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1
1 st
1 st
{f (t)} =
e dt +
e dt = e
se
s
0
1
0
1
2 s 1
1 s
1 s 1
= e , s>0
= e 0 e
s
s
s
s
s
2
2
4
4
{f (t)} =
4est dt = est = (e2s 1), s > 0
s
s
0
0
1
1
1 st
1 st
1 st
st
st
{f (t)} =
te dt +
e dt = te
2e
se
s
s
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
= es 2 es 0 2 (0 es ) = 2 (1 es ), s > 0
s
s
s
s
s
1
1
2 st
2 st 1 st
st
{f (t)} =
(2t + 1)e dt = te
2e
e
s
s
s
0
0
2
2 s
2 s 1 s
1
2
1
0 2
= e 2e e
= (1 3es ) + 2 (1 es ), s > 0
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
1
{f (t)} =
est sin t 2
est cos t
(sin t)est dt = 2
s +1
s +1
0
0
1
1
1
s
s
0 2
= 0+ 2
+ 1), s > 0
e
= 2
(e
s +1
s +1
s +1
s
1
{f (t)} =
est cos t + 2
est sin t
(cos t)est dt = 2
s +1
s +1
/2
/2
1
1
=0 0+ 2
es/2 = 2
es/2 , s > 0
s +1
s +1
0, 0 < t < 1
f (t) =
t, t > 1
1 st
1 st
1 s
1 s
st
{f (t)} =
te
dt = te
2e
= s e + s2 e , s > 0
s
s
1
1
0,
0<t<1
f (t) =
2t 2, t > 1
1
1 st
2
st
st
{f (t)} = 2
(t 1)e
dt = 2 (t 1)e
2e
= 2 es , s > 0
s
s
s
1
1
1 t, 0 < t < 1
f (t) =
0,
t>0
1
1
1
1
1 st
1 s 1
st
st
{f (t)} =
(1 t)e
dt = (1 t)e
+ 2e
= s2 e + s s2 , s > 0
s
s
0
0
b
b
0, 0 < t < a
c
c
f (t) = c, a < t < b ;
{f (t)} =
cest dt = est = (esa esb ), s > 0
s
s
a
a
0, t > b
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
st
st
165
Exercises 4.1
e7
e7 (1s)t
e7
e
=
, s>1
=0
1s
1s
s1
0
0
0
e5 (s+2)t
e5
{f (t)} =
e2t5 est dt = e5
e(s+2)t dt =
=
e
, s > 2
s+2
s+2
0
0
0
1
1
1
4t st
(4s)t
(4s)t
(4s)t
=
{f (t)} =
te e dt =
te
dt =
e
, s>4
te
2
4
s
(4
s)
(4
s)2
0
0
0
{f (t)} =
t2 e2t est dt =
t2 e(s+2)t dt
0
0
1 2 (s+2)t
2
2
2
(s+2)t
(s+2)t
=
=
te
e
, s > 2
t e
s+2
(s + 2)2
(s + 2)3
(s
+
2)3
0
t
st
{f (t)} =
e (sin t)e dt =
(sin t)e(s+1)t dt
0
0
(s + 1) (s+1)t
1
(s+1)t
=
sin t
cos t
e
e
2
2
(s + 1) + 1
(s + 1) + 1
0
1
1
=
= 2
, s > 1
(s + 1)2 + 1
s + 2s + 2
t
st
{f (t)} =
e (cos t)e dt =
(cos t)e(1s)t dt
0
0
1s
1
(1s)t
(1s)t
=
e
e
cos t +
sin t
2
2
(1 s) + 1
(1 s) + 1
0
1s
s1
=
= 2
, s>1
(1 s)2 + 1
s 2s + 2
{f (t)} =
t(cos t)est dt
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
{f (t)} =
et+7 est dt = e7
st
s2 1
2
s + 1 (s2 + 1)2
=
=
18.
e(1s)t dt =
(cos t)est +
t
2s
+
s2 + 1 (s2 + 1)2
(sin t)est
0
s2 1
s>0
2 ,
(s2 + 1)
{f (t)} =
t(sin t)est dt
0
t
2s
2
2
s + 1 (s + 1)2
=
=
2s
2
(s2 + 1)
(cos t)e
{2t4 } = 2
21.
{4t 10} =
23.
{t2 + 6t 3} =
25.
{t3 + 3t2 + 3t + 1} =
s2 1
st
+
s2 + 1 (s2 + 1)2
st
(sin t)e
s>0
4!
s5
19.
st
4
10
2
s
s
2
6
3
+ 2
3
s
s
s
3!
2
3
1
+3 3 + 2 +
4
s
s
s
s
5!
s6
20.
{t5 } =
22.
{7t + 3} =
24.
{4t2 + 16t + 9} = 4
26.
{8t3 12t2 + 6t 1} = 8
166
7
3
+
2
s
s
2
16 9
+ 2 +
3
s
s
s
3!
2
6
1
12 3 + 2
4
s
s
s
s
Exercises 4.1
1
1
+
s s4
27.
{1 + e4t } =
29.
{1 + 2e2t + e4t } =
31.
33.
35.
36.
37.
38.
5
2
1
+
3
s
s+9 s
28.
{t2 e9t + 5} =
1
2
1
+
+
s s2 s4
30.
{e2t 2 + e2t } =
1
2
1
+
s2 s s+2
2
3
5 2
s3
s +9
32.
s
2
+
s2 + 25 s2 + 4
s
k
34.
{cosh kt} = 2
2
s
k2
k
et et
1 2t 1
1
1
{et sinh t} =
et
=
e
=
2
2
2
2(s 2) 2s
t
t
1
1 1 2t
1
t
t e + e
=
{e cosh t} =
=
+ e
+
e
2
2 2
2s 2(s + 2)
1
2
{sin 2t cos 2t} =
sin 4t = 2
2
s + 16
1 1
1
1 s
2
{cos t} =
+ cos 2t =
+
2 2
2s 2 s2 + 4
{sinh kt} =
s2
st
{t } =
e t dt =
0
40. (a)
(b)
(c)
{t1/2 } =
(1/2)
=
s1/2
eu
t1 et dt = ().
u 1
1
du = +1 ( + 1),
s
s
s
> 1.
(3/2)
{t } = 3/2 = 3/2
s
2s
(5/2)
3
{t3/2 } = 5/2 = 5/2
s
4s
1/2
{tn1 } =
1
s
{1} =
{ntn1 } = s
{tn }
and
{tn } =
n
s
{tn1 }.
1
.
s2
For n = 1,
{t} =
For n = 2,
{t2 } =
2
s
{t} =
For n = 3,
{t3 } =
3
s
{t2 } =
2
.
s3
6
.
s4
42. Let F (t) = t1/3 . Then F (t) is of exponential order, but f (t) = F (t) =
hence is not of exponential order.
167
1 2/3
3t
Exercises 4.1
2
d
sin et . This function is not of exponential order, but we can show that its Laplace
dt
transform exists. Using integration by parts we have
a
2
2
2
2 a
2
d
{2tet cos et } =
sin et dt = lim est sin et + s
est
est sin et dt
a
dt
0
0
0
st
t2
t2
=s
e
sin e dt = s {sin e }.
2
0
t2
Since sin e
43. The relation will be valid when s is greater than the maximum of c1 and c2 .
2
44. Since et is an increasing function and t2 > ln M + ct for M > 0 we have et > eln M +ct = M ect for t suciently
2
large and for any c. Thus, et is not of exponential order.
45. By part (c) of Theorem 4.1
{e(a+ib)t } =
1
(s a) + ib
s a + ib
1
=
=
.
s (a + ib)
(s a) ib (s a) + ib
(s a)2 + b2
{eat eibt }
sa
b
+i
.
2
2
(s a) + b
(s a)2 + b2
sa
(s a)2 + b2
and
b
.
(s a)2 + b2
Exercises 4.2
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
=
1
2
2
s3
=
1 2
t
2
3!
1
1
= t3
4
6
s
6
1
1
48
48 4!
= t 2t4
5 =
s2
s
s2
24 s5
2
2
1
2
4 3!
1
1 5
1
5!
= 4t t3 +
=
4 2 4 +
t
s s3
s
6 s
120 s6
3
120
1
3
(s + 1)3
3 2
1 3!
1
1
=
= 1 + 3t + t2 + t3
+
+
+
3
s4
s
s2
2 s3
6 s4
2
6
(s + 2)2
2
1
1
+
2
+
4
=
= 1 + 4t + 2t2
s3
s
s2
s3
2.
1
s3
1
s4
168
Exercises 4.2
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
= t 1 + e2t
6
1 1 4!
1
4
1
1
+ 5
=
4 + 5
= 4 + t4 e8t
s s
s+8
s 4 s
s+8
4
1
1
1
1
=
= et/4
4s + 1
4 s + 1/4
4
1
1
1
1
=
= e2t/5
5s 2
5 s 2/5
5
5
5
7
5
=
= sin 7t
s2 + 49
7 s2 + 49
7
10s
= 10 cos 4t
2
s + 16
4s
s
1
=
= cos t
2
2
4s + 1
s + 1/4
2
1
1
1/2
1
1
=
= sin t
4s2 + 1
2 s2 + 1/4
2
2
2s 6
s
3
=
2 2
2 2
= 2 cos 3t 2 sin 3t
s2 + 9
s +9
s +9
s+1
2
2
s
1
2t
+
=
+
=
cos
sin 2 t
2
2
2
s +2
s +2
2
2 s +2
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
=
= e3t
s2 + 3s
3 s 3 s+3
3 3
1 1 5
1
1 5
s+1
=
+
= + e4t
s2 4s
4 s 4 s4
4 4
s
3
1
1
3
1
1
=
+
= et + e3t
s2 + 2s 3
4 s1 4 s+3
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
= e4t e5t
s2 + s 20
9 s4 9 s+5
9
9
0.9s
1
1
=
(0.3)
+ (0.6)
= 0.3e0.1t + 0.6e0.2t
(s 0.1)(s + 0.2)
s 0.1
s + 0.2
3
s3
s
=
3 2
= cosh 3 t 3 sinh 3 t
23
s
s
3
(s 3 )(s + 3 )
s
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
= e2t e3t + e6t
(s 2)(s 3)(s 6)
2 s2 s3 2 s6
2
2
1 1
1
1
1
5
1
s2 + 1
=
+
s(s 1)(s + 1)(s 2)
2 s s1 3 s+1 6 s2
1
1
5
= et et + e2t
2
3
6
1
1
1 1 1 s
1 1
=
=
= cos 5t
3
2
2
s + 5s
s(s + 5)
5 s 5 s +5
5 5
8.
1
1
1
+
2
s
s s2
169
Exercises 4.2
s
=
(s2 + 4)(s + 2)
2s 4
=
(s2 + s)(s2 + 1)
26.
27.
1
s
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
+ 2
= cos 2t + sin 2t e2t
4 s +4 4 s +4 4 s+2
4
4
4
2s 4
3
s
3
4
+
+
=
+
s(s2 + 1)2
s s + 1 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
=
2
= sinh 3 t sin 3 t
4
s 9
6 3 s 3 6 3 s 3
6 3
6 3
s
1
s
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
=
28.
29.
30.
s
Solving for
{y} =
1
.
s
{y} we obtain
1
1
{y} = +
.
s s1
Thus
y = 1 + et .
32. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{y} 2y(0) =
2s
Solving for
{y} = 0.
{y} we obtain
{y} =
6
3
=
.
2s + 1
s + 1/2
Thus
y = 3et/2 .
33. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
s
Solving for
{y} y(0) + 6
{y} =
1
.
s4
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1
2
1
1
19
1
+
=
.
(s 4)(s + 6) s + 6
10 s 4 10 s + 6
Thus
y=
1 4t 19 6t
e + e .
10
10
{y}
{y} =
170
2s
.
s2 + 25
Exercises 4.2
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} =
2
1
1
1
s
5
5
=
.
(s 1)(s2 + 25)
13 s 1 13 s2 + 25 13 s2 + 25
Thus
y=
1 t
5
1
e
cos 5t +
sin 5t.
13
13
13
{y} y(0)] + 4
{y} = 0.
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s+5
4 1
1 1
=
.
s2 + 5s + 4
3 s+1 3 s+4
Thus
y=
4 t 1 4t
e e .
3
3
{y} y(0)] =
6
3
.
s3 s+1
{y} we obtain
{y} =
=
6
3
s5
+
(s 3)(s2 4s) (s + 1)(s2 4s) s2 4s
5 1
2
3
1
11
1
+
.
2 s s 3 5 s + 1 10 s 4
Thus
y=
5
3
11
2e3t et + e4t .
2
5
10
{y} sy(0) +
{y} =
s2
2
.
+2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
2
10s
10s
2
2
+
= 2
+
.
(s2 + 1)(s2 + 2) s2 + 1
s + 1 s2 + 1 s2 + 2
Thus
y = 10 cos t + 2 sin t
2 sin 2 t.
{y} + 9
{y} =
1
.
s1
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1
1
1
1
1
1
s
=
2
.
2
(s 1)(s + 9)
10 s 1 10 s + 9 10 s + 9
Thus
y=
1 t
1
1
e
sin 3t
cos 3t.
10
30
10
171
{y} y(0)] 2
{y} =
1
.
s+1
Exercises 4.2
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} =
2s + 3
1 1
5
1
8
1
1 1
=
+
+
.
(s + 1)(s 1)(2s + 1)(s + 2)
2 s + 1 18 s 1 9 s + 1/2 9 s + 2
Thus
y=
1 t
5
8
1
e + et et/2 + e2t .
2
18
9
9
{y} s2 (0) sy (0) y (0) + 2 s2
Solving for
{y} sy(0) y (0) [s
{y} y(0)] 2
{y} =
s2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
=
s2 + 12
(s 1)(s + 1)(s + 2)(s2 + 9)
13 1
13 1
16 1
3
s
1
3
+
+
.
2
2
60 s 1 20 s + 1 39 s + 2 130 s + 9 65 s + 9
Thus
13 t 13 t 16 2t
1
3
e e + e
cos 3t
sin 3t.
+
60
20
39
130
65
y=
41. For y + 6y = e4t the transfer function is W (s) = 1/(s + 6). The zero-input response is
2
y0 (t) =
= 2e6t ,
s+6
and the zero-state response is
1
y1 (t) =
=
(s 4)(s + 6)
1
1
1
1
10 s + 6 10 s 4
=
1
1 6t
+ e4t .
e
10
10
42. For y 4y = 6e3t 3et the transfer function is W (s) = 1/(s2 4s). The zero-input response is
s5
5 1 1
1
5 1
y0 (t) =
=
= e4t ,
2
s 4s
4 s 4 s4
4 4
and the zero-state response is
y1 (t) =
=
=
3
6
27
1
2
5 1 3
1
+
20 s 4 s 3 4 s 5 s + 1
27 4t
5 3
e 2e3t + et .
20
4 5
{y} +
{y} =
s+3
s+3
= 2
.
2
(s + 3) + 4
s + 6s + 13
{y} we obtain
s+3
1
1
1
s+1
=
2
2
(s + 1)(s + 6s + 13)
4 s + 1 4 s + 6s + 13
1
1
1
s+3
2
=
.
4 s + 1 4 (s + 3)2 + 4 (s + 3)2 + 4
{y} =
172
3
.
+9
Exercises 4.3
Thus
y=
44. Let f (t) = 1 and g(t) =
1,
0,
1 t
1
e e3t cos 2t + e3t sin 2t.
4
4
t 0, t = 1
. Then
t=1
{f (t)} =
Exercises 4.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
te10t =
1
(s 10)2
te6t =
1
(s + 6)2
t3 e2t =
t10 e7t =
3!
(s + 2)4
10!
(s + 7)11
2t
2
=
te + 2te3t + te4t =
t et + e2t
e2t (t 1)2 =
et sin 3t =
e2t cos 4t =
t2 e2t 2te2t + e2t =
2
1
1
+
+
(s 2)2
(s 3)2
(s 4)2
2
1
2
+
3
2
(s 2)
(s 2)
s2
3
(s 1)2 + 9
s+2
(s + 2)2 + 16
s1
3(s + 4)
s
+
s2 + 25 (s 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25
t
t
5
9
4
e3t 9 4t + 10 sin
+
=
9e3t 4te3t + 10e3t sin
=
2
2
s 3 (s 3)2
(s 3)2 + 1/4
1
1
1
2
=
= t2 e2t
(s + 2)3
2 (s + 2)3
2
1
1
3!
1
=
= t3 et
(s 1)4
6 (s 1)4
6
1
1
= e3t sin t
=
s2 6s + 10
(s 3)2 + 12
1
1
2
1
=
= et sin 2t
s2 + 2s + 5
2 (s + 1)2 + 22
2
s
1
(s + 2)
2
= e2t cos t 2e2t sin t
=
s2 + 4s + 5
(s + 2)2 + 12
(s + 2)2 + 12
2s + 5
(s + 3)
5
1
1
= 2e3t cos 5t e3t sin 5t
=
2
s2 + 6s + 34
(s + 3)2 + 52
5 (s + 3)2 + 52
5
s
1
s+11
1
=
=
= et tet
(s + 1)2
(s + 1)2
s + 1 (s + 1)2
173
Exercises 4.3
18.
5s
(s 2)2
10
5(s 2) + 10
5
+
=
= 5e2t + 10te2t
(s 2)2
s 2 (s 2)2
5
3
3
5
1
4
2
= 5 t 5et 4tet t2 et
2
2
3
s s
s + 1 (s + 1)
2 (s + 1)
2
1
3!
2
1
1
= te2t t2 e2t + t3 e2t
+
2
3
4
(s + 2)
(s + 2)
6 (s + 2)
6
2s 1
=
s2 (s + 1)3
(s + 1)2
=
(s + 2)4
19.
20.
{y} we obtain
{y} y(0) + 4
{y} =
1
.
s+4
1
2
+
. Thus
2
(s + 4)
s+4
{y} =
y = te4t + 2e4t .
22. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
s
Solving for
{y}
{y} =
1
1
+
.
s (s 1)2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1
1
1
1
1
= +
.
+
+
s(s 1) (s 1)3
s s 1 (s 1)3
Thus
1
y = 1 + et + t2 et .
2
{y} sy(0) y (0) + 2 s
{y} y(0) +
{y} = 0.
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s+3
2
1
+
=
.
(s + 1)2
s + 1 (s + 1)2
Thus
y = et + 2tet .
24. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{y} sy(0) y (0) 4 [s
s2
{y} y(0)] + 4
{y} =
6
.
(s 2)4
1
1 5 2t
5!
. Thus, y =
t e .
20 (s 2)6
20
25. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
Solving for
{y} we obtain
s2
Solving for
{y} =
{y} y(0)] + 9
{y} =
1
.
s2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1 + s2
2 1 1 1
2
1
10
1
=
.
+
+
3)2
27 s 9 s2
27 s 3
9 (s 3)2
s2 (s
Thus
y=
2
10
1
2
+ t e3t + te3t .
27 9
27
9
174
Exercises 4.3
26. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{y} sy(0) y (0) 4 [s
s2
Solving for
{y} y(0)] + 4
{y} =
6
.
s4
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s5 4s4 + 6
3 1 9 1
3 2
1 3!
1 1
13
1
=
+
+
+
.
+
4
2
2
3
4
s (s 2)
4 s 8 s
4 s
4 s
4 s2
8 (s 2)2
Thus
y=
3 9
1
1
13
3
+ t + t2 + t3 + e2t te2t .
4 8
4
4
4
8
s2
Solving for
{y} = 0.
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s2
Thus
3
3
2
.
=
6s + 13
2 (s 3)2 + 22
3
y = e3t sin 2t.
2
{y} y(0)] + 13
{y} y(0) + 51
{y} = 0.
{y} we obtain
{y} =
4s + 40
2s + 20
2(s + 5)
10
=
=
+
.
2s2 + 20s + 51
(s + 5)2 + 1/2
(s + 5)2 + 1/2 (s + 5)2 + 1/2
Thus
{y} y(0)] =
s1
.
(s 1)2 + 1
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s(s2
1
1 1 1
s1
1
1
=
+
.
2
2s + 2)
2 s 2 (s 1) + 1 2 (s 1)2 + 1
Thus
y=
1 1 t
1
e cos t + et sin t.
2 2
2
{y} y(0)] + 5
{y} =
1
1
.
+
s s2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
=
4s2 + s + 1
7s/25 + 109/25
7 1 1 1
+
=
+
2s + 5)
25 s 5 s2
s2 2s + 5
s2 (s2
7 1 1 1
s1
2
7
51
+
+
.
25 s 5 s2
25 (s 1)2 + 22
25 (s 1)2 + 22
175
Exercises 4.3
Thus
7
51
1
7
+ t et cos 2t + et sin 2t.
25 5
25
25
y=
31. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the dierential equation and letting c = y(0) we obtain
{y } +
2
{2y } +
{y} = 0
{y} 2y(0) +
{y} = 0
{y} cs 2 + 2s
{y} 2c +
s2 + 2s + 1
{y} = 0
{y} = cs + 2c + 2
cs
2c + 2
{y} =
+
(s + 1)2
(s + 1)2
=c
=
Therefore,
y(t) = c
1
s+1
+ (c + 2)
1
(s + 1)2
s+11
2c + 2
+
(s + 1)2
(s + 1)2
c
c+2
.
+
s + 1 (s + 1)2
= cet + (c + 2)tet .
{8y } +
{20y} = 0
{y} y (0) + 8s
{y} + 20
{y} = 0
{y} c + 8s
{y} + 20
{y} = 0
(s2 + 8s + 20)
{y} = c
{y} =
Therefore,
y(t) =
c
(s + 4)2 + 4
c
c
=
.
s2 + 8s + 20
(s + 4)2 + 4
To nd c we let y () = 0. Then 0 = y () = ce4 and c = 0. Thus, y(t) = 0. (Since the dierential equation
is homogeneous and both boundary conditions are 0, we can see immediately that y(t) = 0 is a solution. We
have shown that it is the only solution.)
33. Recall from Chapter 3 that mx = kx x . Now m = W/g = 4/32 = 18 slug, and 4 = 2k so that k = 2 lb/ft.
Thus, the dierential equation is x + 7x + 16x = 0. The initial conditions are x(0) = 3/2 and x (0) = 0.
The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
s2
Solving for
3
{x} + s + 7s
2
{x} +
{x} we obtain
21
+ 16
2
{x} = 0.
3s/2 21/2
15/2
3
s + 7/2
7 15
{x} = 2
=
.
2
2
2
s + 7s + 16
2 (s + 7/2) + ( 15/2)
10 (s + 7/2) + ( 15/2)2
176
Exercises 4.3
Thus
3 7t/2
15
15
7 15 7t/2
x= e
cos
sin
t
e
t.
2
2
10
2
s2
Solving for
q(0) = q (0) = 0.
{q} + 200
150
.
s
{q} =
{q} we obtain
{q} =
150
3
3 1 3
s + 10
10
.
=
Thus
q(t) =
3 3 10t
3
cos 10t e10t sin 10t
e
4 4
4
and
i(t) = q (t) = 15e10t sin 10t.
35. The dierential equation is
d2 q
dq
E0
+ 2 + 2 q =
,
dt2
dt
L
The Laplace transform of this equation is
{q} + 2s
s2
or
{q} + 2
s2 + 2s + 2
q(0) = q (0) = 0.
{q} =
{q} =
E0 1
L s
E0 1
.
L s
L
s
s + 2s + 2
L 2 s s2 + 2s + 2
For > we write s2 + 2s + 2 = (s + )2 2 2 , so (recalling that 2 = 1/LC,)
s+
1
{q} = E0 C
.
s (s + )2 (2 2 ) (s + )2 (2 2 )
Solving for
q(t) = E0 C 1 e
cosh
2
2
t
sinh t .
2 2
For < we write s2 + 2s + 2 = (s + )2 + 2 2 , so
1
s+
{q} = E0
.
s (s + )2 + ( 2 2 ) (s + )2 + ( 2 2 )
Thus for < ,
q(t) = E0 C 1 e
cos
2
2
t
sin t .
2 2
For = , s2 + 2 + 2 = (s + )2 and
E0
E0 1/2
1
1/2
1/
1
E0 1
{q} =
=
=
.
L s(s + )2
L
s
s + (s + )2
L2 s s + (s + )2
177
Exercises 4.3
Thus for = ,
q(t) = E0 C 1 et tet .
{q} +
1
C
{q} = E0
1
.
s+k
{q} we obtain
Solving for
{q} =
E0 C
E0 /R
=
.
(s + k)(RCs + 1)
(s + k)(s + 1/RC)
.
R
s+k
s + 1/RC
R 1/RC k s + k s + 1/RC
Thus
q(t) =
E0 C kt
et/RC .
e
1 kRC
E0
1
.
R (s + k)2
Thus
q(t) =
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
(t 1)
e2t
t
es
(t 1) = 2
s
(t 2) =
e(t2)
(t 2) =
(t 1) = 3
(3t + 1)
cos 2t
sin t
{(t 2)
(t ) =
e2s
(t 2) =
s+1
(t 2) + 2
E0 kt
E0 t/RC
te
te
=
.
R
R
(t 1)
{cos 2(t )
e2s
2e2s
+
s2
s
es
4es
(t 1) = 2 +
s
s
(t 2)} =
(t 1) + 4
(t )} =
ses
s2 + 4
ses
=
cos t
t
= 2
2
2
2
s +1
2s
e
1 2 2s
1
=
= (t 2)2 (t 2)
e
s3
2 s3
2
(1 + e2s )2
1
2e2s
e4s
=
+
+
= e2t + 2e2(t2)
s+2
s+2
s+2
s+2
s
e
= sin(t ) (t )
s2 + 1
s/2
se
= cos 2 t
t
2
s +4
2
2
t
178
(t 2) + e2(t4)
(t 4)
Exercises 4.3
47.
48.
es
s(s + 1)
e2s
2
s (s 1)
49. (c)
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
es
es
= (t 1) e(t1) (t 1)
s
s+1
2s
e2s
e
e2s
2 +
= (t 2) (t 2)
s
s
s1
=
=
50. (e)
51. (f )
52. (b)
53. (a)
2 4
(t 3) = e3s
s s
1 e4s
e5s
+
1 (t 4) + (t 5) =
s
s
s
2
2
t
(t 1) =
(t 1) + 2t 1
(t 1) =
(t 1)2 + 2(t 1) 1
2
2
1 s
=
e
+ 2+
s3
s
s
3
3
3
se3s/2
sin t
t
=
cos t
t
= 2
2
2
2
s +1
(t 2)
(t 2) + et2
54. (d)
24
tt
(t 2) =
t (t 2)
(t 2) =
sin t sin t
f (t) =
f (t) =
(t 2) 2
1
e2s
2e2s
(t 2) = 2 2
s
s
s
(t 2) =
sin t sin(t 2)
(t a)
eas
ebs
(t b) =
s
s
(t 1) +
(t 2) +
1
e2s
s2 + 1 s2 + 1
es
e2s
e3s
1 es
(t 3) + =
+
+
+ =
s
s
s
s 1 es
s
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} =
5 s
e .
s
{y} =
5es
1
1
= 5es
.
s(s + 1)
s s+1
y=5
(t 1) 5e(t1)
Thus
(t 1).
{y} we obtain
{y} =
{y} y(0) +
{y} =
1 2 s
e .
s s
1
1
2es
1
1
1
=
2es
.
s(s + 1) s(s + 1)
s s+1
s s+1
Thus
y = 1 et 2 1 e(t1)
(t 1).
(t 1)
{y} y(0) + 2
{y} =
179
1
s+1
es 2 .
2
s
s
Exercises 4.3
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
s s + 1
s 1 1
+
e
=
e
+
.
s2 (s + 2)
s2 (s + 1)
4 s 2 s2
4 s+2
4 s 2 s2
4 s+2
1 1
1 1
1
1
y = + t + e2t
+ (t 1) e2(t1) (t 1).
4 2
4
4 2
4
Thus
s2
Solving for
{y} =
1 es
.
s
s
{y} we obtain
{y} =
1s
1
1 1 1 s
1 2
1 s
s
s 1 1
e
=
.
s(s2 + 4)
s(s2 + 4)
4 s 4 s2 + 4 2 s2 + 4
4 s 4 s2 + 4
Thus
y=
1 1
1
1 1
cos 2t sin 2t
cos 2(t 1) (t 1).
4 4
2
4 4
s2
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} = e2s
s2
1
.
+1
s
1
1 2
2s 1
{y} = 2
+e
.
s +4
3 s2 + 1 6 s2 + 4
1
1
y = cos 2t +
sin(t 2) sin 2(t 2) (t 2).
3
6
Thus
s2
Solving for
{y} y(0)] + 6
{y} =
es
.
s
{y} we obtain
1
1
+
s(s 2)(s 3) (s 2)(s 3)
1 1 1 1
1 1
1
1
= es
+
.
6 s 2 s2 3 s3
s2 s3
{y} = es
Thus
1 1 2(t1) 1 3(t1)
+ e
e
6 2
3
y=
(t 1) + e3t e2t .
{y} we obtain
s
{y} = e
{y} =
e2s
es
.
s
s
1
s
s
1
2s 1
2
e
2
+ 2
.
s s +1
s s +1
s +1
Thus
y = [1 cos(t )]
(t ) [1 cos(t 2)]
180
(t 2) + sin t.
Exercises 4.3
70. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{y} sy(0) y (0) + 4 s
s2
Solving for
{y} y(0) + 3
{y} =
1 e2s
e4s
e6s
+
.
s
s
s
s
{y} we obtain
{y} =
Thus
y=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
+
e2s
+
3 s 2 s+1 6 s+3
3 s 2 s+1 6 s+3
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
4s 1 1
6s 1 1
e
+
+e
+
.
3 s 2 s+1 6 s+3
3 s 2 s+1 6 s+3
1 1 t 1 3t
1 1 (t2) 1 3(t2)
(t 2)
+ e
e + e
e
3 2
6
3 2
6
1 1 (t4) 1 3(t4)
1 1 (t6) 1 3(t6)
(t 4) +
(t 6).
+ e
+ e
e
e
3 2
6
3 2
6
71. Recall from Chapter 3 that mx = kx + f (t). Now m = W/g = 32/32 = 1 slug, and 32 = 2k so that
k = 16 lb/ft. Thus, the dierential equation is x + 16x = f (t). The initial conditions are x(0) = 0, x (0) = 0.
Also, since
20t, 0 t < 5
f (t) =
0,
t5
and 20t = 20(t 5) + 100 we can write
f (t) = 20t 20t
(t 5) = 20t 20(t 5)
(t 5) 100
(t 5).
{x} + 16
{x} =
20 20 5s 100 5s
2e
e .
s2
s
s
{x} we obtain
20
100
20
e5s
e5s
s2 (s2 + 16) s2 (s2 + 16)
s(s2 + 16)
4
s
5 1
5
25 1 25
5s
1e
e5s .
=
4 s2
16 s2 + 16
4 s
4 s2 + 16
{x} =
Thus
x(t) =
=
5
5
5
5
25 25
t
sin 4t (t 5)
sin 4(t 5)
(t 5)
cos 4(t 5)
(t 5)
4
16
4
16
4
4
5
5
5
t
sin 4t t
4
16
4
(t 5) +
5
sin 4(t 5)
16
(t 5) +
25
cos 4(t 5)
4
(t 5).
72. Recall from Chapter 3 that mx = kx + f (t). Now m = W/g = 32/32 = 1 slug, and 32 = 2k so that
k = 16 lb/ft. Thus, the dierential equation is x + 16x = f (t). The initial conditions are x(0) = 0, x (0) = 0.
Also, since
f (t) =
sin t, 0 t < 2
0,
t 2
181
Exercises 4.3
The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{x} + 16
s2
Solving for
{x} =
s2
1
1
2
e2s .
+1 s +1
{x} we obtain
1
1
e2s
(s2 + 16) (s2 + 1) (s2 + 16) (s2 + 1)
1/15
1/15
1/15
1/15
+ 2
2
+ 2
e2s .
= 2
s + 16 s + 1
s + 16 s + 1
{x} =
Thus
x(t) =
=
1
1
1
sin 4t +
sin t +
sin 4(t 2)
60
15
60
1
60
sin 4t +
1
15
(t 2)
1
sin(t 2)
15
(t 2)
sin t, 0 t < 2
t 2.
0,
73. The dierential equation is
2.5
dq
+ 12.5q = 5
dt
(t 3).
{q} + 5
2 3s
e .
s
{q} =
{q} we obtain
2
{q} =
e3s =
s(s + 5)
Thus
q(t) =
2
5
2 1 2
1
5 s 5 s+5
2
(t 3) e5(t3)
5
e3s .
(t 3).
s
Solving for
{q} we obtain
{q} =
Thus
q(t) =
{q} q0 +
3
q0
2
3
q0
2
{q} =
3
3e1.5 1.5s
.
e
s 1 s 1.5
1
3
1
+
3e1.5
s+1 2 s1
2/5
2/5
+
s+1
s 1.5
3
6
et + et + e1.5 e(t1.5) e1.5(t1.5)
2
5
(t 1.5).
di
3
3
+ 10i = sin t + cos t
t
,
dt
2
2
i(0) = 0.
{i} + 10
{i} =
1
se3s/2
+
.
s2 + 1
s2 + 1
182
e1.55 .
Exercises 4.3
{i} we obtain
Solving for
1
s
+ 2
e3s/2
+ 1)(s + 10) (s + 1)(s + 10)
1
1
s
10
1
10
10s
1
=
2
+ 2
+
+ 2
+ 2
e3s/2 .
101 s + 10 s + 1 s + 1
101 s + 10 s + 1 s + 1
{i} =
Thus
i(t) =
(s2
1 10t
cos t + 10 sin t
e
101
1
3
3
3
+
10e10(t3/2) + 10 cos t
+ sin t
t
.
101
2
2
2
(b)
0.2
1
-0.2
The maximum value of i(t) is approximately 0.1 at t = 1.7, the minimum is approximately 0.1 at 4.7.
76. (a) The dierential equation is
50
or
dq
1
+
q = E0 [
dt
0.01
(t 1)
(t 3)],
q(0) = 0
dq
+ 100q = E0 [
dt
(t 1)
(t 3)],
q(0) = 0.
50
{q} + 100
{q} = E0
1 s 1 3s
.
e e
s
s
{q} we obtain
E0
1 1
es
e3s
E0 1 1
1
1
{q} =
es
e3s .
50 s(s + 2) s(s + 2)
50 2 s s + 2
2 s s+2
Solving for
Thus
q(t) =
(b)
E0
(t 1) 1 e2(t3)
(t 3) .
1 e2(t1)
100
q
1
4
5
1
2
3
The maximum value of q(t) is approximately 1 at t = 3.
183
Exercises 4.3
Letting y (0) = c1 and y (0) = c2 we have
{y} =
so that
c1
c2
w0 1
1 eLs/2
+ 4+
3
5
s
s
EI s
4
1
1
1 w0
L
2
3
y(x) = c1 x + c2 x +
x4 x
2
6
24 EI
2
To nd c1 and c2 we compute
2
1 w0
L
2
y (x) = c1 + c2 x +
x x
2 EI
2
L
x
2
L
x
2
.
w0
L
L
x x
x
.
EI
2
2
and
y (x) = c2 +
2
1 w0
L
3 w0 L2
2
c1 + c2 L +
= c1 + c2 L +
L
=0
2 EI
2
8 EI
c2 +
w0
EI
L
1 w0 L
= c2 +
= 0.
2
2 EI
4
4
1
L
2L
1
1 w0
L
2L
2
3
y(x) = c1 x + c2 x +
x
x
x
x
.
2
6
24 EI
3
3
3
3
EI
To nd c1 and c2 we compute
1 w0
y (x) = c1 + c2 x +
2 EI
and
y (x) = c2 +
w0
EI
L
x
3
2
L
x
3
2L
x
3
2
2L
x
3
L
L
2L
2L
x
x
x
x
.
3
3
3
3
2
2
1 w0
L
1 w0 L2
2L
c1 + c2 L +
= c1 + c2 L +
=0
2 EI
3
3
6 EI
c2 +
w0
EI
1 w0 L
2L L
= c2 +
= 0.
3
3
3 EI
184
Exercises 4.3
Solving for c1 and c2 we obtain c1 = 16 w0 L2 /EI and c2 = 13 w0 L/EI. Thus
4
4
w0
1 2 2
L
2L
L
1
1
3
y(x) =
L x Lx +
x
x
x
EI 12
18
24
3
3
3
79. The dierential equation is
EI
d4 y
2w0 L
L
=
x
+
x
dx4
L
2
2
x
L
2
2L
x
3
.
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides and using y(0) = y (0) = 0 we obtain
2w0 L
1 Ls/2
1
4
s
.
{y} sy (0) y (0) =
+ 2e
EIL 2s s2
s
Letting y (0) = c1 and y (0) = c2 we have
{y} =
so that
c1
c2
2w0
1
1 Ls/2
L
+
+
+
e
s3
s4
EIL 2s5
s6
s6
1
L
L
1
2w0 L 4
1 5
1
2
3
y(x) = c1 x + c2 x +
x
x +
x
x
2
6
EIL 48
120
120
2
2
5
L
1
5L 4
1
w0
L
x
= c1 x2 + c2 x3 +
x x5 + x
.
2
6
60EIL 2
2
2
To nd c1 and c2 we compute
3
w0
L
y (x) = c1 + c2 x +
30Lx2 20x3 + 20 x
60EIL
2
and
2
w0
L
2
y (x) = c2 +
60Lx 60x + 60 x
60EIL
2
L
x
2
L
x
2
.
5
w0 L2 2
w0 L
L
w0
5L 4
5
y(x) =
x
+
x x + x
48EI
24EI
60EIL 2
2
c1
c2
w0 1
Ls/2
1
e
+
+
s3
s4
EI s5
185
L
x
2
.
.
Exercises 4.3
4
1
1
1 w0
L
2
3
4
y(x) = c1 x + c2 x +
x x
2
6
24 EI
2
so that
L
x
2
To nd c1 and c2 we compute
2
1 w0
L
2
y (x) = c1 + c2 x +
x x
2 EI
2
L
x
2
.
.
4
1
1
1
1 w0
L
1
5w0
2
3
4
= c1 L2 + c2 L3 +
c1 L + c2 L +
L
L4 = 0
2
6
24 EI
2
2
6
128EI
2
1 w0
L
3w0 2
2
c1 + c2 L +
= c1 + c2 L +
L
L = 0.
2 EI
2
8EI
9
57
Solving for c1 and c2 we obtain c1 = 128
w0 L2 /EI and c2 = 128
w0 L/EI. Thus
4
w0
L
19
1 4
1
9 2 2
L
3
y(x) =
x
L x
Lx + x
x
.
EI 256
256
24
24
2
2
{tekti } =
{t cos kt} + i
{t sin kt}
1
(s + ki)
s k
2ks
= 2
= 2
+i 2
.
2
2
2
2
2
(s ki)
(s + k )
(s + k )
(s + k 2 )2
2
s2 k 2
(s2 + k 2 )2
and
{t sin kt} =
2ks
.
(s2 + k 2 )2
{x} we obtain
{x} + 2
{x} =
Exercises 4.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
s
s2 4
=
2
2
s +4
(s2 + 4)
3
6s
d
=
{t sinh 3t} =
2
2
ds s2 9
(s 9)
1
d2
6s2 + 2
{t2 sinh t} = 2
=
3
ds
s2 1
(s2 1)
2s s2 3
s
d2
d
1 s2
2
=
{t cos t} = 2
=
3
ds
s2 + 1
ds (s2 + 1)2
(s2 + 1)
2t
6
12(s 2)
d
=
te sin 6t =
2
2
ds (s 2) + 36
[(s 2)2 + 36]
{t cos 2t} =
d
ds
s
.
s2 + 2
186
Exercises 4.4
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
d
s+3
(s + 3)2 9
te3t cos 3t =
=
2
2
ds (s + 3) + 9
[(s + 3)2 + 9]
1 3!
6
1 t3 =
= 5
s s4
s
2
2
t tet = 3
s (s 1)2
t t
s1
e e cos t =
(s + 1) [(s 1)2 + 1]
2t
1
e sin t =
(s 2)(s2 + 1)
t
1
1
{et } =
e d =
s
s(s 1)
0
t
1
s
1
cos d =
{cos t} =
= 2
2 + 1)
s
s(s
s
+1
0
t
1
t
1
s+1
s+1
e cos d =
e cos t =
=
2+1
2 + 2s + 2)
s
s
(s
+
1)
s
(s
0
t
1
d
1
1 2s
1
2
{t sin t} =
=
sin d =
=
2+1
2 + 1)2
2 + 1)2
s
s
ds
s
s
(s
(s
0
t
1
t
e
d = {t} {et } = 2
s
(s
1)
0
t
s
sin cos(t ) d = {sin t} {cos t} =
2
2
(s + 1)
0
t
t
3s2 + 1
d
d 1 1
=
t
sin d =
sin d =
2
2
ds
ds s s + 1
s2 (s2 + 1)
0
0
t
t
3s + 1
d
d 1
1
= 2
t
e d =
e d =
t
2
ds
ds
s
(s
+
1)
s
(s + 1)3
0
0
t
1
1/(s 1)
(a)
e d = et 1
=
=
s(s 1)
s
0
t
1
1/s(s 1)
(b)
(e 1)d = et t 1
=
=
s2 (s 1)
s
0
t
1
1
1/s2 (s 1)
(c)
(e 1)d = et t2 t 1
=
=
s3 (s 1)
s
2
0
{F (s)G(s)} = f g, so identify
F (s) =
2k 3
(s2 + k 2 )2
and G(s) =
4s
.
s2 + k 2
Then
f (t) = sin kt kt cos kt and g(t) = 4 cos kt
so
8k 3 s
(s2 + k 2 )2
{F (s)G(s)} = f g = 4
=
f ( )g(t )dt
0
=4
0
187
Exercises 4.4
Using a CAS to evaluate the integral we get
8k 3 s
= t sin kt kt2 cos kt.
(s2 + k 2 )3
(b) Observe from part (a) that
and from Theorem 4.8 that
so
1
21. f (t) =
t
22. f (t) =
1
t
23.
{f (t)} =
24.
{f (t)} =
25.
{f (t)} =
26.
{f (t)} =
27.
{f (t)} =
28.
{f (t)} =
t(sin kt kt cos kt) =
8k 3 s
,
(s2 + k 2 )3
tf (t) = F (s). We saw in (5) that
d
8k 3 s
2k 3
t(sin kt kt cos kt) =
= 2
.
2
2
2
ds (s + k )
(s + k 2 )3
d
1
1
1
1
[ln(s 3) ln(s + 1)] =
= e3t et
ds
t
s3 s+1
t
1
d 2
2s
2s
1
= (2 cos t 2 cos 2t)
ln s + 1 ln s2 + 4
=
2
2
2
ds
t
s +1 s +2
t
a
2a
1
1 eas
(1 eas )2
=
est dt
est dt =
2as
2as
1e
s(1 e
)
s(1 + eas )
0
a
a
1
1
est dt =
1 e2as 0
s(1 + eas )
b
1
a st
a 1
1
dt
=
te
1 ebs 0 b
s bs ebs 1
1
2
1
1 es
st
st
te
dt
+
(2
t)e
dt
= 2
2s
1e
s (1 e2s )
0
1
1
1
1
es/2 + es/2
s
st
e
sin
t
dt
=
= 2
coth
s
2
s/2
s/2
1e
s +1 e
s +1
2
e
0
1
1
1
est sin t dt = 2
2s
1e
s + 1 1 es
0
{y} +
{y} =
(s2
2s
.
+ 1)2
{y} we obtain
{y} =
2s
1 1
s
1 1
1 s
1
=
+ 2
.
+
+
(s + 1)(s2 + 1)2
2 s + 1 2 s2 + 1 2 s2 + 1 (s2 + 1)2
(s + 1)2
Thus
1
y(t) = et
2
1
= et +
2
1
1
1
1
sin t + cos t + (sin t t cos t) + t sin t
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
cos t t cos t + t sin t.
2
2
2
{y}
{y} =
2(s 1)
.
((s2 1)2 + 1)2
188
Exercises 4.4
Solving for
{y} we obtain
{y} =
2
.
((s 1)2 + 1)2
Thus
y = et sin t tet cos t.
31. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation is
{y} sy(0) y (0) + 9
s2
{y} =
s2
s
.
+9
{y} we obtain
2s + 5s + 19s 45
2s
5
s
= 2
.
+
+
(s2 + 9)2
s + 9 s2 + 9 (s2 + 9)2
3
Thus
y = 2 cos 3t +
5
1
sin 3t + t sin 3t.
3
6
{y} =
1
.
s2 + 1
{y} we obtain
{y} =
s3 s2 + s
s
1
1
= 2
.
2
+ 2
2
2
(s + 1)
s + 1 s + 1 (s + 1)2
Thus
y = cos t
1
1
sin t t cos t.
2
2
or
{y} =
1
s
s
+
2
es
s2 + 16 (s2 + 16)2
(s + 16)2
1
1
1
sin 4t + t sin 4t (t ) sin 4(t ) (t ).
4
8
8
(t )}
s
es {cos 4(t + )}
s2 + 16
s
=1+ 2
es {cos 4t}
s + 16
s
s
=1+ 2
es .
s + 16 s2 + 16
Thus
y=
{cos 4t cos 4t
{y} = 1 +
(s2 + 16)
and
{y} =
{y} =
1
+ sin t
t
2
2
sin t +
2
1 1 s/2
e
+ es/2
s s
1 1
= s + es/2 + es/2 {cos t}
s s
1 1 s/2
s
=s+ e
es/2 .
+ 2
s s
s +1
{y} = s +
189
Exercises 4.4
Thus
s
s
1
1
es/2
+
es/2 + 2
2
2
+ 1 s(s + 1) s(s + 1)
(s + 1)2
1
s
1
s
s
s
+ 2
2
es/2 + 2
= 2
es/2
s +1 s s +1
s s +1
(s + 1)2
1
s
1
s
=
es/2
2
es/2 + 2
s
s s +1
(s + 1)2
{y} =
and
s2
1
y = 1 1 cos t
t
+
t
sin t
2
2
2
2
2
1
= 1 (1 sin t)
t
+
t
cos t
t
.
2
2
2
2
s2
{y} =
1
2s
.
+
(s2 + 1) (s2 + 1)2
Thus
1
2s
+ 2
(s2 + 1)2
(s + 1)3
{y} =
and, using Problem 20,
1
1
(sin t t cos t) + (t sin t t2 cos t).
2
4
y=
36. (a)
y
1
0.5
1
-0.5
-1
(b)
y
4
2
1
-2
-4
{f } we obtain
{f } =
{t}
{f } =
{t}.
1
. Thus, f (t) = sin t.
s2 + 1
{2t} 4
190
{sin t}
{f }.
2
Exercises 4.4
Solving for
{f } we obtain
2s2 + 2
5
8
2 1
{f } = 2 2
+ 2
=
.
2
s (s + 5)
5 s
5 5 s +5
Thus
2
8
t + sin 5 t.
5
5 5
f (t) =
39. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
{f } =
Solving for
tet +
{t}
{f }.
{f } we obtain
{f } =
s2
1 1
3
1
2
1
1 1
=
+
.
+
3
2
3
(s 1) (s + 1)
8 s 1 4 (s 1)
4 (s 1)
8 s+1
Thus
f (t) =
1 t 3 t 1 2 t 1 t
e + te + t e e
8
4
4
8
{cos t}
{f } = 4
et +
{sin t}.
{f } we obtain
{f } =
4s2 + s + 5
4
2
7
=
+4
.
(s + 1)3
s + 1 (s + 1)2
(s + 1)3
Thus
f (t) = 4et 7tet + 4t2 et .
41. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
{f } +
Solving for
{f } we obtain
{f } =
{1}
{f } =
{1}.
1
. Thus, f (t) = et .
s+1
{cos t} +
et
{f }.
{f } we obtain
{f } =
s
1
+
.
s2 + 1 s2 + 1
Thus
f (t) = cos t + sin t.
43. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
{f } =
Solving for
{1} +
{t}
8
3
{t3 }
{f }.
{f } we obtain
{f } =
Thus
f (t) = cos
2 t cosh
s2 (s + 1)
s3
s2
= 4
+ 4
.
4
s + 16
s + 16 s + 16
1
2 t + (sin 2 t cosh 2 t + cos 2 t sinh 2 t).
2 2
191
Exercises 4.4
44. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
{t} 2
{f } we obtain
Solving for
{f } =
et et
{f }.
s2 1
1 1
1 3!
=
.
2s4
2 s2
12 s4
{f } =
Thus
1
1
t t3 .
2
12
f (t) =
45. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
{y} y(0) =
{1}
{sin t}
{1}
{y}.
{f } we obtain
Solving for
{y} =
s3 s2 + s
1
1
2s
= 2
.
+
s(s2 + 1)2
s + 1 2 (s2 + 1)2
Thus
y = sin t
1
t sin t.
2
s
{f } we obtain
Solving for
{y} =
{y} + 9
{1}
{y} =
1
. Thus, y = te3t .
(s + 3)2
i
30
di
1
+ 3i +
dt
0.05
or
di
+ 30i + 200
st
i( )d = 100
(t 1)
(t 2)
0
t
{1}.
i( )d = 1000
20
10
(t 2) ,
(t 1)
{i} y(0) + 30
{i} +
200
s
{i} we obtain
1000es 1000e2s
{i} =
=
s2 + 30s + 200
Thus
i(t) = 100 e10(t1) e20(t1)
{i} =
-30
1000 s
(e e2s ).
s
100
100
(es e2s ).
s + 10 s + 20
(t 1) 100 e10(t2) e20(t2)
192
(t 2).
Exercises 4.4
di
1
0.005 + i +
dt
0.02
or
di
+ 200i + 10,000
st
i( )d = 100 t (t 1)
(t 1)
1.5
i( )d = 20,000 t (t 1)
(t 1) ,
0.5
s
Solving for
{i} we obtain
{i} =
{i} +
10,000
s
1
1
{i} = 20,000 2 2 es .
s
s
0.5
1.5
2 t
20,000
2
2
200
s
(1 es ).
(1
e
)
=
s(s + 100)2
s s + 100 (s + 100)2
Thus
i(t) = 2 2e100t 200te100t 2
(t 1) + 2e100(t1)
(t 1) + 200(t 1)e100(t1)
(t 1).
di
+ i = E(t),
dt
1
0.5
{i} +
{i} =
{E(t)}.
-0.5
-1
1 es
{E(t)} =
.
s(1 + es )
Thus
(s + 1)
and
{i} =
1 es
s(1 + es )
1 es
1 es
1
=
s
s(s + 1)(1 + e )
s(s + 1) 1 + es
1
1
{i} =
Therefore
i(t) = 1 2 (t 1) + 2 (t 2) 2 (t 3) + 2 (t 4)
et + 2e(t1) (t 1) 2e(t2) (t 2)
+ 2e(t3) (t 3) 2e(t4) (t 4) +
= 1 et + 2
(1)n 1 e(tn)
n=1
193
(t n).
Exercises 4.4
i
1
di
+ i = E(t),
dt
0.5
{i} +
{i} =
{E(t)}.
-1
Thus
and
-0.5
= 2
.
s s es 1
s
s es 1
(s + 1)
{i} =
1
1 1
s2
s es 1
1
1
1
s2 (s + 1) s(s + 1) es 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
s2
s s+1
s s + 1 es 1
s
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
{i} =
Therefore
i(t) = t 1 + et ) (1 e(t1)
(t 1) 1 e(t2)
(t 2)
1 e(t3)
(t 3) 1 e(t4)
(t 4)
= t1+e
!
1 e(tn)
(t n).
n=1
51. The dierential equation is x + 2x + 10x = 20f (t), where f (t) is the meander function with a = . Using the
initial conditions x(0) = x (0) = 0 and taking the Laplace transform we obtain
(s2 + 2s + 10)
20
1
(1 es )
s
1 + es
20
=
(1 es )(1 es + e2s e3s + )
s
20
=
(1 2es + 2e2s 2e3s + )
s
20 40 !
=
+
(1)n ens .
s
s n=1
{x(t)} =
Then
{x(t)} =
!
20
40
(1)n ens
+
s(s2 + 2s + 10) s(s2 + 2s + 10) n=1
!
4
2
2s + 4
4s + 8
(1)n
2
+
2
ens
s s + 2s + 10 n=1
s s + 2s + 10
!
2 2(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1) + 1
n 1
(1)
+
4
ens
2+9
s
(s + 1)2 + 9
s
(s
+
1)
n=1
194
Exercises 4.4
and
!
1 t
n
x(t) = 2 1 e cos 3t e sin 3t + 4
(1) 1 e(tn) cos 3(t n)
3
n=1
1 (tn)
e
sin 3(t n)
(t n).
3
3
52. The dierential equation is x + 2x + x = 5f (t), where f (t) is the square wave function with a = . Using the
initial conditions x(0) = x (0) = 0 and taking the Laplace transform, we obtain
(s2 + 2s + 1)
Then
5
5
1
= (1 es + e2s e3s + e4s )
s
s 1+e
s
!
5
=
(1)n ens .
s n=0
{x(t)} =
!
!
5
1
1
1
n ns
n
{x(t)} =
ens
(1) e
=5
(1)
2
s(s + 1)2 n=0
s
s
+
1
(s
+
1)
n=0
and
x(t) = 5
(t n).
n=0
5
53. Let u = t so that du = d and
t
f g =
f ( )g(t ) d =
0
f ( )[g(t ) + h(t )] d =
0
f ( )g(t ) d +
0
195
f ( )h(t ) d
0
f ( )[g(t ) + h(t )] d = f g + f h
f (t u)g(u)du = g f.
54. f (g + h) =
Exercises 4.4
55. (a) The output for the rst three lines of the program are
9y[t] + 6y [t] + y [t] == t sin[t]
2s
(1 + s2 )2
11 4s 22s2 4s3 11s4 2s5
Y
(1 + s2 )2 (9 + 6s + s2 )
1 2s + 9Y + s2 Y + 6(2 + sY ) ==
The fourth line is the same as the third line with Y removed. The nal line of output shows a solution
involving complex coecients of eit and eit . To get the solution in more standard form write the last line
as two lines:
euler = {E(I t) -> Cos[t] + I Sin[t], E(-I t) -> Cos[t] - I Sin[t]}
InverseLaplaceTransform[Y,s,t]/.euler//Expand
We see that the solution is
487 247
1
y(t) =
+
t e3t +
(13 cos t 15t cos t 9 sin t + 20t sin t) .
250
50
250
(b) The solution is
1
1
y(t) = et et/2 cos 15 t
6
6
3/5 t/2
sin 15 t.
e
6
(t 3) (4 + 4 cos t)
5
t
Exercises 4.5
1. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation yields
{y} =
1 2s
e
s3
so that
y = e3(t2)
(t 2).
2
es
+
s+1 s+1
so that
y = 2et + e(t1)
(t 1).
1
1 + e2s
s2 + 1
196
(t ).
Exercises 4.5
so that
y = sin t + sin t
(t 2).
1
4
e2s
2
4 s + 16
1
sin 4(t 2)
4
(t 2).
so that
s2
s
1
+ 2
(e2s + e4s )
+1 s +1
so that
(t 2) +
y = cos t + sin t[
(t 4)].
1
1 1 1 1
s
{y} = 2
(1 + e ) =
(1 + es )
s + 2s
2 s 2 s+2
1 1 2t
1 1 2(t1)
y= e
(t 1).
+
e
2 2
2 2
so that
s+1
3 1
1 1
1
3 1 1 1
1 1 2s
2s
=
+
+
e
e
s2 (s 2) s(s 2)
4 s 2 4 s 2 s2
2 s2 2 s
so that
y=
3 2t 3 1
1
1
e t + e2(t2)
4
4 2
2
2
1
e2s
(s + 2)2 + 1
so that
y = e2(t2) sin t
(t 2).
1
es
(s + 1)2
so that
y = (t 1)e(t1)
197
(t 1).
(t 2).
Exercises 4.5
11. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation yields
{y} =
=
4+s
es + e3s
+
s2 + 4s + 13
s2 + 4s + 13
s
2
s+2
1
3
3
+
+
+ e3s
e
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 (s + 2) + 3
(s + 2) + 3
3 (s + 2) + 3
so that
y=
2 2t
1
sin 3t + e2t cos 3t + e2(t) sin 3(t )
e
3
3
1 2(t3)
+ e
sin 3(t 3) (t 3).
3
(t )
1
e2s + e4s
+
2
(s 1) (s 6) (s 1)(s 6)
2s
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
=
+
+ e4s
+
+
e
25 s 1 5 (s 1)2
25 s 6
5 s1 5 s6
so that
1 t 1 t
1 6t
1 t2 1 6(t2)
y = e te + e + e
(t 2)
+ e
25
5
25
5
5
1
1
+ et4 + e6(t4)
(t 4).
5
5
1 2
1 3!
1 P0 3! Ls/2
y (0) +
y (0) +
e
2 s3
6 s4
6 EI s4
so that
y=
1
1
1 P0
y (0)x2 + y (0)x3 +
2
6
6 EI
X
L
2
3
x
L
2
.
P0 L x2 1 x3 , 0 x < L
EI 4
6
2
=
2
P0 L
1
L
L
x
,
x L.
4EI 2
12
2
y=
1
1
1 P0
y (0)x2 + y (0)x3 +
2
6
6 EI
X
L
2
3
x
L
2
x
L
2
.
P0 L 2
L
1
0x<
x x3 ,
EI 16
12
2
=
3
P
1
L
L 2
L
1 P0
0
,
x x3 +
x
x L.
EI 16
12
6 EI
2
2
198
Exercises 4.6
15. The Laplace transform of the dierential equation yields
1
s2 + 2
{y} =
so that y(t) = sin t. Note that y (0) = 1, even though the initial condition was y (0) = 0.
Exercises 4.6
1. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives
s
{x} =
{x} +
{y} 1 = 2
{y}
{x}
so that
{x} =
1
1 1
1 1
=
(s 1)(s + 2)
3 s1 3 s+2
and
{y} =
1
2
2 1
1 1
+
=
+
.
s s(s 1)(s + 2)
3 s1 3 s+2
Then
x=
1 t 1 2t
e e
3
3
and y =
2 t 1 2t
e + e .
3
3
so that
and
Then
{y} =
y=
{x} 1 = 2
{y} 1 = 8
1
s1
1
{x} 2
s
{y} +
s3 + 7s2 s + 1
1 1
8
1
173 1
53
1
=
1 1
173 4t
53 4t
1
1
y + t = t et +
e +
e .
8
8
8
15
192
320
so that
and
Then
{x} + 1 =
{y} 2 = 5
{x} =
{y}
{x}
{y}
s 5
s
5 3
= 2
s2 + 9
s + 9 3 s2 + 9
x = cos 3t
y=
{x} 2
5
sin 3t.
3
1
7
1
x x = 2 cos 3t sin 3t.
2
2
3
{y} =
1
s
{x} + (s 1)
{y} =
1
s1
(s + 3)
(s 1)
199
Exercises 4.6
so that
{y} =
4
1
5s 1
1 1 1 1
+
+
=
2
3s(s 1)
3 s 3 s 1 3 (s 1)2
and
{x} =
1 2s
1
1
1 1 1 1
=
.
2
3s(s 1)
3 s 3 s 1 3 (s 1)2
Then
x=
1 1 t 1 t
e te
3 3
3
1 1
4
and y = + et + tet .
3 3
3
{x} + s
{x} + (s 3)
1
s
2
{y} =
s
{y} =
so that
{x} =
s 3
1 1 5 1
2
=
+
s(s 2)(s 3)
2 s 2 s2 s3
and
{y} =
3s 1
1 1 5 1
8 1
=
+
.
s(s 2)(s 3)
6 s 2 s2 3 s3
Then
1 5
x = + e2t 2e3t
2 2
1 5
8
and y = e2t + e3t .
6 2
3
{x} (s 1)
{y} = 1
{x} + (s + 2)
{y} = 1
so that
{y} =
and
{x} =
s + 1/2
s + 1/2
=
s2 + s + 1
(s + 1/2)2 + ( 3/2)2
s2
3/2
3/2
.
=
+s+1
(s + 1/2)2 + ( 3/2)2
Then
t/2
y=e
3
cos
t
2
t/2
and x = e
sin
3
t.
2
so that
and
Then
{x}
{x} + (s + 1)
2
{y} = 2
{y} = 1
2s2 1
1 1
3 1
= 2
s4 + 2s2
2 s
2 s2 + 2
1
3
x = t sin 2 t.
2
2 2
{x} =
3
1
y = x + x = t + sin 2 t.
2
2 2
{y} = 1
{x} (s + 1)
{y} = 1
(s + 1)
4
200
Exercises 4.6
so that
{x} =
and
{y} =
Then
s+1
2
s+2
1
=
+
2
2
+ 2s + 5
(s + 1) + 2
2 (s + 1)2 + 22
s2
s + 3
s+1
2
=
+2
.
s2 + 2s + 5
(s + 1)2 + 22
(s + 1)2 + 22
1
x = et cos 2t + et sin 2t
2
24 s5
and
so that
x=8+
1 4 1 3
t + t
24
3
1 3!
4!
+
5
s
3 s4
1 3!
3 s4
and y =
1 4 1 3
t t .
24
3
{x} =
and
{y} =
{x} + s3
{x} 2s3
{y} =
s2
6
+1
{y} = 0
4
4 1
4 s
8 1
=
2
2
(s 2)(s + 1)
5 s 2 5 s + 1 5 s2 + 1
s3 (s
2s + 4
2
1 1
1
2
6 s
8 1
= 2 2 3 +
+
.
2
2
2)(s + 1)
s s
s
5 s 2 5 s + 1 5 s2 + 1
4 2t 4
8
e cos t sin t
5
5
5
Then
x=
and
1
6
8
y = 1 2t 2t2 + e2t cos t + sin t.
5
5
5
{x} + 3(s + 1)
s2
so that
{x} =
{x} + 3
{y} = 2
{y} =
1
(s + 1)2
2s + 1
1 2
1
1
1
= + 2+
.
s3 (s + 1)
s s
2 s3
s+1
Then
1
x = 1 + t + t2 et
2
and
y=
1 t 1
1
1
1
te x = tet + et .
3
3
3
3
3
201
Exercises 4.6
12. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives
{x} + 2
{y} =
2es
s
{x} + (s + 1)
{y} =
1 es
+
2
s
(s 4)
3
1/2
1
+ es
(s 1)(s 2)
(s 1)(s 2)
1 1
1
1 1
1
=
+ es
+
2 s1 2 s2
s1 s2
so that
{x} =
and
{y} =
Then
and
es
s/4 1
s/2 + 2
+
+ es
s
(s 1)(s 2)
(s 1)(s 2)
3 1
1 1
3 1
1
s 1
=
+e
+
.
4 s1 2 s2
s 2 s1 s2
1 t 1 2t t1
(t 1)
+ e2(t1)
e e + e
2
2
3
1
3
y = et e2t + 1 et1 + e2(t1)
(t 1).
4
2
2
x=
{x2 } = 1
{x1 } + (s + 2)
{x2 } = s
(s2 + 5)
2
so that
and
Then
and
6
s2 + 2s + 2
2 s
1 1
2 s
4
{x1 } = 4
=
+
+
s + 7s2 + 6
5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 6 5 6 s2 + 6
6
s3 + 5s + 2
4 s
2 1
1 s
2
{x2 } = 2
=
+
+
.
(s + 1)(s2 + 6)
5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 6 5 6 s2 + 6
1
2
2
4
cos t + sin t cos 6 t + sin 6 t
5
5
5
5 6
4
2
2
1
x2 = cos t + sin t + cos 6 t sin 6 t.
5
5
5
5 6
x1 =
14. In this system x1 and x2 represent displacements of masses m1 and m2 from their equilibrium positions. Since
the net forces acting on m1 and m2 are
k1 x1 + k2 (x2 x1 )
and
202
k2 (x2 x1 ) k3 x2 ,
Exercises 4.6
respectively, Newtons second law of motion gives
m1 x1 = k1 x1 + k2 (x2 x1 )
m2 x2 = k2 (x2 x1 ) k3 x2 .
Using k1 = k2 = k3 = 1, m1 = m2 = 1, x1 (0) = 0, x1 (0) = 1, x2 (0) = 0, and x2 (0) = 1, and taking the
Laplace transform of the system, we obtain
{x1 }
{x2 } = 1
{x1 } (2 + s )
{x2 } = 1
1
+3
{x2 } =
(2 + s2 )
{x1 } =
so that
s2
1
x1 = sin 3 t
3
Then
and
s2
1
.
+3
1
and x2 = sin 3 t.
3
15. (a) By Kirchos rst law we have i1 = i2 +i3 . By Kirchos second law, on each loop we have E(t) = Ri1 +L1 i2
and E(t) = Ri1 + L2 i3 or L1 i2 + Ri2 + Ri3 = E(t) and L2 i3 + Ri2 + Ri3 = E(t).
(b) Taking the Laplace transform of the system
0.01i2 + 5i2 + 5i3 = 100
0.0125i3 + 5i2 + 5i3 = 100
{i2 } + 500
{i3 } =
10,000
s
{i2 } + (s + 400)
{i3 } =
8,000
s
(s + 500)
gives
400
{i3 } =
so that
s2
8,000
80 1 80
1
=
.
+ 900s
9 s
9 s + 900
Then
i3 =
80 80 900t
e
9
9
and i2 = 20 0.0025i3 i3 =
e
9
9
(c) i1 = i2 + i3 = 20 20e900t
16. (a) Taking the Laplace transform of the system
i2 + i3 + 10i2 = 120 120
(t 2)
gives
10s
so that
{i2 } + s
{i2 } + 5(s + 1)
{i3 } =
120
1 e2s
s
{i3 } = 0
{i2 } =
48
120(s + 1)
60
12
2s
=
1
+
1 e2s
2
(3s + 11s + 10)s
s + 5/3 s + 2
s
{i3 } =
240
240
240
2s
=
1
1 e2s .
2
3s + 11s + 10
s + 5/3 s + 2
and
203
Exercises 4.6
Then
and
i2 = 12 + 48e5t/3 60e2t 12 + 48e5(t2)/3 60e2(t2) (t 2)
i3 = 240e5t/3 240e2t 240e5(t2)/3 240e2(t2) (t 2).
(b) i1 = i2 + i3 = 12 + 288e5t/3 300e2t 12 + 288e5(t2)/3 300e2(t2)
(t 2)
(s + 11)
gives
{i2 } + (s + 6)
50
+1
50
{i3 } = 2
s +1
{i3 } =
s2
so that
{i2 } =
50s
20 1
375
1
145 s
85
1
=
+
+
+
.
(s + 2)(s + 15)(s2 + 1)
13 s + 2 1469 s + 15 113 s2 + 1 113 s2 + 1
Then
i2 =
and
i3 =
20 2t
375 15t 145
85
+
+
e
e
cos t +
sin t
13
1469
113
113
1
810
25
11
30 2t
250 15t 280
sin t i2 i2 =
e
e
cos t +
sin t.
+
3
6
6
13
1469
113
113
gives
200
so that
{i2 } =
{i1 } + 100
{i1 } + (s + 200)
120
s
{i2 } = 0
{i2 } =
6 1 6
s + 100
100
24,000
6
=
.
s(s2 + 200s + 20,000)
5 s 5 (s + 100)2 + 1002
5 (s + 100)2 + 1002
6 6 100t
6
cos 100t e100t sin 100t
e
5 5
5
Then
i2 =
and
i1 = 0.005i2 + i2 =
6 6 100t
cos 100t.
e
5 5
gives
200
so that
{i2 } =
{i1 } + 50
{i1 } + (s + 200)
60
s
{i2 } = 0
{i2 } =
6,000
s(s2 + 200s + 5,000)
s + 100
50 2
6 1 6
6 2
.
5 s 5 (s + 100)2 (50 2 )2
5 (s + 100)2 (50 2 )2
204
Exercises 4.6
Then
and
6 6 100t
6 2 100t
i2 = e
cosh 50 2 t
sinh 50 2 t
e
5 5
5
6 6
9 2 100t
i1 = 0.005i2 + i2 = e100t cosh 50 2 t
e
sinh 50 2 t.
5 5
10
20. (a) Using Kirchos rst law we write i1 = i2 + i3 . Since i2 = dq/dt we have i1 i3 = dq/dt. Using Kirchos
second law and summing the voltage drops across the shorter loop gives
E(t) = iR1 +
so that
Then
i1 =
1
q,
C
(1)
1
1
E(t)
q.
R1
R1 C
dq
1
1
= i1 i3 =
q i3
E(t)
dt
R1
R1 C
dq
1
+ q + R1 i3 = E(t).
dt
C
Summing the voltage drops across the longer loop gives
and
R1
E(t) = i1 R1 + L
di3
+ R2 i3 .
dt
i1 R1 + L
or
and
50e1 s
e
s+1
(s + 1)
{q} +
(s + 1)
{i3 }
{q} = 0,
{q} =
50e1 es
(s + 1)2 + 1
so that
{i3 } =
(t 1) = 50et sin(t 1)
4 s2 + 2
2
s
so that
or
{1 } + s2
{1 } + s2 + 2
3s2 + 4 s2 + 4
{2 } =
{2 } = 3s
{2 } = 0
{2 } = 3s3
s
3 s
1
.
2 s2 + 4/3 2 s2 + 4
205
(t 1).
Exercises 4.6
Then
2 =
so that
2
1
3
cos t cos 2t
2
2
3
1 =
2
1
3
cos t + cos 2t.
4
4
3
(b)
6 t
6 t
1
2
Mass m2 has extreme displacements of greater magnitude. Mass m1 rst passes through its equilibrium
position at about t = 0.87, and mass m2 rst passes through its equilibrium position at about t = 0.66.
The motion of the pendulums is not periodic since cos 2t/ 3 has period 3 , cos 2t has period , and the
2
1
1
-1-0.5 0.5 1
-1
-2
(d) t=0
t=3
t=1
t=4
t=2
t=5
206
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-0.2111
-0.6585
0.4830
-0.1325
-0.4111
0.8327
0.0458
-0.9639
0.3534
0.4370
0.8263
0.6438
-1.9145
0.1715
1.6951
-0.8662
-0.3186
0.9452
-1.2741
-0.3502
t=7
t=8
t=9
(e) Using a CAS to solve 1 (t) = 2 (t) we see that 1 = 2 (so that the double pendulum
is straight out) when t is about 0.75 seconds.
t=10
t=0.75
(f ) To make a movie of the pendulum it is necessary to locate the mass in the plane as a function of time.
Suppose that the upper arm is attached to the origin and that the equilibrium position lies along the
negative y-axis. Then mass m1 is at (x, (t), y1 (t)) and mass m2 is at (x2 (t), y2 (t)), where
and y1 (t) = 16 cos 1 (t)
A reasonable movie can be constructed by letting t range from 0 to 10 in increments of 0.1 seconds.
{f (t)} =
st
te
2.
{f (t)} =
dt +
(2 t)est dt =
1
4
est dt =
1
2
2 es
2
s
s
1 2s
e4s
e
s
e7t =
1
s+7
7t
1
=
te
(s + 7)2
2
s2 + 4
3t
2
e
sin 2t =
(s + 3)2 + 4
d
2
4s
{t sin 2t} =
= 2
ds s2 + 4
(s + 4)2
{sin 2t} =
207
12.
{sin 2t
(t )} =
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
s6
21.
22.
23.
24.
s2
2
es
+4
= cos (t 1)
1
1 L
= 2
L2 s2 + n2 2
L n
5t
exists for s > 5.
e
20.
(t )} =
1 5!
1
= t5
6 s6
6
1
1
1
1
=
= et/3
3s 1
3 s 1/3
3
1
1
1
2
=
= t2 e5t
(s 5)3
2 (s 5)3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
= e 5 t + e 5 t
2
s 5
5 s+ 5
5 s 5
5
5
s
5
5
s5
2
= e5t cos 2t + e5t sin 2t
+
=
s2 10s + 29
(s 5)2 + 22
2 (s 5)2 + 22
2
1 5s
= (t 5) (t 5)
e
s2
s + s
s
s
s
=
e
e
+
e
s2 + 2
s2 + 2
s2 + 2
13.
{sin 2(t )
(t 1) + sin (t 1) (t 1)
1
n/L
n
=
sin
t
s2 + (n2 2 )/L2
Ln
L
d
te8t f (t) = F (s 8).
ds
{eat f (t k) (t k)} = eks {ea(t+k) f (t)} = eks eak {eat f (t)} = ek(sa) F (s a)
t
1
F (s a)
{eat f (t)} =
, whereas
ea f ( ) d =
s
s
0
t
t
F (s)
F (s a)
eat
f ( ) d =
f ( ) d
=
=
.
s
sa
0
0
ssa
ssa
25. f (t)
(t t0 )
(t t0 )
(t t0 )
(t t0 ) + f (t)
(t t1 )
(t 1)
(t 4) = t (t 1)
(t 1)
(t 4)
1
1
1
2 es e4s
s2
s
s
t
1
1
1 4(s1)
e f (t) =
e(s1)
e
(s 1)2
(s 1)2
s1
{f (t)} =
208
(t 3)
(t 2) + [(t 2) + 2] (t 2) = 2 + (t 2)
2
1
{f (t)} = + 2 e2s
s s
t
2
1
e f (t) =
e2(s1)
+
s 1 (s 1)2
(t 2)
32. f (t) = t t
(t 1) + (2 t) (t 1) (2 t) (t 2) = t 2(t 1)
1
2
1
{f (t)} = 2 2 es + 2 e2s
s
s
s
t
1
2
1
e(s1) +
e2(s1)
e f (t) =
2
2
(s 1)
(s 1)
(s 1)2
(t 1) + (t 2)
(t 2)
5
1
2
+
(s 1)2
2 (s 1)3
1
y = 5tet + t2 et .
2
(s
1
8s + 20)
1)2 (s2
6
6
5
1
1
1
s4
2
+
+
2
2
2
169 s 1 13 (s 1)
169 (s 4) + 2
338 (s 4)2 + 22
so that
y=
1
6 4t
5 4t
6 t
e + tet
e cos 2t +
e sin 2t.
169
13
169
338
35. Taking the Laplace transform of the given dierential equation we obtain
s3 + 6s2 + 1
2
1
2
e2s
e2s
2
s (s + 1)(s + 5) s (s + 1)(s + 5)
s(s + 1)(s + 5)
6 1 1 1
3
1
13
1
= + 2 +
25 s 5 s
2 s + 1 50 s + 5
6 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ 2+
e2s
25 s 5 s
4 s + 1 100 s + 5
1
1
1
2 1 1
+
e2s
5 5 2 s + 1 10 s + 5
{y} =
so that
y=
6
1
+ t2 +
25 5
1
+ e(t2)
4
3 t 13 5t
4
1
e e
(t 2) (t 2)2
2
50
25
5
9 5(t2)
e
(t 2)
(t 2).
100
(t 2)
s3 + 2
2 + 2s + s2 s
e
s3 (s 5)
s3 (s 5)
=
so that
y=
2 1
37 1 12 1
1
2 1
1 2
127 1
1 2
37
es
+
125 s 25 s2
5 s3
125 s 5
125 s 25 s2
5 s3
125 s 5
2
127 5t
37
37 5(t1)
2
1
12
1
t t2 +
e
(t 1) (t 1)2 +
e
(t 1).
125 25
5
125
125 25
5
125
209
1
1 2
1
+
+
s s2
2 s3
1
y(t) = 1 + t + t2 .
2
{f })2 = 6
or
{f } = 6
1
s2
{x} +
{y} =
{x} + s
1
+1
s2
{y} = 2
so that
{x} =
Then
s2 2s + 1
1 1 1 1
9 1
=
+
+
.
s(s 2)(s + 2)
4 s 8 s2 8 s+2
1 1
9
x = + e2t + e2t
4 8
8
and y = x + t =
9 2t 1 2t
e + t.
e
4
4
{x} + s2
2s
{x} + s2
1
s2
1
{y} =
s2
{y} =
so that
{x} =
2
1 1 1 1
1
=
+
2
s(s 2)
2 s 2 s 2 (s 2)2
{y} =
s 2
1
3 1 1 1
3 1
=
+
.
s2 (s 2)2
4 s 2 s2
4 s 2 (s 2)2
and
Then
x=
1 1 2t
e + te2t
2 2
3 1
3
and y = t + e2t te2t .
4 2
4
i( ) d = 2t2 + 2t.
10i + 2
0
210
(t 5).
2(s2
20
1 e5s
+ 20s + 200)
1 1
1
1
s + 10
10
=
1 e5s
2
2
2
2
10 s 10 (s + 10) + 10
10 (s + 10) + 10
so that
q(t) =
1
1
1
e10t cos 10t e10t sin 10t
10 10
10
1
1
1
43. Taking the Laplace transform of the given dierential equation we obtain
2w0
c1 2!
L 4!
5!
5!
1
1
c2 3!
{y} =
5
6+
6 esL/2 +
+
EIL 48 s
120 s
120 s
2 s3
6 s4
5
2w0 L 4
1 5
1
L
y=
x
x +
x
EIL 48
120
120
2
so that
L
x
2
c2
c1
+ x2 + x3
2
6
where y (0) = c1 and y (0) = c2 . Using y (L) = 0 and y (L) = 0 we nd
c2 = w0 L/4EI.
c1 = w0 L2 /24EI,
5
w0
L
L2 3 L3 2 1
1
L
y=
x5 + x4
x +
x +
x
12EIL
5
2
2
4
5
2
Hence
L
x
2
.
44. Taking the Laplace transform of the given dierential equation we obtain
{y} =
c1
2s
c2
4
w0
4
es/2
2 s4 + 4
4 s4 + 4 4EI s4 + 4
so that
y=
c1
c2
sin x sinh x + (sin x cosh x cos x sinh x)
2
4
w0
+
sin x
cosh x
cos x
sinh x
4EI
2
2
2
2
2
.
2
w0 sinh 2
,
EI sinh
c2 =
w0 cosh 2
.
EI sinh
Hence
y=
w0 sinh 2
w0 cosh 2
sin x sinh x
(sin x cosh x cos x sinh x)
2EI sinh
4EI sinh
w0
+
sin x
cosh x
cos x
sinh x
4EI
2
2
2
2
211