Lie Detection and Interrogation

(Polygraph)
Polygraph - popularly referred to as lie detector. - measures and records several psychological
- literally means "many writings".
- is derived from two Greek words "Poly"which means many and "Graphos"which means writing.

blood pressure - is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood ve

pulse - represents the tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. It

respiration - the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues and t

skin conductivity - also known as Galvanic sin response - is a method of measuring the

ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the oppositio

galvanometer - an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current.

stimuli - is applied to sensory receptor, it influences a reflex via stimulus transduction.

Personalities who contributed to the development of the polygraph machine.

Cesare Lombroso - he invented in 1895 a device to measure changes in blood pressure

John Augustus Larson - a medical student at the University of California at Berkeley, inv

Leonarde Keeler - was the co-inventor of the polygraph. He developed the so called car

William Marston - an american who used blood pressure to examine german prisoners o

John Reid - In 1948, developed a device which recorded muscular activity accompanying

Two types of present day polygraph instrumentation

1. analog
2. computerized - most polygraph examiners now used this.
Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test
1. Control Question - preliminary information question
2. Irrelevant Question 3. Relevant Question
- In a polygraph test, the types of questions
alternates, the test is passed if the physiological
responses during the probable lie control questions
are larger than those during the relevant
question.

Lie Detection - is the practice of determining whether someone is lying.

Three Basic Approaches To The Polygraph Test
1. The Control Question Test (CQT) - this test
compares the physiological response to relevant
questions about the crime with the response to
questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. This
test is often used to determine whether certain
criminal suspects should be prosecuted or classified
as uninvolved in the crime.
2. The Directed Lie Test (DLT) - this test tries to detect
lying by comparing physiological responses when
the subject is told to deliberately lie to responses
when they tell the truth.
3. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) - this test
compares physiological responses to multiple choice
type questions about the crime, one choice of which
contains information only the crime investigators
and the criminal would know about.
3 Phases Of A Polygraph Examination
1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the
subject the test issue, review the test questions
that will be ask during the test and assess the
subjects emotional and physiological suitability to
undergo the polygraph test.
2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses
are recorded as the subject answers a set of
questions reviewed earlier.
3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data
obtained and interprets the polygraph chart.
Conclusions That A Polygraph Examiner May Reach
1. Subject is telling the truth
2. Subject is not telling the truth
3. The result is inconclusive
* A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a
half hours to two and a half hours.
* Polygraph test result in the Philippines is not
admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an
accused.
* Polygraph test is voluntary.
* The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90%

provided the examiner is competent and the

polygraph machine is in good working condition.
* Polygraph is an investigative tool.
* The principle behind a lie detection test is that when
the subject hears a questions which he or she
intends to lie, the brain interprets and triggers
automatic and uncontrollable physiological changes
captured by the polygraph.
Who Uses The Polygraph
1. Law Enforcement Agencies
2. Legal Community
3. Private Sector
Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test
1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee
is reported as being deceptive.
2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is
reported as truthful.

Causes of Polygraph Errors

1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the
examinee for the examination.
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the
polygraph charts.
3. Defective polygraph machine.
Reactions - changes in blood pressure, pulse rate,
breathing and sweat activity.

Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 1

1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed whether he or
she was lying. Spitting out dry rice indicated the dry mouth of a
liar. This form of lie detection originated in
A. India
B. China
C. England
D. Africa
2. During the Middle Ages, torture was used as a means of forcing a
person to tell the truth.This was prevalent in what continent?

A. Asia
B. Africa
C. South America
D. Europe
3. In the early 1700s, He was the first to move away from torture by
suggesting that deception could be evaluated by monitoring the
heart rate.
A. Ceasar Lombroso
B. Daniel DeFoe
C. William Marston
D. Ken Adler
4. In 1764, He wrote of torture, By this method, the robust will
escape, and the feeble be condemned.
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Daniel DeFoe
C. Cesare Beccaria
D. William Marston
5. He became the first person to use science as a method of detecting
deception.
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Daniel DeFoe
C. Cesare Beccaria
D. William Marston
6. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso, became the
first person to use science as a method of detecting deception in
the year
A. 1895
B. 1925
C. 1896
D. 1926
7. He developed a method of measuring the amount of sweat a
suspect produced during interrogation. This was determined by the
electrical conductibility of the suspects skin.
A. B. Sticker
B. C. Lombroso
C. D. Sticker
D. C. Beccaria
8. The first polygraph machine was actually a copy machine invented
in
A. 1801
B. 1803
C. 1802

D. 1804
9. In the early 1900s, He invented what he called the ink polygraph.
This was used to monitor cardiovascular responses by measuring
pulse and blood pressure.
A. Ken Adler
B. Vittorio Benussi
C. James MacKenzie
D. Cesare Lombroso
10.In 1914, He used pneumatic tubing to study an individuals
breathing rates. The device wrapped around the persons chest and
measured depth and rate of breath.
A. Vittorio Benussi
B. Ken Adler
C. James MacKenzie
D. Cesare Lombroso

Remember the following: Lie Detection and Interrogation

1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed whether he or
she was lying. Spitting out dry rice indicated the dry mouth of a
liar.This form of lie detection originated in China.
2. In Europe, During the Middle Ages, torture was used as a means of
forcing a person to tell the truth.
3. In the early 1700s, Daniel DeFoe was the first to move away from
torture by suggesting that deception could be evaluated by
monitoring the heart rate.

4. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria wrote of torture, By this

method, the robust will escape, and the feeble be condemned.
5. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso, became the
first person to use science as a method of detecting deception in
the year 1895.
6. Cesare Lombroso became the first person to use science as a
method of detecting deception.
7. B. Sticker developed a method of measuring the amount of sweat a
suspect produced during interrogation. This was determined by the
electrical conductibility of the suspects skin.

8. The first polygraph machine was actually a copy machine invented

in 1804.
9. In the early 1900s, James MacKenzie invented what he called the
ink polygraph. This was used to monitor cardiovascular
responses by measuring pulse and blood pressure.
10. In 1914,Vittorio Benussi used pneumatic tubing to study an
individuals breathing rates. The device wrapped around the
persons chest and measured depth and rate of breath.

Answer: Lie Detection and Interrogation

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

C
D
B
C
A
A
A
D
C
A

1. The First Polygraph school.

A. Keeler Institute
B. Scherers Institute
C. Marston Institute
D. Larsons Institute
2. The First Full Time professional polygraph examiner.
A. Leonarde Keeler
B. William Marston
C. John Larson
D. Ron Decker
3. It measures systolic blood pressure as a means of determining
whether a suspect was lying during an interrogation.
A. Sphygmomanometer
B. Emotograph
C. Kymograph
D. Psychogalvanometer

4. A U.S case wherein the examiners testimony regarding a defendants

fact of passing the polygraph test was not accepted in evidence.
A. U.S vs. Ohio
B. Keeler vs. U.S
C. Frye vs. U.S
D. Larson vs. U.S
5. He invented the modern polygraph machine in 1921.
A. Leonarde Keeler
B. William Marston
C. John Larson
D. Ron Decker
6. Polygraph literally means
A. Many Writings
B. Different Writings
C. Various Writings
D. Cursive Writings
7. The first to discover the phenomenon we now know as electrodermal
response.
A. Leonarde Keeler
B. Ron Adler
C. John Larson
D. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux
8. Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a device measuring
blood pressure and pulse to detect deception in criminal
suspects,He called it
A. Sphygmograph
B. Hydrosphygmograph
C. Cardiograph
D. Pneumograph
9. The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in criminal investigation
was invented by
A. Cesare Lombroso
B. Leonarde Keeler
C. Vittorio Venussi
D. John Larson
10. An instrument for recording variations in pressure, e.g., in sound
waves or in blood within blood vessels, by the trace of a stylus on
a rotating cylinder.
A. Kymograph

B. Galvanograph
C. Pheumograph

D. Cardiograph

Remember the following: Lie Detection and Interrogation

1. Keeler Institute - The First Polygraph school.
2. Leonarde Keeler - The First Full Time professional polygraph
examiner.
3. Sphygmomanometer - It measures systolic blood pressure as a
means of determining whether a suspect was lying during an
interrogation.
4. Frye vs. U.S - A U.S case wherein the examiners testimony
regarding a defendants fact of passing the polygraph test was not
accepted in evidence.
5. John Larson - He invented the modern polygraphy machine in 1921.
6. Polygraph literally means "many writings".
7. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux - The first to discover the phenomenon we
now know as electrodermal response.
8. Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a device measuring
blood pressure and pulse to detect deception in criminal suspects,He
called it Hydrosphygmograph.
9. The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in criminal investigation
was invented by John Larson.
10. Kymograph - This device allow the chart paper to be pulled
under the recording pens at constant speed.
11. The Following sectors uses the polygraph examination
1. Private Sector
2. Legal Community
3. Law enforcement,Military and Government

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A
A
A
C
C
A
D
B
D
A

Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 3

1. An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized that when in emotional
stress or tension, blood would rush to the head.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. William Marston
2. He built a delicately balanced board with a center fulcrum.A person
lying on this board was placed under stress and blood would rush
to his head causing the board to tilt down at the head.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Dr. William Marston
3. In 1895, he used measurements of blood pressure changes during
interrogations using a water pressure apparatus.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Dr. William Marston
4. This water pressure apparatus is known today as
A. Cardiograph
B. Cardiosphygmograph
C. Pneumograph
D. Hydrosphygmograph
5. He established in 1915 the relevance of blood pressure changes in
the systolic blood pressure.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria
C. Cesare Lombroso

D. Dr. William Marston

6.He developed the first instrument to record simultaneously a person's
blood pressure,pulse rate and respiration changes.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Dr. John Larson
D. Dr. William Marston
7. He found out in 1914, that distinct changes occur in the respiratory
patterns during attempt to deceive.
A. John Larson
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Vittorio Benussi
D. Dr. William Marston
8. He conducted experiments in lie detection by measuring and
recording the rate and depth of the subject's respiration.
A. John Larson
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Vittorio Benussi
D. Dr. William Marston
9. An Italian physiologist accidentally discovered that a dissected frog
leg would twitch and contract spasmodically at the touch of a
scalpel charged with electricity.
A. Mosso
B. Luigi Galvani
C. Vittorio Benussi
D. Dr. William Marston
10.He had found that current or "galvanic Electricity" flowed through
animal tissue.
A. Mosso
B. Luigi Galvani
C. Vittorio Benussi
D. John Larson

Remember the following:Lie Detection and Interrogation

1. Mosso - An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized that when in
emotional stress or tension, blood would rush to the head.
2. Mosso - He built a delicately balanced board with a center
fulcrum.A person lying on this board was placed under stress and
blood would rush to his head causing the board to tilt down at the

head.
3. Cesare Lombroso - In 1895, he used measurements of blood
pressure changes during interrogations using a water pressure
apparatus.
4. This water pressure apparatus is known today as
Hydrosphygmograph
5. Dr. William Marston - He established in 1915 the relevance of blood
pressure changes in the systolic blood pressure.
6. Dr. John Larson - He developed the first instrument to record
simultaneously a person's blood pressure,pulse rate and
respiration changes.
7. Vittorio Benussi - He found out in 1914, that distinct changes
8. Vittorio Benussi - He conducted experiments in lie detection by
measuring and recording the rate
and depth of the subject's
respiration.
9. Luigi Galvani - An Italian physiologist accidentally discovered that a
dissected frog leg would twitch
and contract spasmodically at
10.Luigi Galvani - He had found that current or "galvanic
Electricity" flowed through animal tissue.

11. The 3 Basic components of a polygraph machine

1.Cardiosphygmograph - Records heart/blood pressure.
2.Pneumograph - Records breathing.
3.Galvanograph - Records electrical current in the skin. Known as
Galvanic skin response and Galvanic skin conductance.
Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

A
A
C
D
D
C
C
C
B

10. B

Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 4

1. In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest the use of the (EDA)
Galvanic Skin Response as an indicator of deception.
A. Mosso
B. Larson
C. Sticker
D. Marston
2. He was the first to make word association test using the galvanometer.
A. Veraguth
B. Mosso
C. Sticker
D. Marston
3. Many scientist have studied human behavior in relation to lie
detection.Among them was this man who did not use an instrument
approach but many of his theories in the psychology of deception are
embodied in polygraph procedure today.
A. Veraguth
B. A. R. Luria
C. Sticker
D. Mosso
4. In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is certainly far from being indifferent to
his experience,but on the contrary,he puts himself in an active relation
to his experience,its trauma,urging him into activity - conditions the
dynamics of his behavior.
A. Veraguth
B. A.R. Luria
C. Sticker
D. Mosso
5. He developed in 1926, the metal recording bellows.He also incorporated
the kymograph and the rolled chart paper.He used these developments
together with the cardio and pneumo components,developing the
first polygraph instrument known today.
A. Leonard Keeler
B. Veraguth
C. Cesare lombroso
D. A.R. Luria

6. He is the father of polygraph.

A. Leonard Keeler
B. William Marston
C. John Larson
D. Cesare Lombroso
7. He devised the first structured test questions.The test is made up
using relevant questions interspersed with irrelevant questions.The R
and I test.
A. Leonard Keeler
B. William Marston
C. Sticker
D. John Larson
8. He used Keeler's technique and after testing numerous subjects, he
found that in using that technique he was getting too many
inconclusive result and an unacceptable error rate.
A. A.R Luria
B. Mosso
C. Veraguth
D. John Reid
9.In the detection of deception,He developed a structured technique
using comparison questions.
A. A.R. Luria
B. Mosso
C. Veraguth
D. John Reid
10.He operates the National School of Lie Detection and developed
his known lie and probable lie question technique and the guilt
complex question.
A. Leonard Keeler
B. Mosso
C. John Reid
D. Dick Arther

Remember the following: Lie Detection and Interrogation

1. Sticker - In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest the use of the

(EDA) Galvanic Skin Response as an indicator of deception.

2. Veraguth - He was the first to make word association test using the
galvanometer
3. A. R. Luria - Many scientist have studied human behavior in relation to
lie detection. Among them was this man who did not use an instrument
approach but many of his theories in the psychology of deception are
embodied in polygraph procedure today.
4. A.R. Luria - In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is certainly far from being
indifferent to his experience, but on the contrary, he puts himself in an
active relation to his experience, its trauma, urging him into activity conditions the dynamics of his behavior.
5. Leonard Keeler - He developed in 1926, the metal recording
bellows. He also incorporated the kymograph and the rolled chart
paper. He used these developments together with the cardio and
pneumonia components, developing the first polygraph instrument known
today.
6. Leonard Keeler - He is the father of polygraph.
7. Leonard Keeler - He devised the first structured test questions. The
test is made up using relevant questions interspersed with irrelevant
questions. The R and I test.
8. John Reid - He used Keeler's technique and after testing numerous
subjects, he found that in using that technique he was getting too
many inconclusive result and an unacceptable error rate.
9. John Reid - .In the detection of deception, He developed a structured
technique using comparison questions.
10. Dick Arther - He operates the National School of Lie Detection and
developed his known lie and probable lie question technique and the
guilt complex question.

Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C
A
B
B
A

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A
A
D
D
D

Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 5

1. He introduced the symptomatic question or myth to
disclose whether or not an outside issue is bothering the subject.
A. Dick Arther
B. Leonard Keeler
C. John Reid
D. Cleve Backster
2. Manufactured the first commercial polygraph instrument
for Leonard Keeler.
A. Associated Press Inc.
B. Associated Research Inc.
C. Associated manufacturing Inc.
D. Associated Detection Inc.
3. The name of the first manufactured polygraph instrument.
A. Keeler polygraph instrument
B. Associated Detecting instrument
C. Larson polygraph instrument
D. Marston polygraph instrument
4. If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a circular motion while
being interrogated, he was taugh to be deceptive.This ancient
deception detection is known as
A. Nervous behaviorism
B. The ordeal of the sacred donkey
C. The ordeal of rice
D. The sacred ass
5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned,he was judged innocent.
If the suspect's tongue was burned,he was judged guilty.This
ancient deception detection is known as
A. The hot iron test
B. Bear the hot iron test
C. The ordeal of the hot iron
D. The ember test
6. What company is the leader in the manufacture of polygraph?
A. Lafayette instrument company

B. Axciton
C. Stoelting
D. Limestone
7.Where is the largest polygraph market in the world?
A. Russia
B. Ukraine
C. U.S.A
D. Georgia
8. Depending on the complexity of the case and the number of issues
being tested a polygraph examination generally takes
A. 1-2 hours
B. 3-4 hours
C. 2-3 hours
D. 4-5 hours
9. What is the longest phase of the polygraph examination?
Ans. Pre-test interview
10.Who is the most prominent polygraph examiner of all time?
A. Leonarde Keeler
B. John Larson
C. William Marston
D. Cleve Backster

Remember the ff: lie detection and interrogation

1. Cleve Backster - He introduced the symptomatic question or myth

to disclose whether or not an outside issue is bothering the subject.
Now Known as Backster Zone Comparison technique.
2. Associated Research Inc. - Manufactured the first commercial
polygraph instrument for Leonard Keeler.
3. Keeler polygraph instrument - The name of the first
manufactured polygraph instrument.

4. If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a circular motion while
being interrogated, he was taugh to be deceptive.This ancient
deception detection is known as Nervous behaviorism.
5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned,he was judged innocent.
If the suspect's tongue was burned,he was judged guilty.This
ancient deception detection is known as The ordeal of the hot
iron.
6. Lafayette instrument company is the leader in the manufacture of
polygraph instrument.
7. The largest polygraph market in the world is Ukraine.
8. Depending on the complexity of the case and the number of issues
being tested a polygraph examination generally takes 2 to 3 hours.
9.The longest phase of the polygraph examination is the
Pre-test interview.
10.The most prominent polygraph examiner of all time is
Leonard Keeler.
11. Present day manufacturers of polygraph instrument
1. lafayette
2. stoelting
3. Axciton
4. Limestone
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

D
B
A
A
C
A
B
C
A