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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank God Almighty for the blessings showered upon
us, without which this mini project would have ever seen light. Our heart is filled with gratitude
for all the people who helped us.
We extend our sincere thankfulness to our beloved Executive Director Fr. Dr.
Antu Alappadan, Director Prof. K.T. Joseph, Principal Dr. Sudha George Valavi, Vice
Principal Dr. Nixon Kuruvila, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology.
We also convey our immense gratitude to our Head of the Department Mrs. Jitha
Joseph, for having given us constant inspirations and suggestions throughout the mini project
work.
We would also like to give our heartfelt thanks to our guide and project
coordinator Ms.Jerin James for her constant support and encouragement throughout the tenure
of this mini project work.
We are also thankful to all the faculty members of Sahrdaya College of
Engineering and Technology for their blessings and encouragement. We obliged to and grateful
to our parents whose encouragement and support helped us to make this mini project a success.
We show our sincere gratitude to all our group mates. At last, we once again extend our sincere
gratitude to one and all, who contributed to this mini project one way or other.

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ABSTRACT
The project involves controlling the intensity/speed of an incandescent lamp/fan using a
mobile application. The mobile is connected to the particular device by using a Bluetooth module
further processed by Arduino(ATMEGA 328 microcontroller). The application is an apk file
applicable for all android phones. The mobile application is used to vary the intensity of light of
incandescent lamp or a fan. By actual means we are controlling the charging time of the
capacitor of the circuit by which we vary the triggering angle of the triac.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO

TITLE

PAGE NO

Acknowledgement
i
Abstract

ii

Table of content

iii

List of figures

List of abbreviations

vi

INTRODUCTION

1
2

LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1

ARDUINO BOARD

2.2

MOBILE APPLICATION

2.3

OPTOCOUPLER

2.4

RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS

2.5

TRIAC AND DIAC

2.6

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

METHODOLOGY
3.1

ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

3.2

MOBILE APPLICATION CREATION

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3.3

OPTOCOUPLER CREATION

3.4

CIRCUIT DESIGNING

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP\
4.1

HARDWARE SETUP

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE

2.1

Technical specifications of Arduino

2.2

Arduino Board

2.3

MIT App Inventor logo

2.4

Optocoupler

2.5

a. Resistors b. Capacitors c. Diac d. Triac

3.1

Circuit Diagram

4.1

Device setup

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LED

Light Emitting Diode

LDR

Light Dependant Resistor

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fans are one of the most used electrical equipments in our country with rising
temperatures. At present, the only way to control the speed of a fan is by the electronic regulator
available with it. Manual control of intensity is only possible. This very project aims at
controlling the speed of a fan by means of a mobile application. The mobile application is made
using MIT App Inventor. The mobile application is created with two modes of operation (Button
and Slider). The circuit has two parts. One is the Arduino part (gives PWM signals) and a voltage
regulator part (220volt AC). The fan is connected across the 220 volt ac part.
The mobile is connected to the device by a Bluetooth module and further processed by
an arduino. The arduino is programmed to vary the intensity of an LED that is connected across
its output pins. This LED is coupled with an LDR.
The other part of the circuit is the voltage regulator part. This involves two resistors in
series with each other. One is a potentiometer and other is a fixed resistance. A capacitor is used
in the circuit and by varying the charging and discharging time of the capacitor we can control
the triggering angle of triac.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 ARDUINO BOARD
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.

Microcontroller

ATmega328P

Operating Voltage

5V

Input Voltage (recommended)

7-12V

Input Voltage (limit)

6-20V

Digital I/O Pins

14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins

Analog Input Pins

DC Current per I/O Pin

20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

50 mA
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Flash Memory

32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM

2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM

1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed

16 MHz

Length

68.6 mm

Width

53.4 mm

Weight

25 g
Fig 2.1 Technical specifications of Arduino

Fig 2.2 Arduino Uno

2.2 MOBILE APPLICATION

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The required mobile application for the project was designed by us using MIT App
Inventor. This technology enables a user to create his own interface and application. W =e can
incorporate the reguired number of screens, wallpapers, colour , images etc. Home Automation
techniques have been introduced to make the life of people easier. When the whole world is
available to us in our fingertips, why not the household equipments? MIT App Inventor is an
innovative beginner's introduction to programming and app creation that transforms the complex
language of text-based coding into visual, drag-and-drop building blocks. The simple graphical
interface grants even an inexperienced novice the ability to create a basic, fully functional app
within an hour or less.

Fig 2.3 MIT App Inventor logo

2.3 OPTOCOUPLER

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An optical coupler, also called opto-isolator, optocoupler, opto coupler, photocoupler or optical
isolator, is a passive optical component that can combine or split transmission data (optical
power) from optical fibers. It is an electronic device which is designed to transfer electrical
signals by using light waves in order to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its
input and output. The main purpose of an optocoupler is to prevent rapidly changing voltages or
high voltages on one side of a circuit from distorting transmissions or damaging components on
the other side of the circuit. An optocoupler contains a light source often near an LED which
converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel and a photosensor, which
detects incoming light and either modulates electric current flowing from an external power
supply or generates electric energy directly. The sensor can either be a photoresistor, a siliconcontrolled rectifier, a photodiode, a phototransistor or a triac.
The most common sizes for maximum output voltage are 30 V, 70 V and 80 V. We also carry
optocouplers with a maximum output voltage up to 80 kV. The maximum operating temperature
can range from 70 oC to 150 oC, with the most common opto coupler chips having a maximum
operating
temperature
of
100
oC.

Fig 2.4 Optocoupler

2.4 RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS

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Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical resistance.
The resistors resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit.They
is passive components, meaning they only consume power (and cant generate it). Resistors are
usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-amps,
microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit
current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.
A capacitor (originally
known
as
a condenser)
is
a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by
a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becomingpolarized). The conductors can be
thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are
widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor,
an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field between its plates.

2.5 DIACS AND TRIACS

DIAC DB3
DESCRIPTION- Functioning as a trigger diode with a fixed voltage reference, the DB3/DB4
series can be used in conjunction with triacs for simplified gate control circuits as a starting
element in fluorescent lamp ballasts. A new surface mount version is now available in SOT-23
package, providing reduced space and compatibility with automatic pick and place equipment.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS - (limiting values) Symbol ITRM Parameter Repetitive
peak on-state current / DB4 Tstg Tj Storage temperature range Operating junction temperature
range Value 125 C Unit A
TRIAC BT136
DESCRIPTION The BT136 triac has three main terminals. MT1, MT2 and Gate terminal.

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2.6 LIGHT DEPENDANT RESISTOR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an
optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by
the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence
band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band
which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and
more current starts flowing throgh the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that
the resistance of the device has been decreased.

a.

c.

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b.

d.

Fig 2.5 a) Resistors b) Capacitors c) Triac d) Diac

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Arduino programming is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourthgeneration programming language. In this particular program we control the brightness of an
LED connected across the output pins of the Arduino. For this, we consider the maximum
brightness of the LED and assign a constant Analog write value for it. Here, we have assigned
the value as 255 for maximum brightness of the LED and 0 as the minimum value. A Digital
write value is given for switching ON and OFF of the LED.
The Arduino program is:
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial bluetooth(0,1); //RX,TX
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);

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pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5 , OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
pinMode(11,OUTPUT);
bluetooth.begin(9600);}
char c;
void loop()
{if(bluetooth.available())
{c=bluetooth.read();
Serial.println(c);
if(c== 'S')
{digitalWrite(10,0);
}
if(c== 'O')
{digitalWrite(10,1);
}
if(c== 'C')
{analogWrite(10,153);
}
if(c== 'A')
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{analogWrite(10,255);
}
if(c== 'B')
{analogWrite(10,204);
}
if(c=='D')
{analogWrite(10,76)
}
if(c=='E')
{analogWrite(10,25);
}
if(c== 's')
{digitalWrite(11,0);}
if(c== 'O')
{digitalWrite(11,1);
}
if(c== 'c')
{analogWrite(11,153);
}
if(c== 'a')
{ analogWrite(11,255);
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}
if(c== 'b')
{analogWrite(11,204);
}
if(c=='d')
{analogWrite(11,76);
}
if(c=='e')
{analogWrite(11,25);
}
if(c=='T')
{analogWrite(10,250);
delay(10000);
analogWrite(10,200);
delay(10000);
analogWrite(10,150);
delay(10000);
analogWrite(10,100);
delay(10000);
analogWrite(10,50);
delay(10000);
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analogWrite(10,0);
delay(10000);
}
if(c== 'p')
{digitalWrite(6,0);
}
if(c== 'q')
{digitalWrite(6,1);
}
if(c== 'm')
{analogWrite(6,153);
}
if(c== 'k')
{analogWrite(6,255);
}
if(c== 'l')
{analogWrite(6,204);
}
if(c=='n')
{analogWrite(6,76);}
if(c=='r')
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{analogWrite(6,25); }
if(c== 'P')
{digitalWrite(9,0);}
if(c== 'Q')
{ digitalWrite(9,1);}
if(c== 'M')
{analogWrite(9,153);
}
if(c== 'K')
{analogWrite(9,255);}
if(c== 'L')
{analogWrite(9,204);}
if(c=='N')
{analogWrite(9,76);}
if(c=='R')
{analogWrite(9,25);
if(c== 'F')
{digitalWrite(5,0);}
if(c== 'Y')
{digitalWrite(5,1);}
if(c== 'W')
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{analogWrite(5,153);}
if(c== 'U')
{analogWrite(5,255);}
if(c== 'V')
{analogWrite(5,204);}
if(c=='X')
{analogWrite(5,76);}
if(c=='Z')
{analogWrite(5,25);}}}

3.2 MOBILE APP CREATION

The mobile application was created by using MIT APP INVENTOR. It is a website that enables
us to create Android mobile applications. The screen and the icons were created by us using this
website. The screenshots of the website are attached here.

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3.3 OPTOCOUPLER CREATION

An optocoupler is basically a light and a light sensor used to communicate between two
circuits. This is desirable in situations where you need complete isolation from a load and very
fast communication. A simple transistor will give you that fast switching speed without the
isolation. Relays give you the isolation you need, but don't have a switching speed anywhere
near fast enough to handle the pulses used to drive a stepper motor. Optocouplers are the
solution, since they provide total isolation and have a very fast switching speed. My
homemade ones will handle about 300 hertz, but fancy ones used in industry can be switched at
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kilohertz. In our version, the light is an LED, the sensor is an LDR, and a Triac transistor
switches the actual current through the load.
1 LED- Super-bright ones work the best. We used a green one.
1 LDR- These are cheap little components that give varying resistances across them.
1 Electrical tape or a small enclosure that light will not penetrate.

3.4 CIRCUIT DESIGNING

The components required for the design of the circuit are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Arduino board(ATMEGA 392)

Bluetooth Module(HC-05)
LED and LDR(ldr07 300volt)
Resistors(Potentiometer and Fixed) and Capacitors(Ceramic)
Diac (DB3)and Triac (BT136)
Sockets and Switch
Bulb holder

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Fig 3.1 Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER 4

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experiment involves both a DC part and an AC part. AC is required to run the Load
connected and DC is the supply for the Arduino which gives PWM signals. The brightness of an
LED is controlled by a mobile phone and this gives varying resistances across the LDR. The
LDR is connected to a rectifier circuit. Similarly the load is given to 220 volt AC supply. A
voltage regulator circuit is designed with triac (BT136) , diac (DB3) resistors (10k and 100k
potentiometer) and capacitor (0.1 microfarad). One terminal of rectifier circuit is connected in
series with the 100k potentiometer and the other is given as the gate pulse for the triac.
4.1 HARDWARE SETUP

Fig.4.1 Device Setup

CHAPTER 5
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The idea of the project was to design a supporting aid for the common man to help them
in speed control of fans. Weve done it with an Arduino board and a mobile application. As the
Arduino is compatible only with C programs we programmed the Arduino with C program.
Since we know C programming, it was easy for us to work with the Arduino. First stage was
initializing constants and variables. After that we learned about the mobile application creation,
and different steps involved in creating it. Next we made a rough interface of the application
using MIT App Inventor and a database for reference. Different difficulties we faced in this
includes problems due to the differing size of icons, number of white space, black space, layout,
number of images and spacing between them.

CHAPTER 6

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

With rising temperatures all over the world, it is inevitable for us to live with air
conditioners, fans etc. the more economical product available to people among these are fans.
Our device enables a person sitting at home to regulate the speed of a fan using a mobile
application. This can be considered as a part of home automation which is very useful in the
modern era.
Our device consists of one arduino board and a regulator circuit.The input from the
mobile is used to control the brightness of an LED connected across the output pins of the
arduino. This LED is optocoupled with an LDR, further a rectifier ciruit is connected to the LDR
terminals and to the voltage regulator part.
We would like to extend our project so as to help the blind people. By this we mean to
incorporate built in speaking facility with the mobile application. We are planning to implement
our proposed model to regulate different equipments using the same arduino. The only thing
required to do that is to connect the particular device to the arduino with a different voltage
regulator circuit.

REFERENCES
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[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.arduino.com
[3] www.mitappinventor.com
[4] www.roboremo.com
[5] www.images.google.com
[6] www.futureelectronics.com
[7] www.learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/resistors
[8] http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Make-an-Optocoupler/

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