Subsurface temperature profile: Ground water flow and

differences in thermal conductivity of rock types influence the

temperature depth relationship ( after Kappelmeyer, 1961)

Average thermal conductivities of selected rock types

(After Kappelmeyer and Haenel, 1974)

Isotherms modelled for a salt dome

PressureTemperature
Density diagram for
water under geological
conditions.

Superimposed on this
diagram are geothermal
gradients of 18C Km-1,
25C Km-1, and 36C Km-1
for hydrostatically
pressured water (Barker,
1972; Magara, 1974)

Relationship between specific volume of water and increasing

depth of burial for different geothermal gradients (Magara, 1974)

Pressure Depth plot of a well with different gradients

Shale compaction
curves from
various sources.
The point to be
noted that, there
is minimal water
loss through
compaction over
the depth range of
the oil window

Relationship of structured water molecules to clay

mineral lattice (Barker, 1978)

Two stage dewatering of

montmorillonitic clay (Powers, 1967)

Dewatering curves for clay burial (Burst,1969)

Interrelationship of various physical parameters with

increasing depth of burial for shale type sediments

Oil globule of radius r, in pore space of water-wet,

clastic rock, undergoing distortion as it migrates
through pore throat of radius rt. is the interfacial
tension (Berg, 1975)

Three main types

of sedimentary
basins classified
according to
hydrodynamic
conditions:
Juvenile basins,
intermediate
basins, and senile
basins

Displacement and separation of oil and gas in an

anticlinal reservoir under the increasing action of
flowing water (Hobson and Tirastoo, 1975)

Oil isopotential surfaces (U0) in relation to

buoyant (Pb), hydrdynamic (Ph), and confining
(Py) forces in a convex trap under
hydrodynamic conditions

Equipotential surfaces for gas, oil, & moving

water, in relation to the differential movements
of the three fluids in a convex trap

Differential entrapment
of hydrocarbons
migrating through
successive, connected
traps. Stages D & E
represent the same
stage in migration but
under different
structural relations