-I-cnv sNdp-InS ImjnI b{-h-Xv-c-W-n
Ahv ]cn-io-e\w \Ipw. Fm ta s]j-\p-Ifpw BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-v e`n-p-sav Dd-p-hcp-pw. Fm-hpw tdj ImUv Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
hnhn[ Imc-Wfm ]T\w \np BZn-hm-kn-Ip-n-Iv {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\-n-eq-tS-bpw, Xmak
kuIcyw \Inbpw ]T\w ]qn-bm-p--Xn-\p kmaq-lnI klmb tI{- Hmtcm Pn-I-fnepw
Dm-pw. 23 amks ^n\n-jnwKv kvIq ]cn-]m-Sn-I Cu kmaqly klmb tI{-sf tI{o-I-cnv
\S-pw.
]c--cm-KX sXmgn taJe F \ne-bn h\-ta-J-e-bn \nv tiJ-cn-p h\ hn`-h- imkv{Xob-ambn tiJ-cn-p--Xn-\pw, hn]-W\w sNp--Xn-\p kwkvI-cW hn]W\ tI{- BZn-hmkn
P\km{X IqSnb h\-ta-J-e-I tI{o-I-cnv Bkq-{XWw sNpw.
dkn--Ujy kvIqfp-I-fpsS Xma-k-ku-I-cyw, `-Ww, hnt\m-Z-ku-I-cy-, ]T-\-ku-I-cy- Fnh
D-X-\n-e-hm-c-n-ep--h-bm-sWv Dd-p-h-cp-pw. Cs\v kuI-cy-fpw Iyq- em_pw imkv{X
et_m-d--dn-Ifpw ]mTym-\p-_ {]h-\-p kuI-cy-fpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw. dkn-U v kvIqfp-Ifnse A[ym-]-I, Syqam Fn-h-cpsS Fw hn-n-p-Ibpw hnZymn--A-[ym-]-I--Syq- A\p]mXw hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-n-S-bn-ep A[ym-]-Iv Ah-cpsS {]tZ-is
kvIqfp-I-fn \nb-a-\-n apK-W\ \Ipw.
tamU dknUjy kvvIq-fp-I, tlm-ep-I Fn-hn-S--fn Xma-knp ]Tn-p Ipn-I-fpsS Imcyn Ah-cpsS ]T\tijn-I Hmtcm mknepw hne-bn-cpn Bh-iy-amb ]cn-lmc t_m[\ {]h-\ m]-\- tI{o-I-cnv \Snempw. CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw A[ym-]-Isc Npa-X-e-s-Sp-pw. IpnI-fpsS F-n\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn A[ym-]-Isc e`y-am-pw.
hoSp-I-fn\nv hv ]Tnpt]mIp Ipn-I IqSp-X-ep Ducp-I tI{o-I-cnv {Kma-]-m-b-p-IfpsS t\Xr-Xz-n ]T\hoSpIv cq]w \Ipw. Hmtcm Ducn\pw hnZym-`ym-k-n ]cn-io-e\w t\Snb
Hcp s^kn-en-tsd am\y-amb thX\w \In \nb-an-pw. Ipn-Iv cmhnsebpw sshIopw `Ww
\Ip-Ibpw ]T\ kuIcyw Hcp-p-Ibpw sNpw.
BZn-hmkn Ipn-Im-bp {]o-sa-{SnIv t]mv sa{SnIv tlm-ep-Iv B[p-\nI sInS kuI-cyfpw ]T\ kuI-cy-fpw t]mj-I-k-ar--amb `-Whpw Cs\v kuI-cy-fpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
BZn-hmkn Ducp-I-fn amkwtXmdpw saUn- kwLns ki-\hpw BtcmKy tamWn--dnwKpw
Ddp-h-cppw. Bh-iy-ap--hv {]tXyI ]cn-N-cWw AwKhmSn hgn \Ipw. AwKhm-Sn-I hgn
IrXy-ambn Atb Kpfn-I-I-fpsS hnX-cWw Dd-m-pw.
BZn-hmkn Ducp-I-fn ASn-m\ kuI-cy- Dd-p-h-cp-pw. BZn-hmkn taJ-e-bnse BtcmKy tI{fnse kuI-cy- hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-Ibpw IqSp-X tUmIvSam-sc-bpw Poh-\-m-scbpw \ntbm-Kn-pIbpw sNpw.
\ne-hn-ep s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{-Zm-b-n Acn-smw `y F, ]b-dp-h-, dmKn, Xphc apXemb `y C\- Fnh Ds-Sp-nb Inp-I tdj IS-I-fn-eqsS \I-pw. tdj-\nw-Kn\v tcJ-sSp-m _tbm-sa-{SnIv doU D ImUv kwhn-[m\w GsSppw. CtXm-sSmw Hmtcm Ducn-tebpw 18
hb-n\v Xmsg-bp s]Ip-n-I, K`n-Wn-I, ape-bq-p A-am, 60 hb-n\v apIfn {]m-b-ap

hr, 6 hb-n\v Xmsg-bp Ipn-I Fn-hv t]mjI `Ww hoSpIfnsenpw.

416. BZn-hmkn DucpIq-v IqSp-X A[n-Imcw \Ipw. Ducp-ambn _-s Imcy--fn Ah-cpsS
Xocp-am\w {XnXe ]m-b-p-I AwKo-I-cn-pI FXv _m[y--am-pw. AXmXv Ducn \S-p
Fm hnI-k\ {]h-\
- fpw kmaqly sXfn-sh-Spv \S-p-X
- n\pw Ducp-Iq-
- v A[n-Imcw \Ipw.
Ducp-Iq--v P\m-[n-]Xy]c-ambn sXc-s-Sp--s-Sp Hcp \nm-l-I-k-anXn Dmpw. As\
{Kma-]-m-b-nse Fm Ducp-I-fptSbpw \nhm-lI kanXn AwK- tN-Xm-Ipw ]m-b-pXe
{Kma-k-`.
417. kwm-\s BZnhmknnXn kw_-nv Hcp nXnhnhc dntmv Hmtcm hjhpw kwm\
km Xm-dm-pw. ]XnsehpIfpw `uXnIt\fpw Zu_eyfpw Cu dntmpIfn
hniIe\w sNpw. tmp-I Xncn-p IW-p-Ifpw CXn e`y-am-pw. Cu dntmv BZn-hmkn
kwL-S-\-I, knhn kaql kwL-S-\-I, cmjv{Sob {]m-\-, BZn-hmkn Ducp-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[nI Fn-h-c-S-p P\-k` hnfn-p-tNv tkmjy HmUn-n\v hnt[-b-am--pw.

ZfnXv ss{IkvX-h
418.

ZfnXv ss{IkvXh
- v km-cn\nv klmbw e`n-p-Xn-\p {][m-\s
- Hcp kwhn-[m\w ]cn-hnX
ss{IkvXh hnI-k\ tIm-td-j-\m-Wv. CXns {]h\w Ctm ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv. Ch ^e-{]-Z-amp--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
419. ZfnXv ss{IkvXh hnZymn-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk B\p-Iq-ey- sImSp-p--Xn\v hI-bn-cp-n-bn-p
t\m m ^v Bh-iy-amb Xc-n-ep-X
-
- . AXn-\m Cu hnlnXw Cc-n-bm-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn
kzoI-cn-pw. ]n-I-Pm-Xn-mp Fm hnZym-`ymk B\p-Iq-ey-fpw ZfnXv ss{IkvX-hpw Xpey
Af-hn \Ipw.
420. ZfnXv ss{IkvX-h-cpsS IpSn-n-I-bmb IS- ]n-I-Pm-Xn-m-cp-tS-Xp-t]mse Fgp-Xn--p--Xn-\p \S]Sn kzoI-cn--pw.

]ntm kap-Zmb taw

421.

]ntm kap-Zmb hnI-k\ tIm]-td-j\v IqSp-X ]Ww e`y-am-p--Xm-Wv. Ipam-c-]n-ff In-j

ASn-m-\-n-ep hnZym-`ymk klmbw hn-n-p--Xm-Wv. ImktKmUv Xpfp {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS
Ah-i-X-I ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. ]ntm ta-h-Ipv cq]o-I-cn-pw.

\yq\-]- ta-w
422.

km Inn ip]mi-bpsS `mK-am-bp ]msemfn Inn ip]mi-I \S-n-em-pw. lv In-nbvv

ncw {Km v A\p-h-Zn-p-w. hJ^v t_mUn\pff [\-k-lmbw hn-n-pw.

aptm hnI-k\ tIm-td-j

423.

tZhkzw t_mUp-If
- psS ]cn-[n-bn hcm t{X- \ho-Ic
- n-p-X
- n\pw Ahn-Ss imn-mpw
av Poh-\-mpw am\y-amb thX\w e`y-am-p--Xn-\p ]Xn \S-n-em-pw. aptm hn`m-K-nse
km-n-I-ambn ]ntmw \np hn`m-K-sf kwc-n-p--Xn-\p {]h-\- Bkq-{XWw
sNpw. CXn-\mbn XpI hne-bn-cp-pw.

kv{Xo-]-Z-hnbpw hnI-k-\hpw
424.

kv{XoIp-thn Hcp {]tXyI hIpv Bcw-`n-pw. hIp-n\v Iogn t\cnv hcp kvIoap-Iv ]pdta
P HmUn-n\pw kv{XoI-sf kw_-n-p av hIp-p-I-fnse kvIoap-I-sf GtIm-]n-n-p--Xn-\p-ap
Npa-Xe Cu a{m-e-b-n-\p-m-Ipw.
425. tIc-f-nse kv{Xo sXmgn ]m-fn-w 2021 BIp-tm \ne-hn-ep 15 iX-am-\-n \npw 18 iX-am\-ambn Dbp--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-io-e-\-fpw sXmgn t{]mm-l-\fpw XpS-bmb tamWn--dnKpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw. ]c--cm-K-X-a-m ]pXnb sXmgn taJ-e-I-fn-tebvv
kv{XoI IS-p-sN-p--Xn\v h\n-Xm-L-SI ]-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn t{]mP-IvSp-I Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
426. km ]mnS ]XnIfpw `qhnXcWhpw kv{XobpsS t]cntem kwbp t]cntem Bbn-cnpw.
427. \K-c--fn Ghpw IqSp-X kv{XoI ]Wn-sb-Sp-p KmlnI sXmgn-em-fn-IfpsS ta-\n[n hn]p-eo-

428.
429.

430.
431.

432.

433.
434.

435.

436.

437.
438.

I-cn-pw. Cv tlmwt\gvkpamcpsS Itmfw IqSpX kwLSnXambnpv. CXpt]msemcp kwhn[m\w

hoptPmenmpw Dmpw.
hntZip tPmenp t]mIp kv { XoIv {]tXyI cPnkv t {Sj\pw \ncc khpw
krjvSnpXn\pff kwhn[m\fpmpw.
iuNm-e-b-, hn{i-a-tI-{-, inip-]-cn-N-c-W-ku-I-cyw, bm{Xm-{I-ao-I-c-Ww, ka-b-{I-ao-I-c-Ww, kpcm-{I-ao-I-cWw, ssewKnI ]oU\ hncpkan-Xn-I Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-p-hm sXmgn-ep-S-I-asf k-am-pw. km Hm^okpI apgph kv{Xo kulrZamn ampXn\pff {]tXyI sPU HmUnnwKv
\SpIbpw \nti kab_nXambn \SmpIbpw sNpw.
Bip-]{- Xn-I kv{Xoku-lm-]c
- a
- m-Ip-Ibpw {]k-hm-ip-]{- XnI B[p-\n-Ih
- cnp-Ibpw sNpw. {]kh
hmUp-I-fn kzIm-cy-Xbpw kpc-n-X-Xzhpw Dd-m-pw.
kwm\ _Pn PU HmUnpw PU _PnwKpw ]p\xm]npw. _Pn ]p iXam\w XpI
kv{XoImbpff {]tXyI t{]mPIvSpIp amnhbvpw. CXp kw_nsmcp {]tXyI {]kvXmh\
hmjnI _Pns `mKambn \nbak`bn AhXcnnpw.
_me-]oU\ \ntcm-[\
- \
- n-baw (- 2012), KmlnI ]oU\ \ntcm-[\
- \
- n-baw (2005), sXmgn es ssewKnI
]oU-\
- Ah-km-\n-n-p-X
- n-\p \nbaw (2013) Ch-sbmw Ah-bpsS A-xk Dsm-p-sImv
Ii-\-ambn \S-nem-pw. kv{XoIv t\sc-bp AXn-{I-a- Ipd-bvp--Xn\v thn-bp kv{Xo
kulrZ {Kma-/\Kc ]Xn Xti kzbw-`-cW m]-\- hgn \S-n-em-pw.
kv{Xo ku-lm-]-c-amb ]p\-c-[n-hmk tI{- B[p-\nI kuI-cy--tfmsS Bcw`npw. tjmv t
tlmapI kkwLS\Ifpw apambn tNpsImv m]npw.
h\nXm Iojs CXphscbpff {]h\sf, CXphscbp sNb-t]-gvk-am-cpsS IqmbvabpsS
ASnm\n ]cntim[npIbpw IqSpX ^e-{]-Z-am-p--Xn-\p \S]SnIp cq]w \IpIbpw
sNpw. Pm{KXmkanXnIfpambn h\nXm Injs _w IqSpX insSppw.
kv{XoI-fpsS kh-tXm-p-J-amb hnI-k\w eyw hv Bcw-`n PU ]mv B ey-n\nv
amp nXnv amw hcp-pw. kv{XoI-fpsS ss\]pWn hnI-k-\-n\pw sXmgn ]cn-io-e-\-n\pw D]Po-h-\-n-\p-X-Ip hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-I GtIm-]n-p-X
- n\pw PU ]mns\ ]cym-]vX-ampw.
ncw -\n-baenwKm-h-t_m[ ]cn-io-e\ tI{w m]n-pw. \ymbm-[n], Iukn-eam, s{]m-
Hm^okam, eoK kokv AtXm-dn-n-bn cPn- sNbvX A`n-`m-j-I, ]mcm-eo-K thmfn-bam
Fn-hv ]cn-io-e\w e`y-ampw. s]mXp-bn-S--fnse AXn-{I-a-s-Xnsc \nba \nmWw \Spw.
h\nXm t]meo-kns Fw hn-n-pw. sshhm-lnI kz-h-Imi \nbaw ]mm-pw.
kv{Xo]-T-\-n\pw t_m[-h-c-W-n\pw thn Hcp anI-hns tI{w m]n-pw.
\ncm-ew-_-cmb hn[-h-Isf kwc-n-p--Xn\v {]tXyI kvIoan\v cq]w \Ipw.

IpSpw_{io
439.

440.
441.
442.

443.

IpSpw-_{- io-sb-bm-bn-cnpw kwm\ km-cns ]np-Wbpw [\-kl

- m-bh
- pap kv{XoI-fpsS Abq
kwhn-[m-\w. Ctm IpSpw-_{iobn 50 iX-am\tmfw IpSpw-_- AwK--fm-Wv. CXv 75 iX-am-\ambn Dbpw. tI{-kw-m-\--{]m-tZ-inI km-cp-I-fpsS h\n-Xm-im-o-I-c-W--Zm-cn-{Zy-\nm\
]cn-]m-Sn-If
- psS s]mXp-th-Zn-bm-bn-m-bn-cnpw IpSpw-_{io {]hn-p-I. IpSpw-_{- io-v Ign cv hjw
50 tImSn cq] hoX-amWv e`n--Xv. CXv 150 tImSn cq]-bmbn Dbpw.
IpSpw-_-{iov _mp-I-fn \npw 4 iX-am\w ]en-ibvv hmbv] Dd-m-pw. ]eni k_vknUn km
t\cnv _mp-Iv \Ipw.
IpSpw-_-{iov IpSn-in-I-bm-bn-p dnthmhnwKv ^v, kwL-Irjn k_vkn-Un, B{ib [\-k-lm-bw,
kqva sXmgn kwcw-`-p klmbw Fnh DSXs sImSp-p-Xopw.
IpSpw-_{- io-bnse Agn-aX
- n-sb-p-dnv ka-{K-amb At\z-jWw \Sn Ip-msc inn-pw. kv{Xo kulrZ-a-sv sXfn-n-p Fm anj DtZym-K--scbpw \ow sNpw. kpXm-cy-amb coXn-bn am\-Z--fpsS ASn-m-\-n IpSpw-_-{io-bnse {]hrn ]cn-N-b-hpw-IqSn IW-n-se-Spv anjys\ ]p\-xkwL-Sn-n-pw.
kzbw-sXm-gn kwcw-`-- Bcw-`nv IS-s-Wn-bn-em-bn-p sXmgn kwcw-`-Isc klm-bn-p--Xn\v
]Xn Bhn-jv-cn-pw. Ccw t]mcm-bva-I Bhn-n-m-sbv Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v kzbw-sXmgn kvIoap-I-fpsS \S-n-n Bh-iy-amb am- hcp-pw.

444.

IpSpw-_{io D--v kmX-e-n-ep hn]Wn Dd-m-pw. CXn\v Fm ]mbpIfnepw

\Kcfnepw {_mUp sNbvX ISI Bcw`npw. knhn ksskv tmdpIfn IpSpw_{io
D]p apKW\ \Ipw.
445. B{ib ]Xn hn]peoIcnpw. AKXnIfmb apgph IpSpw_sfbpw B{ib ]XnbneqsS kqW
kpcnXXzw Ddphcppw.

kl-I-cW taJ-e
446.
447.

448.

449.

450.

451.

452.

Pnm _mp-Ifpw kwm\ kl-I-cW _mpw kwtbm-Pn-nv kwm\mSn-m-\-n Hcp kwm\

kl-I-cW _mn\v cq]w \Ipw.
Xti kzbw`cW m]\fpambn klIcnpsImv ImjnI hnIk\n\pff ka{K ]cn]mSnI
BhnjvIcnpIbpw ImjnI hmbv]I
- 70 iX-am-\a
- m-sb-nepw Dbp-Ibpw sNpw. IjI s{]mUyqk I-\n-Ipw IjI kwcw-`-Ipw DZm-c-amb hyh--bn hmbv] \Ipw. ImjnI A\p_taJ-e-I-fn hmbv] \Ip--Xn-\v ss_eI t`Z-K-Xn- sNpw.
kl-I-cW cwKs A[nI ^v Pnm-X-e-ntem kwm-\X
- e
-
- ntem Xt-ik
- zbw `cW km-cpItm, kwm\ km-cnt\m kmaqly hnI-k-\-{]-h-\-v {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m Ign-bp
Xc-n ]-Xn-I Bhn-jvc
- n-pw. C.-Fw.-Fkv. luknw-Kn D]tbm-Ks
- -Sp-nbXp-t]mse ASn-m\
kuIcy hnI-k-\-n\v DssS D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
s\Ir-jn, ]--dn-Irjn XpS-nb lrkz-Ime ImjnI hmbv] hnX-c-W-hp-ambn _-s t]mcm-bvaI ]cn-lc
- n-p-hm\pw ImjnI DXv]m-Z\w hn-n-p-hm\pw D]-
- f
- psS hn]-W\
-
- n\pw Hcp kwhn[m\w ]m-bv Xe-n Dmpw. {]mY-anI ImjnI hmbv] kwLw {]kn-U v, sk{I--dn, Irjn
h
- I
- p-p-tZym-K
, ]m-bv sk{I-dn, {]kn-U v XpS-n-bh
- AwK-fmbpXmbn-cnpw Cu kanXn.
kzw ^n A[n-I-cnv knX \-ap kwm\ kl-I-cW _mn kwm\ km-cns
Hmlcn aqe-[\
- ]
-
- m-fnw hn-n-p-Ibpw AsIvkv kwL-p \In-bn-p-Xpw \njv{Inb hmbv]
Bbn Xo-Xp-amb hmbv]-I mtUUv hmbv]-I-fm-p-Ibpw sNpw.
tIc-f-nse kl-I-cW _mp-Isf _n-nv tIm _mnwKv s\vhv Gs-Sp-pw. Fm _mp-Ifp-sSbpw sNv _pv, Hp-I Fnh Hmsse-\n-eqsS ]cn-tim-[nv DS ]Ww {Smkv^ sNm\p kwhn-[m\w Cu s\vhn-ep-m-Ipw.
tUp-Imsc Dq-e\w sNm kl-I-cW {]m-\s in-s-Sp-pI F ey-tmsS Ahsb
IpSpw-_-{io-bp-ambn kl-I-cn-nv Unkv{Sn-_yq-j IfIvj s\vhv Dm-pw.

bph-P-\-taw
453.

Xt-i-kz-bw-`-cW m]-\--fn m]n--s bqv tIm-HmUn-t\-j Iu-kn-ep-I, bqv tImHmUn-t\-am, bqv sk-dp-I Fo kwhn-[m-\-sf IqSp-X i-am-pw. Pnm-Sn-m-\-n
hnI-k-\-cw-Ks bqh-P-\-Iq-mbva Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn-\mbn tIm-HmUn-t\-j Iukn-ep-I cq]o-I-cnp-w. bph-P-\-ta t_mUns {]h\w Imcy--a-am-pw.
454. kvt]mSvkv Iuknbp-h-P-\-t-a-t_mUv {]h-\-sf GtIm-]n-n-pw. sXmgnh-Ip-v, hnZym`ym-k-h-Ipv, kmkvIm-cnI hIpv, kmaq-ly-t-a-h-Ipv Fn-hbpambpw bph-P-\-t-a -{]-h-\--
GtIm-]nn-p--Xn-\p kw-hn-[m\w sImp-hcpw. tIcf bqvt^m-ds, tIcf bph-Xz-ns Ghpw
henb Hp-tN-c-embn hn]p-eo-I-cnpw.
455. tIc-f-nse Fwtm-bvsa v FIvk-tN-p-Isf ASn-apSn ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-npw. Fm-Xcw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-sfbpw (kzImcytaJe Ds-sS) hnZym-`ymk Ah-k-c--sfbpw GtIm-]n-n-p Icp-p kwhn-[m\-ambn Fwtm-bvsa v FIvkvtNp-Isf amp-w.
456. A{]-Jym-]nX \nba\ \ntcm-[\w ]nh-en-pw. XkvXn-I-I shn-p-d-bvp coXn Ah-km-\n-n-pw.
AssUzkv satm e`nv 90 Znh-k-n-\Iw \nb-a\ D-chv e`n-p-sav Dd-p-h-cppw. Hmtcm hIp-p-Ifnepw Dm-Ip Hgn-hp-I 10 Znh-k-n-\Iw ]n.F-kv.-knsb Adn-bn-p-sav Dd-p-h-cp-pw.

P\m-[n-]-Xy A[n-Imc hntI-{o-I-cWw

457.

P\m[n]Xy A[nImchntI{oIcWns \jv S s P\- I ob ]m- f n- hpw kpXm- c y- X bpw

]p\xkrjvSnpw. P\Iob ]mfn kwLS\mkwhn[m\v \nba ]cn-c \IpXn\mbn tIcf

458.

459.

460.

461.

462.

463.

464.

465.

466.

467.

468.

469.

470.

]m-bvcmPv/ap\nkn \nban t`ZKXn hcp-p--Xn\v \S]SnI kzoIcnpw. CXn-\mbn

{Kmak`I ^e-{]-Za
- mpw. {Kmak`bpsS D]LSIfmbn IpSpw_{io Abqsfbpw dknUkv
Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-sfbpw ]pcpj kzbwklmb kwLsfbpw AwKoIcnpw. {Kmak`bvp apt
APIpdnv Cu kwLp e`yamm\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
A[nImchntI{oIcWw ^e{]ZampXn\pw Xtikzbw`cW m]\fpsS {]h\w
GtIm]nnpXn\pw Fm XpIfnepap Xtikzbw`cW m]-\- H hIpn\v Iogn
sImphcpw. ]mbpI, \KchnIk\w, {KmahnIk\w Fo aqp hIppIfpw tNv Hcp a{nbpw
Hcp sk{Idnbpw Hcp s]mXp tIUdpw D hIpmn ampw.
\Kck`Iv kamcambn {]hnp A[nImc tI{fmb hnIk\ AtXm-dn-n-I A[n-Imc
hntI-{o-Ic
- W
- nsbpw {]mmtZinI `cW kwhn[m\nsbpw kbvv FXncmWv. Ccw kamc
A[nImcm]\sf ]c-am-h[n Ipdbvpw.
Adn-bm-\p AhImihpw tkh-\m-h-Imi \nb-ahpw ]ucm-h-Imi tcJbpw AXns ]qamb An \S-nempw. P\ tI-{o-IrXamb `cWhyh Xt-i`-cW Xti`cW Xe-n in-s-Spp-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
hntI{oIrX ]cnioe\ kwhn[m\ taJemSnm\nepw PnmSnm\nepw kampIbpw
kab_nXambpw Imcyaambpw ]cnioe\ Bkq{XWw sNbvXv \Smpw. hnhn[ hnIk\
hIppIfpsS Iogn {]hnp ]cnioe\ m]\fpsS ]cnioe\fnse ]mTy]Xnbpw
Xtikzbw-`-c-W hIpns ]cnioe\ ]mTy]Xnbpw Xn GtIm]\w Ddmpw.
Fm Xti `cWm]\fpsS Hm^okpIfpw kab_nXambn sFFkvH kn^ntj DdmpXn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
Pnm ]Xn XmdmpXn\v \nehnepff \nbaw dmpw. A[n- I m- c - h n- t I- { o- I - c - W - ns
BZipw `cWLS\bvpw hncpambp--XmWv Su B v I{Sn m\nwKns Iogn Pnm
]Xn cq]oIcnm\pff \ow. Cu \S-]Sn Xncp-pw.
Pnm Bkq-{XW kan-Xnsb in-s-Sp-pw. ]Xn kw_n XImcyfpsS Ao AtXmdnn
m\-p-\npw If-IvSsd ampw. Pnm ]Xn XmdmpXns NpaXe Un]nknbn \nn]vXampw.
]Xn tcJbpsSbpw ]cntim[\bpsSbpw AwKoImcw \IpXnsbpw ]qW NpaXe Un]nknbvv
BIp hn[-n ]p\x{I-ao-I-cWw \S-pw.
tdmUv ]mekuIcypw thn apXapSpXn\v ]camh[n ]cn[nbpw D]mZ\taJebn
sNehgnpXn\v an\naw ]cn[nbpw \n-bn-pw.
kwm\ _UvPv hnln-X-n\p]p-dsa Xti kzbw-`-cW-m-]-\-v X\Xv hcp-am\w Is-p-Xn\pw A[n-Ihpw hn`h kam-l-cW km[y-X-I {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-pXn\mh-iy-amb kzmX{yhpw
\Ipw. Bh-iy-amb kml-N-cy--fn km Kymc-n-tbmsS hmbv]-sb-Sp-m A\p-hmZw \Ipw.
Xti kzbw`cW m]\fpsS {KmpI 12 amkKUpfmbn apIqdmbn \Ip k{Zmbw
]p\xm]npw.
av, Pew, ssPhkv Fnhsb kwtbmPnnpsImp kwtbmPnXhpw, ka{Khpamb ePe
Bkq{XWw {]mtZinI Xen GsSppw.
Hmtcm Xtikzbw-`c
- W
-
m-]\
-
- nepw sNdpInS b{hXvIrX ImjnI sXmgnepI sNm Xmdp
bphXobphmsf DsSpnbp sXmgntk\I cq]o-Ic
- np-w. Ccw sXmgntk\m AwKv
nchcpam\hpw kmaqlykpcbpw Ddmpw. Irjnbpambn _s Fm kmtXnI sshZKv[yhpw
e`yamn Chsc tkh\tI{amn ampw.
]Xn \nhlWhpambn _sSpnbpff hn]peamb P\Iob Imbn BhnjvIcnpw. Fm
taJeIfnsebpw ]XnIsf CXpambn _sSppw. Fm apJyambpw amen\y kwkvIc
- W
- w, ssPhIr-jn, sXmgn-ep-dv Fnhsb Bkv]Zamnbmbncnpw Cu ]pXnb P\Iob{]m\w. Cu P\Iob
{]m\w krjvSnp ]pXp Acohpw Cminbpw D]-tbm-K-s-Spn tIcfnse A[n-Im-chn-tI-{o-I-c-Ws Hcp ]pXnb hnXm\ntebvv Dbpw.

{]hmkn taw
471.

hntZ-iv tPmenv t]mIm {ian-p--hv km klmbw \Ipw. Db hnam\ \ncv

472.

473.

474.
475.

476.

477.
478.

479.
480.

481.
482.

483.

484.
485.

Ds]sSbp Imcyfn {]hm-kn-I-tfmSv ImWnp hnthN\w Ahkm\nnm tI{-km-cns\-smv CS-s]-Sp-hn-p--Xn-\p Xo{h {iaw \Spw. tIc-f-ns X\-Xmb hnam-\-I-\n Bcw-`npw. IpSntbmv tahpw t{]mml\hpw Ddphcpp Hcp ka{K IpSntb \nban\v thn
]cn-{i-anpw.
kwm\ kmdn\v ]pXnb sXmgn km[yXsb Ipdnp hnhc sXmgn At\zjIv Fnv
sImSppI, ^n\njnMv kv-Iq \SpI, IpSn-tb--n-\m-h-iy-amb hmbv] DZmcambn e`yampI Fnh
Gs-Sppw.
{]hmknIsfpdnp ka{Kamb Hcp Um t_kv Xm-dm-pw. ncambn, hntZiv {]tXyInv
]mmXycmPyfn, Xmaknp aebmfnIfpsS ]pXnb XeapdIsf aebmftbpw aebmf
kwkvImctbpw ]cn-N-b-s-Spn sImSp-p--Xn-\p kwhn[m\ Dmpw. am{Xa, `mjm]T\
t{]ml\n\p aebmf anjs {]h\w hn]pesSppw.
{]hmkn kwL- S - \ - I - f psS taJemXe - B tKmfXe ktf\fpw Bibhn\nabhpw
hjnsemcnsenepw kwLSnnpw.
tIcfob {]hmkn kwLS\Isf GtIm]nnpsImv, tcmK_m[nXpw A]ISw kw`hnphpw
sXmgn \amIphpsamw kwcWw \Im kvIow Dm-pw. aebmfnI IqSpXembp
cmPyfn tIcfn \np Hcp DtZym-K-s\ CXn\mbn \nbanpw. arXtZlw \mntev
sImphcm\p Ime-Xm-akw Hgnhmpw. Pbnen InSphpw tIkn Dshpw \nba]camb AhImi \ntj[nshpw \nbaklmbw \IpXn\pthn A`n-`m-j-I-cpsS Hcp
]m\ Hmtcm taJebnepw cq]oIcnpw.
hntZ-ip \nv XncnsI hcphv apIqdmbn Xs t]cv cPn sNpXn\pw AhcpsS
Bhiyfpw {]iv\fpw t\mbpambn N sNpXn\pap kuIcyw Dmpw. IpSn-tb--ns
Imem-h[n Xocp-apv tPmen \jvS-sv hcp--hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-n-m {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w Dm-pw.
{]hmknIfpsS IgnhpIsfbpw kmZysbpw hnIk\ taJeIfntev BI-jn-m-\p-XI
- p IrXyamb
kvIoapIv cq]w \Ipw.
tIcf hnIk\ \n[n cq]oIcnpw. \nnX XpIbvp Untmknv {]Jym-]nX {]hmkn kwcw`fn
Hmlcnbmbn \nt]nm Xmdp {]hmknIv , {]hmkw aXnbmn aSnsbptm
tbmKyXbv \pkrXamb sXmgn GsX- nepw Hcp m]\n t\SpXn\p AhImiw
Dmbncnpw. K^n \nv aSn hcptm \mSnsemcp sXmgn Ddv hcpm\p \nt]w F
\nebn Ccw kwcw`w hfscb[nIw BIjIambncnpw.
\n[nv ]pdta, kmcns IqsS ]mfnap {]hmkn aebmfnIfpsS kwbp kwcw`amb CsI
amXrIbn hyhkmb kwcw` Bcw-`n-pw.
{]hmknIv kwcw` Bcw`npXn\mbn {]tXyI hmbv ] m kuIcy hn- n- pw.
kwcw`Icmhm km[yXbp {]hmknIfpambn - {]tXyInv s{]m^-j-W-ep-I-fp-ambn \mntep
aSn\v apt Xs Bibhn\nabw \Sphm Hcp GPkn m]npw. \nt]Iv GIPmeI
kwhn[m\neqsS Bhiyamb A\phmZfpw \Ipw.
{]hmknIfpsS klIcWkwLsf t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
hnZym`ymk m]\fptSbpw BtcmKy m]\fptSbpw apw hnIk\n\pw {]hmkn kw`mh\Iv
henb ]p hlnm\mhpw. Ccw kw`mh\Isf t{]mm-ln-n-p-X
- n-\p-thn, {]hmknI \Ip
Hmtcm cq]bvpw Xpeyamb XpI Asn B\p]mXnIamb XpI kmcn \nv \IpXn\p
Hcp kvIoan\v cq]w \Ipw.
hntZip {]hmkn hyhkmb-hmWnPy kwcw`Icpambn kPoh _w ]pe-p--Xn-\p-thn tIcf
{]hmkn hmWnPy tNw_dpIv cq]w \Ipw. Hmtcm hntZi taJebvpw {]tXyI tNw_dpI
DmIpw. Chcpw tIcfnse tNw_dpIfpw Xn kulrZ_w hfnsbSppw.
{]hmkn s{]m^jW kwLS\I Fm cmPyfnepw cq]oIcnpw. Cu kwL-S-\Isf tIcfnse
KthjW m]\fpambpw hyhkmb kwcw`fpambpw _sSppw.
hntZiv tPmen sNphcpw Xncnv hhcpw av kwm\fn tPmen sNp--h-cp-amb apgph
aebmfnIpw thn {]tXyIw hn`mK t\mbn Dmpw. hntZiv tPmen sNp
{]hmknIv thn {]tXyI taJem D]hIppIfpw Dmhpw. CXns \Snv NpaXe
s{]m^jWepIsf Gnpw.

486.

ta\n[nbpsS {]h\ hn]pesSppw. AwimZmbhpw dnbsa v s]j\pw hnnpw.

487. {]hmkn hIpn\mbp _Pv hnlnXw KWyambn Dbpw. hntZip \np {]hmkn
]Whcpam\ns Hcp sNdp \nnX iXam\w Fmhjhpw {]hmkntan\mbn hIbncppw.
488. CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]Xy apWn km Bcw-`n ]eni-c-lnX [\-Imcy m]\w Cv \no-h-amWv. Cu m]-\s ]p\-cp--cn-pw; hn]p-eo-I-cn-pw.
489. {]hm-kn-I hntZ-ic
- m-Py-f
- nse \nba{I-ak
- a
- m-[m\ {]iv\--fm Xncn-s-t-n-h-cp-tm Ah-cpsS
XpSPo-hn-X-n\v {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb coXn-bn [\-Im-cy-m-]-\--fp-ambn tNv Cf-th-dnb hyh--ItfmsS hmbv]m kzbw-sXm-gn kwc` klmb ]Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.

Ie, kwkvImcw, amyaw

490.
491.

492.

493.

494.

495.

496.

497.

498.

499.
500.
501.

sshm\nI {K, _mekmlnXyw XpSnbhbnse Ipdhv ]cnlcnm\mbn `mjm Cnyqv,

aebmf khIemime, _mekmlnXy Cnyqns {]h-\- hn]p-eo-I-cn-pw.
kaqln hmb\bpsS hym]\w DdphcppXn\mbn s]mXphnZymebfnse IpnIv aebmf
hmb\m`ncpNn Dmm\pw mkv dqw sse{_dnI Dm-m-\p-ambn Hcp Ipnsmcp ]pkvXIw F
]Xn \S-n-em-pw.
hnhckmtXnIhnZy, \ham[ya FnhbpsS km[yXI {]tbm- P - \ - s - S p- p- - X n\v
{Kimem\nban Bhiyamb t`ZKXnI hcppw. hnhckmtXnI hnZybpsS tijn t\SpXn\pw
AXneqsS hnhchn\nabn t\cnv CS- s ]- S p- - X n- \ pap Hcp CSambn hmb\ime amm\mbn
kqkmcXm{]m\w t]mse kq hmb\m{]m\n\v XpSw Ipdnpw. hmb\imeIp {Km v CtXns aqp aSmbn Dbpw. sset{_dnbmcpsS HmWtddnbw \ymbamb
PohnXn\v DXIp \nebn hnnpw. sse{_dnIfnepff A]qh {K UnPnssekv
sNpXn\v Hcp {]tXyI kvIoan\p cq]w \Ipw.
kvIqfpIfn Iemt]mjWn\mhiyamb kmlNcy {]_esSppw. km kvIqfpIfn
Iem[ym]Isc \nbanpw. kvIq IemtafIfpsS am\ph, \SnpcoXnI Fnh ASnapSn
]cnjvIcnpw. sNehpIpdXmpw, hntI-{o-I-cn-pw, ackz`mhw Ipdbvpw. kmbmfnepw
HgnhpZnhkfnepw kvIqfpIsf Iem]T\ tI{fmn ampXn\pff kvIoapI BhnjvIcnpw.
kmlnXy AmZansb tI{kmlnXy AmZanbpsS coXnbn ]p\xkwLSnnpw. {]mtZinI
kmlnXykanXnIv {Km v \evIWw. kmlnXyImcmv ta-]--Xn-I XpSWw. ap `mj-I-fnte- b v p hnh\ Atmpw Ctmpw kmyampw. km{ZmbcoXnIfn \nv
hyXykvXambn enddn s^nshepI tIcfn kwLSnnpw.
t^mIvtem AmZansb Hu]NmcnIhpw A\u]NmcnIhpamb KthjWv {]m]vXampw.
hn]pehpw kpkhpamb Hcp t^mIvtem ayqknbw m]npw. tIcfnse {][m\ tI{fn
kwKoX \mStImh \Sm\pff ]Ww e`yampw.
Xncph\]pcw ^nenw s^nshen\v ncw thZnbpmpw. ^nenw skmssk-n-I-p [\klmbw
hnnpw, {]mtZinI Nent{Xmhv km [\klmbw \Ipw. kwm\s
{][m\]Wfn ncw Kme-dn-Iv cq]w \Ipw. Nn{XImcmv s]bnnwKv FIvkn_nj\pff
[\klmbw e`yampw. sImn _n\m-te-bvp [\-k-lmbw XpS-cpw.
IemkanXnIpw _pIpw km [\klmbw \Ipw. tI{ Am-Z-an-I-fpsS klmbhpw
apw Chp e`npXn\v Ahsc klmbnm Hcp {]tXyI sk tIcf kwKoX \mSI AmZanbn
cq]w \Ipw. IemkanXnIp X\Xmb \mSIw AhXcnnpXn\v {]tXyI[\klmbw e`yampw.
tIcf kwKoX\mSI AmZanbpsS Hcp {][m\ NpaXebmbn tUmIypsatjs\ ampw.
tIcfns X\Xv kwkvImctbpw Ncn{Xtbpw PohnXtbpw Adnbm\p Ahkcsamcppw.
AXn-\mbn Ie, imkv{Xw, hnZym`ymkw Fnhhgn s]mXpt_m[w Dm-m IgnbpIbpw sNp Xcw
s]mXpbnS F coXnbn kmwkvImcnI CS-\mgn-Ip kvIoan\p cq]w \Ipw.
Iemaens {]h\ hn]p-eo-I-cn-pw, ]cn-jvI-cn-pw.
ayqknb kw_-nv _lpXefmb \ho\ ]cnt{]yfpsS ASn-m-\
- n Ah-bpsS irwJe
m]npw.
{]mtZ-inI ]{X-{]-h-Iv ta-\n[n ^e-{]-Z-am-pw.

502.

503.
504.

505.
506.

kwm-\s am[ya {]h\ ]T\ tImgvkp-Iv s]mXp-cq]w \Ipw. kwm-\-ns Ncn-{Xhpw

kwkvIm-chpw ]T\ hnj-b--fn Ds-Sp-pw. am[y-a-{]-h\w kmaq-ly-{]-h-\-amWv F ImgvNm-tSmsS ]mTy-]-Xn ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNpw.
Ass{]-adn Xew- ap-X ]mTy-]--Xn-bn am[ya kmc--cX Dsm-n-pw.
am[y-a -]-T-\-p ASn-m\ kuI-cy-hn-I-k\w Hcp IS-a-bmbn kwm\ km Gs-Sp-pw.
CXn-\mbn Ctm hmb-\-im-e-I-fnepw m]-\--fnepw kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw hyn-I-fp-sSbpw ssIh-iap Fm am[ya D---fp-sSbpw s]mXp Bsshvkv Dm-pw. Ch hnZymn-Ipw Kth-jIpw hnm\ Xm-cy-ap--hpw d^-dkv \S-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-amn ampw.
am[y-a-]-T-\-v k-I-em-im-e-I-fn thdn hIp-p-I Bcw-`n-pw. Cu cwKv _ncp-Z--_n-cp-Zm-\c tImgvkp-I \S-n-em-pw.
sshZypXn t_mUns XqWp-I D]-tbm-Knv UnPn- tIcf s\vhv m]n-pw. Ap-hj-n\p-n 100 cq]bvv honepw 300 cq]bvv sNdp-InS hym]mc m]-\-pw 1000 cq]bvv hyh-kmb
m]-\
- pw Cs\v IWIvj CXn-eqsS e`y-am-pw. sNdp-InS tI_n Hm-td-amv {]tXyI
]cn-K-W\ \Ip-Ibpw hmSI Ipd-bvp-Ibpw sNpw.

aebmfhpw `mjmkmtXnIhnZybpw
507.

508.

509.
510.

511.

512.

513.
514.

515.

`cW`mj aebmfampXn\p \S]SnI DunXsSppw. C-KthWkv ae-bm-f-n Xs

\S-n-em-p--Xn-\p CS-s]-S \S--pw. `mjm \yq\-]---fpsS Fmhn[ Ah-Im-i-fpw kwc-npw. Ah-cpsS `mjm ]T-\-n\pw D]-tbm-K-n-\p-ap Fm kwhn-[m-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
\tc{ InnbpsS \ntiw ap\nn tImSXn `mj aebmfamm\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
tIcfnse sXmgn]coI, saUn, Fn\obdnwKv {]thi\ ]coI Fnh aebmfn
FgpXm Ahkcapmpw. Kth-jW {]_-- ASw ae-bm-f-n kan-p--Xn-\p kwhn[m\w Dm-pw.
_ncpZXewhsc aebmf]T\w \nampw. ae-bmf am[y-a
- n-ep ]T-\
- n\v t{]mm-l\w \Ipw.
ss{]adn mkv apX Xs aebmfw IyqnMv ]T\ `mK-ampw.
aebmf kIemime hnm\ aenepmIp am Ism\pw AXv aebmfn
sImphcm\pap CS-s]-S \S-pXn\p m]-\-amn ampw. `mjbpsS {]tbmKnsbpw
hnImknsbpw km[yXI ka{Kambn Is-p--Xn\pw hn\ntbmKnpXn\pw ]cym]vXamb
hn[nqSn aebmf k- I - e m- i m- e - b psS {]h\ ]p\x{IaoIcnpw. CXp- a mbn ap
kIemimeIsfbpw Fm kmwkvmcnI m]\sfbpw kwLS\Isfbpw IqnbnWpw. Cy
`mjI Xnep hnh\w ]camh[n t{]mmlnnpw.
`mjbpsS hKobhevcWw sNdppI, enwKkaXzw, PmXn\ncmkw, aX\nct]X,
Bhnjv mcsshhnyw Fnhsb B[mcamn P\m[n]Xy]camb XpeyX Ddm- p- a mdv
`mjm{]tbmK \hoIcnpXn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
temI\nehmcn cNns imkv{XIrXnI, XXzNnm]camb IrXnI XpS-n-bhsbmw
aebmfn e`yamm\p CS-s]-S \S-pw. aqmw-temI cmPy--fnse `mj-I-fn\n-p IrXn-IfpsS hnh-\-n-\pssS t{]mm-l\w \In-smv _lp-kz-cX
- bvv t{]mm-l\w \Ipw.
CXntembn Hcp hnh\\bw Dmpw. `mjm Cn-yqv t]mep m]-\-sf C-c-n
sImp-h-cp--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw. ]pXnb Kth-jW {]_-- ae-bm-f-n sImp-h-cp-Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
Iyq, samss_, t^m Fnhbnsemw ASnm\ `mjbmbn aebmfs sImp-h-cp--Xn\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
tIcfn\Ipam{Xw kwkmcnp BZnhmkn `mjIv tIcfn\p ]pdv kwLSnXamb
kwcIcn. B P\XIfpsS `mjm]camb AhImifpsS kwcWhpw hnIk\hpw Ddmpw.
BZnhmknI DssS `mjm-\yq-\-]--v AhcpsS amXr`mjbn hnZym`ymkhpw hyhlmcfpw
\nlnm kuIcyapmpw. Cu hn`m-K-n\v cmw `mjsb m\w aebmfn\v \Ipw.
tIcfnsep CXckwm\ sXmgnemfnIsf Xpey]uccmn amm\pw tIc- f - ns
kmwkvImcnIhpw cm{obhpamb Ne\mIXbpsS `mKamnom\pw Ignbp hn[-n Ahsc
aebmfn Adnhphcmn amm-\p km-cXm {]m-\-n\v Bcw`w Ipdnpw.

Imbn-I-cwKw
516.
517.
518.

519.
520.

521.

522.

523.

524.
525.
526.

527.
528.

529.
530.

531.
532.

AtZiob kvt]mSvkv ac \Sm DXIp coXnbnepff kuIcy kab_nXambn

krjvSnpw. CXn-\mbn Hcp amm Xm-dm-pw.
Fm {Kma-]-m-b-p-I-fnepw ap\n-kn-m-en-n-I-fnepw ]cn-io-e\w sNp-hm tbmKy-amb Hcp 200/400 ao
{Smn\pw A\p-_--amb ssaXm-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-p-Xn\v CS-s]Spw.
tIcfw kvt]mSvkv Iukn-ens Iogn hnhn[ ImbnI C\-mbn kvt]mSvkv tlm-ep-I
kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImtf-P-pI-fn-ep-ambn \S-n-h-cp-p-v. Ch-bpsS \S-n-n-\mbn \In-h-cp XpI hnn-p-Ibpw kuI-cy- kmbn kvt]mSvkv tlm-ep-Iv kam-\a
- m-p-Ibpw sNpw.
s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwc--W-n-\mbn Imbn-I-cwKw D]-tbm-Kn--s-Sp Hcp _rlZv ]-Xn-v cq]w
\Ipw.
-kvt]mSvkpw AXn-t\mSp A\p-_
- s
- -p InS-p imkv{X-imJIfpw Zn\w-{]Xn hf t\Sn-sm-n-cn-pp. kvt]mSvkn-t\mSv tNp InS-p imkv{X imJ-I-fnse Ip-]n-Sn-- \mw ^e-{]-Zamwhn[w
D]-tbm-Knp kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw.
Ak-I-em-ime a-c-p-tijw Hcp kwbp k-I-em-im-em-So-ans\ Xnc-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
Ahsc kwm\ eoKv Nm-yjn-p-I-fn Hcp Soambn ]s-Sp-n-p- Xc-n-ep {]h-\-
m sNbvXv \S-n-empw.
{KmaoW kvt]mSvkn \nv Is-Sp- {]Xn-`I
- sf an\pp ]Wn- sNbvXv {]^-j-W-ep-I Bp-hm\p ]-Xn-I \S-n-empw. tIc-tfm-h a-c--fn hnP-bn-I-fm-hp--hsc Dsm-nv ]cn-io-e-\I-ym-p-I Bcw-`n-pw. Imbn-I-Xm-c-v Hmtcm hj-nepw sXmgn \Ip--Xn-\p ]-Xn-I
Bhn-jvI-cn-pw.
tIc-f-nse s]mXp-ta-J-em--km m]-\--fn kvt]mSvkv Soap-I Dm-pw. tIc-f-nse {Kma-fn Imbn-Ic
- w-Ks GtIm-]n-nv kpK-aa
- mb apt-
- n\v hgn-sbm-cp-p kwhn-[m-\
- krjvSnpw.
P\-Io-bm-kq-{XW-]--Xn-bpsS \S-n-p-Im-e-L--n Nne ]m-b-p-I-fn {]h-\-am-cw-`n {Kma]-m-bv kvt]mSvkv Iukn-ep-Isf amXr-I-bm--pw.
kvt]mSvkv Iukn-ep-I P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-ambn ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-n-p--Xn\v \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpw. Pnbvv
Xmtgmpw thtcm--ap hn[-n Cu kwhn-[m-\s amn-opw.
tIcf Imbn-I-cw-Kv Ghpw kvXpX-y-lamb {]h\w \S-n-h-n-cp--h-cmWv kvt]mSvkv _pI. kvt]mSvkv p-Iv [\-k-lmbw \IpXn-\p ]Xn Bcw-`npw.
2024 Hfn-nIvkv eyw shv {]tXyI ]cn-io-e\ tI{- Bcw-`n-pw. Cu ]-Xn-bn-tev Imbn-I-Xm-c-fpsS Xnc-s-Spv tIc-tfm-h
-
- f
- n \npw, tIc-f
- nse k-Ie
- m-im-eI
- mbn kwL-Sn-n-p
AXve-nIv aon \npw kvIq AXve-nIv aon \npw Atkm-kn-tb-j kwL-Sn-n-p kwm\
Pq\n-b AXve-nIv aop-I-fn \npw {]tX-yI Xnc-s-Sp-n-\mbn Imbn-IX
- m-c
- sf hnfnp-tN-Xn
\npw Imbn-I-Xm-c-sf sXc-s-Sp-pw.
CS-Xp-] km sImp-h kvt]mSvkv BIvSv Imtem-Nn-X-amb am- hcpn ]p\-m-]npw.
Ah-bn P\m-[n-]Xy hyh--I \ne-\np--Xmbn Dd-p-h-cppw.
Imbn-I--aXm ]-Xn, ImbnI hnZym-`ymk ]mTy-]-Xn, kvt]mSvkv Io-j dntmv Fn-h-bpsS
taep \S-]-Sn-I \ne-hn-ep km ac-hn-n-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. kvt]mSvkv Io-j dntmns
\nt-i- \S-n-em-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
If-cn--bv t]mep Btbm-[-\-I-e-I t{]mm-ln-n-pw.
kvt]mSvkv Ub-d-IvS-tdv, kvt]mSv Iukn-ep-I Fnh cmbn \ne-\np-p. Ch kvt]mSvkv
Iuknens P\m-[n-]-Xy-{Iaw ]p\-cp-o-hn-nv GI-in-em-am-Xr-I-bn-emn Cy-bvmsI amXr-I-bmpw.
\ne-hn-ep ImbnI hnZym-`ymk ]mTy-]-Xn (BPEd, MPEd, NIS Coaching Diploma) ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn--pw.
]T\\ne-hmcw Dbp--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cnpw.
Pn.hn cmP kvt]mSvkv kvIq, Iq kvt]mSvkv Unhn-j, AImfn kvt]mSvkv kvIq Fnh
kvt]mSvkv Iukn-ens Iogn-em-p-hm-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cnpw. ImbnI hnZymn-I-fpsS ]T\
kuI-cy-n-\p {]tXyI CS-s]-S Dm-Ipw. Ahv sXmgn Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw CS-s]-Spw.

533.

tIc-f-ns hyXykvX Xe--fn-ep Ipn-Iv {]mY-anI ]cn-io-e\w \In {]Xn-`-Isf Is-p

]pXnb ZoL-Ime ]cn-io-e\ ]Xn Bhn-jvc
- n-pw. tIc-f
- nse kvt]mSvkv taJ-esb kw_-np
hnh-c--sfmw Dsm-p hn]p-e-amb Hcp kvt]mSvkv sh_vsskv Bcw-`n-pw. tIc-f-nse
Sqsap-I, tImnwKv kwhn-[m-\- XpS-n-bh kw_-n Fm hnh-c-fpw AXn e`y-am-pw.

Agn-a-Xn- hnap tIcfw

534.

535.
536.
537.

538.

Agn-a-Xnpw Imcy--aXbnm-bva-bvp-sa-Xnsc hen-sbmcp _lpP\ Iym-bn Bcw-`n-pw. kwip-amb knhn kokpw Agn-a-Xn-c-lnX s]mXp-{]-h-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v thn Agn-aXn \ntcm[\ \nb-a-nepw tIcf temIm-bp \nb-a-nepw ka-{K-amb am- hcp-pw. s]mXp-{]-h-I-cpsS
kzp-hn-hc
-
- s
- f-p-dnv P\-v kpXm-cyhpw hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-hp-amb \ne-bn hnh-c
- \Ip-hm\pw
A\y-kw-m-\
- f
- ntem A\y-cm-Py-f
- ntem Ahp kzp- s]mXp-P\
- a
- [
- y-n shfnw ImWphm\pw Cp kwhn-[m\w A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. Ch-sb-p-dn-smw ]cn-tim-[nv \nt-i- aqv amkn-\p-n kan-p--Xn\v thn Hcp Io-js\ \ntbm-Kn-pw. hnPn-ekns\ kzX{ At\z-jW
GPkn-bmpw. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb \nt-i-fpw ta-d Io-js ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-pw.
bp.-Un.-F^v km Ah-km-\-hjw 2015 hb \nI-p--Xn\v thn \In-bn-p Fm s]an-pIfpw \K-cm-kq-{X-W \n_\Ifn \nv \In-bn-p Hgn-hp-Ifpw ]p\-]-cn-tim-[-\bvv hnt[-b-ampw.
Fm \nmW {]hr-n-Ipw C-sS- \n_-a
- mpw. C-{]nIz-bsa v kwhn-[m\w \S-n-em-pw.
Fm \nmW {]hr-n-Ipw ]n.-Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.ssh amXr-I-bn tamWn--dnwKv kwhn-[m\w krjvSnpw.- Fm \nmW {]hr-n-Ifpw Pn.-sF.-Fkv mvt^m-an sImp-h-cn-I-bpw, ]ptcm-K-Xn kw_-n
t^mtm s]mXp-P-\v ImWm e`y-am-p-Ibpw sNpw. tkmjy HmUnv \n_--am-pw.
Fm hIp-p-I-fnepw {]mtZ-in-Im-Sn-m-\-n ]ucm-h-Imi-tcJ Xm-dm-pw. Fm hjhpw {]mtZ-inI-X-e-n km Hm^o-kp-If
- psS {]h\w kw_nv tkmjy HmUnv kwL-Sn-n-pw.

{Ia-k-am-[m\]me-\hpw t]meokpw
539.

540.
541.
542.

543.
544.
545.

546.
547.

548.
549.

{Ia-ka
- m-[m-\\
- ne sa-s-Sp-p-X
- n\v i-ambn CS-s]Spw. hKob {]N-c-W--tfbpw Acw kwLj Ipn-sm-m-\p-ap {ia--tfbpw i-ambn t\cn-Spw. `qam-^n-b-I, tUv am^n-b-I, Kpm
kwL-, aZy--a-b-p-a-cpv hn]-W\ kwL-, s]hm-Wn` kwL- apX-emb kmaq-ly-hn-cp
in-Is-Xnsc i-amb \S-]Sn kzoI-cnv sskzc-Po-hnXw Dd-m-pw.
tem & HmUdpw ss{Iw Csh-n-tK-j\pw thXn-cn-pw. CXn-\mbn Fm t]meokv tj-\nepw {]tXyI
kwhn-[m\w Dm-pw.
t]meokv tj-\p-If
- n ]ucm-hI
- mi tcJ {]kn-o-Ic
- npw.
P\-ssa{Xn kpc-m-]-Xn Fm t]meokv tj-\p-I-fn-tepw hym]n-n-pw. tIcf pU v t]meokv
tIUv ]Xn hym]-I-ambn \S-m-pw. dkn-U vkv Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-fpsS ]np-W-tbmsS P\-ssa{Xn
kwhn-[m\w Imcy--a-amn \S-n-em-pw. t]meokv P\--tfmSv acym-Z-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-sapw tem-pI-fn a\p-jym-h-Imi [zwk\w \S-n Fpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.
kwm-\v Hcp h\nXm _m-en-b m]n-pw. samw t]meokv tk\-bpsS 15 iX-am\w F \ncn-tev h\nXm t]meo-kns AwK-kwJy hn-n-pw.
kwm-\v hyh-kmb kwc-W tk\ cq]o-I-cn-pw.
{Sm^nIv A]-IS \nhm-c-W-n\pw \nb-{-W-n-\p-ambn kwm-\m-Sn-m-\-n {]tXyIw ]cn-io-e\w
\I-s t]meokv hn`mKw cq]o-I-cn-pw. {Sm^nIv ss^ CuSm-p-Xv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kwhn-[m-\-w
hgnbmn amnbpw Iyma-d-I m]npw Agn-a-Xn-p km[yX Cm-Xm-pw.
t]meo-kn\v \Inb ]cm-Xn-bn-t FSp \S-]Sn s]mXp-P\
-
- sf Adn-bn-p-X
- n\v UnPn- s]oj tamWn-d
- nwKv kwhn-[m\w s]mXp-P-\-v Fm-hpw e`y-am-I--hn-[-n \S-n-em-pw.
Iamtm hn`mKw, B`y-c kpcm C-en-Pkv hn`mKw, B`y-c kpcm At\z-jW hn`mKw Fnh
kwtbm-Pn-nv kwm\ `oI-c-hn-cp SmkvIv t^mgvkv cq]o-I-cnpw. ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy- ssIImcyw
sNm-\p tijn t]meokv tk\-bn krjvSn-pw.
Pbn-ep-I-fn B[p-\n-I-h-cWw \S-n-empw.
^b & sdkvIyq ko-kns\ \ho-I-cn-p-Ibpw tk\-bpsS Fw hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.

550.

A ssk\nI hn`m-K--fpsS {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cnpw. tlmw KmUpI-fpsS {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v CS-s]-Spw.
551. tImS-Xn-I-fpsS ASn-m\ kuI-cy- ka-b-_-n-X-ambn hn-n-pw.

aZy-\bw
552.

aZyw tIc-f
- n Kpcp-Xc
- a
- mb Hcp kmaqly hn]-mbn amdnbn-p-v. aZy-ns e`y-Xbpw D]-tbm-Khpw
]Sn]Sn-bmbn Ipd-bvm klm-b-I-c-amb \b-am-bn-cnpw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]X
- y-ap-Wn km kzoIcn-p-I. aZy-h\s t{]mm-ln-n-p-Xn\v Cp-X
- nt\m IqSp-X i-amb CS-s]-S kmcns `mK-p-\nv DmIpw. CXn-\mbn km-cXm {]m-\-ns amXr-I-bn AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp
P\-Iob t_m[-h-cW {]m-\-n\v cq]w \Ipw. Uo AUnIvj sk-dp-I m]n-pw. aZyh-\-k-an-Xnbpw km-cp-am-bp kl-I-cWw in-s-Sp-pw.
553. aZyw t]mse kmaq-ly-`o-j-Wn-bmbn Imhpw ab-p-a-cppw hym]-I-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-Xnsc AXnIi-\-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pw.
554. kvIqfp-I-fn aZy-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp t_m[-h-cWw 8 apX 12 hsc mp-If
- n Ds-Sp-pw. aZyw
D]-tbm-Knp--Xn-\p {]mb-]-cn[n 23 Bbn Dbpw.

[\-Imcyw
555.

556.

557.

558.

559.

560.
561.
562.
563.

kwm-\-km _UvPv sNehv Cp--Xn \npw KWy-ambn Dbn kwm\ hcp-am-\-ns

1718 iX-am-\-am-pw. Fm CtX tXmXn kwm\ \nIpXn hcp-am-\hpw hn-n-p-sImv dh\yq
In Cm-Xm-p-Itbm ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvp-Itbm sNpw. hmbv]-bmbn FSp-p ]Ww aqe-[\ sNe-hpIm-bn-cnpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-pI. _UvP-n\v ]pdv {]tXyI hnI-k\ GPkn-I hgn hn]p-e-amb
tXmXn hmbv]sb-Spv ]m-e kuI-cy-hn-I-k\w \S-pw. C-c-samcp ]ptcm-K-a\ [\-Imcy \bam-bn-cnpw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]Xy apWn km kzoI-cn-p-I.
\nIpXn hnpXn\pff ASnm\ D]m[n Agn-aXnbnm-Xm-p-Ib
- mWv. CXn\p thn AgnaXnclnX
hmfbmdns Hcp cmw]Xnp \Smpw. \nIpXn `cWn\pff A\[nIrX CSs]SepI
Ahkm\nnpw.
hym]mcn kulr-Z- \-ba
- m-bn-cnpw ]np-Sc
- p-I. 60 ew cq] hnp-h-cp-am\w Ihn-npw ]q cPn-kvt{Sj FSp-m hym]m-cn-Is-Xnsc kzoI-cn-n-cn-p Fm tIkp-Ifpw ]nh-en-p-Ibpw Ahmbn
Hcp Aan-\n-n kvIow sImp-hc
- n-Ibpw sNpw. CXp-t]m-se-Xs kn.-F.Pn dntmp-If
- n \nIpXn tNmbp-sSbpw {Ia-t-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Bbn-c--W-n\v Ip- Is-n-bn-p-v. Ch-bmsI ]cn-tim-[nv Hscm-X-hW Xom- k{-Zmbw C\w Xncnv \S-m-pw. hym]mcnIsf ]mfnIfmn, \nIpXn Hm^okpIfn tkmjy HmUnp \Spw. kpXmcyX Ddphcpp CKthWkv k{Zmbw insSppw.
Cv \nehnepff \nIpXn tkm^vvshb Gsgp hjw apv cq]w \InbXn \npw Hcp]Snt]mepw
aptmp t]mbnn. CXphscbpff A\p`hns ASn-m-\-n Htsd ]gpXpI Ip]nSnm
Ignnpv. Cu tkm^vvshb ka{Kambn ]pXppw. CKthWkneqsS e`yamIp AXnhn]peamb
hnhctiJcw ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]tbmKnv \nIpXnshnv XS-b-pw.
dnt kv{IqWn ]qWampw. CXn\v F{Xt] thWsap ]cntim[nv Bh-iy-sa-n IqSpX
DtZymKsc \nbanpw. {]YaZrjv S ym sXp Im kv { Iqn- W n- m- c p- X s HmUnp hnknp
\SpXmWv A`nejWobw.
CtW HmUnp hn`mKw in-s-Sp--pw. CtW HmUnp hn`mKw hn]peoIcnv Iu sNp
kmh{XnIamn \nIpXn hcpam\w KWyambn Dbpw.
Hcp {]tXyI Umm ssa\nwKv hn`mKw slUvIzmtgvknepmn dntWpIfpsS kv{IqWnbpw
]cntim[\bpw IrXyambn AhtemI\w sNpIbpw ImcyaX hnnpIbpw sNpw.
PnFkvSn tIcfn\p KpWIcambncnpw Fp XobmWv. Fm tIv tlm-U-am-cp-ambpw NI \Sn ]pXnb \nIpXn \S-m-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m\w Hcp-pw.
D]mZ\ kwm\v A[nIambn Hcp iXam\w \nIpXn GsSppXn\pff \ohpw ]camh[n
PnFkvSn \nIpXn \ncpI `c-WL
- S- \
- mt`-ZK
- Xn hyh sNp-X
- n-\p-ap \o- sNdp-pw. \nIpXn
\ncpI \nbnpXn\v A- k w- m\ Iuknen\v A[nImcw hnpsImSpWw.
tI{]npWbnmsX Hcp Xocpam\hpw FSpm ]n Fpff Ahbnepw amw h-cpWw.

564.

565.

566.

567.

568.
569.

570.
571.

572.

573.
574.

575.

{SjdnbpsS kaqeamb B[p\nIhXvIcWw \S-m--pw. tIm _mnwKv am{Xa, sInepw anepw {Sjdn
B[p\nIhXvIcnpw. FSnFw kwhn[m\w GsSppw. ifhpw s]j\pw {Sjdn tkhnwKvkv _mv
Auv hgnbmbncnpw. CXphgn ifns KWyamsbmcp Imjv_mekv kmcn\v shbvkv BUv
aokv AUvPvsan\p e`yamIpw. hnhn[ aWvUefn {Sjdnbn sUtmknp kamlcnpXn\v
B\p]mXnIambn ]pXnb aqe[\sehp ]XnIv A\phmZw \Ip kvIow ]p\cmcw`npw.
{]tXyI A\paXnbnsn km hIppIfpw Akm GPknIfpw AhcpsS ]Ww
{Sjdnbns kqnWw.
_Pn\p ]pdp hmbv ] sbSppXn\pff kv I oapI Bhnjv I cnpw. AXntehpw {][m\w
kwm\Pnm tdmUpI B[p\nIhXv I cnpXn\p GPkn- b m-bn-cnpw. s]mXptaJem
m]\fpsS hnIk\n\v hmbv]sbSpm Ahsc {]m]vXcmpw. sdbnth hnIk\n\pff
kwbp kwcw`w hn]peampw. Xt-i`- c
- W
-
m]-\
- hmbv]sbSpv ]mnS ]Xn ]p\cmcw`npw.
klIcW kwLfpsS ssIbn hfsc henb an ^pv. AXns \ymbamb hn\ntbmKanmXv
AhcpsS [\nXnsbbpw {]XnIqeambn _m[nppv. CXv D]tbmKsSpn B\phnn kvIoans
ASnm\n {KmaoW ]me kuIcy krjvSnbvmbn {]tXyI I\n cq]oIcnpw. B-\phnn
kvIoambXpsImv kwLfpsS ]Wn\v IrXyambn ]enibpw XncnShpw DdmWv.
[\]camb \S]Sn{Ia eLqIcnpw. _Pn\p apv hniZhpw IrXyhpamb kvIoapI Xmdmn
AwKoImcw hmnbm AXnt ]ns [\hIpns CSs]SepmIn. _UvPv tcJ-I-fnXs
C-c-n-ep t{]mP-IvSp-I {]tXyI tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pw. G{]n 1 apX Ah \S-n-em-p-X
- n\v
Hcp XS-khpw Dm-In. kmnI \S]Sn{Ia kw_nv kab_nXambn ]T\w \Sn
Bhiyamb am hcppw.
knFPn dntmv \nbak`bn kanp Ignm cp amkn\Iw ]cnlmc \S]SnI FSpXp
kw_nv dntmp kanpw.
]nIv Auvkv Inn Xocpam\saSpp Ignm cpamkn\Iw BIvj tS dntmv
\IWw. As\ ]qoIcnsSp dntmpI \nbak`bn N sNpw. Cu \S]Sn{Ian
hogvN hcpp DtZymKsXnsc Ii\amb \S]Sn kzoIcnpw. knFPn dntmntepff \S]Sn
{Ia hj \onsmpt]mbn ]cnlmc\S]Sn A{]kamp ncw ssienbmWv acmav,
PetkN\w t]mepff hIppIpffXv. A[nI sNehv sXmSp hjn\pffn sdKpessdkv
sNWw. CXn hogvNhcpp hIppIsXnsc \S]Sn kzoI-cnpw.
]mbntebvpff [\hn\ymkw ]{p amkKUpfmbn apIqdmbn \IpXv ]p\xm]npw.
`mhnbn Bhiyambn hcp sNehns\pdnv [mcWbnmsX hInS ]XnI {]Jym]npXv
Ctm ]Xnhmbnpv. Hcp hjntesdmew ssZLyw hcp GXp ]Xnbpw Aphjme
{]h\sehv m Xmdmnbm am{Xta A\phmZw \Im ]mSpffq. Cu ]Xn \Smmthn
hcpwhjfn thp XpI, `mhn _PpIfn DsSpsSpw Fpdpmpw.
HuvIw _PnwKv k{Zmbntebvp amdpw. Hmtcm ]Xnbnepw ]Ww sNehgntm Ctbm Fp
am{Xa, AXp sNehgnXns `mKambn `uXnIt\sfspw AhbpsS {]XymLmXsfspw
XpSbmbn ]cntim[nsSpw. cphjs XmsdSppsn tIcfn\v HuvIw _Pntebvp
t]mIm Ignbpw.
PU _PnwKv ]p\cmcw`npw. CXp kw_nv Hcp tcJ _Pnt\msSmw \nbak`bn
AhXcnnpw.
ap _Pns\pdnpff Hcp ]cnnXn AhtemI\ dntmpw \nbak`bn kanpw. Ctm
]Ww sNehmnbXns\pdnpff dnhyqhpw [\-`m-hn-sb-p-dn-p ]Xnbpw am{Xta _Pnt\msSmw
kantXpq. tIcfnse _PpI kv{Xo kulrZhpw ]cnnXn kulrZhpampw.
_mv ]en-ibvp apI-fn ]c-am-h[n 3 iX-am-\-amn kzImcy ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS ]en-i-\n-cv \nP-sSp-pw. kzImcy ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imsc \nb-{n-m Ip-a-Xpw I-i-hp-amb cPn-kvt{S-j kwhn-[m\w
Gs-Sp-pw. sIm--en-i-ms-Xnsc Hmtcm Pn-bnepw Hcp PpUo-jy Hm^o-k-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-n
]cmXn ]cn-lmc t^mdw kwL-Sn-n-pw. Fw.-]n, Fw.F.-F-am, PpUo-jy Hm^o-kam, t]meokv
{]Xn-\n-[n-I Fn-h Dsm-p Cu Inn Dbp-h-cp {]iv\- ]cn-tim-[nv PpUo-jy
Hm^o-kv dntmv \Ipw.

sXmgn \bw
576.

an\naw Znhk Iqen 500 cq]-bm-p--Xn-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.

577. AwKhmSn Poh-\-m, Bim ht-gvkv, ]mN-I-sm-gn-em-fn-I XpS-nb kvIow ht-gvknsbpw
]m-b-p-I-fnse ]men-tb-ohv t\gvkp-amcpsSbpw tlmW-td-dnbw Dbp--Xn\v \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.
bp.-Un.-F^v km AwKhmSn Poh-\
- m-cpsS tlmW-td-dnbw hn-n-s-nepw AXn-\mbn ]W-sampw
hI-bn-cp-n-bn-cp-n-. Xti `cW m]-\--fp-sS-ta Cu `mcw ASn-tn-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
578. kq am-p-I-fn-sebpw tjmnwKv amfp-I-fn-sebpw kam\ m]-\--fn-sebpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS tkh\--th-X\ hyh--Ifpw sXmgn kml-N-cyhpw an\naw \ne-hm-c-ap--Xm-m kwm\ km CS-s]Spw.

kwh-c-W-\bw
579.

kmaq-ly-ambn ]ntmw \np P\-hn-`m-K-sf ssI]n-Sn-p-bp--Xn-\p kwh-c-W-s An-adn-p--Xn-\p ]cn-{i-a-amWv B.-F-kv.-Fkv \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-Xv. ]nIPmXn/]nIhKmpw
hnZym`ymk]cambpw kmaqlyambpw ]ntmw \np P\hn`mKpw km DtZymKfn
Cp tXmXn kwhcWw XpScWsa \bn F.Un.F^v . Ddp \npp. Hmtcm
kapZmbn\pw AlXs kwhcWm\pIqeyw apgph Ahp Xs Inpsav DdphcptXmWv. AtXmsSmw, aptm kapZmbfnse ]mhshv 10% kwhcWw GsSppIbpw
thWw. Cu cp Imcyfpw \Sn hcm DNnXamb `cWLS\m t`ZKXn BhiyamWv. Ccsamcp
`cWLS\m t`ZKXn \Sn hcpm F.Un.F^v ]cn-{i-an-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw.
580. Fkv.-kn--F-kv.Sn kwh-cWw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-tep IqSn hym]n-n-m ]cn-{i-an-pw.
581. ZfnXv ss{IkvXhv ]nIPmXnmp B\pIqey e`yamWsa Bhiyw
\ymbbpamsWv F.Un.F^v IcpXpp. CXp {]mtbmKnIambn \Snemptm \nehnep
]nIPmXn hn`mK A\p`hnphcp B\pIqey ]qambpw kwcnm\p \S]SnI
kzoIcntXmWv. Cmcyw AhcpsS kwLS\Ifpambn N sNbvXv A`n{]mbka\zbw Dmm
\S]SnI kzoIcnpw.
582. hnhn[ aX-hn-`m-K--fns \mSm kap-Zm-b-nse kwh-cWw kw_-n Bt]w kw_-nv ]cntim-[nv \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pw.

`c-W-]-cn-jvImcw
583.
584.

585.
586.
587.

588.
589.
590.
591.

C.sI. \mb-\m Ay--\m-bp `c-W-]-cn-jvImc Io-j dntmv \S-n-em-pw. CXp ka-b-_-n-Xambn ]qo-I-cn-p-p-sv Dd-p-h-cp-m Hcp tat\m Io-j-s\ \ntbm-Kn-pw.
Fm DtZym-K
c
- p-sSbpw ew-am-
- n\v IrXy-amb am\-Zw Bhn-jvIc
- n-pw. imkv{Xo-ba
- mb {]hrn
Ah-tem-I\
-
- ns ASn-m-\
- n Poh-\
- m-cpsS ]p\hn-\ymkw \S-m-pw. ]m-fn s]j ]Xn
]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-p-w.
i-f-]-cn-jvI-cWw ]p-hj-n-sem-cn--em-Ww F if ]cn-jvI-cW Io-js \ntiw Xn-f-bpw.
sk{I--dn-tb--Sw hcp tv knhn kokv tIU cq]o-I-cn-pw. AXn-\mbn Fm kokv kwLS-\-I-fp-ambpw N sNbvXv Hcp s]mXp [mcW Dm-p--XmWv.
sk{I-t-dn-bv Xe-n tI{ km-cn-s\-tmse Ub-d-Ivt{Sv coXn-bn hntI-{o-Ir-Xhpw ^e-{]-Z-hpamb kwhn-[m\w sImp-h-cpw. CXns `mK-ambn Poh-\-mv Fs-nepw {]bm-k-ap-s-n Ah
]cn-l-cn-pw.
F.-F-kv.-Pn.Un Fn-\o-b-dnwKv hnwKv Xt-i-`-cW m]-\--fpsS At`-Zy-`m-K-am-pw.
`c-W-\nh-lW am\z-ep-I ka-{K-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-pw.
`c-W-cwKw IqSp-X kpXm-cyhpw Imcy--a-ahpw Bp--Xn\v hnh-c-km-t-Xn-I-hn-Zysb ]c-am-h[n {]tbmP-\-s-Sp-pw. C.-K-thWkv--Fw.K-thWkv ap\nn-bp N ]cn-jvI-cWw sImp-hcpw.
tNmZy- FgpXn Xncn--bvp kwhn-[m\w Ah-km-\n-nv kwi-b-fpw XS--hm-Z-fpw kpc-nX
C-sa-bn-en-eqsS \nhrn hcp-p-X
- n\v kwhn-[m-\t- as-Sp-pw. P\v Bh-iy-amb tkh-\
- v
tkh-\-tI-{-- Gs-Sp-pw. Cu tkh\ tI{--fn Fm km hIpv tkh-\-fpw e`y-am-

592.
593.
594.

595.
596.
597.

598.
599.
600.

pw. Cu tI{s \nco-n-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-mn Agn-aXn Ipd-bvpw.

\nnX coXn-bn ]n.-Sn.Un (s{]m-tm-k Sp Unkvt]m-k) kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pw. Hcp kwcw`w \nt-in-s-m AwKo-Im-c-n\v 60 Znh-khpw \S-n hcp-p--Xn\v 90 Znh-khpw F SmPv \S-n-em-pw.
PnmtImSXn hsc-bp hyh-lm-c- ae-bm-f-n-em-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m\w Dmpw. tIkp-I
thK-n Xom PpUo-jy-dn-bn-ep Hgnhv \nI-pw.
Ime-l-c-W-s \nb-a- dm-pw. ap-h ]cn-jvI-cn-pw. CXn-\mbn aptmphbv-s-n-p \nti- ASn-b--c-ambn ]cn-tim-[nv \b-]-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m-h--h-sbmw ka-b-_-n-X-ambn \S-n-empw. CXn-\p Hcp Aphj Imcy-]-cn-]mSn \nb-a-a-{m-ebw Xm-dm-pw.
]ucm-h-Imi kwc-W\nbaw ]mm-pw. ]miz-hIrX kaq-l-pw kv{Xo-Ipw ]q ]ucmh-Imiw Dd-m--pw.
Bcm-[-\m-e-b- m]n-p--Xn\v \ne-hn-ep Nne \nb-{-W--sf-p-dnv ]cm-Xn-I Dm-bn-p-v.
Ah ]cn-tim-[nv ]cn-lmcw Is-pw.
Fm ]cm-Xn-I-fnepw {]iv\--fnepw 30 Znh-k-n-\p-n km Xe-n Xop-m-p--Xn\v kwhn[m-\-sam-cp-pw. GsX-nepw ]cm-Xn-Itfm Bh-iy-tfm \nc-kn--s-m \oXn-\n-jvT-amb Xov Dd-mm\pw hyX Dm-m\pw P\-]-m-fn--tm-Sp-Iq-Snb kanXn Dm-pw.
KmlnI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-, sXmgn kml-N-cy-, kmaqly kpc-n-XXzw, NqjWw
XS-b XpS-nbh Ds-Spn ka-{K-\n-baw ]mm--pw.
Fm Xmeq-p-I-fnepw IpSpw_ tImSXn m]n-pw. ]cn-nXn tImSXn/{Sn_yq-W Bcw-`n--pw.
Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb sXmgn _- hfn-sb-Sp--pw. t\mp-Iqen XpS-nb A\m-tcmKy {]h-W-XIs-Xnsc Ii-\a
- mb \S-]Sn kzo-Ic
- n-pw. tI{-km-cns \nnjvS sXmgn \nba t`Z-KX
- n-IsXn-cm-bp kao-]-\-am-bn-cnpw CS-Xp-] P\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-Wn km ssIsm-p-I. sXmgn \nb-a ]cn-jvI-cnv sXmgn-em-fn-Iv sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-pw.

D]-kw-lmcw
tIc-f-ns \ne-\np kml-Ncyw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImpw cmPy-ns s^U-d LS\ hn`mh\w sNp ]cnanXn-I-I-p-\n-p-sImpw Hcp kwm\ km-cn\v P\-]--p-\n-p-sImv \S-nem-m Ign-bp ]-Xn-I-fmWv Cu {]IS\-]-{Xn-I-bn hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-p--Xv. A[n-Im-c-ta DSs\ Xs
Cu ]-Xn-I {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-p--Xn-\p Hcp Ie- Xm-dm-n-sm-m-bn-cnpw {]h-\-am-cw-`n-p-I.
Hmtcm hjhpw \S-nb {]h-\- Ah-tem-I\w sNp-Ibpw CXp kw_-nv s]mXp-P-\--fp-ambn
N sNbvXp-sImv Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b- IqSn kzoI-cn-p-sImv `mhn ]cn-]m-Sn-I Bkq-{XWw sNpIbpw sNpw. ""thWw \ap-smcp ]pXp tIcfw; aX-\n-c-t]-, Agn-a-Xn-c-ln-X, hnI-knX tIcfw'' F eyw
CXn-eqsS ]qo-I-cn-m-\mWv F.-Un.-F^v eyw hbvp--Xv. B eyw {]mhn-I-am-m CS-Xp] P\m-[n-]X
- y-ap-Wn m\mn-Isf hnP-bn-n-W
- s
- av \mSns\ kvt\ln-p Fm-ht- cmSpw A`ynpp.

shw hniz
Iho\
F.Un.F^v kwm\ Inn