Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SURVEY
L. ti.A.
FEB 9 1918
Serial No. 77
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
E . LESTER JONES, SUPERJlilTENDENT
CARTOGRAPHY
THE LAMBERT
CONFORMAL CONIC ' PROJECTION
WITH TWO STANDARD PARALLELS
INCLUDING
BY
CHARLES H. DEETZ
MAR
5 1991
us
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1918
JAN 2 41992
11.1.S lne
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January 1, 2006
PREFACE.
Anyone wishing data to enable him to construct a Lambert projection should consult the section commencing with "Construction
of a Lambert Conformal Conic Projection with Two Standard
Parallels," page 17. The necessary tables follow this section and the
plate explanatory of the construction is No. III at the end of this
manual.
Special tables for constructin~ a Lambert projection in the region
of the French war zone are published separately, as a supplement to
this manual; also certain essential conversion tables. All the elements were calculated by the First Army of France for their general
war map, with the origin of coordinates at the intersection of latitude 55 grades north, and longitude 6 grades east of Paris.
The author takes pleasure in acknowledging valuable assistance
rendered in the preparation of this paper by Messrs. Oscar S. Adams
and Walter D. Sutcliffe, geodetic computers, and Mr. Harlow Bacon,
cartographer, United i?tates Coast and Geodetic Survey.
2
CONTENTS.
Part 1.-LAMBERT'S CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTION WITH TWO STANDARD
PARALLELS.
Page.
Introduction....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
Historical. ........................................................ ~ . . .
l\fap projections................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Conformal (definition).................................................
Description of Lambert's conformal conic projection based on the French approximate formula......................................................
Computation of geographic coordinates for Lambert's conformal conic projection, according to the F'rench appro.kimate formula ............... ...... .-..
Construction of a Lambert conformal conic projection with two standard parallels ........... ~.......................................................
Construction of the Tables and their Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables for constructing a Lambert conformal conic projection................
Mathemetical development of the rigid formula for Lambert's projection......
Application of the rigid formula of Lambert:
1. For a map of France................................................
2. For a map of the United States......................................
System of kilometric squares used on Lambert's projection in France........
5
5
7
7
8
10
17
19
20
34
43
45
47
Lambert's projection......................................................
The Bonne projection......................................................
The polyconic projection...................................................
Lambert's zenithal equal area projection....................................
Conclusion................................................................
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ILLUSTRATIONS.
49
53
54
57
59
61
Following page.
Frontispiece.
Plate
I. Lambert's conformal conic projection; origin of meridians at Greenwich; geographic coordinates in degrees........................
Plate II. Lambert's conformal conic projection; origin of meridians at Paris;
geographic coordinates in grades............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plate III. Lambert's conformal conic projection; construction plate..........
Plate IV. The Bonne projection of hemisphere..............................
Plate V. Polyconic development of a sphere ............................. :
Plate VI. Lambert's zenithal equal area projection.........................
Plate VII. Quadrillage kilometrique systeme Lambert.......................
3
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
UMITS OF PROJtCTION
He had the facility for applying mathematics to practical questions. The introduction of hyperbolic functions to trigonometry
was due to him, and his discoveries in geometry are of great value,
as well as his investigations in physics and astronomy. He was also
the author of several remarkable theorems on conics which bear his
name./
We are indebted to A. Wangerin, in Ostwald's Klassiker, 1894, for
the following tribute to Lambert's contribution to cartography:
The importance of Lambert's work consist.a mainly in the fact that he was the first
to make general investigations upon the subject of map projection. His predecessors
limited themaelves to the investigations of a single method of projection, especially
the perspective, but Lambert considered the problem of the representation of a sphere
upon a plane from a higher standpoint and stated certain general conditions that the
representation was to fulfill, the most important of these being the preservation of
angles or conformality, and equal surface or equivalence. These two properties, of
course, can not be attained in the same projection.
Although Lambert has not fully developed the theory of these two methods of
representation, yet he was the first to express clearly the ideas regarding them. The
former-conformality-has become of the greatest importance to pure mathematics
as well as the natural sciences, but both of them are of great significance to the cartographer. It is no more than just, therefore, to date the beginning of a new epoch
in the science of map projection from the appearance of Lambert's work. Not only
is his work of importance for the generality of his ideas but he has also succeeded
remarkably well in the result.a that he has attained.
MAP PROJECTIONS.
In the construction of maps the initial problem is the representation of a portion or all of the curved surface of the earth on a plane.
As a curved (or spheroidal) surface can not be fitted to a plane
without distortion, such a representation must necessarily involve a
certain amount of approximation or compensation.
The object, then, is to devise some system of p1ojection best adapted
to meet the requirements the map is to fulfill, whether the desirable conditions be a matter of correct angles between meridian and
parallel, scaling properties, equivalence of areas, rhumb lines, etc.
Some of the elements desired may be retained at the expense of
others, or a compromise may be adopted. A projection for an
area of predominating east and west dimensions would not be suited
for an area of predominating north and south dimensions. Thus, a
map of the United States with its wide longitude and comparatively
narrow latitude should never be drawn on a polyconic projection, as
appears to be the case in some of our Government bureaus. The
linear meridional distortion of such a projection is as much as 61
per cent on the Pacific coast. By using Lambert's conformal conic
projection the maximum linear distortion in a map of the United
States can be reduced to 1 per cent.
The use of a projection for a purpose to which it is not best suited
is therefore generally unnecessary and should be a voided.
All these projections have certain unquestionable merits as well as
equally serious defects, and each region to be mapped should be made
the subject of special study and, as a rule, that system of projection
adopted which will give the best results for the area under consideration.
CONFORMAL.
The length a of the arcs of parallels on the initial parallel is laid off
upon the circle of radius co.
The meridians are represented by straight lines radiating from
c at intervals proportional to the longitude, the angle between any
meridian and the jnitial meridian being ( M- M 0 ) sin L 0
ra and oq_ (fig. 3) are arcs of the parallels corresponding to the
difference of longitude indicated by the angle at c.
The other parallels are also represented by circles with center
at c, spaced in such a way as to make the projection conformal;
that is, to preserve angles unchanged. t
It can be proved that in order to realize this condition the spacing
of the parall,els should be
{3
(33
+ 6P
02
9
THE LA.MBERT :PROJECTION.
f>phere
Fta. 2.
FJG. 1.
Lambert Projection
FIG. 3.
Fie. 4.
Fm. 5.
a'= the length of the arc of the parallel of A included between the
two meridians.
fJ =the length of the arc of the meridian included between parallels, reckoned from 0.
N0 =HQ'= the length of the normal to the surface at the parallel
. of 0, produced to the minor axis.
=radius of ourvature in the prime vertical.
10
11
=../Ro No.
r 0 =co=radius of circle representing middle parallel (fig. 4).
8 =the angle on the projection between the meridian of any
point A and the initial meridian= convergence of meridians.
m=constant ratio (nearly unity) by which the soale of projection is reduced. This diminishes the scale along the central parallel, preserves the scale along two selected parallels
equidistant from the center, and increases it beyond these
parallels.
m = 1-
2 ~37
fJ3
Ar=l'J+ 6- ,
Po
d(A!)_=l+~
d{J
2po2
d~;) equal to unity, and in this way hold the scale true upon any
two selected parallels at equal distances north and south of the middle parallel.
We must determine x so that
or approximately,
{32
1--=1-x
2po2
12
*N
_
a
1 _ (1- e2 sin2
ormal No- (l-e2 sin2 ~)~ or No a
*Fac t or A
(1-e2 . sin2,,~)~
asm 1
~)i
No sin I"
=3.1944499-10
*R _ a(l-e2 )
0
1 .
R 0 =Bsinl"
{3 being the arc of the meridian reckoned from 0, and Po the mean
13
in terms of the arc (ft) along the meridian for the case of a cone
tangent at po, the scale being held exact upon the parallel of tangency, follows:
p c1+. cos p)
,.
j(p)=r=Ktanl -
2
1-.cosp- 2
By Taylor's theorem
11
_Jn(p.) "n+
Jn
I'
The. primes denote differentiation with regard to the arc fl, the relation between
d{3 and dp being
a(l-< 2 )dp
dfl=c1-.2 cos2 p)I
Taking logarithms the equation becomes
(
p lE
COB
lE
p)--'2 log (1-E
COB
p).
By differentiation,
dp
lE2 sinp]
1-E COS p
d{3
(1- 2 cos 2 p): l(l- 2 cos2 p)l
a(l-2 )
asinp
(a)
j)ifferentiating again,
P)
!' (p) f
~ - (l-2 ) cos p
(1- 2 cos2 p)I
dfJ (l-2 cos2 p) sin p'
a(l-e2)
f"(p)
f'
(p)
c)
(
14
These derivatives roust now be evaluated for the co-latitude p0 Since the
cone is tangent at the co-latitude p 0 , we have
a tan Po
!( Po.)-r
- o (l-02 cos2 Po)!
Since the scale is to be held exact upon the parallel of tangency, we have
condition
th~
this being the general relation between a curve and its tangent.
From equation (a)
! '( Po )
or
l=cos Po
If these values of l,f'(p0 ), and f"(p 0 ) are substituted in equation (c), there results
Ill( )
Po
2
(l-E2 COS p0 ) .
a2(l-2)
If p0 is the geometric mean of the radii of curvature at the po1m p0 , we can express
this equation in the form
When these values are substituted in the Taylor's series, the series oecomes
[33
[33
or, Ar=f3++...
6 2
Po
This is the correct value of the series to the third power of f3.
Po= ..JRoNo
log R 0 = 6. 8043035 (from II)
log N 0 = 6. 8055501 (from I)
2)13.6098536
log Po= 6. 8049268
15
6 Pe2
becomes,
55607. 3 +
55 07
~ Po~
33
be~
47
48
49
50
51
52
m=l-2037
r for 47 00' = 5, 733, 454 meters.
(IV)
17
16
Fm. 6.
x=r sin(}
y=r-r cos 8=r (I-cos 0)=2 r sin2 ~
(}
or,y=x tan 2
8=45' 36" for 1 from central meridian.
Applying the above, we have the following:
FOR LATITUDE 47 00', r-5,733,454.
x ..............
y ...
1 long.
_s_ 1-6-
76,049
504
152,085
2,017
228,094
4,539
304,063
379, 9781455,827
12,
18, 149
531,595
24,698
8,068
605
(V)
r~S,177,455.
~~
~~
~a
~~
~~
~~
18
Ar={3+-62
Po
20
JI
(0.76 JI)
Log sin 8
Gradf.,
0.02.
0.04.
0.06.
0.08.
1 38.496
2 27. 744
3 16.992
49.248
6.3779635
6.6789934
6.8550847
6.9800234
2.4548970
3.0569570
3.4091396
3.6500168
0.10.
0.12.
0.14 .. .................................
0.16.
0.18.
4
4
5
6
7
06.240
55.488
44. 736
33.984
23.232
7.0769334
7.156114.6
7.2230614
7.2810532
7.3322056
3.8528368
4.0111994
4.1450930
4. 2610768
4.3633820
0.2.
0.3.
0.4.
8 12.480
12 l!l.72
16 24.96
7.3779630
7.5540538
7.6789918
4.4548968
4.8070792
/i.0569560
0.5.
0.6.
0. 7.
0.8. ..............
0.9.
20 31.20
24 37.44
28 43.68
32 4~.92
36 56.16
7. 7759009
7.8550810
7.9220265
7. 9800169
8.0311677
5.2507760
5.4091376
5.5430304
5.6590136
5.7613180
41
45
49
53
57
02.40
08.64
14.88
21.12
27.36
8.0769232
8.1183137
8.1561000
8.190&'i93
8.2230413
5.8528318
5.9356160
6.0111020
6.0807150
6.1450830
1.0.
1.1. ...................................................
1.2.
1. 3 ....................................................
1.4.
1.5. ...............................
1.6 ...................................................
1. 7 ...................................................
1. 8 ....................................................
1.9 ....................................................
1
1
1
1
1
01
05
09
13
17
33.60
39.84
46.08
52.32
58.56
8.2530015
8.2810271
8. 3073525
8.3321726
8.3556498
6.2050078
6.2610638
6.3137198
6.3633654
6.4103256
1
1
1
1
1
22
26
30
34
38
04.80
11.04
17.28
23.52
29. 76
8.3779222
8. 3991073
8. 4193062
8.{.386067
8.4570852
6.4548764
6.4972528
6.5376574
6.5762652
6.6132300
42
46
50
54
59
36.00
42.24
48.48
00.96
8.4748090
8. 4918371
8.5082220
8.5240107
8.5392447
6.6486846
6.6827486
6. 7155268
6. 7471126
6. 7775896
2
2
2
2
2
03
07
11
15
19
07.20
13.44
19.68
25.92
32.16
8.5539619
8.5681960
8. 5819778
8. 5953351
8.6082931
6.8070330
6. 8355106
6.8030842
6.8898086
6. 9157350
3.6.
3. 7. ..
3.8. ...
3.9.
2
2
2
2
2
23
27
31
35
40
38.40
44.64
50.88
57.12
03.36
8.6208750
8.6331023
8.6449940
8.6565680
8.6678412
6.9409100
6.9653752
6.9891696
7. 0123296
7.0348878
4.0. ....
4.1. ....
4.2. ...
4.3.
4.4. .
2
2
2
2
3
44
48
52
56
00
09.60
15.84
22.08
28.32
34.56
~-6788284
8.6895439
8. 7000008
8. 7102112
8. 7201865
7.0568744
7.0783178
7.0092446
7.1196784
7.1396424
4.5.
3 04 40.80
8. 7299371
7.1591574
2.5.
2.6. ......
2.T. ......
2.8.
2.9.
3.0 . .....................
3.1. ....................................................
3.2.
3.3 .. ...............
3.4. .........
3.5 .. -
54. 72
21
II.
Spacing of
parallels
Latitude L
Radius r
Log r
Grades.
52.5 ................................................... .
52.6 .................................................. ..
52.8 ................................................... .
52.9 ................................................... .
250
240
230
22{1
210
53.0 ................................................... .
53.1. ................................................. ..
113.2 ................................................... .
63.3 ................ : .................................. .
63.4 ................................................... .
200 097. 7
190 091.4
180 085.2
170 079.4
160 073. 7
5 658
5 648
6 638
5 628
5 618
660.0
653. 7
647. 5
641. 7
636.0
6. 7527186
6. 7519449
6. 7511750
6. 7504036
6. 7496309
53.5 .................................................. ..
150 ()(18.5
140 063.4
130 058.3
120 053. 6
110 049.0
5
5
5
5
5
61\8
598
588
578
568
(130. 8
62/J. 7
620.6
615.9
611.3
6.7488569
6. 7480814
5 558 606.8
5
5
5
5
648 602.4
538 598. 0
5'28 5\l3.~
5tS 589.5
6. 7449659
6. 7441836
6. 7433998
6.742&147
6. 7418281
5
5
5
5
5
508
498
488
478
468
6. 7410400
6. 7402500
6. 7394597
6. 7386674
52.7 .................................................. ..
53.6 .................................................. ..
53.7 .................................................. ..
03.8 .................................................. ..
63.9 ................................................... .
64.0 ................................................... .
54.1. .................................................. .
54.2 ................................................... .
54.3 .................................................. ..
135.2
126.9
119. l
lll.5
104.4
044. 5
040.1
100
\){)
80
70
60
035. 7
50
40
30
20
10
022. 7
018.~
013. 8
009.4
Oi\1.3
027.2
004.8
0.0
10
20
30
40
55.8 .................................................... 1
!ll
ft:
+
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I
005.0
010. 0
015.2
020.8
50
\\0
70
80
6. 7550116
6. 75424119
6. 7534809
5 458 5\\2.3
5 448 557.3
5 438 552.3
5 428 547.1
5 418 541.5
6. 7473046
6. 7465264
6. 74574.69
6. 73787ll6
6.7370783
6. 7362815
6. 7354833
6. 7346836
6. 7338824
5
5
5
5
5
408 535.6
398 529.4
388 523.1
378 516.5
368 509.3
6,7330797
100 060. 4
110 068. 2
12() 070. 4
130 085, 2
140 O\l4.4
5
5
5
5
5
3/J8
348
338
328
318
501. 9
494.1
485.9
477.1
467.9
6. 7290433
6. 7282315
6. 7274180
6. 7266031
6.7207866
150
160
170
180
190
5
5
5
5
5
308 458.2
298 448.0
288 437.1
278 425.8
268 413.8
6. 7249684
258 401. 2
248 388.0
23.~ 374. 2
228 359.5
218 344.2
208
198
188
178
1118
104. l
ll-i.3
125. 2
136. 5
148.5
210
220
230
240
174.3
188.1
202.8
218.1
5
5
5
5
5
57.9 ................................................... ..
250
260
270
280
290
234.2
250. 9
2118.5
2S7. 2
306.5
5
5
5
5
li
58.0 .................................................. ..
300 326.6
585.0
580. 6
576.1
571. 7
0\\7.1
6. 7557750
026. 7
O:l2.ll
039.2
<H5.8
90 053.0
200 161.1
i:11: :
6. 7565370
5 708 697.5
5 6D8 689.2
5 688 681. 4
5 678 673.8
5 668 666. 7
6. 7322755
6. 7314097
6.7300625
6. 7298537
6. 7241486
6. 7233273
6. 7225044
6. 7216798
6. 7208537
6. 7200259
6. 7191966
6. 7183tl54
6. 7175327
328.1
311.4
293.8
275. l
255.8
6. 7158622
6, 7150246
6. 714Ul51
6.7133440
5 158 235. 7
6. 7125012
6. 7166983
22
III
TABLE
----.
Latitude
Langitu de
52.5G
52.fiG
52.70
II
52.So
11
Meters
J.fcters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meter a
.'deters
52.9G
I
i
x
Meters
11
Grades
0.02 ...
0.04 ..
0.06 ...
0.08 ...
Met era
1363. 0
2726. 0
4089. 0
541i2.l
0.2
0.7
1.5
2.6
0.10 ..
0.12 ...
0.14 ...
0.16 ...
0.18 ..
6815.1
8178.1
9541.1
10 904. l
12 267.1
4.1
5.9
8.0
10.4
13.2
0.2 ....
0.3 ...
0.4 ....
13 630.1
~ 445.2
260.2
16.3
36.6
65.1
0.5 ....
0.6 ....
0.7 ....
0.8 ....
0.9 ....
34
40
47
54
61
075.2
890.1
705.0
519. 8
334.5
101. 7
146.4
199.3
260.3
329.5
34
40
47
54
61
015. 4
818. 4
C.21. 3
424.2
227.0
101.5
146.2
199.0
259.9
328.9
33
40
47
54
61
955. 7
746. 7
537. 7
328. 6
119. 4
101. 3
145.9
198.6
259.4
328.3
33
40
47
54
61
896. 0
675.1
454.1
233.0
011. 9
101.2
14.5. 7
108.3
259.0
327.8
33
40
47
54
60
836.2
60:l.4
370 5
137.5
904.4
101.0
145. 4
197.9
258.5
327.2
1.0 ....
1.1.. ..
1.2 ....
1.3 ....
1.4 ....
68
74
81
88
95
149.1
963. 6
778.1
592.4
406.6
406.8
492.2
585.S
687.5
797.3
68
74
81
88
95
029. 7
832.2
634. 7
437.1
239.3
406.1
491. 4
584. 7
680.3
795.9
67
74
81
88
95
910.
700. 8
491. 4
281. 8
072.1
405.4
490.5
583. 7
685.1
794.5
67
74
81
88
94
790. 7
569. 4
348. 0
126. 5
904. 9
404.6
489.6
582.7
683.9
793.1
67
74
81
87
94
671. 3
438. 0
204. 7
971. 2
737. 6
403.9
488.8
581. 7
682.6
791. 7
0.2
0.6
1. 5
2.6
1358. 2
2716.5
4074. 7
5432.9
0.2
0.6
1.5
2.6
1355. 8
2711. 7
4067.5
6423.4
0.2
0.6
1.5
2.6
1353. 5
2706. 9
4060. 4
6413.8
6803.1
8163. 7
9524. 4
10 885.0
12 245.6
4.1
5.8
8.0
10.4
13.2
6791. 2
8149. 4
9507.6
10 86.5.9
12 224.1
4.1
5.8
7.9
10.4
13.1
6779. 2
8135.1
9490.9
10 846.8
12 202.6
4.0
5.S
7.9
10.4
13.1
6767. 3
8120. 7
9474. 2
10 827. 7
12 181.1
13 606. 2
20 409.3
27 212. 4
16.2
3G.5
65.0
13 582.3
20 373.5
27 164. 6
16.2
36.5
64.9
13 558. 4
20 337. 7
27 116.8
16.2
36.4
64. 7
13 534. 6
20 301.8
27 069.0
1360. 6
2721.2
4081. 9
5442. 5
Mete..rs
0.2
0.6
1.5
2.6
4.0
5.8
7.9
10.3
13.1
16.2
36.3
64.6
1.6 ....
1. 7 ....
1.8 ....
1.9 ...
034. 5
848. 3
661. 9
475. 3
915.3
1041.3
1175. 6
1318. 0
1468. 5
102
108
11.5
122
129
041. 4
843. 4
645. 2
446. 8
248.3
913. 7
1039. 4
1173. 5
1315. 6
1465. 9
101
108
115
122
129
862.2
652.3
442.1
231. 8
021.3
912.1
1037. 6
1171. 5
13I:l. 3
1463.3
101
108
115
122
128
683.1
461.2
239.0
016. 8
794. 4
910.4
1035.8
1169. 4
1311.0
1460. 7
101
108
115
121
128
503.9
270.0
036.0
801. 8
567. 4
908.8
1034.0
1167.3
1308. 7
1458.2
2.0 ...
2.1.. ..
2.2 ....
2.:r....
2.4 ....
136
143
149
156
163
288.5
101. 6
914.3
727
539
1627.1
1793.9
1968. 8
2152
2343
136
142
149
156
163
049. 6
850. 7
651.6
452
253
1624. 2
1790. 7
1965.3
2148
2339
135
142
149
156
162
810. 7
599. 9
388.8
178
966
1621. 4
1787. 6
1961. 9
2144
2335
135
142
149
155
162
571.8
349.0
126.0
903
679
1618.5
1784. 4
1958.4
2141
2331
135 332.9
142 098.1
148 863.2
155 628
162 393
1615. 7
1781.3
1955.0
2137
2327
2.5 .. ..1110
2.6 ... 177
2.7 .... 183
2.8 ... 190
2.9 .... 197
352
164
975
787
598
2542
2750
2965
3189
3421
170
176
183
190
197
053
853
653
452
251
2538
2745
2!JGO
3183
3415
169 754
170 043
183 330
190 905
2533
2740
2955
3178
3409
169
176
183
189
196
456
232
008
783
558
2529
2735
2950
3172
3403
169
175
182
189
196
157
921
685
449
212
2524
2730
2944
3167
3397
3.0..
3.1. ..
3.2 ....
3.3 ...
3.4 ....
204
211
218
224
231
408
219
029
839
649
3661
3909
4165
4429
4702
204
210
217
224
231
050
849
647
445
213
3654
3902
415S
4422
4691
203
210
217
224
230
692
479
21l5
051
837
3648
3895
4150
4414
4685
203
210
216
223
230
334
108
883
657
431
3642
3888
4143
4406
4677
202
209
216
223
230
975
738
500
263
025
3635
3881
4136
4398
4669
458
267
076
884
692
4982
5271
5568
5873
6186
238
244
251
258
040
837
634
430
265 226
4974
5262
5558
586.3
6175
237
244
251
257
264
622
407
192
976
760
4965
5253
5549
5853
6165
237
243
250
257
264
204
977
750
522
294
4956
5244
5539
5842
6154
236
24:l
250
257
263
786
547
308
069
829
4948
5234
5529
5832
6143
4.0 ....
4.1. ..
4.2 ....
4.3 ....
4.4 . - .
499
306
113
919
725
6507
6837
7174
7520
7874
272
278
285
292
299
022
817
612
406
200
6496
271
278
285
291
298
544
327
7162
7507
7860
893
675
6485
6813
7149
7494
7846
271
277
284
1291
298
066
838
609
379
149
6473
6801
7137
7480
7832
270
277
284
290
297
589
348
107
866
624
6462
6789
7124
7467
7818
I 8236
305 993
8221
305 456
8207
304 919
8102
304 381
8178
272
279
286
292
299
-----
6825
mo 11s
110
-----
23
III-Continued.
Latitude
Lonr,i-
tuue
53,00
53,10
53.20
53.3
l--x--/-11--l---x--1-11-- -x------11-i--x--/--v-l___x___
1
----
---1----:---Grades
Meters
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
l:l51. l
2702.1
4053. 2
5404.3
0.10
0.12
0.14
675.5. 3
8100. 4
o.rn ..
9457.5
10 808. 5
12 159. 6
0.2... .
0.3.
0.4.. .
20 260. 0
0.5 .
0.6 .
0.7 .
0.8 .
0.9
33
40
47
54
60
776.5
531. 7
286. 8
041. 9
790. 9
1.0 ..
J .1.
1.2.
1.3 .
1.4 .
67
74
81
&7
ll4
061. 3
8lli.9
570. 4
0.18
13 !HO. 7
27 021. 3
.Meters
----1-----1----1----1--------1--Netcrs
0.2
0.6
1.5
2.0
1343. 7
2697. 4
40!G. 0
5394. 7
4.0
5.8
7, 0
10. 3
13-1
6743. 4
8092. l
9440. 7
10 789. 4
12 138. l
16. l
36. 3
64. 5
13 486. 8
20 230. 1
26 973. 5
100.R
Y_
Meters
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.6
Meters
Meters
1346. 3
2692.ti
4038.\l
o.o
0.2
5385.2
4.0
5.8
6731. 4
7.9
Meters
10. 3
13.0
4.0
5.8
7.9
10.3
13.0
6719.5
8063. 4
9407.3
10 751. 2
12 095. l
4.0
5.8
9424.0
10 770.3
12 116.6
10.3
13.0
6707. 6
!'-049. l
9390. 6
10 732.1
12 073. 6
5.8
7.8
10.3
13.1
16. 1
36. 2
64. 4
13 462. 9
20 194. 3
26 925. 7
16, 1
36. 2
64. 3
13 439. 0
20 158. 5
26 877. 9
16. 0
36. 1
64. 2
13 415. I
20 122. 6
26 830. 1
16.0
3ii.O
54.l
8077. 7
100.1
33537.t)I
40 245.0
144.1
46 952.4
196.2
53 659. 7
256.2
60 366. 9
324.3
67 193.5
87 350.0
94 068. 7
401.1
485. 3
577.6
677.8
786.1
67
73
80
87
03
074.0
781. 0
4R/l.O
194. 7
901. 4
576.5
100
107
114
120
127
787. 2
505.5
223. 7
941. 8
559.6
902.4
1026. 8
1150.1
129P. 5
1447. 9
100
107
114
120
127
608.0
314. 4
020.6
726. 8
432. 7
000.8
1024.9
1157.0
1297. 2
1445. 3
1607.1
1771. 9
1944.6
2125
2314
134
HI
147
104
101
377. 3
094.8
812. l
529
246
1604.3
1768. 7
1941. 2
2122
134
HO
147
154
160
138. 4
8-14.0
549. 3
254
959
lf>Ol. 4
176.1. 6
1937. 7
2118
2306
2511
963
679
395
111
827
2711
2924
3144
3373
174
181
187
194
lfi7 664
369
073
777
480
2.102
2706
2018
313\1
3367
201
207
2H
221
227
184
887
590
292
994
3603
3847
4099
43fi0
4628
2~4
6100
241
218
254
2tll
G96
398
099
800
500
4904
5188
5-180
5780
6089
2fi8
274
281
288
294
200
900
599
298
997
6405
6729
7061
7401
7750
301 695
8100
67
74
80
87
94
432. 4
175. 2
918.0
660.6
403. l
402.5
487.0
570.6
680.2
788.9
67 312.9
74 04a. 8
80 774.6
87 505.3
94 235. 9
401. 8
486.2
578.6
679.0
787.5
73 912. 4
80 631.3
1306. 4
1455.6
101
107
114
121
128
145. 5
887. 8
629. 8
371. 8
113.5
905.6
1030. 4
1163. 2
1304. 1
100
107
114
121
127
966. 3
696. 6
426. 7
156. 7
886.5
904.0
1028.6
1161. 2
1301. 8
1450.4
1012.8
1778. l
1951. 5
2133
134
141
148
155
855.1
596. 4
337. 6
079
161 819
2318
134
141
148
154
161
616.2
31i'i. 5
074. 8
!'-04
2322
1610.0
1775.0
1948.1
2129
2520
2726
2939
560
300
040
780
5Hl
2516
2721
2934
3155
3385
168 201
259
997
736
474
212
3622
3868
4121
4383
4652
135
141
148
155
094.0
847. 3
600. 4
353
907.2
1032. 2
1165. 3
175
182
189
195
611
363
114
866
3161
3391
168
175
182
188
1U5
202
209
216
222
3.'l . 229
617
368
118
809
618
3629
3R75
4129
4:!91
4G61
202
208
215
222
229
3.5
3.6 .
3.7
3.8
3.9
236
243
249
256
263
368
117
866
615
363
4939
5225
5519
5822
6132
235
242
249
256
262
4.0 270
4.1.. i75
4. 2.... 2p.3
4.3 ... 200
4.4 . 297
lll
858
605
352
098
0150
6777
7111
7454
269
276
283
289
303 844
8lli3
2.6 .
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1.
3.2 .
3.3 .
4.5 . .
7805
1453.o
533
2310
2507
181 718
2929
188 445
195 173
3150
3379
167
174
181
188
191
201
208
215
222
228
3616
3861
4114
4:l75
16'14
201
208
214
221
228
542
257
972
680
4()0
3609
3851
1107
4367
11-t
4913
.5197
174
ooo
900
ft27
354
080
800
4.0
100.3
111. 4
196.5
256. 7
324.9
100.5
144.6
196.9
257.2
325.5
790-3
1. 4
2.6
597. 3
316. 7
036. 0
755.2
60 474. 4
657.0
388. 3
119. 6
850. 8
581. 9
681.4
7.9
0.6
33
40
47
53
33
40
47
53
60
4m.2
487.9
580.6
o. 2
2.6
1. 4
100.6
144.9
197.2
257.6
326.0
3\lf\.(\
Meters
1341. 5
26S:l.O
4024. 5
5:l66. 0
716.8
460. 0
203. 2
9-16.3
689. 4
551. 8
Meters
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.6
33
40
47
53
60
11!;.2
197.6
258.1
326.6
.Meters
1343. 9
2687. 8
4031. 7
5375.6
2711\
4636
950
687
424
161
897
4930
5216
5510
5811
6121
235
242
248
255
262
532
258
983
707
432
4921
5207
5500
.1'<01
6110
235
241
248
255
261
633
369
104
839
295 573
6439
6765
7099
7!11
.7791
2r,9
275
282
289
296
1.56
s7n
602
325
018
6128
6753
7086
7428
7777
268 678
275 WO
2S2 101
28~ 812
295 522
6116
1)741
7074
7-114
7763
303 307
8140
302 770
8135
302 232
8120
828
541
254
900
5490
5701
400.4
484.4
676.6
784. 7
24
III-Continued.
Latitude
Long!-
53,50
tu de
53.60
53.70
53.l)G
53.80
---
11
Grades
0.02--0.04
___
0.06 .
.Meters
.Meters
Meter
_il,feters
Meters
Meters
o.os...
o. 2
0.6
1. 4
2.6
Meters
1339. l
2678. 2
4017. 4
5356.5
0.10 .
0.12 .
0.14 .
0.16 .
0.18 .
6695.6
8034. 7
9373. 9
10 713.0
12 052.1
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
13 391. 2
20 086.8
26 782.4
0.5 .
0.6 .....
0.7 0.8 ..
0.9
33
40
46
53
60
477. 9
173.3
868.8
564.1
259.4
99.9
143. 9
195.8
255.8
323. 7
33
40
46
53
60
418.2
101. 6
785.2
468. 5
151. 9
99. 7
143.6
195_5
255.3
323.1
33
40
46
53
60
358.4
029.9
701.6
373.0
044.4
99.6
143. 4
195.1
254.9
322.6
298. 7
958. 3
618.0
277. 4
59 936. 9
1)9, 4
143.1
194.8
254.4
322.0
1.0 ..
1.1. .
1.2. - .
1.3
1.4 ..
66
73
80
87
93
954.6
649.6
344.6
039.5
734.2
399. 7
483.6
575.5
675.4
783.3
66
73
80
86
93
835.2
518. 2
201. 3
884.2
567 0
398.9
482. 7
574.5
674.2
781. 9
66
73
80
86
93
715. 7
386.8
057. 9
728.9
399.8
398.2
481. 9
573.4
673.0
780.5
66
73
79
86
93
596.3
255.4
914-6
573.6
232.6
899.2
1023.1
1155.0
1294. 9
1442. 7
100
106
113
120
126
249. 7
932. 2
614-5
296. 8
978. 8
897.6
1021.3
1152. 9
1292. 6
1440. 2
100
106
113
120
126
070.5
741. l
411. 5
751. 9
896.0
1019.4
1150. 9
1290. 2
1437. 6
99
106
113
119
126
1598.6
1762. 4
1934.3
2114
600. 7
342.4
023.8
705
386
1595. 7
1759. 3
1930.8
2110
2298
133
140
146
153
160
421. 9
091. 5
761.0
430
100
1592.9
2302
133
140
147
153
160
1927.4
2106
2294
133
139
146
153
159
442
134
2498
2702
2913
3133
3361
167
173
180
187
193
067
747
427
108
787
2493
2697
2908
3128
3355
166
173
180
186
193
768
437
105
774
441
3597
3840
4092
4352
4620
200
207
213
220
227
468
147
826
503
182
3590
3833
4085
4344
4611
200
206
213
220
226
278
968
657
346
035
4895
5179
5470
5770
6078
233
240
247
253
260
4886
723
411
098
785
472
6393
6717
7048
7388
7736
I 8091
133
140
147
153
160
899.5
593. 2
286. 5
980
673
2.5 ...
2.6 ...
2.7 .
2.8 ..
2.9 .
167
174
180
187
194
365
058
3.5 ...
3.6 ..
3.7 ..
3.8 ..
3.9 .
4.0 ....
4.1. ...
4.2 ..
4.3
4.4
234
240
247
254
261
267
274
281
287
294
750
Meters
Meters
1329. 6
11
-Meters
133H. 7
2673. 5
4010.2
5346.9
0.2
0.6
l. 4
2.6
1334. 3
2668. 7
4003.1
5337. 4
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1332. 0
2663. 9
3995. 9
5327.8
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.5
5318. 2
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.5
7.8
10.2
12.9
6683. 7
8020.4
9357. 1
10 693. 9
12 030.6
4-0
5. 7
7.8
10.2
12. 9
6671. 7
8006.1
9340. 4
10 674.8
12 009.1
4.0
5. 7
7.8
10.2
12.9
6659. 8
7991. 7
9323. 7
10 655. 7
11 987.6
4.0
5.7
7.8
10.2
12.9
6647. 9
7977.4
9307.0
10 636.6
11 9tl6. l
4.0
5.7
7.8
10.2
12.9
16.0
36.0
63.9
13 367.3
20 050. 9
26 734. 6
16.0
35,9
63.8
13 343. 4
20 015.1
26 686. 8
15.9
35.8
63. 7
13 319. 5
19 979. 3
26 639.0
15. 9
35.8
63.6
13 295. 6
19 943.4
26 591.2
15.9
35. 7
63.5
33
39
46
53
59
239.0
886. 6
534.4
181. 9
829.4
99.2
142.8
194.4
254.0
321.4
397.5
48!.0
572.4
671. 8
779.1
66
73
79
86
93
476. 8
124. 0
771. 3
418.3
065.4
396.8
480.1
571.4
670.6
777.7
891-4
550. 0
208. 5
806. 8
525.0
894.4
1017. 6
1148. 8
1287. 9
1435.0
199
106
113
119
126
712. 2
358. 9
005.4
651. 8
298.1
892.8
1015.8
1146. 7
1285.6
1432.4
183. 0
498.3
1.55
813
1590.0
1753. 0
1923. 9
2103
2290
132 944.2
139 689. 9
146 235.5
152 880
159 526
1587.2
1749. 8
1920.4
2099
2285
3122
3349
166
173
179
186
193
470
126
783
439
095
2484
2687
2898
3116
3343
166
172
179
186
192
171
8Hl
461
105
748
2480
2682
2892
3111
3337
109
776
444
100
776
3584
3827
4077
4336
4603
199
206
213
219
226
751
406
062
715
370
3577
3820
4070
4328
4595
199
206
212
219
225
393
036
680
321
964
3571
3813
4063
4321
4581>
442
109
774
438
103
4878
5160
5451
5750
024
679
332
985
637
4869
5441
5739
6045
232
239
245
252
259
606
249
890
531
171
48(l()
5142
5432
5729
6034
5.8
081. 8
1756.1
2489
2692
2903
33
39
46
53
840. 7
2659. l
3988. 8
569
6067
233
240
246
253
260
6056
233
239
246
252
259
245
922
597
272
946
6382
6705
7036
7375
7722
266
273
280
286
293
768
432
095
758
421
6370
6u93
7023
7362
7708
266
272
279
286
292
290
943
594
245
895
6359
6681
7011
7349
7694
265
272
279
285
292
812
453
092
731
370
6348
300 620
8077
300 083
8062
299 546
8048
299 009
8033
267
271
280
287
293
860
538
215
892
5170
5461
5760
5151
66tl9
6998
7335
7680
25
III-Continued.
Lntltudo
Langi
tude I
Grades
54.oo
54.10
54,20
5-t3G
54,40
----
!I
11
Jfetera
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
- - - -I
Meters
Meters
.Meters
I
y
Meters
0.08 ..
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
0.10 ..
0.12 ..
0.14 .
0.16 ..
0.18
6635.9
7963. l
9290.3
10 617. 5
11 944.6
4.0
5. 7
7.8
10.1
12.8
6624.0
7948. 7
9273. 5
10 598.3
11 923. l
4.0
5.7
7.7
10.1
12.8
6612.0
7934.4
9256.8
10 579.2
11 901. 6
0.2 ..
0.3
0.4 .
13 271. 7
19 907. 6
26 543,5
15.8
35.6
63.4
13 247.9
19. 871. 8
26.495. 7
15.8
35.6
63.3
13.224.0
19 836.0
26 447 9
0.5 .
0.6 .
0. 7 .
0.8 .
0.9 ..
33
39
46
53
59
179. 3
814. 9
450. 8
086.3
721. 9
99.0
142.6
194.1
253.5
320.8
33
39
46
52
59
119.6
743. 4
367.1
990.8
614.4
98.8
142.3
193. 7
253.0
320.3
33
39
46
52
59
059.8
671. 7
283. 5
895.3
506.9
98. 7
142. l
193. 4
252.6
319. 7
33
39
46
!i2
59
000.1
600.0
199. 9
799. 7
39\J.4
98.5
141. 8
103.0
252.1
319.1
32
39
46
52
59
940. 4
528.4
116. 3
704. 2
292.0
98.3
141. 6
192. 7
251. 7
318.5
1.0 ..
1.1. .
1.2 ..
1.3 ..
1.4 ...
66
72
79
86
92
357. 4
992. 7
628.0
263. l
898.2
396.1
479.3
570.4
669.4
776.3
66
72
79
86
92
237. 9
861. 4
484. 7
107. 9
731.0
395.4
478.4
569.3
668.2
774.9
66
72
79
85
92
118.5
730. 0
341. 4
952. 6
563.8
3Q4. 7
477. 5
568.3
667.0
773.5
65
72
79
85
92
999.1
598.6
198. l
797. 4
306.6
394.0
476. 7
567. 3
665.8
772.1
65
72
79
85
92
879.6
467. 2
054.8
642.1
229.4
393.2
475.8
566.3
664.ti
770. 7
1.5 ...
1.6 ...
1. 7
1.8 ..
1.9 ....
99
106
112
119
126
533.0
167.8
802.4
436. 9
071. 2
891.2
1014. 0
1144. 7
1283. 3
1429.8
99
105
112
119
125
353.9
976.8
599.4
222. 0
844. 3
889.6
1012. 2
1H2.6
1281. 0
1427. 3
99
105
112
119
125
174.8
785. 7
396.4
007. 0
617. 4
888.0
1010.3
1140. 6
1278. 7
1424. 7
98
105
112
118
125
995. 7
594. 6
ma. 4
792. 0
390. 5
88&.4
1008.5
1138. 5
1276.4
1422.1
98 81fi.5
105 403.5
111990.3
118 577.1
125 163. 0
884.8
1006. 7
1136. 4
1274.1
1419.6
2.0
2.1. ..
2.2 ....
2.3 ....
2.4 ...
132
139
145
152
159
705. 3
339. l
972.8
606
240
lu84.3
1746. 7
1917.0
2095
2281
132
139
145
152
158
466:4
088.4
710.1
332
953
1581. 5
1743. 6
1913. 6
2091
2277
132
138
145
152
158
227. 6
837. 6
447. 4
057
666
1578. 6
1740. 4
1910.1
2088
2273
131
138
145
151
158
988. 7
5R6. 8
184. 7
782
380
1575. 8
1737. 3
1906.6
2084
2269
131
138
144
151
158
749. 9
336.1
922. 0
508
093
1572.9
1734. l
1903.2
2080
2261)
2.5 ....
2.6 ....
2. 7 ....
2.8 ....
2.9 .
165
172
170
185
192
872
505
138
770
402
2475
2677
2887
3105
3331
165
172
178
185
192
574
195
816
436
056
2471
2673
2882
3100
3325
165
171
178
185
191
275
885
493
102
710
2466
2668
2877
3094
3319
164
171
178
184
191
977
574
171
767
364
2462
3088
3313
164
171
177
184
191
679
264
848
433
017
2458
2658
2866
3083
3307
3.0 ....
3.1.. ..
3.2 ...
3.3 ...
3.4 ...
199
205
212
218
225
035
666
298
927
558
3564
3806
4056
4313
4578
198
205
211
218
225
676
296
915
534
152
3558
3799
4048
4305
4570
198
204
211
218
224
317
925
533
140
747
3552
3792
4041
4297
4562
197
204
211
217
224
90
555
151
746
340
3545
3786
4034
4290
4254
lll7
204
210
217
223
601
185
769
352
935
3539
3779
4026
4282
3.5 ....
3.6 ....
3. 7 ....
3.8 ....
3.9 ..
232
238
245
252
258
188
819
448
078
706
4852
5133
0422
5719
6024
231
238
245
251
258
771
389
006
624
241
4843
5123
5412
5708
6013
231
237
244
251
257
353
059
565
170
775
4834
5114
5402
5698
6002
230
237
244
250
257
935
529
123
716
310
4825
5105
5392
5688
5991
230
237
243
250
256
517
099
681
263
844
4817
5096
6336
f\657
6986
7322
7667
264' 857
271 474
278 089
284 705
291 320
6325
6645
6973
7309
7653
264
270
277
284
290
880
984
588
192
795
6314
6633
6960
7296
7639
263
270
277
283
290
902
495
086
678
269
6302
6621
6948
7283
7625
263
210
276
283
289
425
005
585
165
744
6291
6609
6935
7270
7612
8019
297 934
8005
297 397
7990
296 860
7976
296 823
7961
0.01l
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
'
1327.2
2654. 4
3981. 6
5308. 7
0.02 ..
0.04 ..
1324.8
2649. 6
3974.4
5299.2
1322. 4
2644. 8
3967.2
5289.6
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1320. 0
2640.0
3960.0
5280.0
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.5
3.9
5. 7
7. 7
10. l
12.8
6600.1
7920.1
9240.1
10 560.1
11 880.1
3.9
5. 7
7. 7
10.1
12.8
6588.1
7005. 7
9223. 4
10 541. 0
11 858.6
3.9
5.7
7. 7
10.1
12. 7
15.8
35.5
63.l
13 200. 1
19 800. 2
26 400.2
15.8
35.5
63.0
13 176. 2
19 764. 3
26 352.4
15.7
35.4
62.9
2ti63
2872
1317. 6
2635.2
3952.9
5270.5
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
4545
5383
5678
5980
--
26
III-Continued.
TABLE
Latitude
Longitu de
--
54.60
54.5G
.Meters
Jfeters
0.02 ...
0.04 ...
0.06 ...
0.08 ...
1315.2
2630.5
3945. 7
5260.9
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
0.10 ...
0.12 ...
0.14 ...
0.16 ...
0.18 .
6576.2
7891.4
9206.6
10 521. 9
11 837.1
0.2 ....
0.3 ....
0.4 ....
Meters
.Meters
54,90
Meters
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1310. 5
2620.9
3931. 4
5241.8
3.9
5.6
7.7
10.0
12. 7
6564.2
7877.1
9189.9
10 502.8
11 815.6
3.9
5.6
7. 7
10.0
12. 7
6552.3
7862. 7
9173.2
10 483. 7
11 794.1
13 152.3
19 728.5
26 304.B
15. 7
35.3
B2.8
13 128. 4
19 692. 7
26 256.8
15. 7
35.3
62.7
13 104.6
19 656. B
26 209.1
Meters
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
Meters
Meters
--
---
1312. 8
2625. 7
3938. 5
5251.4
54.SG
---
Grada
54.7G
Meters
Meters
1308.1
2616.1
3924.2
5232.3
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1305. 7
2611. 4
3917.1
5222.8
3.9
5.6
7.7
10.0
12. 7
6540.3
7848.4
9156.5
10 464.6
11 772.6
3.9
5.6
7.6
10.0
12.6
6528.4
7834.1
9139. 8
10 445.5
11 751.1
15.6
35.2
62.6
13 080. 7
19 621.0
26 161.3
15.6
35.1
ll2.5
13 056.8
19 585. 2
26 113.5
15.6
35.1
B2.3
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
I
3.9
5.6
7.6
10.0
12.6
98.0
141.1
192.0
250.8
317.4
32
39
45
52
58
761.3
313.4
865.5
417.5
969.5
97.8
140.8
191.6
250.3
316.8
32
39
45
52
58
701.5
241. 8
781. 9
322.0
862.0
97.6
140.5
191.3
249.8
316.2
32 641.8
39170.1
45 698.3
52 226.4
58 754.5
97.4
140.3
190.9
249.4
315.6
640.8
204.5
768.1
331. 6
895. 0
391. 8
474.1
564.2
662.2
768.0
65
72
78
85
91
521. 4
073.1
624. 8
176.-1
727. 8
391.1
473.2
563.2
661.0
766.6
65
71
78
85
91
401. 9
941.8
481. 5
021.1
560. 6
390.4
472.4
562.2
659.8
765.2
65
71
78
84
91
282.5
810.4
338. 2
8(\5. 8
393. 4
389.7
471.5
.561.1
6..'i8.5
763.8
98
105
111
118
124
458.2
021.4
584. 3
147.1
709.8
881.6
1003.0
1132. 3
1269. 4
1414.4
98
104
111
117
124
279.1
830.3
381.3
932. 2
482.9
880.0
1001.2
1130.3
1267.1
1411. 8
98
104
111
117
124
100.0
639. 2
178. 3
717.2
256.0
878.4
999.4
1128.2
1264.8
1409.3
97
104
110
117
124
920.8
448.1
975.2
502.2
02\l.1
876.8
997.6
1126.1
1262. 5
1406. 7
1570.1
1731. 0
1899.8
2076
2261
131
137
144
150
157
272.2
834. 5
396.6
958
520
1567.2
1727.8
1896.3
2073
2257
131
137
144
150
157
033.4
583. 7
133.8
684
233
1564.4
1724. 7
1892. 8
2069
2253
130
137
143
150
156
704.5
332. 9
871.1
409
947
1561.5
1721. 6
1889.4
2065
2248
130
137
143
150
156
55.1. 7
082.1
608.4
134
660
1558. 7
1718.4
1886.0
2061
2244
380
953
526
099
671
2453
2653
2861
3077
3301
164
170
177
183
190
082
643
204
764
325
2449
2648
2856
3072
3295
163
170
176
183
189
783
332
881
430
978
2444
2644
2851
3066
3289
163
170
176
183
189
484
022
559
096
632
2440
2639
2846
3060
3283
163
169
176
182
189
186
711
236
761
286
2435
2841
30.15
3277
3.0....
3.1. ...
3.2 ....
3.3 ....
197
203
210
216
3.4 .... 223
243
815
386
958
529
3532
3772
4019
4274
4537
196
203
210
216
223
885
445
004
564
123
3526
3765
4012
4266
4529
196
203
209
216
222
527
075
622
170
717
3520
3758
4004
4259
4521
196
202
209
215
222
168
704
240
776
311
3513
3751
3997
4251
4512
195
202
208
215
221
810
334
858
382
905
3507
3744
3990
4243
4504
3.5 ....
3.6 ....
3.7 ....
3.8 ....
099
670
240
809
378
4808
5086
5373
5667
5969
229
236
242
249
255
681
240
798
355
913
4799
5077
5363
5657
5958
229
235
242
248
255
263
810
356
902
447
4790
5069
5353
5647
5948
228
235
241
248
254
846
380
914
448
981
4782
5059
5344
5636
5937
228
234
241
247
254
428
950
472
994
516
4773
5050
5334
5626
5026
6279
6597
6923
7256
7598
262
269
275
282
288
470
02B
582
138
694
6267
516
084
652
219
6910
7243
7584
261
268
275
281
288
992
537
081
625
168
6256
6573
6898
7230
7570
261
268
274
281
287
5l4
047
580
112
643
6241!
6561
6885
7217
7556
261
267
274
280
287
037
558
078
598
118
6234
6549
6873
7204
7543
7947
295 248
7932
294 711
7918
294 174
7904
293 637
7889
0.6 ....
0.7 ....
0.8 ....
0.9 ....
39
46
52
59
456. 7
032. 7
608. 6
184. 5
98.l
141.3
192.3
251.2
318.0
32
39
4.5
52
59
821.0
385.1
949.1
513.1
077.0
1.0 ....
1.1. ... I
1.2 ... .,
1.3 .... 1
1.4 .... 1
65
72
78
85
92
760.2
335.9
911. 4
486.9
062.2
392.5
475.0
565.2
663.4
769.3
65
72
78
85
91
1.5 ....
1.6 ....
1.7 ....
1.8 ....
1.9 ....
98
105
111
118
124
637.4
212. 5
787.3
362.1
936. 7
883.2
1004.8
1134.4
1271. 8
1417.0
2.0 ....
2.1. ...
2.2 ....
2:'3 ....
2.4 ....
131
138
144
151
157
511.1
085.3
659.3
233
807
2.5 ....
2.6 ....
2.7 ....
2.8 .
2.9 ....
164
170
177
184
190
230
236
243
249
3.9 .... 256
4.1. ... 269
4.2 .... 276
4.3 .... 282
4.4 .... 289
6585
2634
27
III-Continued.
Latitude
------
-----------
L ongitude
55.00
x
Grades
Met era
55.10
Meters
Meters
55,20
y
---
----
Meters
:Meters
0. 02 ...
0. 04 ...
06 ..
0. OS
1303.3
2606.6
3909. 9
5213.2
0,2
0.6
1.4
2.5
0. 10 .
0. 12.
0. 14 .
0. 16 ..
o. 18 .
6516. 5
7819.8
9123. l
10 42tl.4
11 729.6
0. 2 ..
13 032.9
19 549. 3
26 065. 7
0.5
0 ,6 .
32
39
45
52
58
582.1
098.4
614. 7
130.9
647. 0
97.2
140.0
190. 6
248.9
315.l
32
39
45
52
58
522.4
026.8
531.1
035.3
539. 5
97.1
139.8
190.2
248.5
314.5
32
38
45
51
58
65
71
78
84
91
1&~.1
679.0
194. 9
710. 6
226.2
389.0
470.6
560.1
657.3
762.4
65
71
78
84
91
043.6
547. 6
051.5
555. 3
059.0
388.3
469.8
559.1
656.1
761.0
64
71
77
84
90
.5 ..... 97 741. 7
.6 . 104 257. 0
7... no 112. 2
.8 .. 117 287. 3
.9 .... 123 802. l
875.2
995. 7
1124.1
1260.2
1404.1
97
104
110
117
123
562.5
065. 9
569. 2
072. 3
575.2
873.6
993.9
1122.0
1257. 9
1401.5
97
103
110
116
123
o.
0.3
0.4
0 7 ...
0 .8 ..
0.9
.0 ...
.1. ...
.2 ..
.3 ....
.4 ....
1300.9
2601. 8
3902. 7
5203.6
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
3.9
5.6
7.tl
10.0
12.6
6504.5
7805.5
9106.4
10 407:3
11 708.1
15.6
35.0
62.2
13 009.0
19 513.5
26 018.0
55,30
Meters
.Meters
1W8.5
2597.0
:1895.6
5194.1
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1296.1
2592. 3
3888.4
5184. 5
3.9
5.6
7.6
9.9
12.6
6492.6
7791.1
9089.6
10 388.1
11686.6
3.9
5.6
7.6
9.9
12.6
15.5
34.9
62.1
12 985.1
19 477. 7
25 970. 2
55.40
11
Meters
----
Meters i-Meters
0.2
0.6
l.4
2.5
1293.8
258i.5
3881. 2
5175.0
6480.6
7776.8
9072.9
10 369.0
11 665.1
3.9
5.6
7.6
1).9
12.5
6468. 7
7762. 4
9056. 2
10 349. 9
11 643. u
3.9
5.6
7.6
9.9
12.5
15.5
34.9
62.0
12 961. 2
19 441. 8
25 922.4
15.5
34.8
61. 9
12 937. 4
19 406. 0
25 874. 6
15.4
34.8
61.8
462. 7
955. l
447. 5
939. 8
432.0
96.9
139.5
189. 9
248.0
313.9
32 402.9
38 883.4
45 363.9
51844.2
58 324.5
96. 7
139. 3
189.5
247.6
313.3
32
as
45
51
58
343.2
811.s
280.3
748. 7
217. 0
96.5
139.0
189.2
247.1
312.8
924. 2
416. 2
400.0
891.8
387.5
468.9
558.1
654.9
759.6
64
71
77
84
90
804. 7
284.8
764. 9
244. 7
724.5
386.8
468. l
557.0
653. 7
758.2
64
71
77
84
90
685.3
153.5
621. 6
089.5
557. 3
386.1
467. 2
656.0
652.5
756.8
383.4
874. 8
366. l
857. 3
348. 3
871.9
992.1
1120.0
1255. 6
1399, 0
97
103
110
116
123
204.2
683. 7
lll:l. l
642. 3
121. 3
870.3
990.3
1117. 9
1253. 3
1396. 4
97
103
109
116
122
025.0
492.6
960.0
427. 3
894. 4
868.7
988.4
1115. 8
1251.0
1393.S
1550.1
1709.0
1875. 6
2050
2232
129 600. 2
136 078.9
142 557. 4
149 036
155 514
1547. 2
1705.8
1872.1
2046
2228
129
135
142
148
155
361. 4
828.1
294.6
761
227
1544. 4
1702. 7
1868. 7
2042
2224
!JOS.~
0.2
0.6
l. 4
2.5
2 .1
2.2 ..
2 .3 ....
2.4 ...
136 831.3
143 345.6
149 860
156 374
1555.8
1715.3
1882.5
2058
2240
130
136
143
149
156
078.0
580.5
082. 9
585
087
1552. 9
1712.1
1879. l
2054
2236
129 839. l
136 329. 7
142 820.1
149 310
155 800
2.5 ....
2.6....
2 . 7
2 .8 ..
2 .9
162 887
169 401
175 914
182 427
188 940
2431
2629
2835
3049
3271
162
169
175
182
188
589
090
592
093
593
2426
2624
2830
3044
3265
162
168
175
181
188
290
780
269
758
247
2422
2620
2825
3038
3259
161
168
174
181
187
992
469
947
424
901
2418
2615
2820
30:!2
32&3
161 693
168 159
174 624
181 089
187 554
2413
2610
2815
3027
3247
3 .0
3 .1. ...
3.2 ...
3.3 ....
3 .4 .
195
201
208
214
221
452
964
476
988
499
3500
3738
3983
4235
4496
195
201
208
214
221
094
594
094
593
093
3494
3731
3975
4228
4488
1114
201
207
214
220
735
224
712
199
687
3488
3724
3968
4220
4479
194
200
207
213
220
377
854
330
805
281
3481
3717
3961
4212
4471
194
200
206
213
219
019
483
947
411
875
3475
3710
3953
4204
3 .5
3.6..
3 . 7 ....
3.8 ..
3.9 ...
228
234
241
247
254
010
520
031
540
050
4764
5040
5324
5616
5915
227
234
240
247
253
592
091
589
087
584
4755
5031
5314
5904
227
233
240
246
253
174
661
147
633
119
4747
5022
5305
5595
5893
226
233
239
246
252
756
231
705
179
653
4738
5013
5295
5585
5883
226
232
239
245
252
338
801
263
726
187
4729
5003
5285
5575
5872
559
068
6222
6537
082
579
075
571
067
6211
6525
6847
7177
7515
259
266
272
279
285
604
089
574
058
542
6199
6513
6835
7164
7501
259
265
272
278
285
127
600
072
545
017
6187
6501
6822
7151
7487
258
265
271
278
284
649
110
571
031
491
6176
6489
6810
7138
7474
7860
292 025
7846
291 488
7831
290 950
7817
085
593
7190
7529
260
266
273
279
286
7875
292 562
rm
!1860
5605
4463
28
III-Continued.
Latitude
Longitude
55,50
I
!
55.60
1--'--~---
Grades
Meters
0.02
o.04
0.06
0.08
1291.4
2582. 7
3874.1
5165.4
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
.Meters
Meters
0.2
55.7G
I
x
55.80
55.90
11
J,feters
J,Jctera
11
Meters
Meters
3.9
5.6
7.6
9.9
12.5
6444.8
7733. 8
9022. 7
10 311. 7
11 600.6
3.8
5.5
7.5
9.8
12.5
6432.8
7719.4
9006.0
10 292.5
11 579.1
3.8
5.5
7.5
9.8
12.4
8989.3
10 273.4
11 557.6
3.8
5.5
7.5
9.8
12.4
6408.9
7690. 7
8972.5
10 254.3
11 536.1
3.8
5.5
7.5
9.8
12.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
12 913.5
19 370.2
25 826.8
15.4
34.7
61. 7
12 889.6
19 334.3
25 779.1
15.4
34.6
61.6
12 865. 7
19 298. 5
25 731.3
15.4
34.6
61.4
12 841.8
19 262. 7
25 683.5
15.3
34.5
61.3
12 817. 9
19 226.8
25 635. 7
15.3
34.4
61.2
0.5
0.6
32
38
45
51
58
283.5
740.1
196.6
653.1
109.5
96.4
138. 7
188.8
246. 7
312.2
32
38
45
51
58
223.8
668.4
113.0
557.6
002.0
96.2
138.5
188.5
246.2
311.6
32
38
45
51
57
164.0
596.8
029.4
462. 0
894.5
96.0
138.2
188.1
245.7
311.0
32
38
44
51
57
104.3
525.1
945.8
366.4
787.0
95.8
138.0
187.8
245.3
310.4
32
38
44
51
57
044.6
453.4
862. l
270.8
679.5
95.6
137. 7
187.5
244.8
309.9
64 565.8
71 022.l
77 4i8.2
83 934.2
90 390.1
385.4
466.3
555.0
651. 3
755.4
64 446.4
70 890. 7
77 334.9
83 778.9
90 222.9
384. 7
4G5.5
553.9
650.l
754.0
64 326.9
70 759.3
77 191.5
83 623.6
90 055. 7
384.0
464.6
552.9
648.9
752.6
64 207.5
70 627.9
77 048.2
83 468.3
89 888.4
383.3
463.7
551.9
647.7
751. 2
64
70
76
83
89
088.0
496.4
904.8
721. l
382.5
462.9
550.9
64C>.5
749.8
666. 7
96
102
109
115
122
487.5
919. 3
350.9
782. 3
213.6
863.9
983.0
1109. 7
1244. 0
138G. l
96
102
109
115
121
308.3
728.1
147. 8
567. 3
986.6
862.3
981.1
1107. 6
1241. 7
1383.5
96
102
108
115
121
129.1
537.0
944. 7
352.3
759.6
800.7
979.3
1105.5
1239.4
1381.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1. 7
1.8
1.9
96
103
109
116
122
845.9
867.1
301.5
986.6
757.0 1113.8
212.3. 1248. 7
667.5 1391.3
96
103
109
115
122
110.4
553.9
997,4
440.6
865.5
984.8
1111. 7
1240.4
1388. 7
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1284.2
2568.4
3852.5
5136. 7
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
1281.8
2563.6
3845.4
5127.2
6420.9
Meters
6456.8
7748.1
9039.4
10 330.8
11 622.1
0.8
0.9
1286.6
2573.1
3859. 7
5146.3
Meters
1.4
2.5
o. 7
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.5
Meters
1289.0
25i7. 9
3866.9
5155.8
0.6
7705.l
313.0
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
129 122.5
135 577.3
142.031.9
148 486
154 940
1541. 5
1()99.5
180.5.2
2039
2220
128
135
141
148
154
883.6
326.5
769.2
212
654
1.538. 7
1696.1
1861. 8
2035
2216
128
135
141
147
154
644. 7
075. G
506.4
937
367
1535.8
1693.3
1858.3
2031
2212
128
134
141
147
154
405.8
824. 8
243.5
662
080
1533.0
1690.1
1854.9
2027
2207
128
134
140
147
153
166.9
573.9
980. 7
387
794
1530.1
l68i.O
1851.4
2024
2203
394
848
302
755
208
2409
2605
2809
3021
3241
161
167
173
180
186
096
538
979
421
862
2404
2600
2804
3016
3235
160
1G7
173
180
186
797
227
657
086
515
2400
2595
2799
3010
3229
160
166
173
179
186
499
917
334
752
169
2395
2591
2794
3005
3223
160
166
173
179
185
200
606
012
417
823
2391
2586
2789
2.8
2.9
161
167
174
180
187
3217
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
193 661
200 113
206 565
213 017
219 469
3468
3703
3946
4197
4455
193 302
199 743.
206183
212 623
219 063
3462
3696
3939
4189
4446
192 944
199 373
205 801
212 220
218 657
3455
3690
3931
4181
443S
192
199
205
211
218
586
002
419
835
251
3449
3683
3924
4173
4430
192
198
205
211
217
227
632
037
441
845
3443
3676
3917
4165
4422
3.5
3.6
225
2:i2
238
245
251
920
371
822
272
722
4721
4994
5275
5564
5861
225
231
238
244
251
502
941
380
818
256
4712
4985
5266
5554
5850
225 084
231 511
237 938
244 364
250 790
4703
4976
5256
5544
5839
224
231
237
243
250
666
081
496
910
325
4694
4966
5246
5533
5828
224
230
237
2:g
24
248
651
054
457
859
4686
4957
5236
5523
5918
171
621
069
518
966
6164
6477
6797
7125
694
131
568
004
441
6465
6785
7111
7446
257
2G3
270
276
282
216
641
066
491
915
6142
6453
6772
7098
7432
256
263
269
275
282
738
152
565
977
390
6131
6441
6759
7085
7418
256
262
269
275
281
261
662
063
464
864
6120
74GO
257
264
270
277
283
6152
4.4
258
264
271
277
283
4.5
290 413
7803
289 876
7788
289 339
7774
288 802
7759
288 264
7745
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2. 7
3. 7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
---------~--
2999
6429
6747
7072
7404
29
III-Continued.
Latitude
Longitude
56.0G
56.lG
56.2G
56.JG
--------,---
-~-1---,---1--
---1--X----1--Y--1---x--1--Y--1--x--'l--v-l ___x__
Grades
.Meters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Met era
Meters
.Meters
~_t __x__
Meters
Meters
Meters
0.02 ..
0. 04
0.06 .
0.08
1279.4
2558. 8
3838.2
5117.6
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1277.0
2554.0
3831.0
5108.0
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1274. 6
2549.2
3823.9
5098.5
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1272. 2
2544. 5
3816. 7
5088. 9
2.4
1269. 8
2539. 7
3809.5
5079. 4
0.10 .
0.12
6397.0
7676. 4
8955. 8
10 235. 2
11 514.6
3.8
7.5
9.8
12.4
6385.1
7662.1
8939.1
10 216.1
11 493.1
3.8
5.5
7.5
3.8
5.5
7.5
12.3
6373. l
7647. 7
8922.3
10 197. 0
ll 471. 6
12.3
6361.2
7633. 4
8905.6
10 177. 9
11 450.1
3.8
5.5
7.4
9. 7
12.3
6349. 2
7619. l
8888.9
10 158. 7
11428.6
12.3
15. 3
34. 4
61. l
12 770. 1
19 155. 1
25 540.1
61.0
12 746. 2
19 119. 3
25 492.3
60. 9
12 722. 3
19 OS3. 4
25 444. 6
15. 2
34. 2
60. 8
12 698. 4
l9 047. 6
25 396. 8
15.2
34.1
60.6
95.5
137. 5
187.1
244.4
309.3
31 925.1
38 310.0
44 694. 9
51079.7
57 464.4
95.3
137.2
186. 8
243.9
308. 7
31
38
44
50
57
865. 4
238. 3
611. 3
984. l
356.9
95.1
136. 9
186.4
243.5
308. l
31
38
44
fiO
57
94.9
888. 5
249. 4
136. 7
186.1
243.0
307.6
31
38
44
50
57
745. 9
095. 0
444. 0
793. 0
141. 9
94. 7
136. 4
185. 7
242.5
307.0
63 849.1
381.1
461.2
548.8
644.1
729.6
102.2
474. 7
847.1
219.4
380.4
460.3
547. 8
642.9
745.6
63 610.1
69 970. 8
76 331. 4
82 691. 8
89 052. l
379. 7
459. 4
546. 8
641. 7
744. 2
63 490. 7
69 839.4
76 188. 0
82 536.5
88 884. 9
379.0
458.6
545. 7
640.5
742.8
591. 5
963. 6
335.4
707. 2
078. 7
855.9
973. 8
1099.4
1232. 5
1373.2
95 412. 3
101772.4
108 132.3
114 492.1
120 851. 7
854.3
972. 0
1097. 3
1230. 2
1370. 7
95
101
107
114
120
233. l
581. 3
921l. 2
277. 1
624. s
970.2
1095. 2
1227. 9
1368.1
1521. 6
l!l77. 5
152 034
1841.1
2012
2191
127
133
139
146
152
211. 2
570. 5
929.5
288
647
1518. 7
1674. 4
1837. 6
2008
2187
126
133
139
146
152
072.3
319. 6
666. 7
014
159 304
165 674
l'i'2 044
178 414
184 783
2377
2571
2773
2982
3199
159
165
171
178
184
005
364
722
079
437
2373
2567
2768
2977
3193
158
165
lil
177
184
707
053
399
745
090
3187
191
197
203
210
216
152
521
890
258
626
3423
3655
3895
4142
4397
190 794
197 151
20.1 508
3417
3648
3888
4134
190
196
203
209
215
436
781
125
470
814
3411
3642
3880
4127
4380
4939
5217
5503
5796
222 994
229 361
235 728
242 095
248 462
4059
4929
5207
5492
5785
222
228
235
241
247
931
286
641
5774
158
501
845
187
530
4911
5187
996
222
228
234
241
247
6097
6405
254 828
261 193
267 558
7045
7377
273 923
280 288
6085
6393
6709
7032
7363
254
260
267
273
279
350
704
057
410
763
6074
6722
7349
266 555
272 896
279 237
7716
286 652
7701
286 115
7687
285 577
0.14 .
0.16
0.18
o. 2....
o. 3....
0.4....
o. 5....
12 794. 0
19 191. 0
25 587.9
31 984. 8
5. 5
9.8
15. 2
34. 3
0.6....
0.7 .
0.8....
38 381. 7
44 778.5
51 175.3
0. 9. .
57 571. 9
1. 0. .
1. 1....
). 2.. .
63 968. 5
70 365. 0
76 761. 4
1. 3....
83 15i. 7
1.4....
89 553.9
381.8
462.0
549.8
645.3
748. 4
747. 0
63
70
76
82
89
95 949.9
102 345. 9
1. 7 108 741. 6
). 8 115 137. 2
1.9 ... 121532.7
859.1
977.5
1103. 5
1237.1
1378. 4
95
102
108
114
121
770. 7
154. 7
538. 5
022. 2
305. 7
857.5
975. 7
1101. 4
1234. 8
1375. 8
95
101
108
114
121
2.0 .. 127
2.1. . 134
2.2 .. 140
2.3 ... . 147
2.4 ... . 153
1527. 3
1683. 8
1848.0
2020
2199
127
134
140
146
153
689.0
072.2
455. l
838
220
1524. 4
1680. 7
127 450. l
133 821. 3
140 192. 3
U::::
927. 9
323.0
717. 9
113
507
2386
2581
278:l
2993
3211
3.0 .. 191
3.1. ... 198
3.2 . 204
3.3 .... 211
3. 4 217
869
262
654
047
439
3436
3669
3910
4158
4413
4677
70 233.6
76 618.1
83 002. 4
89 386. 6
159 603
165 985
172 367
178 748
185 130
191 511
197
204
210
217
892
272
652
<J."l2
5513
5807
223
229
236
242
248
412
791
170
549
927
6108
6417
6734
7059
7391
261
268
274
280
7730
287 189
3.6 ..
3. 7 ... .
3.8 ... .
3.9 ... .
230
236
243
249
221
612
003
393
4948
5227
255 305
683
060
437
813
1844. 5
2016
2195
2382
2576
2778
2988
3205
3430
3662
3902
4150
4405
4668
146 563
9. 7
15. 2
34. 2
805.6
166.6
527. 6
209 864
216 220
576
0.2
0.6
1. 4
4389
4651
4920
5197
5482
6381
6696
7019
360
253 872
260 214
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
3.8
5.5
7.4
9. 7
852. 7
1515. 9
1671.2
1834. 2
2005
2183
2368
2562
2763
2971
4642
5472
5763
6063
6369
6684
7006
7335
7673
---'---------''----'----_c,______________________________________ _
80
III-Continued.
Latitude
Longitu de
--~----
56.50
------ - - - - -
Grades
.Meters
56.60
I
Meters
56,80
56.70
i
II
Meters
Meters
-------
Meters
Meters
56.90
------
..
Meters
11
:Meters
Meters
Meters
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1260.3
2520.6
3780.8
.5041.1
6313.4
7576.0
8838. 7
10 101. 4
11 364.0
3.8
5.4
7.4
9.6
12.2
15.1
34.0
60.4
12 626. 7
18 940.0
25 253.4
15.1
33.9
60.3
626.4
951. 5
276. 7
601. 7
926. 7
04.4
135.9
185.0
241.6
305.8
31 566.6
37 879.8
4'l 193.0
50 506. l
56 819.2
94.2
135. 7
184.6
241.2
305.2
31
37
44
50
56
506.8
808.l
109. 4
410.5
711.6
94.0
135.4
184.3
240. 7
304. 7
31
37
44
50
56
447.1
736.4
025. 7
314. 9
604.0
93.8
135.2
184.0
240.3
304.1
63
69
75
82
88
251.6
576.4
901.2
225. 7
550.3
377.6
456.8
543. 7
638.1
740.0
63
69
75
82
88
132.1
445.0
757. 8
070.4
382.9
376.8
456.0
542.6
636.9
738.6
63
69
75
81
88
012.6
313. 5
614.3
915.0
215.6
376.1
455.1.
541. 6
635.6
737.2
62
69
75
81
88
893.1
182.0
470. 9
759. 6
048.3
375.4
454.2
540.6
634.4
735.8
0.02 ...
0.04 ...
0.06 ...
0.08 .
1267.4
2534. 9
3802.4
5069.8
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1265.1
25.'l0.1
3795.2
5060.2
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
0.10 ...
0.12 ...
0.14 ...
0.16 ..
0.18 ..
6337.3
7604. 7
8872.2
10 139.6
11 407.1
3.8
5.4
7.4
9. 7
12.3
6325.3
7590. 4
8855. 4
10 120. 5
11 385.5
3.8
5.4
7.4
9.6
12.2
0.2 ....
0.3!'...
0.4 ....
12 614.5
19 011. 8
25 349.0
15.1
34.0
60.5
12 650.6
18 975.9
25 301.2
0.5 ....
0.6 ....
o. 7 ---
0.8 ....
0.9 ....
31
38
44
50
57
686.1
023.3
360.3
697. 4
034.3
94.6
136.2
185.4
242.l
306.4
31
37
44
50
56
1.0 ....
1.1.. ..
1.2 ....
1.3 ....
1.4. ..
63 371.1
69. 707.9
76 044.6
82 381.1
88 717.6
378.3
457. 7
544. 7
639.3
741.4
1262. 7
2525.3
3788.0
5050. 7
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.4
1257. 9
2515.8
3773. 7
5031.6
6301.4
7561. 7
8822.0
10 082.2
11 342.5
3.8
5.4
7.4
9.6
12.2
6289.4
7547.3
8805.2
10 063.1
11 321.0
3.8
5.4
7.4
9.6
12.2
12 602.8
18 904.2
25 205.5
15.0
33.8
60.2
12 578. 9
18 868.3
25 157. 7
60.1
0.2
0.6
1. 4
2.4
15.0
3.1. 8
1.5 ....
1.6 ....
I. 7 ....
1.8 ....
1.9 ....
95
101
107
114
120
053.9
390.1
726.1
062.0
397. 7
851.1
968.4
1093.2
1225.6
1365. 5
94
101
107
113
120
874.6
198. 9
522.9
846. 9
170.6
849.5
966.5
1091. l
1223.2
1362. 9
94
101
107
113
119
695.3
007.6
319. 7
631.8
943.6
847.9
964. 7
1089.0
1220.9
1360.4
94
100
107
113
119
516.1
816.4
116.6
416.6
716.5
846.3
962.9
1087.0
1218.6
1357.8
94
100
106
113
119
336.8
625.2
913.4
201.5
489.4
844. 7
961.0
1084.9
1216.3
1355.2
2.0 ....
2.1. ...
2.~ ...
2.3 ....
2.4 ...
126
133
139
145
152
733.3
068.6
403.8
739
074
1513.0
1668.1
1830. 7
2001
2179
126 494.2
132.817. 7
139140. 9
145 464
151 787
1510.2
1665.0
1827.3
rn97
2175
126
132
138
145
151
255.2
566. 7
878.0
189
500
1507.3
1661. 8
1823.8
1993
2170
126
132
138
144
151
016.2
315. 7
615.0
914
213
1504. 5
1658. 7
1820.4
1990
2166
125
132
138
144
150
777.2
064.8
352. l
639
926
1501.6
1655. 5
1816.9
1986
2162
2.5 ....
2.6 ....
2. 7...
2.8 ....
2.9 .
158
164
171
177
183
408
742
076
410
744
2364
2557
2757
2965
3181
158
164
170
177
183
109
432
754
076
397
2360
2552
2752
2960
3175
157
164
170
176
183
811
121
431
741
051
2355
2547
2747
2954
3169
157
163
170
176
182
512
810
108
407
704
2351
2542
2742
213
3163
157
163
169
176
182
786
072
358
2346
2538
2737
2943
3157
190
196
202
209
3.4 .. 215
077
410
743
076
408
34'04
3635
3873
4119
4372
189
196
202
208
215
719
040
361
681
002
3398
3628
3866
4111
4364
189
195
201
208
214
360
670
978
287
595
3391
3621
3858
4103
4356
189
195
201
207
214
002
299
596
893
189
3385
3614
3851
4096
4348
188
194
201
207
213
643
929
214
498
783
3378
3607
3844
4088
4339
4633
067
3.0 ....
3.1. ...
3.2 ....
3.3 ....
2949
500
4902
5178
5461
5752
221
227
233
240
246
322
641
960
279
598
4624
4892
5168
5451
5742
220
227
233
239
246
903
211
518
825
132
4616
4883
5158
5441
5731
220
226
233
239
245
485
781
076
371
666
4607
4874
5148
5430
5720
220
226
232
238
245
634
917
200
4598
4865
5139
5420
5709
4.0 ....
4.1.. ..
4.2 ....
4.3 ....
394
724
054
383
712
6051
6358
6671
6993
7322
252
259
265
271
278
916
234
552
869
186
6040
6346
6659
6980
7308
252
258
265
271
277
438
744
050
355
660
6028
6334
6646
6966
7294
251
258
264
270
277
960
255
548
842
134
6017
6322
6634
6953
7280
251
257
264
270
276
483
765
046
328
609
6006
6310
6621
6940
7266
7658
284 502
7644
283 965
7629
283 427
7614
282 889
7600
253
259
266
272
4.4 .... 278
351
31
III-Continued.
Latitude
Longitude
Grades
57,lO
57.00
57.20
57,30
57,40
11
11
11
11
11
ldeters
Meters
}deters
Meters
Meters
Meters
Met era
Meters
Meters
Meter a
0.2
0.6
1.4
2.4
1253.1
2506.2
3759.3
5012.4
6277.5
7533.0
8788.5
10 044.0
11 299.5
3.8
5.4
7.3
9.6
12.1
6265.6
7518. 7
8771. 8
10 024.9
11 278.0
3. 7
5.4
7.3
9.6
12.1
6253.6
7504.3
8755.0
10 005.8
11 256.5
3.7
5.4
7.3
9.6
12.1
6241. 6
7400.0
8738.3
9986. 6
11 234. 9
3.7
5.4
7.3
9..5
12.1
6229. 7
7475. 6
8721. 5
9967. 5
11 213.4
3.7
5.4
7.3
9.5
12.0
0.2 ...
0.3 ....
0.4 ....
12 555.0
18 832. 5
25 109.9
15.0
33.7
60.0
12 531.1
18 796. 6
25 062.1
15.0
33. 7
59.8
12 507.2
18 760. 8
25 014.3
14.9
33.6
59. 7
12 483.3
18 724. 9
24 966.5
14.9
33.S
59.6
12 459.4
18 689. 0
24 918. 6
14.9
33.5
59.5
0.5 ...
0.6 ....
o. 7 ....
0.8 ....
0.9 ...
31
37
43
50
56
387.3
664. 7
942.0
219.3
496.5
93. 7
134.9
183. 6
239.8
303.5
31
37
43
50
56
327. 6
593.0
858.4
123. 7
388.9
93.5
134.6
183.3
239.4
302.9
31
37
43
50
56
267. 8
521.3
774. 7
028.0
281. 3
93.3
134.4
182.9
238.9
302.4
31
37
43
49
56
208.0
449. 5
691.0
932.4
173. 7
93.1
134.1
182.6
238.4
301.8
31
37
43
49
56
148.2
377. 8
607.3
836. 7
066.1
93.0
133.9
182.2
238.0
301.2
1.0 ....
1.1. ...
1.2 ....
1.3 ....
1.4 ....
62
69
75
81
87
773.6
050.6
327. b
604.2
881.0
374. 7
453.4
539.6
633.2
734.4
62
68
75
81
87
654.0
919.1
184.1
448. 9
713. 6
374.0
452.5
538.5
632.0
733.0
62
68
75
81
87
534 ..5
787. 6
040.6
293.5
546. 3
373.3
451. 7
537.5
630.8
731.6
62
68
74
81
87
414. 9
656. l
897. 2
138. l
378.9
372.6
450.8
536.5
629.6
730.2
62
68
74
80
87
295.4
524.6
753. 7
982.6
211. 5
371.8
449.9
535.5
628.4
728.8
1.5 ...
1.6 ....
1. 7 ....
1. 8 ....
1.9 ....
94
100
106
112
119
157. 5
434.0
710.2
986. 4
262.3
843.1
959.2
1082.9
1214.0
1352. 6
93
100
106
112
119
978.2
242. 7
507. 0
771. 3
035.3
841.5
957.4
1080.8
1211. 7
1350.0
93
100
106
112
118
799. 0
051. 5
303. 9
.556. l
sos. 2
839.9
955.6
1078. 7
1209. 4
1347.5
93
99
106
112
118
619.6
860.2
100. 6
340. 9
581.0
838.2
9.53. 7
1076. 7
1207.1
1344. 9
93
99
105
112
118
440.3
668.9
897.3
12.). 7
353. 8
836.6
951.9
1074.6
1204. 8
1342.3
125
131
138
144
2.4 .... 150
538.2
813. 8
089.2
364
639
1498.8
1652.4
1813. 5
1982
2158
125
131
137
144
150
299.1
562. 8
826.3
090
353
1495. 9
1649.2
1810.0
1978
2154
125
131
137
143
150
060.1
311. 8
563.4
815
066
1493.0
1646. l
1806.6
1974
2150
124
131
137
143
149
821. 0
060. 8
300.3
540
779
1400. 2
1642. 9
1803.1
1971
2146
124
130
137
143
149
581. 8
809. 6
'17.3
265
492
1487.3
1639. 8
1799. 7
1967
2142
2342
2533
2731
2937
3151
156
162
169
175
181
616
878
140
403
665
2337
2528
2726
2932
3145
156
162
168
175
181
317
568
818
068
318
2333
2523
2721
2926
3139
156
162
168
174
180
018
257
495
733
971
2328
2518
2716
2921
3133
155
161
108
174
180
719
946
172
399
625
2324
2514
2711
2915
3127
3.0 ...
3.1. ...
3.2 ....
3.3 ...
3.4 ....
188
194
200
207
213
285
558
831
104
376
3372
3600
3836
4080
4331
187
194
200
206
212
926
188
449
710
970
3366
3594
3829
4072
4323
187
193
200
206
212
568
817
066
315
564
3359
3587
3822
4064
4314
187
193
199
205
212
209
<U7
684
921
158
3353
3580
3815
4057
4306
186
193
199
205
211
851
076
301
526
751
3346
3573
3807
4049
4298
3.5 ....
3.6 ...
3. 7 ...
3.8 ....
3.9 ..
219
225
232
238
244
649
920
192
463
734
4590
4855
5129
5410
5698
219
225
231
238
244
230
400
750
009
268
4581
4846
5119
5400
5687
218
225
231
23"1
243
812
060
308
555
802
4572
4837
5109
5389
5676
218
224
230
237
243
394
630
866
101
336
4563
4828
5100
5379
5666
217
224
230
236
242
975
200
423
647
870
4555
4818
5000
5369
5655
4.0 ....
4.1. ...
4.2 ....
4.3 ....
4.4 ...
251
257
263
269
276
005
275
545
814
083
5994
6298
6608
6927
7252
250
256
263
269
275
527
785
043
300
558
5983
6286
6596
6914
7239
250
256
262
268
275
049
295
541
787
032
5971
6274
6583
6fl00
7225
249
255
262
268
274
571
805
039
273
506
5960
6262
6571
6887
7211
249
255
261
267
273
093
315
537
759
980
5948
6250
6558
6874
7197
7586
281 814
7572
281 277
7557
280 739
7543
280 201
7528
0.02 .
0.04 ...
0.06 ...
0.08 ...
1255. 5
2511.0
3766.5
b022.0
0.10
0.12 ...
0.14 ...
0.16 ...
0.18 ...
2.0 ...
2.1. ...
2.2 ....
2.3 ....
0.2
0.6
1. 3
2.4
'
1250. 7
2501.4
3752. 2
5002.9
0.2
0.6
1.3
2.4
1248. 3
2496. 7
3745.0
4993.3
-----
30264-18--3
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
1245. 9
2491. 9
3737. 8
4983. 7
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
32
III-Continued.
""
Latitude
re-
Lon
57.50
tu e
GTadu
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
57.60
57,7G
57.8G
57.9G
11
11
11
11
:i:
11
Metera
Metera
Meters
Metera
Met era
Meters
Metera
Meters
Meters
Meters
1243.5
2487.1
3730.6
4974.2
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
6217. 7
7461. 3
8704.8
9948.3
11 191. 9
0.2
0.3
0.4
12 435.4
18 653.1
24 870.8
0.6
0.6
o. 7
0.8
0.9
31
37
43
49
55
088.4
306.0
523.6
741. 0
958.6
92.8
133.6
181.9
237.5
300.6
31
37
43
49
65
028.6
234.3
439. 9
645.4
850.8
92.6
133.4
181. 5
237.1
300.0
30
37
43
49
55
968. 8
162.5
356.1
549. 7
743.2
92.4
133.1
181. 2
236.6
299.5
30
37
43
49
55
909.1
090.8
272.4
454.0
635.6
92.2
132.8
180.8
236.2
298.9
30
37
43
49
65
849.3
019.0
188. 7
358.4
627. 9
92.1
132.6
180.5
235, 7
298.3
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
62
68
74
80
87
175. 8
393.0
610.2
827.2
044.1
371.1
449.1
534.4
627.2
727.4
62
68
74
80
86
056.2
261.5
466. 7
671. 7
876. 7
370.4
448.2
633.4
626.0
726.0
61
68
74
80
86
936.6
129.9
323. 2
516.2
709.3
369. 7
447.3
532.4
624.8
724.6
61
67
74
80
86
817. 0
998.4
179. 7
360.8
641.8
369.0
446.6
531.3
623.6
723.2
61
67
74
80
86
697. 4
866.8
036. l
205.3
374.4
368.3
446.6
530.3
622,4
721.8
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
93
99
105
111
118
260.9
477.6
694.0
910. 4
126.6
836.0
950.1
1072.6
1202. 4
1339.8
93
99
105
111
117
081.5
286.2
490. 7
695. 2
899. 4
833.4
948.3
1070.5
1200.1
1337.2
92
99
105
111
117
902.1
094.9
287.6
479. 9
672. 2
831.8
946.4
1068.4
1197.8
1334.6
92
98
105
111
117
722.8
903.6
084.2
264. 7
446.0
830.2
944.6
1066.4
1195.5
1332.0
92
98
104
111
117
543.4
712.2
880.9
049. 5
217. 8
828,6
942.8
1064.3
1193.2
1329,4
2.0
2.1
2.~
2.3
2.4
124
130
136
142
149
342. 7
558.5
774.2
990
205
1484. 5
1636. 6
1796.2
1963
2138
124
130
136
142
148
103.5
307. 4
511.1
716
918
1481.6
1633.5
1792. 7
1959
2133
123
130
136
142
148
864.4
056.3
248.1
440
631
1478.8
1630.3
1789.3
1956
2129
123
129
135
142
148
625.2
805.2
985.0
166
344
1475.9
1627. 2
1785.8
1962
2125
123
129
135
141
148
386.0
554.1
721. 9
890
067
1473.1
1624,0
1782, 4
1948
2121
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
155
161
167
174
180
420
635
849
064
278
2319
2509
2705
2909
3121
155
161
167
173
179
121
324
627
729
931
2315
2504
2700
2904
3115
154
161
167
173
179
822
013
204
394
684
2311
2499
2695
2898
3109
154
160
166
173
179
523
702
881
060
238
2306
2494
2690
2893
3103
164
160
166
172
178
224
391
658
725
891
2302
2489
2685
2887
3097
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
186
192
198
205
211
492
705
919
132
346
3340
186 133
192 335
198'036
204 737
210 938
3333
3559
3793
4033
185
191
198
204
210
774
964
154
343
532
3327
3553
3785
4026
4273
185
191
197
203
210
416
594
771
948
125
3321
3546
3778
4018
4265
185
191
197
203
209
057
223
388
554
719
3314
3539
3771
4010
4257
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
217
223
229
236
242
557
769
981
192
404
4546
4809
5080
5358
5644
217
223
229
235
241
138
339
639
738
937
4537
4800
5070
6348
216
222
229
235
241
720
908
096
284
471
4528
4791
6061
6338
5622
216
222
228
234
241
302
478
654
830
005
4520
4781
5051
5327
883
048
212
375
539
4511
4772
5041
5317
6611
215
222
228
234
240
4.0
4.1
4.2
4. 3
4.4
248
254
261
267
273
614
825
035
245
454
5937
6238
6546
6861
7184
248
254
260
266
272
136
335
533
731
928
6533
6848
7170
247
263
260
266
272
658
846
031
217
402
5914
6214
6520
6834
7166
247
253
259
266
271
180
355
629
703
876
6903
6202
6508
6821
7142
246
262
259
265
271
702
864
027
189
350
6891
6190
6496
6808
7128
4.5
279 663
7614
279 125
7499
278 587
7485
278 049
7470
277 511
7456
1241. 2
2482.3
3723.5
4964.6
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
3. 7
5.3
7.3
9.6
12.0
6205.8
7446.9
8688.1
9929.2
11 170. 4
3.7
5.3
7.3
9.6
12.0
6193.8
7432.6
8671.3
9910.1
11 148.8
14. 8
33.4
69.4
12 411. 5
18 617. 3
24 823.0
14. 8
33.3
69.3
12 387. 6
18 581. 4
24 775.1
3566
3800
4041
4290
4282
6633
5926
6226
1238. 8
2477. 5
3716.3
4955.0
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
1236.4
2472. 7
3709.1
4945.5
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
1234.0
2468.0
3701. 9
4935.9
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
3.7
5.3
7.2
9.5
12.0
6181. 8
7418. 2
8654.6
9890.9
11 127. 3
3. 7
6.3
7.2
9.4
12.0
6169.9
7403.9
8637. 8
9871.8
11105.8
3. 7
5.3
7.2
9.4
11.9
14.8
33.3
59.2
12 363. 7
18 545. 6
24 727.3
14. 8
33.2
69.0
12 339.8
18 509. 6
24 679.5
14. 7
33.1
58.9
5601
33
III-Continued.
Latitude, 1>8.00
Latitude, 58.oo
1J
Graiks
0.02
0.04 ..........
0.06
o.os
Meters
Meters
0.10 ..........
0.12 ..........
0,14
0.16
o.1s
6157.9
7389.5
8621.1
9852. 7
11 084.3
3.7
5.3
7.2
9.4
11.9
0.2 ...........
0.3 ...........
0.4 ...........
12 315.8
18 473. 7
24 631. 6
14. 7
33.1
.58. 8
0.5 ...........
0.6 ...........
o. 7 ..
0.8
0.11 ..
30
36
43
49
05
1231. 6
2463.2
8694.8
4926.3
789. 5
947. 3
105.0
262. 7
420.3
0.1
0.6
1.3
2.4
91. 9
132.3
180.1
235.2
297.7
Grailes
1.0 ...........
1.1. ..
1.2 ...........
1.3 ..
1.4 .
Latitude, 58.00
Longitude
Longitude
Longitude
11
Meters
Metera
~7.0
3.0 ...........
3.1. ..........
3.2 ...........
3.3 ...........
3.4
1.5 92 364.0
1.6 ... 98 520.9
1. 7 ... 104 677.6
1.8 ........... 110 834.2
1.9 ........... 116 990.6
827.0
940.9
1002.2
1190.9
1326.9
3.5 ...........
3.6 ...
146.9 1470. 2
303.0 1620.9
458.8 1778. 9
615
1944
770
2117
123
129
135
141
147
577. 8
735.3
892.6
049.9
Grades
867.6
444.8
629. 3
621.2
720.4
2.0 ...........
2.1 .
2.2
2.3 ...........
2.4 ...........
61
67
73
80
86
2297
2485
2679
2881
3091
!I
:i:
Metera
Meters
3308
184
100
197
203
209
698
81;2
006
11;9
312
3.8 ....
3.9 ...........
215
221
227
233
240
465
617
769
921
072
4.0 ...........
4.1 .....
4.2 ....
4.3 ........
4.4 ...........
246
252
258
264
270
224
374
525
675
824
5880
4.5
276 974
7441
3. 7 .....
3532
3763
4002
4249
4502
4763
0031
5307
6590
6178
6483
6795
7114
Fm. 7.
+d'!/
Fm. 8.
34
35
If another curve upon the surface starts at the same point P, the
element of this curve may be represented by
2
as2_ M 2_as1 2
ds
as
2 -
since Mis constant for the point P, and the same for both elements
of arc.
This gives
as as
as1 = as1
If as and as 1 are referred to axes in the tangent plane at P with
the point P as origin, .we may write
aS=ue16
aS 1 =
u' eW
as='TJe'<t>
as1 ='TJ'eW
The proportion now becomes
or,
Hence,
and
(}-(}'=-'.
36
of the other and the included angles equal. This establishes the
similarity of elementary parts of the surface and the plane. This
is called by Gauss conformal representation. It is also called the
orthomorphic projection. After the curved surface is mapped in
this manner upon the plane, this plane can be conformally mapped
upon another plane by setting
x+iy=f (u+iv),
the symbolf denoting au arbitrary function.
By differentiation,
dx+idy=f' (u+iv) (du+idv).
dx-idy=f' (u-iv) (du-idv).
Also,
By multiplication,
dx2 +dy2 =f' (u+iv) f' (u-iv). (du 2 +dv2 )
or,
in which
x-iy=fs (u-iv).
},f sin
y=asin Msin u
Z=O COS U
31
Fm. 9.
<IM
a2
b,
[aM + (cot
2
u+l-E2 )du2
J.
or
(1- E2 ) cos 2 p
1-E2 cos2 p
sin2 u=
sin2 p
1-E2 cos2 p
..j~'i
du
cos2 u
dp
cos2 p
du=..j~dp
1-E2 cos2 p
38
hence,
(l -E2)2 dp2
(cot2 u+ l -E2 ) du 2 = (l -E2 cos 2 p )" sm
2
p
2
dS 2 =
a sin p
---~
2
2
1-E cos p
c-dM
-2
2 2
(1 - E ) dJJ
+ ~-.,-~__,_.,~~
(l-E cos p) sin p
2
Let,
d(}(l-E2) dp
- (l-E2 cos2 p) sin p
then,
as2
As has been shown by the theory of functions of a complex variable the spheroid may be conformally mapped upon a plane by letting
x+iy=f (M iO)
If
(v) =kv,
P)i
By equating the real parts and the imaginary parts, there result
x=kM
JJ)!_J
p (1-E COS
Y = k 1og [ cot 2 1 + E cos p
p being the complement of the latitude and the log sign denoting
the Naperian logarithm. This is the Mercator projection for the
spheroid.
If,
(v) = J(eizv,
. =
+ iy
[ p
Keilm+log tan2 .
cl+
p) ]l
cos
<
1- cos P ~
39
1-E COS
- Kt an -p2
r-
( 1 + E cos -P)~2
I -E cos p
p ( 1 + E COS p)..!.
,Z t
t an-= an-
2
2
1-E COS
ZJ
Pm. 10.
If L' is the geocentric latitude and L the geodetic latitude (see fig.
10), then,
(2)
b2
a being the semimajor axis and b the semiminor axis of the spheroid.
Then to a suffi.cent degree of approximation,
(3)
z=90-L'.
40
x=Ktanz z cos lM
y= KtanZ~ sin lM
r=Ktan'2
With these values xis reckoned downward from the center of the concentric circles and y to the right of the central meridian if M is reckoned positive in that direction. This leaves K and l arbitrary constants. l may be so determined that the ratio of the lengths of two
arcs on the map that represent given arcs on the parallels may be
in the same ratio as the arcs upon the earth.
If N is the radius of curvature perpendicular to the meridian or
the length of the normal to the minor axis, a radian of the parallel of
L 1 has the length N1 cos L 1 ; of parallel L 2 the length is likewise N2
cos L 2
~12 cos
cos
Since the A factor in the tables for the computation of geodetic posi.
* is equ al to N .1 ,,, t his rat10
. b ecomes A
A 2 cos L
L1
t 10ns
Sln 1
i COS
2
The arc upon the map that represents the radian of parallel Li has
the length
iz
z
lr2 =lKtanl .J
2
The ratio of lengths will be preserved if
or,
(4)
41
Hence,
(S) K-
cos L 1
A 1 sin 1" Z tan i ~
2
2
A 2 sin 1" Z tan i ~
2
(7)
x=r sin lM
. 2 lM
(8)
y=2rsm
or
lM
y=xtan 2
The difference of the radii gives the spacing upon the central
meridian. If the top and bottom parallels are constructed by determining the coordinates of the intersections with the meridians, the
meridians can then be drawn and each of them subdivided as was
done in the case of the central meridian. This will give the coordinates of the other parallels ,without computation.
If l is set equal to unity, the original equations become
x=Ktan
z
2 cos M,
y = K tan ~sin M.
42
APPLICATIO~
Ll = 47 42' (53)
L2 = 51 18' (57)
NoTE.-In the case of the French approximate formula, the projection was based
on these parallels, but the x and y coordinates were not computed for them, the projection being constructed on even.degrees. The sample computations arc merely
given to illustrate the application of the rigid formula.
ab22 t.an L 1*
42 29' 37 11 .6
1-
43
44
log .A.1 and log .A. 2 corresponding to L 11 L 2 from the tables (Special
Publication No. 8), we have
Z=0.760528, log Z=9.8811152-10
From (5), page 41, we have
cos L
1
K=----~--
or,
log K =log cos L1 -(log .A. 1 +log sin 1" +log l + Zlog tan ~)
log .A.1
= 8. 5089210 -10
=9. 8811152-10
z
*Z log tan ]=9. 6879891-10
2. 7636002 -10
log cos L 1 =9. 8280231-10
log K
= 7-:-0644229----Solving for K with L 2 = 51 18' gives the same value.
!rom (6), page 41, we have
=Ktanl~
2
log r 1
log K
=7. 0644229
Zlog tan
log r 1
z~=9. 6879891-10
= 6. 7524120
45
(See
x=r1 sin ZM
ZM
y=2r1 sm2 2
Take
M =7. (See ,iO), p. 42.)
Then
O=ZM=7X.760528=5 19' 25".3. (See(ll),p.42.)
Then
x=r1 sin 0=5654732 xsin 5 19' 25".3 =524659.3 meters.
meters.
For
46
L' 1
Z1
Z1
2
L' 2
Z2
Z2
= 44 48' 19" .6
=0. 603827
log
J( =
7. 10388_03
For latitude 45 (L 2 ),
r 2 =7481820 meters.
FoiM
x=78848.6 meters,
y=415.5 meters.
.Y
55G
0
Fm. 11.
The y-axis (fig.11) is the straight line which represents the initial
meridian of -6a, and the x-axis is the tangent to the circle which
represents the parallel of 55a at its point of intersection with the
y-axis. The point a of the projection will be defined by x and y.
In order not to hl:].ve negative values west and south of the central
point, the point o is given the coordinates
X 0 =500,000 meters
Y 0 =300,000 meters
The coordinates of a will be
30264-18--4
X =500,000+x
y = 300,000 + y
47
48
At the point a, the meridian of the place makes an angle with the
y-axis equal to the convergence of the meridians.
= (M-M0 ) sin L 0 = (M +6a) X0.76, with sign such that the direction geographic north shall converge toward the initial meridian of
-6a (6G east of Paris).
ExAMPLE.-The map on the scale 1-80,000 is issued in rectangular sheets 64 kilometers east and west, by 40 kilometers north and south. The vertical border is
parallel to the meridian of Paris. What will be the inclination of the y-axis of the
system of squares on Lambert's projection to the vertical line of the border?
'fhis angle c1 =(0+6G)X0.76=4.56G toward the west.
LAMBERT'S PROJECTION.
[See Plates, I, II, and nq
,.cs
~e
'?'-0:
L.~~
intersect at right angles and the angles formed by any two lines on
the earth's surface are correctly represented on this projection.
It employs a cone intersecting the spheroid at two parallels known
as the standard parallels for the area to be represented. In general,
for equal distribution of scale error, the standard parallels are chosen
at one-sixth and five-sixths of the total length of that portion of the
central meridian to be represented. It may be advisable ii1 some
localities, or for special reasons, to bring them closer together in
49
50
order to have greater accuracy in the center of the map at the expenJe
of the upper and lower border areas.
On these two selected parallels, arcs of longitude are represented
in their true lengths.
Between these selected parallels the scale will be a trifle too small
and beyond them the scale will be too large.
This projection is specially suited for maps having a predominating
east and west dimension.
On page 45, the preliminary operations for constructing a map of
the United States on this projection are given. The standard
parallels selected are 29 and 45.
The chief advantage of this projection over the polyconic, as used
by several Government bureaus for maps of the United States, consists in reducing the scale error along the western border of the
United States from 6t to 1 per cent. It would, also, by the application of this rigid Lambert formula here presented, give us a projection
that is exactly conformal.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LAMBERT PROJECTION.
Azimuthal and right line tests for orthodrome (great circle) also
indicated a preference for the Lambert projection in these two vital
propertie8, these tests indicating accuracies for the Lambert projection well within the errors of map construction and paper distortion.
In respect to areas, in a map of the United States, it should be
noted that while in the polyconic projection they are misrepresented
along the western margin in one dimension (that is, by meridional
distortion of 6~ per cent), on the Lambert projection they are distorted along both the parallel and meridian as we depart from the
standard parallels, with a resulting maximum error of 2 per cent.
The maximum enor in scale for a map of the United States on a
Lambert projection would be about 1 per cent.
In the Lambert projection for the map of France, the maximum
scale errors do not exceed 1-2,000 and are practically negligible,
while the angles measured on the map made by this system are
practically equal to those on the earth.
It should be remembered, however, that in the Lambert conformal
conic, as well as all other conic projections, the scale errors vary
51
52
jacent sheets have a" rolling fit" because the meridians are curved in
opposite directions.
The question of choice between t3.e Lambert and the polyconic
system of projection resolves itself largely into a study of the shapes
of the areas involved.
The merits and defects of the Lambert and the polyconic projections
may briefly be stated as being, in a general way, in opposite directions,
53
scale di:stortioil
Polyconic development
Fm. 13.
only so far as to admit no deviation from the real magnitudes, sensible in the detail
surveys.
2. 1'he polyconic projection.-* * * This distribution of the projection, in an
assemblage of sections of surfaces of successive cones, tangents to or cutting a regular
succession of parallels, and upon regularly changing central meridians, appeared to
me the only one applicable to the coast of the United States.
Its direction, nearly diagonal through meridian and parallel, would not admit any
other mode founded upon a single meridian and parallel without great deviations
from the actual magnitudes and shape, which would have considerable disadvantages
in use.
"'Tables for the polyconlc projection of maps, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publication No. 5.
t Papers on various subjects connected with the survey of the coast of the United States; by F.R. Hassler,
communicated March 3, 1820 (in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. 2, pp. 40G-408, Philadelphia, 1825).
54
55
"COSq>).
8.1
E-+0.01 ( 1
In which z -distance or point from central meridian expressed in degrees of longitude, and</>= latitude.
EXAMPLE.-For latitude 39 the error for 10 27' (560 statute miles) departure in longitude is 1 per cent
for scale along the meridian and the same amount for area.
The angular distortion ls a variable quantity not easily expressed by an equation. In latitude 40 this
distortion is 1' .1 on the meridian 10 distant from the central meridian; at 30 distant it increases t.o 28' .7.
The greatest angular dlstortlon In this projection is at about latitude 37, decreasing t.o zero as we atiproach
the Equator or the pole.
56
The inconvenience of plotting the transcendental curves of parallels and meridians, the nonintersection of these systems at right
A projection or this type was constructed in the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1894, but not published.
t "Geographic center or tho United States" is here considered as a point analagous to tho center of gravity
of a spherical surface equally weighted (per unit area) and of the outline of the country, and hence it may
be found by means similar to those employed to find the center of gravity.
57
58
CONCLUSION.
59
60
forms when caITied beyond certain limits. Unless these latter types
possess other special advantages for a subject at hand, such as the
polyconic projection which, besides its special properties, has certain
tabular superiority and facilities for constructing field sheets, they
will sooner or later fall into disuse.
On all recent French maps the name of the projection appears in the
margin. This is excellent practice and should be followed at all times.
As different projections have different distinctive properties, this
feature is of no small value and may serve as a guide to an intelligible
appreciation of the map.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LAMBERT, J. H. Beitrage zum Gebrauche der Mathematik und deren Anwendung,
vol. 3, Berlin, 1772.
GAuss, C. F. Allgemeine Aufiosung der Aufgabe; die Theile einer Gegebenen
Flache auf einer andem gegebenen Fliiche so abzubilden dass die abbildungdem
Abgebildeten in den kleinsten Theilen ahnlich wird, Altona, 1825.
LAGRANGE, J. L. Nouv. Mero. de l'Acad. Roy. de Berlin, 1779. Collected Works,
t. IV, pp. 635-692.
GERMAIN, A. Traite des Projections, Paris (1865?).
GRETCHEL, H. Lehrbuch der Karten-Projection, Weimar, 1873.
TrssoT, M.A. Memoire sur la Representation des Surfaces, Paris, 1881.
CoAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Report for 1880 (pub. 1882), Appendix 15. A
Review of Various Projections for Charts.
CRAIG, THOMAS. A Treatise on Projections, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1882.
PILLSBURY, Lieut. JoHN E. Charts and Chart Making. Proceedings U. S. Naval
Institute, 1884.
HERZ, Dr. NoRBERT. Lehrbuch der Landkartenprojectionen, Leipzig, 1885.
HAMMER, E. Uber die Geographisch Wichtigsten Kartenprojektionen, Stuttgart,
1889.
ZoPPRITz, Prof. Dr. KARL. Leitfaden der Kartenentwurfslehre, Leipzig, 1899.
FoRSY.TH. Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, Cambridge, 1893.
LINDENKOHL, A. A Review of Zoppritz, Science, N. S., Vol. XI, No. 266, 1900.
MORRISON, G. J. Maps, their Uses and Construction, London, 1902.
CRAIG, J. I., M.A. The Theory of Map-Projections, Cairo, 1910;
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 11th edition, 1910-11.
.
HINKS, ARTHUR R., M.A. Map Projections, Cambridge, 1912.
MANUALS RELATING TO MAP PROJECTIONS, translated from the French, 1917, not
published.
61
Plate I
2
6'
10
)
I
Cherbourg
?
0
Strassburg
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
8: G, S. Pnnt
Scale I: 2, 710,000
zG
IG
Plate II
9G
SG
IG
c:j
~ . ~~.,,~ -<.5",J'\
f:1~\
,'C.J~;~
LON ON0
,,____
i.
........,._~Aotwecp
I
I \
---"'._'-5 ,/L,
BRUSSELS
.,,--\\~,..__' ~ IE,\ l G I u ~
\ ..
1'-._--t---~.---_(:___
v-. (
~-
I'----I
/-
I
ll>I
-t-----~ I -------1------'\
oCologne
) )
I~)~-- t--1
I
' ------- ------r':
,
M
/ \
m
:
\
R
A
G \E
I
"
:
\..
"'
:~Ij
>
.'-
0Trev es
.._;:.~::-.-
-t .
I+
\NJ.
eMetz
= 500
y0
= 300 kilometers
kilometers
ihtr=iassssburs-
--
--------t--- --
'
.
'
./
---1----t-----+---J-____J___________
---f-________
c:..)
BERN
50
100
150
200 Kilometers
..,
__
_.,
s}w rrz
,'
Lam/Jerf 's Conf'orma/ Conic Prqjecfion; origin ofmeridians at Paris; geographic coordinates in grades (Igrade= 10~ of quadrant).
_L~---+\.,..___:\--,--...-.-t--..------~~:~~-.\~J::\-...:;;;c=;::.::--1
,r-\.._...F
---
_-_._'--+.......------~
.r
__'--_--_. . . .
'
\.l
~-"*-.,
v
u
'\..
PARIS
Mainz
. . __ ~ _-- -+- -
''--.,___'v-_.) Lwf~b'"g I
r------+---------+--------1------l------'
I
r ~ L~lNl [))
\
C.& GS Pr1rit
Scale I: 2,710,000
54
,
Plate Ill
lo
lo
10
52
~--
_jJ
i'
....
I,_
_J
_[..__
c::
~
~
I._
Cl)
---------~----------------------------~~-----------------~-------....... \
e ':!
'i...
c::
Cl)
---
- - - 49
'
'
~~-r~~~~~~~L.__~~~~~~f-~~~~~~~~--~~~_:_-L~~~~~~-1~~~~~~-1~L(_>_2_7_7,9_3_9~~J-~~~~~~~~~~~~~-t~~-----1-~------1~-~------ ___
48
'
'
'
''
'
'''
:
'
''
.
::
JI
Construction Plate
- -
--_y
-0---470
;;~::]
---------"">--~
C.&G.S P,-/,.t
Plate IV
Plate V
olyconic Development
of the
I I
C&GS Pr/n+
100
Plate VI
LAMBERT'S
ZENITHAL EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
for Map of the United States
Scale 25.Wo:-ooo
. t
- -t
Central Point of ~rojection
(Lat. 38"00'; Lon9 95 00)
'"
\.
110
c.& G.s.
Echelle de /- 2Qooo
BAZANCOURT
'l
Plate VII
~~~;z~7Z-==~~~~~~7f-r-r~-c_=::::t==:::=:::::=::::::::::::::=:::=l""'::::::::::=::::~2\i6~00