Introduction Computer

A computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data and
information.
Parts Of Computer:A computer is divided into two parts - Hardware and Software. The computer and all
the equipments
connected to it are called hardware. Software is the set of instructions that the
computer follows in
performing a task.
components of a computer
Computers are made up of different components:
Input Devices
Processing Devices
Output Devices
Input Devices
Devices used for inserting data, instructions or information into a computer are
called input devices.
Example - mouse, keyboard, pen drive, CD, microphone, joystick and scanner. The
keyboard and
mouse are primary input devices.
Processing Devices
Processing Devices control the storage and saving of information in a computer. The
information is
processed by the computer processor (CPU), which is then saved on to the
computer memory or RAM.
output Devices
Devices which are used along with a computer to display the result are called
output devices. The main
output devices are monitor, printer, speaker, headphones and projector.
Generation Of Computer
1. First Generation (1942-1955)
Vacuum Tube Were Used.
Bulky Size Unreliable.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Vacuum tube used were emitting large amount of heat.

Non Portable.
Air Conditioning Require.
Second Generation (1955-1964)
Transistor Technology
Smaller Size than first gen.
Less Heating
Assembly Language used
Magnetic tape used for memory
Third Generation (1964 1975)
IC ( Integrated Circuit) Used
Faster Calculation Than first & second Gen.
Less Size and portable.
High level programming language used.
Magnetic Disk Used for memory.
Fourth Generation ( 1975 -1989)
VLSI ( Very large scale integration ) Technology used.
Less size & Faster than third generation.
Less electricity usages.
Fifth Generation (after 1989)
IC Technology ( ULSI) ultra large scale integration used.
GUI interface introduced.
Easy maintenance .

Type of computer:1. Analog Computer.:- Ananlog Computer Measure, analyses and control events
that are continuous , such as the flow of electrical current along power lines.
2. Digital Computer.:- Digital Computers, on the other hand, control events that
are discrete or finite e.g. control fuel, braking system.
3. Hybrid Computer. Combination of both analog & digital computer e.g ECG
machine measure temperature of patient.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

Internet refers to network of networks. In this network each computer is recognized by a

globally unique address known as IP address. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is
used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.

Intranet
Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization with its own server
and firewall. Moreover we can define Intranet

IP Address
IP address is a unique logical address assigned to a machine over the network. An IP address exhibits
the following properties:
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) refers to a web address which uniquely
identifies a document over the internet.

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW is also known as W3. It offers a way to access documents spread over the several servers over the
internet. These documents may contain texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks. The hyperlinks allow
the users to navigate between the documents.

Connection Types

There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. ISDN
3. DSL
4. Cable TV Internet connections
5. Satellite Internet connections
6. Wireless Internet Connections
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a modem to
setup dial-up connection. This modem works as an interface between PC and the telephone
line.
ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using
the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals.
DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it provides
connection over ordinary telephone lines.
Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial cable which is capable
of transferring data at much higher speed than common telephone line.
Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the internet and
offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.

Personal Area Network

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest network which is very personal to a user. This may
include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled devices.

Local Area Network( LAN)

A computer network spanned inside a building and operated under single administrative system is
generally termed as Local Area Network (LAN).

MAN
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network. It can be in the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM, or Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).

Wide Area Network ( WAN)

As the name suggests, the Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area which may span across
provinces and even a whole country.

Internetwork
A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet. It is the largest network in
existence on this planet

Computer Network Topologies

Point-to-Point

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

Mesh Topology

Transmission Media
Twisted Pair Cable

STP cables comes with twisted wire pair covered in metal foil. This makes it more indifferent to noise
and crosstalk.
UTP has seven categories, each suitable for specific use. In computer networks, Cat-5, Cat-5e, and Cat-6
cables are mostly used. UTP cables are connected by RJ45 connectors.

Coaxial Cable

Because of its structure, the coax cable is capable of carrying high frequency signals than that
of twisted pair cable. Coaxial cables provide high bandwidth rates of up to 450 mbps

Fiber Optics
Fiber Optic works on the properties of light. When light ray hits at critical angle it tends to refracts at 90
degree. This property has been used in fiber optic. The core of fiber optic cable is made of high quality
glass or plastic. From one end of it light is emitted, it travels through it and at the other end light
detector detects light stream and converts it to electric data.
Fiber Optic provides the highest mode of speed. It comes in two modes, one is single mode fiber and
second is multimode fiber. Single mode fiber can carry a single ray of light whereas multimode is
capable of carrying multiple beams of light.

Fiber Optic also comes in unidirectional and bidirectional capabilities. To connect and access fiber optic
special type of connectors are used. These can be Subscriber Channel (SC), Straight Tip (ST), or MT-RJ.