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Scientific Method
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Terms
_observation__________: something seen or measured
__inference_________ (to infer): conclusion based on evidence
_Hypothesis__________: a prediction based on evidence
must state effect (If I do _______) and cause (then _______ will happen)
must be able to test a hypothesis with an experiment
_theory________: explanation of natural events supported by lots of previous evidence
explains many scientific facts and common results
Experimental Group: group being changed or tested
Control Group: normal group with no change
used to compare possible changes from __experimental______ group
Independent Variable: variable being tested (new drug, ph, time)
Always plotted on the _x_ axis of the graph
_Depedendent____ Variable: variable that is measured (ask what is
being measured?)
plotted on the y axis
Sample Experiment
Problem: Does temperature affect heart rate in goldfish?
Hypothesis: If _temperature increases_, then _heart rate will
decrease
Independent Variable: __temperature________
Dependent Variable: ___heart rate_________
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Conclusion:________________________________________________
C. Good Experiments:
a. Can be easily _repeated____________
b. Have _large_______ sample sizes
c. Performed for longer period of _time______
d. change and test only 1 variable
e. Test results tell if the hypothesis was __right______ or wrong
D. Graphs and Data Tables
a. Data Tables: organize information
i. 1st column is the _Independent __ variable (what is changed)
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2nd column is the dependent variable (what is _measured____)
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Columns should be titled and include _units_____
v. data must be in ascending or descending order
b. Graphs: show information in an illustration
i. x and y axis must be labeled and include _labels with units_____
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_Independent___ variable is on the x axis
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_Dependent_____ variable is on the y axis
v. x and y must be numbered in uniform increments (by 1s, 10s, etc.
1. each line must increase by the _same____ amount
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The _smallest______ unit of living things. Cells carry out life functions
Plant and animal cells
plant cells have cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts
Major organelles
_nucleus___: controls cell, contains DNA
_cytoplasm___: helps transport materials
_mitochondria____: carries out cell respiration
makes ATP, energy for cell
Ribosomes: make _proteins________
Chloroplast: carries out photosynthesis
_cell wall________: shape and structure of plant cell
i. _cell membrane_____: controls what moves
in and out of cell
1. Small molecules pass freely through
membrane
a. Diffusion: molecules moving from _high_____ concentration to low concentration
b. Osmosis: water___ moves from high concentration to low concentration
causes size of cell to change
2. _Large or polar molecules must be transported through membrane
3. If molecules move in from low to high energy must be used
4. Receptor molecules on _surface_________ of cell membrane
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REPRODUCTION
_Asexual___ reproduction
Advantage: very fast
Disadvantage: no genetic variation
produces offspring that are genetically identical to the __parent__________
only ___1____ parent involved
cell division is __mitosis______
daughter cells are genetically _identical_________
Types include: binary fission, sporulation, budding, cloning
_Sexual Reproduction
_sexual reproduction__-produces offspring with genetic variation
Disadvantage: takes time and _energy_________
__2_____ parents contribute DNA
gametes formed by __meiosis_______ with the normal chromosome number
recombination results in genetic __variation___________
Male Reproductive system
Testes-produce and store sperm (made by meiosis)
_sperm_________ function is to deliver DNA to the egg
Female Reproductive system
_ovary_________-produce eggs (made by meiosis)
contain all the organelles for the offspring to grow
Menstrual Cycle-lasts __28____ days
ovulation-release of _unfertilized egg________
_Menstruation_______-shedding of the uterine wall
Fertilized egg grows in the _uterus___________
Fetal Development
a fertilized egg is called a _zygote___________
zygote is diploid (full set of chromosomes. 46________)
egg divides and cells differentiate
cell _differentiation___________________: cells use specific gene
information to become _different types of __ cells
specialized cells become tissues_____ and organs
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Comparative anatomy
comparing physical structures of different species
Direct observation
bacteria evolving resistance to _antibiotics________
_Insects and plants_____ evolving resistance to pesticides
consumers as food
c. most energy _lost as heat and waste__ before it is passed to the
next trophic (food ) level in the food chain
organisms high up the food chain (apex predators/carnivores) have
_less____ energy available to them
producers have much _larger__________ populations than higher
trophic levels
3. Environmental Factors-determine which organisms can
_survive_ in an ecosystem and how large population can get
a. factors include-air, water, light, temperature, pH, food,
predators, etc.
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