12 Cell Cycle

CST OBJECTIVE
0012
Understand the cell cycle, the stages and end of products of meiosis
and mitosis, and the role of cell division in unicellular and
multicellular organisms.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 12-1
In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the

entire organism
Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:
Development from a fertilized cell
Growth
Repair
Cell division is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a
cell from formation to its own division
Fig. 12-2
100 m
(a) Reproduction
20 m
200 m
(b) Growth and

development
(c) Tissue renewal
Cell division results in genetically

identical daughter cells
Most cell division results in daughter cells with identical
genetic information, DNA
A special type of division produces nonidentical daughter cells
(gametes, or sperm and egg cells)
Cellular Organization of the Genetic

Material
All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cells genome
A genome can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in
prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (common in
eukaryotic cells)
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into chromosomes
Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of

chromosomes in each cell nucleus
Somatic cells (nonreproductive cells) have two sets of
chromosomes
Gametes (reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have half as
many chromosomes as somatic cells
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of
DNA and protein that condenses during cell division
Distribution of Chromosomes During

Eukaryotic Cell Division
In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the
chromosomes condense
Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids,
which separate during cell division
The centromere is the narrow waist of the duplicated
chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely
attached
Fig. 12-4
0.5 m
Chromosomes
Chromosome arm
Centromere
DNA molecules
Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Sister
chromatids
Separation of
sister chromatids
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Eukaryotic cell division consists of:

Mitosis, the division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm
Gametes are produced by a variation of cell division called
meiosis
Meiosis yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one
set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell
Phases of the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle consists of
Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in
preparation for cell division)
Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into

subphases:
G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)
The cell grows during all three phases, but chromosomes are
duplicated only during the S phase
Fig. 12-5
S
(DNA synthesis)
G1
M
it o
si
s
i
k
o
is
s
ne
t
y
C
M IT
(M) OTIC
PHA
SE
G2
Mitosis is conventionally divided into five phases:

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis is well underway by late telophase
Fig. 12-6a
G2 of Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Fig. 12-6b
G2 of Interphase
Chromatin
Centrosomes
(with centriole (duplicated)
pairs)
Prophase
Early mitotic Aster
spindle
Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma

envelope membrane
Prometaphase
Centromere
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Kinetochore
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore
microtubule
Fig. 12-6c
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Fig. 12-6d
Metaphase
Anaphase
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
Telophase and Cytokinesis

Cleavage
furrow
Daughter
chromosomes
Nuclear
envelope
forming
Nucleolus
forming
The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer

Look
The mitotic spindle is an apparatus of microtubules that
controls chromosome movement during mitosis
During prophase, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in

the centrosome, the microtubule organizing center
The centrosome replicates, forming two centrosomes that
migrate to opposite ends of the cell, as spindle microtubules
grow out from them
An aster (a radial array of short microtubules) extends from

each centrosome
The spindle includes the centrosomes, the spindle

microtubules, and the asters
During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to

the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the
chromosomes
At metaphase, the chromosomes are all lined up at the
metaphase plate, the midway point between the spindles
two poles
Fig. 12-7
Aster
Centrosome
Sister
chromatids
Microtubules
Chromosomes
Metaphase
plate
Kinetochores
Centrosome
1 m
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore
microtubules
0.5 m
In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the

kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell
The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their
kinetochore ends
Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and

push against each other, elongating the cell
In telophase, genetically identical daughter nuclei form at
opposite ends of the cell
Cytokinesis: A Closer Look

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as
cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow
In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis
Fig. 12-9
100 m
Cleavage furrow
Contractile ring of
microfilaments
Vesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of
parent cell
Cell plate
1 m
New cell wall
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)
Daughter cells
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
Fig. 12-10
Nucleus
Nucleolus
1 Prophase
Chromatin
condensing
Chromosomes
2 Prometaphase
3 Metaphase
Cell plate
4 Anaphase
5 Telophase
10 m
Binary Fission
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of
cell division called binary fission
In binary fission, the chromosome replicates (beginning at the
origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes
actively move apart
Fig. 12-11-4
Origin of
replication
E. coli cell
Two copies
of origin
Origin
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Bacterial
chromosome
Origin
The Evolution of Mitosis

Since prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes, mitosis
probably evolved from binary fission
Certain protists exhibit types of cell division that seem
intermediate between binary fission and mitosis
Concept 12.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle

is regulated by a molecular control
system
The frequency of cell division varies with the type of cell
These cell cycle differences result from regulation at the
molecular level
The cell cycle appears to be driven by specific chemical
signals present in the cytoplasm
The Cell Cycle Control System

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a
distinct cell cycle control system, which is similar to a
clock
The cell cycle control system is regulated by both internal and
external controls
The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle
stops until a go-ahead signal is received
Fig. 12-14
G1 checkpoint
Control
system
G1
G2
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
For many cells, the G1 checkpoint seems to be the most

important one
If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will

usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide
If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the
cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the G0 phase
Fig. 12-15
G0
G1 checkpoint
G1
(a) Cell receives a go-ahead
signal
G1
(b) Cell does not receive a
go-ahead signal
Stop and Go Signs: External Signals at

the Checkpoints
Some external signals are growth factors, proteins released
by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide
For example, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates
the division of human fibroblast cells in culture
Another example of external signals is density-dependent
inhibition, in which crowded cells stop dividing
Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage dependence, in
which they must be attached to a substratum in order to
divide
Fig. 12-18
Scalpels
Petri
plate
Without PDGF
cells fail to divide
With PDGF
cells proliferate
Cultured fibroblasts
10 m
Fig. 12-19
Anchorage dependence
Density-dependent inhibition
Density-dependent inhibition
25 m
25 m
(a) Normal mammalian cells
(b) Cancer cells
Cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor

anchorage dependence
A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process

called transformation
Cancer cells form tumors, masses of abnormal cells within
otherwise normal tissue
If abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is called
a benign tumor
Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can
metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the
body, where they may form secondary tumors
Fig. 12-20
Lymph
vessel
Tumor
Blood
vessel
Cancer
cell
Metastatic
tumor
Glandular
tissue
1 A tumor grows
from a single
cancer cell.
2 Cancer cells
invade neighboring tissue.
3 Cancer cells spread
to other parts of
the body.
4 Cancer cells may

survive and
establish a new
tumor in another
part of the body.
Fig. 12-UN1
G1
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
G2
MITOTIC (M) PHASE
Prophase
Telophase and
Cytokinesis
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Fig. 12-UN2
CHAPTER 13
Meiosis and Sexual
Life Cycles
Overview: Variations on a
Theme
Living organisms are distinguished by their ability to

reproduce their own kind
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation
Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to

the next
Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance

that offspring show from parents and siblings
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes

from parents by inheriting chromosomes
In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical

traits from their parents
It is genes that are actually inherited
Inheritance of Genes
Genes are the units of heredity, and are made up of

segments of DNA
Genes are passed to the next generation through

reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)
Each gene has a specific location called a locus on a certain

chromosome
Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes
One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual

Reproduction
In asexual reproduction, one parent produces genetically

identical offspring by mitosis
A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the

same parent
In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring

that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the
two parents
Fig. 13-2a
0.5 mm
Parent
Bud
(a) Hydra
Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis

alternate in sexual life cycles
A life cycle is the generation-to-generation sequence of

stages in the reproductive history of an organism
Sets of Chromosomes in Human

Cells
Human somatic cells (any cell other than a gamete) have 23

pairs of chromosomes
A karyotype is an ordered display of the pairs of

chromosomes from a cell
The two chromosomes in each pair are called homologous

chromosomes, or homologs
Chromosomes in a homologous pair are the same length and

carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
Fig. 13-3
APPLICATION
TECHNIQUE
5 m
Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister
Metaphase
chromatids
chromosome
The sex chromosomes are called X and Y
Human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes

(XX)
Human males have one X and one Y chromosome
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex are

called autosomes
Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes one

chromosome from each parent
The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell are two sets of

23: one from the mother and one from the father
A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes
For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46)
In a cell in which DNA synthesis has occurred, each

chromosome is replicated
Each replicated chromosome consists of two identical sister

chromatids
Fig. 13-4
Key
2n = 6
Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3 )
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
chromosome
Two nonsister
chromatids in
a homologous pair
Centromere
Pair of homologous
chromosomes
(one from each set)
A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of

chromosomes, and is haploid (n)
For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and a single sex

chromosome
In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X
In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y
Behavior of Chromosome Sets in the Human
Life Cycle
Fertilization is the union of gametes (the sperm and the

egg)
The fertilized egg is called a zygote and has one set of

chromosomes from each parent
The zygote produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops

into an adult
At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes produce haploid

gametes
Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by

meiosis, rather than mitosis
Meiosis results in one set of chromosomes in each gamete
Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles to

maintain chromosome number
Fig. 13-5
Key
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Egg (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Testis
Ovary
Diploid
zygote
Mitosis and
development
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
(2n = 46)
The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles
The alternation of meiosis and fertilization is common to all

organisms that reproduce sexually
The three main types of sexual life cycles differ in the timing
of meiosis and fertilization
In animals, meiosis produces gametes, which undergo no

further cell division before fertilization
Gametes are the only haploid cells in animals
Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote that divides by mitosis

to develop into a multicellular organism
Depending on the type of life cycle, either haploid or diploid

cells can divide by mitosis
However, only diploid cells can undergo meiosis
In all three life cycles, the halving and doubling of

chromosomes contributes to genetic variation in offspring
Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the

number of chromosome sets from
diploid
to haploid
Like mitosis,
meiosis is preceded by the replication of
chromosomes
Meiosis takes place in two sets of cell divisions, called

meiosis I and meiosis II
The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than
the two daughter cells in mitosis
Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as

the parent cell
The Stages of Meiosis
In the first cell division (meiosis I), homologous chromosomes

separate
Meiosis I results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated

chromosomes; it is called the reductional division
In the second cell division (meiosis II), sister chromatids

separate
Meiosis II results in four haploid daughter cells with

unreplicated chromosomes; it is called the equational division
Fig. 13-7-1
Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
Sister
chromatids
Diploid cell with

replicated
chromosomes
Fig. 13-7-2
Interphase
Chromosomes
replicate
Sister
chromatids
Diploid cell with

replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
Fig. 13-7-3
Interphase
Chromosomes
replicate
Sister
chromatids
Diploid cell with

replicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes
Meiosis I is preceded by interphase, in which chromosomes

are replicated to form sister chromatids
The sister chromatids are genetically identical and joined at

the centromere
The single centrosome replicates, forming two centrosomes
Fig. 13-8
Metaphase I
Prophase I
Centrosome
(with centriole pair)
Sister
chromatids
Chiasmata
Spindle
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
Anaphase I
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore
Cleavage
furrow
Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid daughter cells

forming
Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases:

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and cytokinesis
Fig. 13-8a
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Centrosome
Sister
chromatids
Chiasmata
Spindle
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
Anaphase I
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore
Cleavage
furrow
Fig. 13-8b
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Centrosome
Sister
chromatids
Chiasmata
Spindle
Centromere
(with kinetochore)
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Microtubule
attached to
kinetochore
Fig. 13-8c
Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
Anaphase I
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Cleavage
furrow
Division in meiosis II also occurs in four phases:

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and cytokinesis
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis
Fig. 13-8d
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids
separate

forming
Fig. 13-8e
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Fig. 13-8f
Anaphase II
Telephase II and
Cytokinesis
Sister chromatids
separate

forming
A Comparison of Mitosis and

Meiosis
Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing

cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two

(diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ
genetically from each other and from the parent cell
The mechanism for separating sister chromatids is virtually

identical in meiosis II and mitosis
Fig. 13-9a
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Parent cell
Chromosome
replication
Prophase
Chiasma
Chromosome
replication
Prophase I
Homologous
chromosome
pair
2n = 6
Replicated chromosome
MEIOSIS I
Metaphase
Metaphase I
Anaphase
Telophase
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Haploid
n=3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n
Daughter cells
of mitosis
2n
MEIOSIS II
n
n
n
n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Fig. 13-9b
SUMMARY
Property
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA
replication
Occurs during interphase before

mitosis begins
Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
Number of
divisions
One, including prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, and telophase
Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and

telophase
Synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes
Does not occur
Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over

between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Number of
daughter cells
and genetic
composition
Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically

identical to the parent cell
Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many chromosomes

as the parent cell; genetically different from the parent
cell and from each other
Role in the
animal body
Enables multicellular adult to arise from

zygote; produces cells for growth, repair,
and, in some species, asexual reproduction
Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes by half

and introduces genetic variability among the gametes
Three events are unique to meiosis, and all three occur in

meiosis l:
Synapsis and crossing over in prophase I: Homologous

chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic
information
At the metaphase plate, there are paired homologous

chromosomes (tetrads), instead of individual replicated
chromosomes
At anaphase I, it is homologous chromosomes, instead of

sister chromatids, that separate
The number of combinations possible when chromosomes

assort independently into gametes is 2n, where n is the
haploid number
For humans (n = 23), there are more than

possible combinations of chromosomes
8 million (223)
Fig. 13-11-3
Possibility 2
Possibility 1
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Daughter
cells
Combination 1 Combination 2
Combination 3 Combination 4
Crossing Over
Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which

combine genes inherited from each parent
Crossing over begins very early in prophase I, as homologous

chromosomes pair up gene by gene
In crossing over, homologous portions of two nonsister

chromatids trade places
Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by combining

DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
Fig. 13-12-5
Prophase I
of meiosis
Pair of
homologs
Nonsister
chromatids
held together
during synapsis
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
Random Fertilization
Random fertilization adds to genetic variation because any

sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg)
The fusion of two gametes (each with 8.4 million possible

chromosome combinations from independent assortment)
produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid
combinations
CST OBJECTIVE 0011

Understand the procedures involved in the isolation, manipulation,
and expression of genetic material and the application of genetic
engineering in basic and applied research.
Order of Content
1. DNA Isolation
2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
3. Gel Electrophoresis
4. Recombinant DNA
5. GMOs
Order of Content
1. DNA Isolation
4. Recombinant DNA
5. GMOs
DNA Isolation
This is the process of
extracting DNA from a
particular source of interest.
Isolation is necessary,
because DNA is housed inside
of the nucleus of the cell. In
order to extract the DNA from
the nucleus, the cell must be
broken down.
Order of Content
1. DNA Isolation
4. Recombinant DNA
5. GMOs
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Lab Technique used to
exponentially duplicate a DNA
fragment of interest.
Highly sensitive technique.
Must have the right
components
Must have the right
conditions
Components of PCR
DNA
Primers (These are specific to
your region of interest)
dNTPs (bases)
taq Polymerase (enzyme that
carries out the reaction)
Thermocycler (machine in
which PCR occurs)
Stages of PCR
1. Denaturation: the strands of DNA
separate from each other.
2. Annealing: primers will bind to the 3 ends
of the parent DNA strands.
3. Elongation: the new strand will synthesize.
This cycle repeats for as many times you
have specified, or until one of the
components run out.
** Cooling is the last and final step of PCR.
This only occurs after the last and final
cycle.
Order of Content
1. DNA Isolation
4. Recombinant DNA
5. GMOs
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis allows us to visualize our
results from PCR.
Agarose is one of the more common gels
used in this technique.
It uses applied current to separate the DNA
based on both size and charge.
Since DNA is negatively charged, it will move
from the top (negatively charged end) of the
gel towards the bottom (positively charged
end).
The smaller the DNA fragment, the faster it
will move.
Order of Content
1. DNA Isolation
4. Recombinant DNA
5. GMOs
Recombinant DNA
Lab created DNA that
combines different sets of
DNA.
Uses a vector and an insert.
The insert is the DNA of
interest.
The vector is the cell that you
wish to insert your insert into.
Insulin
Production
Takes advantage of Recombinant
DNA techniques.
Cut out the human insulin gene with
restriction enzymes.
Insert it into a bacterial or yeast vector
that has been cut with the same
restriction enzymes.
Let it replicate to continuously produce
more insulin.
Genetically
Modified
Organisms
We have used DNA techniques to add
and remove/suppress particular genes
(GMOs)
in the foods that we eat.
Why would we want to do this?

12 Cell Cycle

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

12 Cell Cycle

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CST OBJECTIVE

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

In unicellular organisms, division of one cell reproduces the

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

(b) Growth and

(c) Tissue renewal

Cell division results in genetically

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cellular Organization of the Genetic

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Distribution of Chromosomes During

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Eukaryotic cell division consists of:

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Mitosis is conventionally divided into five phases:

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Telophase and Cytokinesis

The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer

During prophase, assembly of spindle microtubules begins in

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An aster (a radial array of short microtubules) extends from

The spindle includes the centrosomes, the spindle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Cytokinesis: A Closer Look

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Evolution of Mitosis

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Concept 12.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Cell Cycle Control System

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

For many cells, the G1 checkpoint seems to be the most

If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Stop and Go Signs: External Signals at

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

(a) Normal mammalian cells

(b) Cancer cells

Cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

invade neighboring tissue.

3 Cancer cells spread

4 Cancer cells may

MITOTIC (M) PHASE