taxonomy-the process of organizing similar things, especially living things, into

groups or types
peer-someone who belongs to the same social or professional group as another per
son
eager-very keen to do something or enthusiastic about something that will happen
assert-to state firmly that something is true
neat-carefully arranged and looking nice
vicinity-the area near a particular place
treatise-a serious book or piece of writing about a particular subject(tratat)
realm-FORMAL a particular area of knowledge, experience, interest etc
catchy-if a tune or phrase is catchy it attracts your attention and is easy to r
emember
stakeholder-a person or company that has invested in a business and owns part of
it
constrain-to limit someones freedom to do what they want
prerequisite-something that must exist or happen before something else is possib
le
hiccup-INFORMAL a small problem or a problem that causes a short delay
incentive-something that makes you want to do something or to work harder, becau
se you know that you will benefit by doing this
embed-to fix something firmly in a surface or object
behemoth-someone or something that is very large, especially a company
hinder-to stop someone or something from making progress or developing
heuristics-a way of solving problems by finding solutions based on your own expe
riences
flurry-a short period of activity or emotion
hence-used for introducing something that is a result of the fact that has just
been stated
rogue-someone who behaves badly but is still liked by other people
cornerstone-the basic part of something, on which everything depends
hallmark-a typical feature
strenuous - a strenuous activity is one in which it is necessary for you to use
a lot of effort, energy, or strength
retrieval-COMPUTING the process of getting back information stored inside a comp
uter in order to use it again
hierarchical-a hierarchical society or organization is one in which differences
in status are considered to be very important
aforementioned-mentioned before in an earlier part of a piece of writing
seam-a long thin layer of something such as coal under the ground
as opposed to-used for referring to something that is very different from what y
ou have just mentioned
purist-someone who wants people to be correct, and to follow rules carefully, es
pecially in language and the arts
notwithstanding-despite something
blatant-done in an obvious way that shows you are not embarrassed or ashamed to
be doing something bad or illegal
anoint-OFTEN HUMOROUS to decide that someone should be given a particular import
ant job
enhancement- the process of improving something
tailor-someone who makes clothes for men, especially clothes designed to fit ind
ividual customers
stack up- to increase continuously in a way that seems threatening
esoteric - known about or understood by very few people
peak - a peak level of something is when it is highest
peek -to look at something quickly, especially secretly or from behind something
spawn - if one thing spawns something else, it creates it
lousy - bat or unpleasant
gory - covered with a lot of blood
the gory details - the details about something that has happened, especially som
ething unpleasant

route(verb) - to send someone or something along a particular route

bundle - [TRANSITIVE] to make someone go to a particular place by pushing them i
n a quick, rough way
sketch - to draw o picture quickly and with few details
scheme - BRITISH a plan that is developed by a government or large organization
in order to provide a particular service for people
prompt - COMPUTING a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is r
eady for you to key something
foregoing - used for referring to something that has just been mentioned
echo - [TRANSITIVE] to express the ideas or feelings that someone else has expre
ssed
- [TRANSITIVE] to repeat a quality or situation
// Nota:Macmillan real grammar de verificat
mitigate - to reduce the harmful effects of sth.
bias - to influence someones opinions, decisions etc so that they behave or think
in an unfair way
resemblance - if there is a resemblance between two people or things, they are s
imilar, especially in their appearance
meek - quiet, gentle, and easily persuaded by other people to do what they want
by and large - used for referring to something in a very general way
faint - a faint sight, sound, smell, or taste is not strong or clear
scarce - if something is scarce, there is not very much of it
stand by - to be ready to do something
retain - to remember ideas or information
restore - to cause a particular situation to exist again, especially a positive
one
relieve - to make pain or another bad physical feeling less unpleasant
marrow - [UNCOUNTABLE] MEDICAL the soft substance inside bones, where blood cell
s develop(maduva)
lavish - something that is lavish exists, is spent, or is given in a very large
amount, especially if it costs a lot of money
dweller - someone who lives in a particular type of place
outlook - an idea about what a situation will be like in the future
aspect - [COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE] LINGUISTICS the form of a verb that shows wheth
er an action is continuing, is repeated, or happens only once
disprove - to prove that something is not correct or true
unknowingly - without realizing what kind of situation you are involved in, for
example because someone has tricked or cheated you
overwhelm - to affect someones emotions in a very powerful way
proxy - someone who has the authority to do something for you, especially to vot
e
offset - something that balances the effect of something else, so that there is
no advantage or disadvantage
havoc - a situation in which there is a lot of damage or destruction, or in whic
h something cannot continue in its normal way because of problems
wield - to have and be able to use power or influence
baffle - if a problem, someones behaviour etc baffles you, you cannot understand
it or solve it
overlap - if two objects overlap, or if one overlaps the other, the edge of one
fits over the edge of the other
prolong - to make something last longer
forefront - a leading and important position
alas - an old word used for saying you are sad about something and you wish it h
ad not happened
scheme - a plan that is developed by a government or large organization in order
to provide a particular service for people
litter - things such as pieces of paper that people have dropped on the ground i
n a public place, making it untidy
ingrained - an ingrained attitude, belief, or habit has existed for a long time
and cannot easily be changed

quirky - slightly strange

gimmick - something that is intended to impress and interest you but is really n
ot at all useful
dispose of sth - to get rid of something that you no longer need or want
comprehend - to understand something
reluctant - not willing to do something
hindsight - the opportunity to judge or understand past events using knowledge t
hat you have gained since then
mane - the long hair on the neck of a horse or lion
strenuous - a strenuous activity is one in which it is necessary for you to use
a lot of effort, energy, or strength
prompt - to cause something to happen or be done
bias - an attitude that you have that makes you treat someone in a way that is u
nfair or different from the way you treat other people
prone - likely to do something or be affected by something, especially something
bad
feasible - possible or likely to succeed
liable to do sth. - likely to do something bad or unpleasant
revert to sth. - revert to something to return to a previous state or way of beh
aving, often one that is not good
resume - formal to go back and sit or stand in the place where you were sitting
or standing previously
recur - to happen again
fidget - to keep making small quick movements with parts of your body because yo
u are bored, nervous, or impatient
undermine - to make something or someone become gradually less effective, confid
ent, or successful
redundant - not needed
overdrawn - if you are overdrawn, or if your bank account is overdrawn, you owe
your bank money that you have spent when there was no money in your account
oversee - to watch something in order to check that it works or happens in the w
ay that it should
overlook - to fail to consider someone or something, or to fail to recognize suc
cess
overgrown - covered with plants that have been allowed to grow in an uncontrolle
d way
utterly - completely: often used for emphasizing how bad someone or something is
outset- the start of something
stew - a dish made by cooking vegetables, and usually meat or fish, slowly in li
quid
ballot - the process of voting secretly to choose a candidate in an election or
express an opinion about an issue
scetch - a drawing made quickly that does not have many details
uphold - to show that you support something such as an idea by what you say or
do
enlist - if someone enlists or is enlisted, they join the armed forces of their
country
thorough ----/r/--- including everything that is possible or necessary
- [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] complete: used for emphasizing how
bad someone or something is
nuisance ----/njus()ns/----something that is annoying and is a continuing problem
- illegal behaviour that is annoying or offensive to oth
er people
mount - a piece of stiff paper or card on which you fix a picture, photograph et
c
- a base on which something such as a large heavy gun is fixed
push
- to move past or through a group of people or things by using a part of
your body to move them away from you
- to make something reach a particular level or standard
- to encourage or force someone in a determined way to do something they

do not want to do
- to make someone impatient or annoyed by behaving in an unreasonable wa
y
spring/sprang/sprung - to jump or move in a particular direction,
ith a lot of energy
- to happen or appear somewhere suddenly or unexpectedly
-

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