PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. ‘ON COMPUTER METHODS AND ADVANCES IN GEOMECHANICS MORGANTOWN / WEST VIRGINIA /USA/ 22-28 MAY 1998 Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics Edited by H.J.SIRIWARDANE, West Virginia University Morgantown, Wes Virginia, USA M.M.ZAMAN University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklakoma, USA VOLUME 1 ‘Keynote paper:/Invted lead papers/! Analytic, emi-analytic, and boundary element -methods/2 CAD, expert systems, sofware, and computers in education/3 Consttuive ‘modeling/4 Coupled problems and consolidaion/S Discontinuoss media, discrete element methods and blasting A.A. BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1994 ap Matos and Adraces b Geach, Saas & Zana "Stet Bahona, Rona SENSO SA6SS09 Estimation of the consolidation constitutive relations ‘A.Naser Abu-Heileh & Dobroslay Znidarcie Univers of Colorado ot Boulder, Cola, USA ABSTRACT: An algorithm forthe determinatos permeability relations of sot sole fom the teas tateisdvcribed. The integral equation describing the sendy state cond Anite sexi conotidation theory, and found to be eficient and viable. The slut Fesults in the sepage induce ‘is aed to find the consolidation constitutive el teat reralte Co the measured values, 1 INTRODUCTION al facilities The emouat of wo hat can be stored in a given dapeeal end on the magnitude of seltement (Gensfcaton) that the material will experience due to its own weight after depctiton The f te stran consolidation theory developed Uy Gib fon etal (1967) desenber the magnitde and the progress of settlement fr these sft sil. In {his theory the governing noninas partial difer- ential eqution for one dimensional consoldation vas derved as inthe direction of gravity ler tetime; 4 and are the unit weightel water and ‘old respective eis the void rt, nthe vcd The origin of time, ie the cate DBetmenbiliy, and ois te vertical eective sess, he compressibility and permeability consitatine ontldaton test foray et ofthe contld A parameter estimation algorithm bated on the Newton method 2 ofthe nonlinear contol ofthe seepage induced fon is used o predict the sea contitativereltens, fed with thelnesenich technique ms ofthe sil that match the numerically prediced feltions forthe consolidating material need to be determined experimentally and then seed in the numerical selon of Eq. 1. Seite forms {or the compressibility ad permeabity tlaions kece @ ‘The constitutive relations given in Eqs 2 and 3 contain ve parameters, 4, B,C, D, and 2, that have to be determined fem the experiment, The om tes ad the deve Were aed tn deterring tm invree protien aslation fpproach. In the test, «slurry sol sample that hasan intial thickness of 1, ie Ie to roar dale under its own weight and eal op fle. tive stesso. Then, the sil ssnple'ssobjected toa downward Bow tte, which igre the em toldation procear inthe sat sil spe, as the sample teaches stendy state ite Bal beg Hy and bottom eectve ste aa weasel aching the stendy state imps that the elo Sige the slid pase of the seme ta ie apparent Darian eater veloc eaesated ms the Iiypsed dcnnard fe ate ove the sen othe ”sample constant theugh every eon tection of ie temple Ath wage, the steady sate nid sh te inka ide of the Sy sa bie comenpnds fo te ver ai ater eect ‘ress, a ‘This void ratio is determined experi ‘nena and an be exprated weep AZ for {Geom given in By. 2) Ales the seepage in tcl conahation at completed wep od ing tet with dec peomeatty measurement inperformed. ‘The metsred date fom the tst tue the yo rai, othe eorependingefective ‘reno andthe catespondng coin per neath “The mearred date atthe sendy alate inthe seepage Induced coneoaton tnt pore ar Ilion inthe low range of fective eres where {he consolidation contitetierelone ee Bghly tonlnet. ce the sendy sate condone re ‘onto by the sl compresbty sad peme. Shi slaonn, the mented dates the sate {inte cedar te bat forthe ition of the ‘Susidton coneGteive With the revls of the step loading edhe mearuedvotd ee ‘procedure. The conaitative ps aD ate chosen to be the fee rameters and the other parameters ae determined ‘An ficient numerical lgrthin forthe deter rinaon ol the consolidation congtetie pare let B tad D fom the reas of the wepege Snced cnslaton test ead sate wa de ‘eloped and eed int fotensftarepaclage famed SICTA (Abu Hejl und aide 1008) [A the a step inthe any te noted Iaton of ewiy dered tego waed pr he aby ae a hy he rate timation tale apd y Bad Sette couchdationconsatie yemrtes at smbch the numerical predicted tn elt the mere ela 2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STEADY STATE SEEPAGE CONDITIONS ‘The fellowing three equations govern the steady state inthe seepage induced consoldation text the eguiieium equation, the Darey's nw, and the Principle of efectve tes. Inthe flowing bese ‘Sustion ate given inthe material coordinate, Sihich is related Uo the Lagrangian coordina, by ft ik © ‘The eurium equation is: ee Meaty © cre cy i the total vertical stress The Dates + (Gibeom eal, 1987) i “ tehete uy i the excess pore water pressure shove Bydostatc conditions; and vie the apparent re tive Darcian velocity between the water phase nd the sold phase. AL steady tate ie eqel to Apparent Darcian water velocity tnce the wel: ity ofthe ed phase is sero. The principle ofthe ffcive tres ie elec enw 0 srhere wi the static poe water pressute, Th ef fective stress principle canbe expresed i integral form ee a Mee eel a By consideving Ege 10, 7,8 and that hte the elective sgt at any materia depth = an be cbtaned by 2) = 05+ [ere +) de [Ovens [™ shaded ttn mraes [ Base ae (8 (ted (0) Note that the fet tw terme of Ba. 12 represent the effective stress due to the top fective sre ‘00 Void ratio 20.0 30.0 Eooe é 2 0.04 Ist iter aha ‘ee YE ier =a Hs Ae 0.06 Figuce 1: Void ratio distribution during the et and self weight, respectively, term represents ihe effective ster eto the veep ‘geforce. In the Lagrangian coordinate, Bq fn be expresied ae ila) = +e ne (146) Dagens LEGS & 09 ‘his integral frm andthe form given in By. 12 are sve tthe secondorderoriary dierent ‘Stuotion genie Be In ode to obtain sprosiale solution of Eq 32, the height of slide Hy = ye teprsening ‘he scaton domaine died fi give nu ber of nodes, NA numeral elation for the sendy sate vad Srltanousy Ea. 12 an the compre and Fermenbiliy telaone given in Eye and 9, re {Pectvely, ie determined by an iterative scheme 1m theft tren the consldation de to. “Sigh and op efecive ses in smulated by cok ‘lating the eective sre at various moder fers {be fat i terms of Ey 12 andthe corerpond 2m void ratio detrbutio relented wig Ba 1 Ge second iteration, the Youd rato distrib on obtained from the previous train ed {0 alealate the permet dictation at we 0% nodes ating Eq 3 then, new elective stat sor > Aistibution is updated sting Eq, 12 and the cor tesponding vid ratio dati in i blaine’ fms Eq. 2. The proces of ealslation described for the second iteration i repented unl the vid ratio itibution between Uw consecutive iterations, f a there ¢ is specified small value, An example ofthe void ratio dstibation during the tration resented in Figee I, in which te fart. a noted 3. PARAMETER ESTIMATION ANALYSIS. For any set of the conslidation constittie pe fameters, and with the kpown ey and i the seepage induced consohdaton tet, the numeral simulation of the tet ured to prediet the sendy Sate void elo dtibution, from which the pe- height ofthe sample, Zl, ne [Masoe as) ted the predicted bottom efectve sites, ey it fsleulated a: (pez 08) chet esis the estimated void ratio t the bot tom of the sample. These numerce predietions te compared tothe experimentally cbaived dea, 4, and ou, inthe parameter estimation eelyis by calculating the normalised diflernce teeter, X ‘th the componente CX fe, xen 22) an xa=n- SH, xe@yen-H1 ay An iterative parameter estimation algorithm boaed on the Newton method Coupled wih the line earch technique (Demis ets 1968) devel ‘ped and used to minimise the {lal ovinaied Be E Modified $20 estimates e b for k+1_ a tower 15 Estimates at k+1 Figae 2 Mudcat strategy forthe optimized Figue 8: Line search strategy 10 — 1 ‘stancters tht exceed the epper and loners ars 1 5 aa resented in Fig 4 tn Fig. (a), the successive Porometer 8 Number of iterations ET] gy gral ae ee ie) [xem dkinosiried orth ase antl nce gue The pants tiation rea a asin iterations leading to the same values for patemctet Bed D at the end ofthe iteration proces Fig {0} ents the change in the iotl ormulize ier, ce during the same iterations The loganthenc scales used forthe ordinate ais in order to bet {er present the several orders cf magaitude chase forthe total notmaliaed diference throughout tee iteration process. Fast convergence ts teted for this example. The numberof iterations depends on the itl estimate or the parameters bat thes final rales i independent ofthe inl enn, ‘Nuwerical te diference is wed to ealslate the relict ofthe metex piven in Bq 19 Lower sud uppee hints for paranttersB and D arespen, ‘ed Lae the rage of ponuibleconsitavg ys nici fr the matenal. If the estimate of Bet oF D exceied these limite the change of the ‘plsnzed paranetes from iteration Fe eration Vis reduced enungh to bring either one ot both Xara to the specfed limite dewonssnted in Figure ‘The line seach techniques consider ih! > Ge as denionstrated in Figure 2, where the tae ‘Table I: Reals ofthe sepage induced cntlidatin tae at sendy slate (ru = 0.8 4N/m?). 7 0.45 10-t ‘Tale 3: Analyse eels obtained fom program the sptinized parateer trom terton kere 4 ANALYS! SPHATIC ime ora) secre EcthmtPniscgromendas | Lawn asel & [tasl scat] [SESs [in| faa] eae [eee PS) ‘aloe of @ is les than QF. Quadratic interpolation betwese A aud Q is soed tu fd Dae that correspond to he miinsun value of Q. With the known change of the optiizsd parameters fom iteration to iteration kT, the ertinatesof Band D fespond to Ay are calculated and he ne slat fr iertion 1 ‘The paranr estimation eration sequence i 1, The retult ofthe sep loading and permeability tests and the measured vod ratio at ere elective ‘tee, eg ate listed in Tobe 2 Using these test fesults as input data, progeam SICTA was wed 2 oblain the contldation constitutive parameters for phosphatic clays. The member of moder end the € values sed in the sumerial simulation of the seepage induced consclidation tet at sendy ate conditions re choten a ft and L's 10:450-7 rare Seminole Aagrico 9 — harico N 20 Void ratio 3 O- remarry 0910.1 1 10 100 Effective stress (kPa) Fogute 5. The estimated compreniiitycelatons for pheaphatie dy sate conditions ae choten as 4D and 1 10-4, fespectvely. The parameter estimation ena ‘sss terminated once the lotal normalized fer. ‘ce between the prdiced and messted test re. becomes las than 1x 10-*. The lower for parameter B were chosen as parameters was cbtsined fr each aol when the parameter edimaion analy started from difer nt ets of iil estimates, The ob Ue compresibibty and permeability relations for these sis are shown in Figeter 5 and 6, sespec tively Figure $ indicates tht the compresibity relations ofthese phosphatic lysate highly now liner ithe low range of elective eres 8 CONCLUSIONS [As demonsirated, the numerical tented in this paper ie an eficent tool for the Acterminaion of the highly nonlineat compres Ability and permeability relations of eft ol frome the seals of seepage ft steady sate Tn th " ecu staen of eflectve ros the sam Ble at steady sate are accounted for and the con. foldaton coestittive parameter of the sil thet ‘atch the numerically predicted test teas fo the measured valerate determined lye pre 307 Seminole Agrico S 2 20j— Agrico N. 8 2 Biol s O- 10-" 10 10 107 Permeability (m/s) Figure 6 The estimated permesblityreltions for hospatie clay, ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The work prevented here ‘as partially supported by the Florida Institute ‘of Phosphate Revnrch, Thi soppot i gratefully ‘acknowledge, [REFERENCES [Abe ejich, ALN. and Znidarsc,D, (1992) "User Manual for Compater Program SICTA” Report prepared for FIPR, University of Colorado, Boeder Dennis, JE. and Schasbel, RB. (1989) “Namercal Methods fr Unconstained Optimization” Prentice-Hall Serie in Computational Mathematics, Englewood Clif, New Jere Gitson, RE, England, GL, and Hasse, MAL. (967), *The Theory of Ore Dimensal Consclidation of Saturated Clays 1. Pnite Nonlinear Conslidtion of Thin Hemogeneous Layers” Geotechnque (8), 261-278 Uy, 3.C. and Znidarte, D. (1951), "Modeling ‘One-Dimeascnal Compretson C of Sole” J. of Getech, Engrg. Di ni, (G11), 162.160 Cant Motes an Ades Guana a Zana (is "Cio Bahoma Retro ISN BDEAO SOD Characterization of time-dependent behavior of anisotropic cohesive soils MA.AFShamani ing Saud University Sou Arabia sSuwe Univers of Colorado, Colo, USA STRACT: A nt, model for anigotropi cohenve sola fe ty recaning irre tanner ie earn forma further Geer sok be coms sponoe of eoheaive wos, «daznge If presen del The vlliy the soda has bon ‘xaminel aad predcons compare latory sh ‘SperimenialrntSi anetopy hos Toca wha dgnibcal Oba oe ead ‘Gasp teaponte of coheaive sls, 1 INTRODUCTION 1 a evident, that mat eahesive soils are rate tenave, and occur in an aninotropic sale due {eter tcposionlconadation envionment, However, derpte the increased undertanding of the elect of anisotropy and tine dependency cn thee fetal a unified charscter- Instion of both of then remains tow lage extent ‘gud, Thery ert no gency orale iecaan.te ie Saas oe es eae ae Se mas mt hese sll a developed, where the 2 BOUNDING SURFACE ELASTOPLASTICITY- VISCOPLASTICITY ety vino (Dla, 1969), the n- ste salaries Laon it ned tenon par dS duped venine me fen yt O} here ys and 0 the late, plat, and Tecopic rin hte tensors a pi mene Nowy Plea = (O08) Ly o where 0(48) le the vacous flow function. is ‘txument Ad ls termed the *normulied over stay and a defined interme of he Bocas 5