TEST SYSTEMS ia E1-41 Circuit Design of Impulse Generators for the Lightning Impulse Voltage Testing of Transformers K. Feser eeeo (a7 nn SVS HAEFELY ial HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGYCircuit Design of Impulse Generators for the Lightning Impulse Voltage Testing of Transformers K.Feser Les linites du cireit de choc classique selon Marx lors essai de transformateurs avec des impulsions de foudre sont démontrés. Avec des charges inductves petites, la durée jusqu'd miealeu dle 40 ps ne peut pas dre obtenue. Touteois,lecreut de coe nsuel peut étve amélioné ‘par dewx couplages nowellement proposes. Ces couplages permetient également de garantir une durée Jus’ mi-valeur de 40s pour des charges inductive extrémement petites de Vordre de quelques mHl, Des mesures réaliscesconfrment les considerations théorique. Es werden die Grenzen der normalen Marxschen StoBopanuungsschaltung bei der Pre von Transformatoren mit Bltzstofipanungen aufpezcigt. Bei Kleinen induktiven Belastungen kann die Ruckenhalbwertszit ron 40 is nicht erreiet werden. Die heute liche StoBapannungs. schaltrg lsst sich aber durch zwei neu vorgeschlagene Schaltungenerweiter, die auch bei extrem kleinen induhtcen Belastangen von wenigen ‘mH die Verwirklichune einer Rickenkalbwertszit von 40 ws erlauben. Praktische Mestungen besttigen die theoretischen Uberlogungen. Introduction [National and international standards stipulate @ lightaing im pulse voltage of 1.2/50 when impulse voltage testing electrical equipment (1), (2). Small inductive toads which are often expe rienced in practice when testing low-voltage windings of generator transformers, or when testing distribution transformers or reactors ‘and HF line traps often result ina timetohelfvalue of SOs + LOys according to standards being unobtainable with the conventional Macx impulse voltage circuit, For this reason, the regulations (3) provide for earthing non: connected windings across resistances of not more than 400 ohms ‘when testing transformers, with the result thatthe impedance ofthe ‘equipment under test and consequently, time to hall-valu, rein creased. The resistance does, however, also influence the voltage Capacitive loading, incl capacitances of test objet snd oluage divider Ly Inductveloading equipment are discussed below, followed by amoredetailed investi- tion of two circuits with which longer times to half-value can be lobiained with windings not under test directly earthed, thus ex- {ending the scope of impulse voltae testing to smallerinductances in transformers or alternatively, higher ratings, of Marx circuit for impulse voltage testing low- inductance equipment in compliance with internatio- nal standards International standards fr lightning impulse voltage testing of| {ansformers stipulate 1.2/50 wave shepe, with the following per- ‘missible tolerances (Fig. 1) (1), 3) Front time: T= 12s + 30% Time to halfvalue: 7; = SO us + 20% Overshoot aim = 5% Undershoot: v= <5 The mode of connection currently most commonly used for production of thiswave shapeis thefumiliar Marx multiplierircuit The simple equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2isa sufficiently accu: rate representation for the purposes ofthis demonstration. ‘Test object and measuring equipment are included inthe values for inductive and capacitive loading Lyand C,The characteristic values fr lightning impulse voltages 7, 7, Wand w are a funetion of loading values Cyand Land circuit conditions Le, Re, Ryand Cy For purely capacitive loading, keeping the time to half-value within permissible limits poses no problem, Discharge resistance pis chosen according to the capacitances C, and C, whereby T.~ Rp : (Cy + Cs),and thus Rp allows keeping the time to half value within the specified limits for a corresponding range of Cy Inpractice, impulse capacitanceis known, The dischargeresistance. Reis chosen such that thetimeto half-value is kept within tolerance Timi forsmall capacitive loads. Fig, 3 shows an example ofa range of capacitive loads Cy, inside which the time to half-value is kept within standard tolerances fora given impulse capacitance C,. One ‘ohmic values sufficient for most practicalapplications. Thetimeto half-value can be kept within permissible tolerances for practically Any capacitive load Ggby means of additional parallel resistors, “Maintaining the front time, however, does pose a problem with purely capacitive test objects (T,~ Ry Ga. Beyond a certain capa- citive load, the value of the esistance Re has to be so small that the resulting overshoot atthe peak ofthe impulse would exeed 54, ‘This means that the range of values of capacitive loads for which itis possible co obtain a permissible wave shape is limited by the—~— =F ane ieee ig. 3 Tolerance limits of time to hal-ale forgiven values of parallel resistance, per stage a5 function of apace lad Example? MV generator, 400 Ws, C,= LOO nF. stray inductance L,, which depends nthe construction ofthe gene trator, Fig 4 shows how the series resistance R, needs to be varied for even a small range of loads in order to obtain the standard lightning impulse In practice, this is achieved by connecting resistors in seriesand parallel, and therefore the impulse generator should be designed so that series resistance connections can be changed quickly and easily With test objects representing a mixed inductive and capacitive loading, the inductive load will cause the impulse circuit to dis charge at low inductances, i.e. inductive loads affect the time to hhafvalue while leaving the front time almost unchanged. There fore the same limits apply forthe front times in the case of purely ‘capacitive loadings Above a certain inductance the effects on the time to hal-value can be eliminated by increasing the value ofthe parallel resistance Rp. Fig. Sshows how tal time varies asa function of inductive load for various parallet resistances Ro and a given impulse capacitance Cy. In practice, at least 2 parallel resistances are available; one is foreseen for a til time of 50s, the other for atime to half-value (0 2500, Increasing the ohmic value of the parallel resistance above thet of the switching-impulse parallel resistance does not result in any significant extension ofthe load range to smaller inductances, Frontsime tolerance limits or ven values series esstance ssa functin of eapacive lad C Example: 2 MV gencatr, 400 kW, C,— 100 nF ig. $ Time to hall-raue 745 «function of nductive loading dh parle resstance ys parameter Example: 2 MV generator, 200 Ws, C= 100. Correct lightning impulse voltage testing of equipment in the presence of inductive loading for a given impulse capacitance Cs, ‘can be extended toa lower inductance limit mainly by varying the series resistance Ry, rather than varying the parallel resistance Ro, IF the switching impulse parallel resistor is taken as the parallel resistance Ro, it can be seen from Fig. 6 that the wave shape for correct testing cannot be obtained below a defined inductance Ly fora given series resistance Ry. The load range for inductances can only be extended further by decreasing Ry (fora given impulse capacitance C,), but only down to a certain value, being bound by {he overshoot i (Fig. 4). This can also be seen quite clearly from Fig. 7. As Ra is decreased, the value of Cj, must be increased ac cordingly in order to ensure «correct front time T;, With a given impulse circuit the stray inductance L cannot be below a certain value. The minimum inductance Ly at which a standard time to halfvaiue can be obtained is thus determined by the stray indue tance Ls, that gives 5% overshoot. Fig. 7 shows that it is possible toobiaina correct timetohalf-value with animpulse capacitance of 3uP, using the conventional Marx impulse voltage circuit, when the siray inductance is 20 wH (this can be attained with 200 kV to 400 kVimpuase voltage circuits), series resistance approximately 50 ‘ohms, and inductance Ly, > 3 ml. For higher values ofthe siray inductance L, as wel as for lower impulse capacitances C,, the limit for obtaining a standard time to halfvalueis shifted towards higher inductive loads Ls, AL infinitely prea impulse capacitance C., the timeto half-value Tis emtiely function ofthe sores resistance Re ‘When Ry ©, the time to half-value T- is given by r- 2 n2 Re ‘rin other words, the smallest inductance Laat which a permissible time to half-value of 40 us can still be obtained, i given by Ly 0.058 + Ry (mH) (Rein ohms) clearer picture ofthe practical testing limits ofthe impulse vo: {age cireuits currently employed will be gained from a survey of ‘the usual characteristics of modern transformers, and it will be ‘obvious in which areas of application a standard lightning impulse cannot be obtained using the conventional Marx-type impulse gepee — Fig. 6 Required impulse capaciance C, foram impulse ener to dlivera deo halal above 40 ws fora given inductive lead Ly ‘Reswitchingmpulsepaalel resistance Prameers series esstunceR, capacitive load Cy Test-objact impedances Equipment which can feature inductance values of less than 15mH and which need tobe tested by lightning impulse vollage are in practice limited to transformers and feactor. ‘The inductance of a transformer can be calculated from the formula Lx 1000Fs (see note (4) in bibliography). The effective test inductance will nevertheless be dependent onthetesting cireuit(4),e..,inductance will be Lp L,when one winding is under test and the two rem: hing windings are short-circuited and earthed. In an extreme case, the effectivetest inductance would be Ly™ Ly ifall three windings Were impulse tested in parallel. Table | gives lst of inductances LLgwhich are likely to be met in coming years, for different system, voltages. Load capacitances will be comprised between approx. S and lOnF. Mig 7 us tollage is possible wnder inductive lad condins Timetohalfvalue: = 40us Overshoot: = 9% Parameter: Stay inductance Ly Surg capacitance Ce For ultr-high-voltage transformers itis found that theie in- \ductanceis neverinany case lowerthan 15 mH, so that thestandard ‘ime to half-value can always be obtained when testing the high- voltage windings ofthese transformers merely by using the ordinary testing citeuit described above, ‘Table includes future developments which are not yet feasible atthecurrent state of technology: forinstance,for420kY, 1700 MVA, is considered to be the maximum possible rating fora generator transformer being transported by rail (5), (6) However, the required time to halfvalue 7 of 40 us can no longer be obtained if we attempt to test the low-voltage windings of large generator transformers, or distribution transformers above certain ratings, with inductances below 15 mH, which is already becoming fairly common (see Table 1). ‘Table Lalso shows the charging voltages required fora generator to deliver the correct test voltage Fora given system voltage. ‘With maximum test impulse voltage known (Irom Table 1) for any given system voltage, the required impulse capacitance can be in Upnt Inductances of transformers as function of system votiageand nominal rating Lx = WK Wont with shortcireuit impedance assumed tobe 13%, 100 oP a ‘= nominal rating of transformer per phase: ~ 50H) aes se | Soo Tnaicance Lal weeny [ipsam [aomaigee [age [aga | emeaine a w w wa) w wv so [10 [200 [ao [eo [roo | mo 11002) | 2800 3250 2000 | 4400 E 2890 | as | 963 | s7e | 289 165 | 2400 2160 1880 | 3800 1400 | 700 | 446 | 280 | 140 525 15380 1780 17s | 2400 660 | 330 | 20 | 132 | 66 420 | 42s 1610 oso | 2200 - | so | a0 | 20 | wo | a | a2 24S | 1030 1200) = | 1600 } sre] 287 | tas | om | 48 | 2 | gs 123 550 635 ese | ee 10001 Jad fe | ee73 ee | Ete Te |e = 2 36 170 B : ao |e] 62] a | as | 10 - 4 ns e 7 mo | 55 | 27 | 14 | or a : 2 15 s : ro | 1s | o7 | os] - = 4(Assumed vluer short-circuit voltage [5% C,— 10 nF Rea 1000, Ry = Ry sonye, Le Le read offfrom Fig. 6,and hencealso the necessary impulse energy for an impulse generator with a stage voltage of eg. 200 kV can be de rived as function ofthe transformer rating (Fig. 8) Fig. 8 shows that it will be possible to test the high-voltage windings of large transformers of the future by means of 10 KJ/ 200 kV per stage generators, in accordance with the international standards. Generator capacities inthe region of 20 k3/200 KV per stage will be required 0 test 220 kV transformers with ratings over 1000 MVA (as compared to ratings of around 500 MVA commonly found today) ‘To summarize, 1S kJ per 200 kV stage are adequate for testing system high voltage windings of transformers currently in use with 123 KV system voltage. Thus standard impulse voltages can be ‘obtained with the test circuit already described. Difficulties arise when testing low-voltage windings of large generator transformers, high-voltage windings of distribution {tansformets, and reactors, when the inductances lessthan 15 mH. ‘Testing cireuits such as that shown in Fig. 2 can only produce standard times to haf-valueat very low ratings under these loading. conditions (see Fig. 9) ‘The load range can hardly be extended by increasing the energy Per stage, since loading inductances ar well under 1S mH (Table D, ii i.9 Inpuseenerey required yer 200LV stage in an impulse generator 252 fanction of tee phase rating of transformers (Assumed values: short tei voltage 15K; Bam 120.0, Ry = Ressooyn Ee = Lx ig. 10 Single-stage equivalent circuits ofa mulple stage impulse generar for standard ighiingimpusevoliage 1. Extendot ees for inductive loads of mH < Le-< 15 mH Extended circuit fr extremely small inductive loads of Ofmit= Ly 4H Circuits for impulse-testing of low-inductance test objects ‘The summarized data on test object characteristics displayed in Table 1 show that low inductances (Ls < 15 mH), practically spe king, appear in low-voltage windings of generator transformers, in distribution transformers or in reactors. Relatively ow lightning impulse voltage amplitudes are common to all these test objects (Table 1), and therefore system voltages of up to 30 kVean betested in this way using generators with charging voltages of 200 kV per stage with one stage connected in series and x slages (depending fn the requited impulse capacitance) in parallel. In practice, this ‘means that the circuit modification needed to obtain the stipulated impulse forlow-inductance test objects will be limited to one stage (Gwo for series voltages of 36 KV) of s Marx-type generator. This extension can be added at litle extra cost, A diagram of the single-stage equivalent of a Marx-impulse eneralor is provided in Fig, 2. The necessary extensions for the Durpose of testing low-inductance windings are shown in Fig. 10, ‘The circuit in Fig. 10a was proposed in 1973 by Kannan and ‘Narayana Rao(8)andadapted further for extremely small inductan- 8 by Glaninger in 1975 (9) (Fig. 106). In both circuits @ and b the inductance La is chosen to affect the wave front time (as ob ‘ined with the ordinary circuit (Fig, 2))as little as possible so that the expressions used to calculate the series resistances still hold -g00d. In physical terms, the capacitive loadin the modified (Fig. 10) circuits is charged via the series resistance as the parallel induc tance Lg offers too large an impedance at high frequencies The inductance Lyshortircuits the series resistance on the tail of the impulse, removing the current-reducing effect ofthe series Fesistance on the wave tall, so that time to half-value becomes essentially a function of (Lg + La oscillating with Gyor C, Since the oscillations are, practically speaking, damped only by the re- sistance in parallel Rp the value of Reshould beas small as possible inorder to keep undershoot to a minimum, ‘When the inductive loading Le is ofthe same order of magni lude as the series inductance Lg, voltage division occurs between Lgand Le when the impulse capacitance is discharged. Forthis re son, an additional resistor R, is required for testing extremely iow- inductance windings (Fig. 10b), Ry should be chosen so that the division of voltage between R, and Re white charging C, is equiva lent to that when discharging Cy through Ly and Ly. The resistance Rg is superfluous as long 2s Ly > 10: Depending upon the vol tage division in the circuit, introducing a resistance Re results inareduced efficiency futor. Since another effect of this voltage division is the reduction ofthe front time 7, the value ofthe series resistance also needs to be increased forextremely small inductances, orwhen, gis smaller than 3: Ly ‘The additional components in the modified impulse generator circuit may be chosen with regard to the following criteria ‘The inductance Lyeonnected across the series esistanceshould havea value such that the effect ofits impedance on the wave front of he lightning pulses negligible, while practically shor-circuiting the series resistance on the tail ofthe wave, Because of the voltage division effect, Lyshould be small compared to Le In the literature ©), theexpression REG osu? is valid for Gy Cand Ly 8 + Ly for caleulating Lin the ape- riodic cas, However, in order to obtain a front time of 1.2u, it is essential that Ry Gy 04s. Hence Ze must be given by 04 osu? For capacitive load range Gof 1.5 nF 10 10 aF, the value of| Rg will vary between 300 ohmsand approximately 50/ohms, so that _Lgmust be between 405 uH and approximately 703uH. A value neat the upper limit should be chosen in order to obtain a time to half value within the tolerances for the lowest possible impulse capac tance G, A value of 00 pH for La, for example, will provide sui cient damping for testing any winding with an induetive load inthe range 15 mH < L, <1 mH (1), The advantage of this arrangement is that Ly can romain constant forall loading values Ly > 1 mH With smaller loads L,<1 mH, the efficiency factor can be increased by decreasing the value of the inductance 110 e.g. 100 uH and test objects with loading inductances of 200 nH to I mH ean then be tested tothe requited standards, Should the wave shape be distorted as a result ofthe voltage division between Lg and Ly for values of Ly < 10 - Lo, a resistor Ra can be connected in parallel tothe loading as shown in Fig. 10b. The value of this resistance is chosen asa function of the voltage division and can be calculated by the expression Ra ly Rly {In the modified circuit shown in Fig, 10a, she impulse cepaciten- ce C, required to attain the desired standard time to half-value of | 40 us for a given inductance loading can be calculated, provided that £y 1 mH, are ploted in Fig. U1. The power range of transformers for different system voltages, on which itis additionally rendered possible to maintain a correct time to halfvalue > 40s, is given in Fig. 12. Modifying the original (Fig. 2) circuit asin Fig. 10a extends the range of ratings which can be impulse tested, e.¢ forasystom voltage of24kVirom approximately 20 MVA up to around 70 MVA, with an undershoot of 40% inthis 6 Fig. 1 Impuse capaciance C required animpulse generar to Advert to hal-value of more than 40 fora iven ve load Lo Parameter circuit rangement range. The undershoot can however be decreased by increasing the impulse capacitance, provided that the parallel resistance is decrea- sed accordingly to maintain the time to hal-value. Fig, 11 shows leary that standerd lightning impulse voltages can be obtained ‘with relatively small impulse capacitances within a given load in- ductance range (I> 4 mE) by using a generator circuit as shown in Fig. 10, Ite impulse capacitances abovethe valuesshownin Fig. 11for 4 given inductance loading, the tail time will be lengthened and ‘undershoot reduced. Under these circumstances with the modified Fig. 102 circuit, the time to hall-value can always be kept between the 40 us ~ 60 us tolerance limits by reducing the value of the parallel resistance, The value of the parallel resistance Re in the circuit of Fig, 10 will always be between 1 X and 2X Rp 50s, the parallel resistance forlightningimputse voltages under purely capacitive loading con- ditions. the impulse capacitanceis below the valuegivenin Fig. 1] fora giveninductance, no correettimeto halfvaluecan beachieved. ‘The efficiency factor ofthe Fig. 10a modified circuit is greater than that of the original impulse generator connection (Fi. 2). Testing circuit for extremely low-inductance test objects AA standard time to half-value can be obtained for inductances below 4 mH with a modified impulse generator according to Fig. 1b (refer to Fig. 11). Tae main difficulty with this circuit, apart, from the problem of the undershoot, is its decreasing efficiency factor for decreasing inductive loading due to the voltage division between Ly and fy For an inductance Ly of 0.4 mH and a value of Ly = 0:4 mH also, for example, the efficiency of the impulse AC hese Parameter: system voltage, circuit rangement (sumed values: ew 15%, Coe 1OnP, Ly = Ex Gircuita “according to Fig 2 Grreuit by according to Fig 10a Gireuit by according to Fig 100,enerator is SOM; however, in this case the high voltage required limits the load range to Ly > 2 Lg. An impulse capacitance of 1.15 LBP along with an inductance Ly of 0.4 mH are already sufficient to testinductances of| mH witha standard impulse at an efficiency in the region of 70% (see Fig. 11). With smaller inductances Ly the Voltage division effect and the undershoot, will increase, For elfciency reasons, the practical inductance value Lyshould be fess than 2 Ly ie. Ly ~ 0.4 mH is applicable for loadings down to about 0.8 mH. Below 0.8 mHHan inductance of ¢¢, 100H should be connected, extending the load range to 0.2 mH = Ly< 0.8 mH for standard tests, provided of course that impulse capac. tance is increased accordingly: for example, with loading inductan- ‘eof the test object 0.2 mH, an impulse capacitance ofS.3uF would bemneeded to obtaina time to hal-value of 40 us Fig. 12 illustrates the extended testing capability within the specifications, in terms of transformer ratings, provided by a (dam: Ping) inductance L, of 0.4 mH. It will be seen that the modified circuit shown in Fig 106 will deliverstandard timesto half-value for loads down to 1 mH, or alternatively for a 24 KV winding up to ratings 250 MVA, with a relatively small impulse capacitance Cy. Practical measurements Two inductances L, of values S mH and 1.2 mH were tested in a Practical experiment to compare the circuits in Figs. 2and 10, Two stages ofa multi-stage impulse generator were used in parallel, ‘Wave shape, efficiency factor and undershoot were the main criteria observed. Load conditions Ly = 5 mH and Cy = 10 nF These are approximately equivalent to the load conditions present in the low-voltage winding of a 120 MVA generator trans former (Table 1) with a system voltage of 36 KY. ‘The ordinary (Fig. 2) circuit has a lower limit of approximately 5 mf for impulse capacitance of 1.1 uF and a time to halfvalue of 40.us, as can be seen from Fig. 11. Fig 13 confirms thatthe lower limit for production of an acceptable wave shape with this impulse generator circuit is reached witha series resistance of 5 ohms and the appropriate parallel resistance value for switching-impulse vol- tages. Fig, 13 shows thata longer time to half-valuecan be obtained wit the modified (Fig. 10a and b) cireuts, wth some loss in ef ciency in case ofthe Fig. 1b circuit due to voltage division, but a Fig. 13, Production of lights loading oS mH wih diferent circuit srangements Influence of Land Ry ‘Time base:05 ys, 10us 0725 v/time marks T= 40us Influence of Lgand Re Time base-0 Ss, 180" 25 s/time marks ah Tea 18s on bn Tem 264s 9 = 96 eRe Rem B00, C= 11WF Tem 12H n Wanye a man eek Re= 20M GH 22yF Te 12us, n name WO 35 slightly longer tail time than with cieuit 10a, Undershoot values are similar with ll three circuits under these load conditions. Front ‘times practically unaffected by the inductance Lg connected paral- Tel to the series resistance Loading conditions: Ly = 1.2mH, Cp = 10 nF [Astandard time to half-value eannot be obtained with the ordi- nary (Fig. 2) circuit under these conditions (see Fig. 14. The first modified citcuit (Fig. 102) produces longer time to half-alue, but voltage division oceurring between Ly and Ly distorts the wave shape. Wave shapes within the tolerances can only be obtained under these load conditions by means of a circuit further modi- Fied as in Fig, 106, but with voltage division Le/Ls reducing the clfcieney factor to approximately the value of the ratio aay With other components in the circuit unchanged, a resistor Ry increases the value of the undershoot (sce Fig. 14). The series resistance needs to be increased in order to compensatefortheshor- tening effect of the voltage division on the wave front time, Time to hal-value can be slightly increased by choosing a larger parallel resistance Rp S0.s to bring itabove the lower standard limit of 403, atthe existing 11 uF impulse capacitance (sce Fig. 14). This tail time cannot, however, beachieved below a minimum impulse capa citance of approximately 1.1 uF (Fig, 11) Increasing the impulse capacitance C, further lengthens time to half-value (Fig. 4) while reducing the undershoot. Testing a single-phase transformer ‘Test measurements made with all three circuits on a single- phase, 27 KV/430 KV, 380 MVA transformer with short-circuit vol- tage approximately 15%, are given below. Characteristics of test object: Single-phase transformer Low-voltage winding: 27 kV Hiigh-voltage winding: 430 kV Rated power: 380 MVA, Short-citcuit impedance:~19% 2LSkV(On the bass of these characteristics, the inductive load from the low voltage winding can be calculated as follows: ue U2 Fy 100 In order to increase the impedance of the test piece, the high: voltage winding was earthed across 250 ohms for the following comparison measurements. Voltage was measured using adamped capacitive voltage divider of 1.2 nF, and current by connecting a (0.5 ohm shunt. An &stage Marx impulse generator with an energy of 120kI was available, whereby 4 stages were connected in parallel ‘and two in series. The comparable oscillograms obtained for the three circuits are shown in Fig. 15. With regard tothe impulse shape the optimum was sought in each case Fig. 15a shows that a standard time to hal-value cannot be ob- tained when impulse testing this transformer using the conven- tional cieuit. The switching-impuls parallel resistance is connec- ted a the parallel resistance in the circuit andthe series resistance (G0 ohms) has been kept as small as possible. cannot be lower than a certain limit owing to the S¥ lim lation on peak overshoot. Capacitive load was inereased propor tionally to this decrease in R, in order to maintain the front time correct. The following values were obiained with ths arrangement: = 0.995 mH Front time: Time to hal-value: T.~14us — Undershoot = 13% T~ 15s Overshoot: a= 3% By increasing impulse capacitance to 6 1F we obtain a sight in: ‘crease in time to half-value and reduction of undershoot, with ront timeand overshoot practically unchanged. Ithasalready been pin: ted out (Fig. 11) that an increase in impulse capacitance above a certain threshold does not significantly increase tail time Fig. 15b shows the comparable osvllograms obtained with the circuit modified as per Fig. 10a. The following values were obtained 139% =o Front time: ‘Time to halfvalue: Undershoot Overshoot Tw L3ns Tw 28us 1 | 2| no ng “oa 4 21.5KV¢ 38D MVA single-phase transformer T, approx. 1M when {esting the low-vllage winding Totige #03 us/ivision B 108 division 2Cunremt 7 25 ysldiwision EMILE HAEFELY & CO UTD LEHENMATTSTRASSE 353 (CH-4028 BASEL/SWITZERLAND PHONE +4161. 3155101 Fax +4161, 3112187 TELEX 962.469 A time to half-value of approximately 28 us can be obtained, then, with an impulse capacitance of only 1.$ uF. Front time and overshoot are considerably easier to maintain within permissible limits, since they ean be influenced independently of the time to half-value, by choosing an optimum value of R,. Voltage division between Land L» isalsoapparentin Fig. 1Sb. Ths factorhas been eliminated in Fig. IScby ettingupan equivalent voltagedivisionon the wave front with the second modified circuit as in Fig. 10b, The following values are obtained with this final arrangement, with impulse capacitance unchanged at Cs = 1.5 uF Front time: Twins Undershoot: = 35% Time to half-value: T= 40us Overshoot: i- 0 ‘As has already been seen (Fig. 11), the modified (Fig, 105) generator circuit can deliver a standard time to half-value under ‘these loading conditions. Conclusions Both the theoretical analysis and practical experiments have shown that generator circuits modified as per Fig. 10a and b can deliver a fightning impulse within the permissible tolerances even under low inductive load conditions. Lightning impulse vol- tages can therefore beadapted for testing transformers ithextreme characteristics to the recommended standards. The additional ‘components needed to modify any modern impulse generator in this way re obtainable at low cost. The suggested circuits offer the advantage of enabling the use of low-energy per stage generators for standard tests on transformers, which is significant from an econo: ‘ical nd practical standpoint; generatorscan be optimally adapted to the energy requirements on the basis ofthe characteristis ofthe high-voltage windings. The number of stages needed in parallel for testing low-voltage windings can also be reduced. Bibtiography 2 tag vod Mase har, Te eng ie ae ‘roducton and measurement of high voltages Prt: Provisions forthe producion rat Aonton Ge Uhm sn Swicing tue Test Power 4.6 Papachtn E Was Normand Sctlsotspanangspfing on Tas ‘uloen nd Konperstions romeipulen Disa Brehaune br purnuneea ‘at und Dagan ur mesinrng des Stes Snr a ‘ongevansmsnon equpent atone ETA INT) Tgp tS 46 9-P GlanaerStodsannangspifne a itcichen Becht Ke nt HAEFELY im HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGY