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CONVENTIONFORTHEUNIFICATIONOFCERTAINRULESFORINTERNATIONALCARRIAGEBY
AIR(MONTREAL,28MAY1999)
******************************************************************************
THESTATESPARTIESTOTHISCONVENTION
RECOGNIZINGthesignificantcontributionoftheConventionfortheUnification
ofCertainRulesrelatingtoInternationalCarriagebyAirsignedinWarsawon
12October1929,hereinafterreferredtoasthe"WarsawConvention",andother
relatedinstrumentstotheharmonizationofprivateinternationalairlaw;
RECOGNIZINGtheneedtomodernizeandconsolidatetheWarsawConventionand
relatedinstruments;
RECOGNIZINGtheimportanceofensuringprotectionoftheinterestsofconsumers
ininternationalcarriagebyairandtheneedforequitablecompensationbased
ontheprincipleofrestitution;
REAFFIRMINGthedesirabilityofanorderlydevelopmentofinternationalair
transportoperationsandthesmoothflowofpassengers,baggageandcargoin
accordancewiththeprinciplesandobjectivesoftheConventionon
InternationalCivilAviation,doneatChicagoon7December1944;
CONVINCEDthatcollectiveStateactionforfurtherharmonizationand
codificationofcertainrulesgoverninginternationalcarriagebyairthrougha
newConventionisthemostadequatemeansofachievinganequitablebalanceof
interests;
HAVEAGREEDASFOLLOWS:
CHAPTER1GENERALPROVISIONS
==============================
ARTICLE1SCOPEOFAPPLICATION

1.ThisConventionappliestoallinternationalcarriageofpersons,baggageor
cargoperformedbyaircraftforreward.Itappliesequallytogratuitous
carriagebyaircraftperformedbyanairtransportundertaking.
2.ForthepurposesofthisConvention,theexpression"internationalcarriage"
meansanycarriageinwhich,accordingtotheagreementbetweentheparties,
theplaceofdepartureandtheplaceofdestination,whetherornottherebea
breakinthecarriageoratranshipment,aresituatedeitherwithinthe
territoriesoftwoStatesParties,orwithintheterritoryofasingleState
Partyifthereisanagreedstoppingplacewithintheterritoryofanother
State,evenifthatStateisnotaStateParty.Carriagebetweentwopoints
withintheterritoryofasingleStatePartywithoutanagreedstoppingplace
withintheterritoryofanotherStateisnotinternationalcarriageforthe
purposesofthisConvention.
3.Carriagetobeperformedbyseveralsuccessivecarriersisdeemed,forthe
purposesofthisConvention,tobeoneundividedcarriageifithasbeen
regardedbythepartiesasasingleoperation,whetherithadbeenagreedupon
undertheformofasinglecontractorofaseriesofcontracts,anditdoes
notloseitsinternationalcharactermerelybecauseonecontractoraseriesof
contractsistobeperformedentirelywithintheterritoryofthesameState.
4.ThisConventionappliesalsotocarriageassetoutinChapterV,subjectto
thetermscontainedtherein.
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ARTICLE2CARRIAGEPERFORMEDBYSTATEANDCARRIAGEOFPOSTALITEMS

1.ThisConventionappliestocarriageperformedbytheStateorbylegally
constitutedpublicbodiesprovideditfallswithintheconditionslaiddownin
Article1.
2.Inthecarriageofpostalitems,thecarriershallbeliableonlytothe
relevantpostaladministrationinaccordancewiththerulesapplicabletothe
relationshipbetweenthecarriersandthepostaladministrations.
3.Exceptasprovidedinparagraph2ofthisArticle,theprovisionsofthis
Conventionshallnotapplytothecarriageofpostalitems.
CHAPTERIIDOCUMENTATIONANDDUTIESOFTHEPARTIESRELATINGTOTHECARRIAGE
OFPASSENGERS,BAGGAGEANDCARGO
==============================================================================
ARTICLE3PASSENGERSANDBAGGAGE

1.Inrespectofcarriageofpassengers,anindividualorcollectivedocument
ofcarriageshallbedeliveredcontaining:
(a)anindicationoftheplacesofdepartureanddestination;
(b)iftheplacesofdepartureanddestinationarewithintheterritoryofa
singleStateParty,oneormoreagreedstoppingplacesbeingwithinthe
territoryofanotherState,anindicationofatleastonesuchstoppingplace.
2.Anyothermeanswhichpreservestheinformationindicatedinparagraph1may
besubstitutedforthedeliveryofthedocumentreferredtointhatparagraph.
Ifanysuchothermeansisused,thecarriershalloffertodelivertothe
passengerawrittenstatementoftheinformationsopreserved.
3.Thecarriershalldelivertothepassengerabaggageidentificationtagfor
eachpieceofcheckedbaggage.
4.Thepassengershallbegivenwrittennoticetotheeffectthatwherethis
Conventionisapplicableitgovernsandmaylimittheliabilityofcarriersin
respectofdeathorinjuryandfordestructionorlossof,ordamageto,
baggage,andfordelay.
5.Noncompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheforegoingparagraphsshallnot
affecttheexistenceorthevalidityofthecontractofcarriage,whichshall,
nonetheless,besubjecttotherulesofthisConventionincludingthose
relatingtolimitationofliability.
ARTICLE4CARGO

1.Inrespectofthecarriageofcargo,anairwaybillshallbedelivered.
2.Anyothermeanswhichpreservesarecordofthecarriagetobeperformedmay
besubstitutedforthedeliveryofanairwaybill.Ifsuchothermeansare
used,thecarriershall,ifsorequestedbytheconsignor,delivertothe
consignoracargoreceiptpermittingidentificationoftheconsignmentand
accesstotheinformationcontainedintherecordpreservedbysuchother
means.
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ARTICLE5CONTENTSOFAIRWAYBILLORCARGORECEIPT

Theairwaybillorthecargoreceiptshallinclude:
(a)anindicationoftheplacesofdepartureanddestination;
(b)iftheplacesofdepartureanddestinationarewithintheterritoryofa
singleStateParty,oneormoreagreedstoppingplacesbeingwithinthe
territoryofanotherState,anindicationofatleastonesuchstoppingplace;
and
(c)anindicationoftheweightoftheconsignment.
ARTICLE6DOCUMENTRELATINGTOTHENATUREOFTHECARGO

Theconsignormayberequired,ifnecessary,tomeettheformalitiesof
customs,policeandsimilarpublicauthoritiestodeliveradocumentindicating
thenatureofthecargo.Thisprovisioncreatesforthecarriernoduty,
obligationorliabilityresultingtherefrom.
ARTICLE7DESCRIPTIONOFAIRWAYBILL

1.Theairwaybillshallbemadeoutbytheconsignorinthreeoriginalparts.
2.Thefirstpartshallbemarked"forthecarrier";itshallbesignedbythe
consignor.Thesecondpartshallbemarked"fortheconsignee";itshallbe
signedbytheconsignorandbythecarrier.Thethirdpartshallbesignedby
thecarrierwhoshallhandittotheconsignorafterthecargohasbeen
accepted.
3.Thesignatureofthecarrierandthatoftheconsignormaybeprintedor
stamped.
4.If,attherequestoftheconsignor,thecarriermakesouttheairwaybill,
thecarriershallbedeemed,subjecttoprooftothecontrary,tohavedoneso
onbehalfoftheconsignor.
ARTICLE8DOCUMENTATIONFORMULTIPLEPACKAGES

Whenthereismorethanonepackage:
(a)thecarrierofcargohastherighttorequiretheconsignortomakeout
separateairwaybills;
(b)theconsignorhastherighttorequirethecarriertodeliverseparate
cargoreceiptswhentheothermeansreferredtoinparagraph2ofArticle4are
used.
ARTICLE9NONCOMPLIANCEWITHDOCUMENTARYREQUIREMENTS

NoncompliancewiththeprovisionsofArticles4to8shallnotaffectthe
existenceorthevalidityofthecontractofcarriage,whichshall,
nonetheless,besubjecttotherulesofthisConventionincludingthose
relatingtolimitationofliability.
ARTICLE10RESPONSIBILITYFORPARTICULARSOFDOCUMENTATION
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1.Theconsignorisresponsibleforthecorrectnessoftheparticularsand
statementsrelatingtothecargoinsertedbyitoronitsbehalfintheair
waybillorfurnishedbyitoronitsbehalftothecarrierforinsertioninthe
cargoreceiptorforinsertionintherecordpreservedbytheothermeans
referredtoinparagraph2ofArticle4.Theforegoingshallalsoapplywhere
thepersonactingonbehalfoftheconsignorisalsotheagentofthecarrier.
2.Theconsignorshallindemnifythecarrieragainstalldamagesufferedbyit,
orbyanyotherpersontowhomthecarrierisliable,byreasonofthe
irregularity,incorrectnessorincompletenessoftheparticularsandstatements
furnishedbytheconsignororonitsbehalf.
3.Subjecttotheprovisionsofparagraphs1and2ofthisArticle,thecarrier
shallindemnifytheconsignoragainstalldamagesufferedbyit,orbyany
otherpersontowhomtheconsignorisliable,byreasonoftheirregularity,
incorrectnessorincompletenessoftheparticularsandstatementsinsertedby
thecarrieroronitsbehalfinthecargoreceiptorintherecordpreservedby
theothermeansreferredtoinparagraph2ofArticle4.
ARTICLE11EVIDENTIARYVALUEOFDOCUMENTATION

1.Theairwaybillorthecargoreceiptisprimafacieevidenceofthe
conclusionofthecontract,oftheacceptanceofthecargoandofthe
conditionsofcarriagementionedtherein.
2.Anystatementsintheairwaybillorthecargoreceiptrelatingtothe
weight,dimensionsandpackingofthecargo,aswellasthoserelatingtothe
numberofpackages,areprimafacieevidenceofthefactsstated;those
relatingtothequantity,volumeandconditionofthecargodonotconstitute
evidenceagainstthecarrierexceptsofarastheybothhavebeen,andare
statedintheairwaybillorthecargoreceipttohavebeen,checkedbyitin
thepresenceoftheconsignor,orrelatetotheapparentconditionofthe
cargo.
ARTICLE12RIGHTOFDISPOSITIONOFCARGO

1.Subjecttoitsliabilitytocarryoutallitsobligationsunderthecontract
ofcarriage,theconsignorhastherighttodisposeofthecargobywithdrawing
itattheairportofdepartureordestination,orbystoppingitinthecourse
ofthejourneyonanylanding,orbycallingforittobedeliveredatthe
placeofdestinationorinthecourseofthejourneytoapersonotherthanthe
consigneeoriginallydesignated,orbyrequiringittobereturnedtothe
airportofdeparture.Theconsignormustnotexercisethisrightofdisposition
insuchawayastoprejudicethecarrierorotherconsignorsandmust
reimburseanyexpensesoccasionedbytheexerciseofthisright.
2.Ifitisimpossibletocarryouttheinstructionsoftheconsignor,the
carriermustsoinformtheconsignorforthwith.
3.Ifthecarriercarriesouttheinstructionsoftheconsignorforthe
dispositionofthecargowithoutrequiringtheproductionofthepartofthe
airwaybillorthecargoreceiptdeliveredtothelatter,thecarrierwillbe
liable,withoutprejudicetoitsrightofrecoveryfromtheconsignor,forany
damagewhichmaybecausedtherebytoanypersonwhoislawfullyinpossession
ofthatpartoftheairwaybillorthecargoreceipt.
4.Therightconferredontheconsignorceasesatthemomentwhenthatofthe
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consigneebeginsinaccordancewithArticle13.Nevertheless,iftheconsignee
declinestoacceptthecargo,orcannotbecommunicatedwith,theconsignor
resumesitsrightofdisposition.
ARTICLE13DELIVERYOFTHECARGO

1.ExceptwhentheconsignorhasexerciseditsrightunderArticle12,the
consigneeisentitled,onarrivalofthecargoattheplaceofdestination,to
requirethecarriertodeliverthecargotoit,onpaymentofthechargesdue
andoncomplyingwiththeconditionsofcarriage.
2.Unlessitisotherwiseagreed,itisthedutyofthecarriertogivenotice
totheconsigneeassoonasthecargoarrives.
3.Ifthecarrieradmitsthelossofthecargo,orifthecargohasnotarrived
attheexpirationofsevendaysafterthedateonwhichitoughttohave
arrived,theconsigneeisentitledtoenforceagainstthecarriertherights
whichflowfromthecontractofcarriage.
ARTICLE14ENFORCEMENTOFTHERIGHTSOFCONSIGNORANDCONSIGNEE

Theconsignorandtheconsigneecanrespectivelyenforcealltherightsgiven
tothembyArticles12and13,eachinitsownname,whetheritisactingin
itsowninterestorintheinterestofanother,providedthatitcarriesout
theobligationsimposedbythecontractofcarriage.
ARTICLE15RELATIONSOFCONSIGNORANDCONSIGNEEORMUTUALRELATIONSOFTHIRD
PARTIES

1.Articles12,13and14donotaffecteithertherelationsoftheconsignor
andtheconsigneewitheachotherorthemutualrelationsofthirdparties
whoserightsarederivedeitherfromtheconsignororfromtheconsignee.
2.TheprovisionsofArticles12,13and14canonlybevariedbyexpress
provisionintheairwaybillorthecargoreceipt.
ARTICLE16FORMALITIESOFCUSTOMS,POLICEOROTHERPUBLICAUTHORITIES

1.Theconsignormustfurnishsuchinformationandsuchdocumentsasare
necessarytomeettheformalitiesofcustoms,policeandanyotherpublic
authoritiesbeforethecargocanbedeliveredtotheconsignee.Theconsignor
isliabletothecarrierforanydamageoccasionedbytheabsence,
insufficiencyorirregularityofanysuchinformationordocuments,unlessthe
damageisduetothefaultofthecarrier,itsservantsoragents.
2.Thecarrierisundernoobligationtoenquireintothecorrectnessor
sufficiencyofsuchinformationordocuments.
CHAPTERIIILIABILITYOFTHECARRIERANDEXTENTOFCOMPENSATIONFORDAMAGE
============================================================================
ARTICLE17DEATHANDINJURYOFPASSENGERSDAMAGETOBAGGAGE

1.Thecarrierisliablefordamagesustainedincaseofdeathorbodilyinjury
ofapassengeruponconditiononlythattheaccidentwhichcausedthedeathor
injurytookplaceonboardtheaircraftorinthecourseofanyofthe
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operationsofembarkingordisembarking.
2.Thecarrierliablefordamagesustainedincaseofdestructionorlossof,
orofdamageto,checkedbaggageuponconditiononlythattheeventwhich
causedthedestruction,lossordamagetookplaceonboardtheaircraftor
duringanyperiodwithinwhichthecheckedbaggagewasinthechargeofthe
carrier.However,thecarrierisnotliableifandtotheextentthatthe
damageresultedfromtheinherentdefect,qualityorviceofthebaggage.In
thecaseofuncheckedbaggage,includingpersonalitems,thecarrierisliable
ifthedamageresultedfromitsfaultorthatofitsservantsoragents.
3.Ifthecarrieradmitsthelossofthecheckedbaggage,orifthechecked
baggagehasnotarrivedattheexpirationoftwentyonedaysafterthedateon
whichitoughttohavearrived,thepassengerisentitledtoenforceagainst
thecarriertherightswhichflowfromthecontractofcarriage.
4.Unlessotherwisespecified,inthisConventiontheterm"baggage"meansboth
checkedbaggageanduncheckedbaggage.
ARTICLE18DAMAGETOCARGO

1.Thecarrierisliablefordamagesustainedintheeventofthedestruction
orlossofordamageto,cargouponconditiononlythattheeventwhichcaused
thedamagesosustainedtookplaceduringthecarriagebyair.
2.However,thecarrierisnotliableifandtotheextentitprovesthatthe
destruction,orlossof,ordamageto,thecargoresultedfromoneormoreof
thefollowing:
(a)inherentdefect,qualityorviceofthatcargo;
(b)defectivepackingofthatcargoperformedbyapersonotherthanthe
carrieroritsservantsoragents;
(c)anactofwaroranarmedconflict;
(d)anactofpublicauthoritycarriedoutinconnectionwiththeentry,exit
ortransitofthecargo.
3.Thecarriagebyairwithinthemeaningofparagraph1ofthisArticle
comprisestheperiodduringwhichthecargoisinthechargeofthecarrier.
4.Theperiodofthecarriagebyairdoesnotextendtoanycarriagebyland,
byseaorbyinlandwaterwayperformedoutsideanairport.If,however,such
carriagetakesplaceintheperformanceofacontractforcarriagebyair,for
thepurposeofloading,deliveryortranshipment,anydamageispresumed,
subjecttoprooftothecontrary,tohavebeentheresultofaneventwhich
tookplaceduringthecarriagebyair.Ifacarrier,withouttheconsentofthe
consignor,substitutescarriagebyanothermodeoftransportforthewholeor
partofacarriageintendedbytheagreementbetweenthepartiestobecarriage
byair,suchcarriagebyanothermodeoftransportisdeemedtobewithinthe
periodofcarriagebyair.
ARTICLE19DELAY

Thecarrierisliablefordamageoccasionedbydelayinthecarriagebyairof
passengers,baggageorcargo.Nevertheless,thecarriershallnotbeliablefor
damageoccasionedbydelayifitprovesthatitanditsservantsandagents
tookallmeasuresthatcouldreasonablyberequiredtoavoidthedamageorthat
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itwasimpossibleforitorthemtotakesuchmeasures.
ARTICLE20EXONERATION

Ifthecarrierprovesthatthedamagewascausedorcontributedtobythe
negligenceorotherwrongfulactoromissionofthepersonclaiming
compensation,orthepersonfromwhomheorshederiveshisorherrights,the
carriershallbewhollyorpartlyexoneratedfromitsliabilitytotheclaimant
totheextentthatsuchnegligenceorwrongfulactoromissioncausedor
contributedtothedamage.Whenbyreasonofdeathorinjuryofapassenger
compensationisclaimedbyapersonotherthanthepassenger,thecarriershall
likewisebewhollyorpartlyexoneratedfromitsliabilitytotheextentthat
itprovesthatthedamagewascausedorcontributedtobythenegligenceor
otherwrongfulactoromissionofthatpassenger.ThisArticleappliestoall
theliabilityprovisionsinthisConvention,includingparagraph1ofArticle
21.
ARTICLE21COMPENSATIONINCASEOFDEATHORINJURYOFPASSENGERS

1.Fordamagesarisingunderparagraph1ofArticle17notexceeding100,000
SpecialDrawingRightsforeachpassenger,thecarriershallnotbeableto
excludeorlimititsliability.
2.Thecarriershallnotbeliablefordamagesarisingunderparagraph1of
Article17totheextentthattheyexceedforeachpassenger100,000Special
DrawingRightsifthecarrierprovesthat:
(a)suchdamagewasnotduetothenegligenceorotherwrongfulactoromission
ofthecarrieroritsservantsoragents;or
(b)suchdamagewassolelyduetothenegligenceorotherwrongfulactor
omissionofathirdparty.
ARTICLE22LIMITSOFLIABILITYINRELATIONTODELAY,BAGGAGEANDCARGO

1.InthecaseofdamagecausedbydelayasspecifiedinArticle19inthe
carriageofpersons,theliabilityofthecarrierforeachpassengerislimited
to4,150SpecialDrawingRights.
2.Inthecarriageofbaggage,theliabilityofthecarrierinthecaseof
destruction,loss,damageordelayislimitedto1,000SpecialDrawingRights
foreachpassengerunlessthepassengerhasmade,atthetimewhenthechecked
baggagewashandedovertothecarrier,aspecialdeclarationofinterestin
deliveryatdestinationandhaspaidasupplementarysumifthecaseso
requires.Inthatcasethecarrierwillbeliabletopayasumnotexceeding
thedeclaredsum,unlessitprovesthatthesumisgreaterthanthepassenger's
actualinterestindeliveryatdestination.
3.Inthecarriageofcargo,theliabilityofthecarrierinthecaseof
destruction,loss,damageordelayislimitedtoasumof17SpecialDrawing
Rightsperkilogram,unlesstheconsignorhasmade,atthetimewhenthe
packagewashandedovertothecarrier,aspecialdeclarationofinterestin
deliveryatdestinationandhaspaidasupplementarysumifthecaseso
requires.Inthatcasethecarrierwillbeliabletopayasumnotexceeding
thedeclaredsum,unlessitprovesthatthesumisgreaterthantheconsignor's
actualinterestindeliveryatdestination.
4.Inthecaseofdestruction,loss,damageordelayofpartofthecargo,or
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ofanyobjectcontainedtherein,theweighttobetakenintoconsiderationin
determiningtheamounttowhichthecarrier'sliabilityislimitedshallbe
onlythetotalweightofthepackageorpackagesconcerned.Nevertheless,when
thedestruction,loss,damageordelayofapartofthecargo,orofanobject
containedtherein,affectsthevalueofotherpackagescoveredbythesameair
waybill,orthesamereceiptor,iftheywerenotissued,bythesamerecord
preservedbytheothermeansreferredtoinparagraph2ofArticle4,thetotal
weightofsuchpackageorpackagesshallalsobetakenintoconsiderationin
determiningthelimitofliability.
5.Theforegoingprovisionsofparagraphs1and2ofthisArticleshallnot
applyifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthe
carrier,itsservantsoragents,donewithintenttocausedamageorrecklessly
andwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult;providedthat,inthe
caseofsuchactoromissionofaservantoragent,itisalsoprovedthatsuch
servantoragentwasactingwithinthescopeofitsemployment.
6.ThelimitsprescribedinArticle21andinthisArticleshallnotprevent
thecourtfromawarding,inaccordancewithitsownlaw,inaddition,thewhole
orpartofthecourtcostsandoftheotherexpensesofthelitigationincurred
bytheplaintiff,includinginterest.Theforegoingprovisionshallnotapply
iftheamountofthedamagesawarded,excludingcourtcostsandotherexpenses
ofthelitigation,doesnotexceedthesumwhichthecarrierhasofferedin
writingtotheplaintiffwithinaperiodofsixmonthsfromthedateofthe
occurrencecausingthedamage,orbeforethecommencementoftheaction,if
thatislater.
ARTICLE23CONVERSIONOFMONETARYUNITS

1.ThesumsmentionedintermsofSpecialDrawingRightinthisConvention
shallbedeemedtorefertotheSpecialDrawingRightasdefinedbythe
InternationalMonetaryFund.Conversionofthesumsintonationalcurrencies
shall,incaseofjudicialproceedings,bemadeaccordingtothevalueofsuch
currenciesintermsoftheSpecialDrawingRightatthedateofthejudgement.
Thevalueofanationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofa
StatePartywhichisaMemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbe
calculatedinaccordancewiththemethodofvaluationappliedbythe
InternationalMonetaryFund,ineffectatthedateofthejudgement,forits
operationsandtransactions.Thevalueofanationalcurrency,intermsofthe
SpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatePartywhichisnotaMemberofthe
InternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinamannerdeterminedbythat
State.
2.Nevertheless,thoseStateswhicharenotMembersoftheInternational
MonetaryFundandwhoselawdoesnotpermittheapplicationoftheprovisions
ofparagraph1ofthisArticlemay,atthetimeofratificationoraccessionor
atanytimethereafter,declarethatthelimitofliabilityofthecarrier
prescribedinArticle21isfixedatasumof1,500,000monetaryunitsper
passengerinjudicialproceedingsintheirterritories;62,500monetaryunits
perpassengerwithrespecttoparagraph1ofArticle22;15,000monetaryunits
perpassengerwithrespecttoparagraph2ofArticle22;and250monetaryunits
perkilogramwithrespecttoparagraph3ofArticle22.Thismonetaryunit
correspondstosixtyfiveandahalfmilligramsofgoldofmillesimalfineness
ninehundred.Thesesumsmaybeconvertedintothenationalcurrencyconcerned
inroundfigures.Theconversionofthesesumsintonationalcurrencyshallbe
madeaccordingtothelawoftheStateconcerned.
3.ThecalculationmentionedinthelastsentenceofparagraphIofthis
Articleandtheconversionmethodmentionedinparagraph2ofthisArticle
shallbemadeinsuchmannerastoexpressinthenationalcurrencyofthe
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StatePartyasfaraspossiblethesamerealvaluefortheamountsinArticles
21and22aswouldresultfromtheapplicationofthefirstthreesentencesof
paragraph1ofthisArticle.StatesPartiesshallcommunicatetothedepositary
themannerofcalculationpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisArticle,orthe
resultoftheconversioninparagraph2ofthisArticleasthecasemaybe,
whendepositinganinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvalofor
accessiontothisConventionandwheneverthereisachangeineither.
ARTICLE24REVIEWOFLIMITS

1.WithoutprejudicetotheprovisionsofArticle25ofthisConventionand
subjecttoparagraph2below,thelimitsofliabilityprescribedinArticles
21,22and23shallbereviewedbytheDepositaryatfiveyearintervals,the
firstsuchreviewtotakeplaceattheendofthefifthyearfollowingthedate
ofentryintoforceofthisConvention,oriftheConventiondoesnotenter
intoforcewithinfiveyearsofthedateitisfirstopenforsignature,within
thefirstyearofitsentryintoforce,byreferencetoaninflationfactor
whichcorrespondstotheaccumulatedrateofinflationsincetheprevious
revisionorinthefirstinstancesincethedateofentryintoforceofthe
Convention.Themeasureoftherateofinflationtobeusedindeterminingthe
inflationfactorshallbetheweightedaverageoftheannualratesofincrease
ordecreaseintheConsumerPriceIndicesoftheStateswhosecurrencies
comprisetheSpecialDrawingRightmentionedinparagraph1ofArticle23.
2.Ifthereviewreferredtointheprecedingparagraphconcludesthatthe
inflationfactorhasexceeded10percent,theDepositaryshallnotifyStates
Partiesofarevisionofthelimitsofliability.Anysuchrevisionshall
becomeeffectivesixmonthsafteritsnotificationtotheStatesParties.If
withinthreemonthsafteritsnotificationtotheStatesPartiesamajorityof
theStatesPartiesregistertheirdisapproval,therevisionshallnotbecome
effectiveandtheDepositaryshallreferthemattertoameetingoftheStates
Parties.TheDepositaryshallimmediatelynotifyallStatesPartiesofthe
comingintoforceofanyrevision.
3.Notwithstandingparagraph1ofthisArticle,theprocedurereferredtoin
paragraph2ofthisArticleshallbeappliedatanytimeprovidedthat
onethirdoftheStatesPartiesexpressadesiretothateffectandupon
conditionthattheinflationfactorreferredtoinparagraph1hasexceeded30
percentsincethepreviousrevisionorsincethedateofentryintoforceof
thisConventioniftherehasbeennopreviousrevision.Subsequentreviews
usingtheproceduredescribedinparagraph1ofthisArticlewilltakeplaceat
fiveyearintervalsstartingattheendofthefifthyearfollowingthedateof
thereviewsunderthepresentparagraph.
ARTICLE25STIPULATIONONLIMITS

Acarriermaystipulatethatthecontractofcarriageshallbesubjectto
higherlimitsofliabilitythanthoseprovidedforinthisConventionortono
limitsofliabilitywhatsoever.
ARTICLE26INVALIDITYOFCONTRACTUALPROVISIONS

Anyprovisiontendingtorelievethecarrierofliabilityortofixalower
limitthanthatwhichislaiddowninthisConventionshallbenullandvoid,
butthenullityofanysuchprovisiondoesnotinvolvethenullityofthewhole
contract,whichshallremainsubjecttotheprovisionsofthisConvention.
ARTICLE27FREEDOMTOCONTRACT
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NothingcontainedinthisConventionshallpreventthecarrierfromrefusingto
enterintoanycontractofcarriage,fromwaivinganydefencesavailableunder
theConvention,orfromlayingdownconditionswhichdonotconflictwiththe
provisionsofthisConvention.
ARTICLE28ADVANCEPAYMENTS

Inthecaseofaircraftaccidentsresultingindeathorinjuryofpassengers,
thecarriershall,ifrequiredbyitsnationallaw,makeadvancepayments
withoutdelaytoanaturalpersonorpersonswhoareentitledtoclaim
compensationinordertomeettheimmediateeconomicneedsofsuchpersons.
Suchadvancepaymentsshallnotconstitutearecognitionofliabilityandmay
beoffsetagainstanyamountssubsequentlypaidasdamagesbythecarrier.
ARTICLE29BASISOFCLAIMS

Inthecarriageofpassengers,baggageandcargo,anyactionfordamages,
howeverfounded,whetherunderthisConventionorincontractorintortor
otherwise,canonlybebroughtsubjecttotheconditionsandsuchlimitsof
liabilityasaresetoutinthisConventionwithoutprejudicetothequestion
astowhoarethepersonswhohavetherighttobringsuitandwhataretheir
respectiverights.Inanysuchaction,punitive,exemplaryoranyother
noncompensatorydamagesshallnotberecoverable.
ARTICLE30SERVANTS,AGENTSAGGREGATIONOFCLAIMS

1.Ifanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrierarising
outofdamagetowhichtheConventionrelates,suchservantoragent,ifthey
provethattheyactedwithinthescopeoftheiremployment,shallbeentitled
toavailthemselvesoftheconditionsandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrier
itselfisentitledtoinvokeunderthisConvention.
2.Theaggregateoftheamountsrecoverablefromthecarrier,itsservantsand
agents,inthatcase,shallnotexceedthesaidlimits.
3.Saveinrespectofthecarriageofcargo,theprovisionsofparagraphs1and
2ofthisArticleshallnotapplyifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfrom
anactoromissionoftheservantoragentdonewithintenttocausedamageor
recklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.
ARTICLE31TIMELYNOTICEOFCOMPLAINTS

1.Receiptbythepersonentitledtodeliveryofcheckedbaggageorcargo
withoutcomplaintisprimafacieevidencethatthesamehasbeendeliveredin
goodconditionandinaccordancewiththedocumentofcarriageorwiththe
recordpreservedbytheothermeansreferredtoinparagraph2ofArticle3and
paragraph2ofArticle4.
2.Inthecaseofdamage,thepersonentitledtodeliverymustcomplaintothe
carrierforthwithafterthediscoveryofthedamage,and,atthelatest,within
sevendaysfromthedateofreceiptinthecaseofcheckedbaggageandfourteen
daysfromthedateofreceiptinthecaseofcargo.Inthecaseofdelay,the
complaintmustbemadeatthelatestwithintwentyonedaysfromthedateon
whichthebaggageorcargohavebeenplacedathisorherdisposal.
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3.Everycomplaintmustbemadeinwritingandgivenordispatchedwithinthe
timesaforesaid.
4.Ifnocomplaintismadewithinthetimesaforesaid,noactionshalllie
againstthecarrier,saveinthecaseoffraudonitspart.
ARTICLE32DEATHOFPERSONLIABLE

Inthecaseofthedeathofthepersonliable,anactionfordamagesliesin
accordancewiththetermsofthisConventionagainstthoselegallyrepresenting
hisorherestate.
ARTICLE33JURISDICTION

1.Anactionfordamagesmustbebrought,attheoptionoftheplaintiff,in
theterritoryofoneoftheStatesParties,eitherbeforethecourtofthe
domicileofthecarrierorofitsprincipalplaceofbusiness,orwhereithas
aplaceofbusinessthroughwhichthecontracthasbeenmadeorbeforethe
courtattheplaceofdestination.
2.Inrespectofdamageresultingfromthedeathorinjuryofapassenger,an
actionmaybebroughtbeforeoneofthecourtsmentionedinparagraph1ofthis
Article,orintheterritoryofaStatePartyinwhichatthetimeofthe
accidentthepassengerhashisorherprincipalandpermanentresidenceandto
orfromwhichthecarrieroperatesservicesforthecarriageofpassengersby
air,eitheronitsownaircraftoronanothercarrier'saircraftpursuanttoa
commercialagreement,andinwhichthatcarrierconductsitsbusinessof
carriageofpassengersbyairfrompremisesleasedorownedbythecarrier
itselforbyanothercarrierwithwhichithasacommercialagreement.
3.Forthepurposesofparagraph2,
(a)"commercialagreement"meansanagreement,otherthananagencyagreement,
madebetweencarriersandrelatingtotheprovisionoftheirjointservicesfor
carriageofpassengersbyair;
(b)"principalandpermanentresidence"meanstheonefixedandpermanentabode
ofthepassengeratthetimeoftheaccident.Thenationalityofthepassenger
shallnotbethedeterminingfactorinthisregard.
4.Questionsofprocedureshallbegovernedbythelawofthecourtseizedof
thecase.
ARTICLE34ARBITRATION

1.SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisArticle,thepartiestothecontractof
carriageforcargomaystipulatethatanydisputerelatingtotheliabilityof
thecarrierunderthisConventionshallbesettledbyarbitration.Such
agreementshallbeinwriting.
2.Thearbitrationproceedingsshall,attheoptionoftheclaimant,takeplace
withinoneofthejurisdictionsreferredtoinArticle33.
3.Thearbitratororarbitrationtribunalshallapplytheprovisionsofthis
Convention.
4.Theprovisionsofparagraphs2and3ofthisArticleshallbedeemedtobe
partofeveryarbitrationclauseoragreement,andanytermofsuchclauseor
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agreementwhichisinconsistenttherewithshallbenullandvoid.
ARTICLE35LIMITATIONOFACTIONS

1.Therighttodamagesshallbeextinguishedifanactionisnotbrought
withinaperiodoftwoyears,reckonedfromthedateofarrivalatthe
destination,orfromthedateonwhichtheaircraftoughttohavearrived,or
fromthedateonwhichthecarriagestopped.
2.Themethodofcalculatingthatperiodshallbedeterminedbythelawofthe
courtseizedofthecase.
ARTICLE36SUCCESSIVECARRIAGE

1.Inthecaseofcarriagetobeperformedbyvarioussuccessivecarriersand
fallingwithinthedefinitionsetoutinparagraph3ofArticle1,eachcarrier
whichacceptspassengers,baggageorcargoissubjecttotherulessetoutin
thisConventionandisdeemedtobeoneofthepartiestothecontractof
carriageinsofarasthecontractdealswiththatpartofthecarriagewhich
isperformedunderitssupervision.
2.Inthecaseofcarriageofthisnature,thepassengeroranypersonentitled
tocompensationinrespectofhimorhercantakeactiononlyagainstthe
carrierwhichperformedthecarriageduringwhichtheaccidentorthedelay
occurred,saveinthecasewhere,byexpressagreement,thefirstcarrierhas
assumedliabilityforthewholejourney.
3.Asregardsbaggageorcargo,thepassengerorconsignorwillhavearightof
actionagainstthefirstcarrier,andthepassengerorconsigneewhois
entitledtodeliverywillhavearightofactionagainstthelastcarrier,and
further,eachmaytakeactionagainstthecarrierwhichperformedthecarriage
duringwhichthedestruction,loss,damageordelaytookplace.Thesecarriers
willbejointlyandseverallyliabletothepassengerortotheconsignoror
consignee.
ARTICLE37RIGHTOFRECOURSEAGAINSTTHIRDPARTIES

NothinginthisConventionshallprejudicethequestionwhetherapersonliable
fordamageinaccordancewithitsprovisionshasarightofrecourseagainst
anyotherperson.
CHAPTERIVCOMBINEDCARRIAGE
==============================
ARTICLE38COMBINEDCARRIAGE

1.Inthecaseofcombinedcarriageperformedpartlybyairandpartlybyany
othermodeofcarriage,theprovisionsofthisConventionshall,subjectto
paragraph4ofArticle18,applyonlytothecarriagebyair,providedthatthe
carriagebyairfallswithinthetermsofArticle1.
2.NothinginthisConventionshallpreventthepartiesinthecaseofcombined
carriagefrominsertinginthedocumentofaircarriageconditionsrelatingto
othermodesofcarriage,providedthattheprovisionsofthisConventionare
observedasregardsthecarriagebyair.
CHAPTERVCARRIAGEBYAIRPERFORMEDBYAPERSONOTHERTHANTHECONTRACTING
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CARRIER
==============================================================================
ARTICLE39CONTRACTINGCARRIERACTUALCARRIER

TheprovisionsofthisChapterapplywhenaperson(hereinafterreferredtoas
"thecontractingcarrier")asaprincipalmakesacontractofcarriagegoverned
bythisConventionwithapassengerorconsignororwithapersonactingon
behalfofthepassengerorconsignor,andanotherperson(hereinafterreferred
toas"theactualcarrier")performs,byvirtueofauthorityfromthe
contractingcarrier,thewholeorpartofthecarriage,butisnotwithrespect
tosuchpartasuccessivecarrierwithinthemeaningofthisConvention.Such
authorityshallbepresumedintheabsenceofprooftothecontrary.
ARTICLE40RESPECTIVELIABILITYOFCONTRACTINGANDACTUALCARRIERS

Ifanactualcarrierperformsthewholeorpartofcarriagewhich,accordingto
thecontractreferredtoinArticle39,isgovernedbythisConvention,both
thecontractingcarrierandtheactualcarriershall,exceptasotherwise
providedinthisChapter,besubjecttotherulesofthisConvention,the
formerforthewholeofthecarriagecontemplatedinthecontract,thelatter
solelyforthecarriagewhichitperforms.
ARTICLE41MUTUALLIABILITY

1.Theactsandomissionsoftheactualcarrierandofitsservantsandagents
actingwithinthescopeoftheiremploymentshall,inrelationtothecarriage
performedbytheactualcarrier,bedeemedtobealsothoseofthecontracting
carrier.
2.Theactsandomissionsofthecontractingcarrierandofitsservantsand
agentsactingwithinthescopeoftheiremploymentshall,inrelationtothe
carriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,bedeemedtobealsothoseofthe
actualcarrier.Nevertheless,nosuchactoromissionshallsubjecttheactual
carriertoliabilityexceedingtheamountsreferredtoinArticles21,22,23
and24.Anyspecialagreementunderwhichthecontractingcarrierassumes
obligationsnotimposedbythisConventionoranywaiverofrightsordefences
conferredbythisConventionoranyspecialdeclarationofinterestindelivery
atdestinationcontemplatedinArticle22shallnotaffecttheactualcarrier
unlessagreedtobyit.
ARTICLE42ADDRESSEEOFCOMPLAINTSANDINSTRUCTIONS

AnycomplainttobemadeorinstructiontobegivenunderthisConventionto
thecarriershallhavethesameeffectwhetheraddressedtothecontracting
carrierortotheactualcarrier.Nevertheless,instructionsreferredtoin
Article12shallonlybeeffectiveifaddressedtothecontractingcarrier.
ARTICLE43SERVANTSANDAGENTS

Inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,anyservantor
agentofthatcarrierorofthecontractingcarriershall,iftheyprovethat
theyactedwithinthescopeoftheiremployment,beentitledtoavail
themselvesoftheconditionsandlimitsofliabilitywhichareapplicableunder
thisConventiontothecarrierwhoseservantoragenttheyare,unlessitis
provedthattheyactedinamannerthatpreventsthelimitsofliabilityfrom
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beinginvokedinaccordancewiththisConvention.
ARTICLE44AGGREGATIONOFDAMAGES

Inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,theaggregateof
theamountsrecoverablefromthatcarrierandthecontractingcarrier,andfrom
theirservantsandagentsactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment,shall
notexceedthehighestamountwhichcouldbeawardedagainsteitherthe
contractingcarrierortheactualcarrierunderthisConvention,butnoneof
thepersonsmentionedshallbeliableforasuminexcessofthelimit
applicabletothatperson.
ARTICLE45ADDRESSEEOFCLAIMS

Inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,anactionfor
damagesmaybebrought,attheoptionoftheplaintiff,againstthatcarrieror
thecontractingcarrier,oragainstbothtogetherorseparately.Iftheaction
isbroughtagainstonlyoneofthosecarriers,thatcarriershallhavethe
righttorequiretheothercarriertobejoinedintheproceedings,the
procedureandeffectsbeinggovernedbythelawofthecourtseizedofthe
case.
ARTICLE46ADDITIONALJURISDICTION

AnyactionfordamagescontemplatedinArticle45mustbebrought,atthe
optionoftheplaintiff,intheterritoryofoneoftheStatesParties,either
beforeacourtinwhichanactionmaybebroughtagainstthecontracting
carrier,asprovidedinArticle33,orbeforethecourthavingjurisdictionat
theplacewheretheactualcarrierhasitsdomicileoritsprincipalplaceof
business.
ARTICLE47INVALIDITYOFCONTRACTUALPROVISIONS

Anycontractualprovisiontendingtorelievethecontractingcarrierorthe
actualcarrierofliabilityunderthisChapterortofixalowerlimitthan
thatwhichisapplicableaccordingtothisChaptershallbenullandvoid,but
thenullityofanysuchprovisiondoesnotinvolvethenullityofthewhole
contract,whichshallremainsubjecttotheprovisionsofthisChapter.
ARTICLE48MUTUALRELATIONSOFCONTRACTINGANDACTUALCARRIERS

ExceptasprovidedinArticle45,nothinginthisChaptershallaffectthe
rightsandobligationsofthecarriersbetweenthemselves,includinganyright
ofrecourseorindemnification.
CHAPTERVIOTHERPROVISIONS
=============================
ARTICLE49MANDATORYAPPLICATION

Anyclausecontainedinthecontractofcarriageandallspecialagreements
enteredintobeforethedamageoccurredbywhichthepartiespurportto
infringetheruleslaiddownbythisConvention,whetherbydecidingthelawto
beapplied,orbyalteringtherulesastojurisdiction,shallbenulland
void.
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ARTICLE50INSURANCE

StatesPartiesshallrequiretheircarrierstomaintainadequateinsurance
coveringtheirliabilityunderthisConvention.Acarriermayberequiredby
theStatePartyintowhichitoperatestofurnishevidencethatitmaintains
adequateinsurancecoveringitsliabilityunderthisConvention.
ARTICLE51CARRIAGEPERFORMEDINEXTRAORDINARYCIRCUMSTANCES

TheprovisionsofArticles3to5,7and8relatingtothedocumentationof
carriageshallnotapplyinthecaseofcarriageperformedinextraordinary
circumstancesoutsidethenormalscopeofacarrier'sbusiness.
ARTICLE52DEFINITIONOFDAYS

Theexpression"days"whenusedinthisConventionmeanscalendardays,not
workingdays.
CHAPTERVIIFINALCLAUSES
===========================
ARTICLE53SIGNATURE,RATIFICATIONANDENTRYINTOFORCE

1.ThisConventionshallbeopenforsignatureinMontrealon28May1999by
StatesparticipatingintheInternationalConferenceonAirLawheldat
Montrealfrom10to28May1999.After28May1999,theConventionshallbe
opentoallStatesforsignatureattheheadquartersoftheInternationalCivil
AviationOrganizationinMontrealuntilitentersintoforceinaccordancewith
paragraph6ofthisArticle.
2.ThisConventionshallsimilarlybeopenforsignaturebyRegionalEconomic
IntegrationOrganisations.ForthepurposeofthisConvention,a"Regional
EconomicIntegrationOrganisation"meansanyorganisationwhichisconstituted
bysovereignStatesofagivenregionwhichhascompetenceinrespectof
certainmattersgovernedbythisConventionandhasbeendulyauthorizedto
signandtoratify,accept,approveoraccedetothisConvention.Areference
toa"StateParty"or"StatesParties"inthisConvention,otherwisethanin
paragraph2ofArticle1,paragraph1(b)ofArticle3,paragraph(b)ofArticle
5,Articles23,33,46andparagraph(b)ofArticle57,appliesequallytoa
RegionalEconomicIntegrationOrganisation.ForthepurposeofArticle24,the
referencesto"amajorityoftheStatesParties"and"onethirdoftheStates
Parties"shallnotapplytoaRegionalEconomicIntegrationOrganisation.
3.ThisConventionshallbesubjecttoratificationbyStatesandbyRegional
EconomicIntegrationOrganisationswhichhavesignedit.
4.AnyStateorRegionalEconomicIntegrationOrganisationwhichdoesnotsign
thisConventionmayaccept,approveoraccedetoitatanytime.
5.Instrumentsofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccessionshallbe
depositedwiththeInternationalCivilAviationOrganization,whichishereby
designatedtheDepositary.
6.ThisConventionshallenterintoforceonthesixtiethdayfollowingthe
dateofdepositofthethirtiethinstrumentofratification,acceptance,
approvaloraccessionwiththeDepositarybetweentheStateswhichhave
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depositedsuchinstrument.AninstrumentdepositedbyaRegionalEconomic
IntegrationOrganisationshallnotbecountedforthepurposeofthis
paragraph.
7.ForotherStatesandforotherRegionalEconomicIntegrationOrganisations,
thisConventionshalltakeeffectsixtydaysfollowingthedateofdepositof
theinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession.
8.TheDepositaryshallpromptlynotifyallsignatoriesandStatesPartiesof:
(a)eachsignatureofthisConventionanddatethereof;
(b)eachdepositofaninstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvalor
accessionanddatethereof;
(c)thedateofentryintoforceofthisConvention;
(d)thedateofthecomingintoforceofanyrevisionofthelimitsof
liabilityestablishedunderthisConvention;
(e)anydenunciationunderArticle54.
ARTICLE54DENUNCIATION

1.AnyStatePartymaydenouncethisConventionbywrittennotificationtothe
Depositary.
2.Denunciationshalltakeeffectonehundredandeightydaysfollowingthe
dateonwhichnotificationisreceivedbytheDepositary.
ARTICLE55RELATIONSHIPWITHOTHERWARSAWCONVENTIONINSTRUMENTS

ThisConventionshallprevailoveranyruleswhichapplytointernational
carriagebyair:
1.betweenStatesPartiestothisConventionbyvirtueofthoseStatescommonly
beingPartyto
(a)theConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesrelatingto
InternationalCarriagebyAirsignedatWarsawon12October1929(hereinafter
calledtheWarsawConvention);
(b)theProtocoltoamendtheConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRules
relatingtoInternationalCarriagebyAirsignedatWarsawon12October1929,
doneatTheHagueon28September1955(hereinaftercalledTheHagueProtocol);
(c)theConvention,SupplementarytotheWarsawConvention,fortheUnification
ofCertainRulesrelatingtoInternationalCarriagebyAirPerformedbya
PersonotherthantheContractingCarrier,signedatGuadalajaraon18
September1961(hereinaftercalledtheGuadalajaraConvention);
(d)theProtocoltoamendtheConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRules
relatingtoInternationalCarriagebyAirsignedatWarsawon12October1929
asamendedbytheProtocoldoneatTheHagueon28September1955,signedat
GuatemalaCityon8March1971(hereinaftercalledtheGuatemalaCity
Protocol);
(e)AdditionalProtocolNos.1to3andMontrealProtocolNo.4toamendthe
WarsawConventionasamendedbyTheHagueProtocolortheWarsawConventionas
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amendedbybothTheHagueProtocolandtheGuatemalaCityProtocol,signedat
Montrealon25September1975(hereinaftercalledtheMontrealProtocols);or
2.withintheterritoryofanysingleStatePartytothisConventionbyvirtue
ofthatStatebeingPartytooneormoreoftheinstrumentsreferredtoin
subparagraphs(a)to(e)above.
ARTICLE56STATESWITHMORETHANONESYSTEMOFLAW

1.IfaStatehastwoormoreterritorialunitsinwhichdifferentsystemsof
lawareapplicableinrelationtomattersdealtwithinthisConvention,itmay
atthetimeofsignature,ratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession
declarethatthisConventionshallextendtoallitsterritorialunitsoronly
tooneormoreofthemandmaymodifythisdeclarationbysubmittinganother
declarationatanytime.
2.AnysuchdeclarationshallbenotifiedtotheDepositaryandshallstate
expresslytheterritorialunitstowhichtheConventionapplies.
3.InrelationtoaStatePartywhichhasmadesuchadeclaration:
(a)referencesinArticle23to"nationalcurrency"shallbeconstruedas
referringtothecurrencyoftherelevantterritorialunitofthatState;and
(b)thereferenceinArticle28to"nationallaw"shallbeconstruedas
referringtothelawoftherelevantterritorialunitofthatState.
ARTICLE57RESERVATIONS

NoreservationmaybemadetothisConventionexceptthataStatePartymayat
anytimedeclarebyanotificationaddressedtotheDepositarythatthis
Conventionshallnotapplyto:
(a)internationalcarriagebyairperformedandoperateddirectlybythatState
Partyfornoncommercialpurposesinrespecttoitsfunctionsanddutiesasa
sovereignState;and/or
(b)thecarriageofpersons,cargoandbaggageforitsmilitaryauthoritieson
aircraftregisteredinorleasedbythatStateParty,thewholecapacityof
whichhasbeenreservedbyoronbehalfofsuchauthorities.
INWITNESSWHEREOFtheundersignedPlenipotentiaries,havingbeenduly
authorized,havesignedthisConvention.
DONEatMontrealonthe28thdayofMayoftheyearonethousandninehundred
andninetynineintheEnglish,Arabic,Chinese,French,RussianandSpanish
languages,alltextsbeingequallyauthentic.ThisConventionshallremain
depositedinthearchivesoftheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization,and
certifiedcopiesthereofshallbetransmittedbytheDepositarytoallStates
PartiestothisConvention,aswellastoallStatesPartiestotheWarsaw
Convention,TheHagueProtocol,theGuadalajaraConvention,theGuatemalaCity
ProtocolandtheMontrealProtocols.
[Signatures]
==============================================================================

Title:ConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesfor

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InternationalCarriagebyAirMontreal,28May1999

Subject:law,transport,carriagebyair

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Date:19990528

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