Electronic Circuits 1

Two Port Characterizations

Contents
Input and output resistances
Two port networks
Models
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Impedances and loading effects

Voltage amplifiers

Rs
vs

Rout
+

vin

Rin

Avvin

smaller the better

(the best is 0)
+
vo

RLOAD

larger the better

(the best is )

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Impedances and loading effects

Current amplifiers

larger the better

(the best is )

iin
is

Rs

Rin

Aiiin
Rout

iout

RLOAD

smaller the better

(the best is 0)

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Impedances and loading effects

Transconductance amplifiers

larger the better

(the best is )

Rs
vs

+
vin

Gmvin
Rin

Rout

iout

RLOAD

larger the better

(the best is )

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Impedances and loading effects

Transresistance amplifiers

iin
is

Rs

Rout
Rin

Rmiin

smaller the better

(the best is 0)
+
vo

RLOAD

smaller the better

(the best is 0)

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Finding impedances
Input impedance
Inject a current to the input, find the voltage. The ratio of
the voltage to current gives the input resistance.
WITH Output
open-circuit if it is
supposed to be a voltage
output (e.g., voltage
amplifiers and
transresistance amplifiers)

ix
+
vx

short-circuit if it is
supposed to be a current
output (current amplifiers
and transconductance
amplifiers)

Rin
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Finding impedances
Output impedance
Inject a current at output, find the voltage. The ratio of
the voltage to current gives the output resistance.
WITH input
short-circuit if it is
supposed to be a voltage
input (e.g., voltage
amplifiers and
transconductance
amplifiers)
open-circuit if it is
supposed to be a current
input (current amplifiers
and transresistance
amplifiers)

ix
+
vx

Rout
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Example: CE amplifier with ED

Input resistance is

vin

iB
rin

RB1 || RB2

ro

gmvBE

+
vo

RE

rin =
=

v in v BE + v E
=
iB
iB
v BE v E
+
iB
iB

= r +

vE
iB

= r +

vE
i E /(1 + )

= r + (1 + )RE

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

Example: EF amplifier
B

Output resistance is

rout =

ro

im

gmvBE

RE

vE

iE +

rout

v m v BE
v BE
=
=
im
im
i E i B gmv BE

vm

vE
+ gmv E
r

1
1
1
+
+ gm
RE r

1
1

g
1
1
+ m + gm
+ gm
RE
RE

= RE ||

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

1
gm

Quick rule 1

r + (1 + )RE
RE

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

10

Example

r + (1 + )[RE 1 || (r + (1 + )RE 2 )]

RE1
RE2

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

11

Quick rule 2

RB

RB

RB
1
+
gm 1 +

RE

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

1
RB

+
gm 1 +

RE

12

Example
RL

RB

RE

1
RL + RB

+
1+
gm

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

RE

13

General two port characterizations

2

1
i1

i2
+
v2

+
v1

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

14

Types of characterizations
Immittance parameters
- z-parameters
- y-parameters
Hybrid parameters
- h-parameters
- g-parameters

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

15

z-parameters
i1
+
v1

i2
+
v2

v z
z i
1 = 11 12 1
v 2 z 21 z 22 i 2

z11 =

v1
i1 i

v1
i2 i

z12 =
z 21 =

2 =0

1 =0

(open-circuit port 2)

(open-circuit port 1)

v2
i1

i1 =0 (open-circuit port 2)

v2
i2

i 2 =0 (open-circuit port 2)

z 22 =
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

16

y-parameters
i1
+
v1

i y
y 12 v 1
1
11
=

i 2 y 21 y 22 v 2

i2
+
v2

y 11 =
y 12 =
y 21 =
y 22 =

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

i1
v1 v

2 =0

(short-circuit port 2)

i1
v2 v

1 =0

(short-circuit port 1)

i2
v1 v

1 =0

(short-circuit port 2)

i2
v2 v

2 =0

(short-circuit port 2)

17

h-parameters
i1

v h
h12 i1
1
11
=

i 2 h21 h22 v 2

i2

+
v1

+
v2

h11 =
h12 =

BJT model in some books:

h11 = r
input resistance
h21 = hfe =
Early resistance
h22 = 1/ro

h21 =
h22 =

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

v1
i1 v
v1
v2
i2
i1 v
i2
v2

2 =0

(short-circuit port 2)

i1 =0 (open-circuit port 1)

2 =0

(short-circuit port 2)

i1 =0 (open-circuit port 1)

18

g-parameters
i1
+
v1

i g
g12 v 1
1
11
=

v 2 g21 g22 i 2

i2
+
v2

g11 =
g12 =

i1
v1 i

2 =0

i1
i2 v

1 =0

g21 =
g22 =

v2
v1

(open-circuit port 2)

(short-circuit port 1)

i 2 =0 (open-circuit port 2)

v2
i2 v

1 =0

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

(short-circuit port 1)

19

Example
i1
+
v1

R1
R2

i2
+
v2

h11 =

v1
i1 v

h12 =
h21 =
h22 =

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

v1
v2
i2
i1 v
i2
v2

= R1 || R2 =
2 =0

R2
R1 + R2

R2
R1 + R2

1
R1 + R2

i 1 =0

2 =0

i 1 =0

R1R2
R1 + R2

20

Connecting two-ports series-series

i1
+
v1

i2

i3
+
v3

+
v2

i4

+
v4

Total [Z]T = [Z]+[Z]

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

21

Connecting two-ports shunt-shunt

i1
+
v1

i2

i3
+
v3

+
v2

i4

+
v4

Total [Y]T = [Y] + [Y]

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

22

Connecting two-ports shunt-series

i1
+
v1

i2

i3
+
v3

+
v2

i4

+
v4

Total [G]T = [G] + [G]

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

23

Connecting two-ports series-shunt

i1
+
v1

i2

i3
+
v3

+
v2

i4

+
v4

Total [H]T = [H] + [H]

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

24

Circuit models
We can develop circuit model for each type of two-port descriptions.
Example: h-parameter
v h
v = h i + h v
h12 i1
1
11
11 1
12 2
=
1
i 2 = h21i1 + h22v 2
i 2 h21 h22 v 2

i1
+
v1

i2
h11
1/h22
+

h12v2

h21i1

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

+
v2

25

Example: BJT model

We can model the BJT as a h-parameter model:
h11 = r
input resistance
h12 0
h21 = hfe =
h22 = 1/ro
Early resistance

i1
+
v1

i2
r
i1
= gmv1

Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks

ro

+
v2

26