Journal of Wildlife Diseases Format

Monocitos:
Como en los mamferos, los monocitos
aviares son parte del sistema de
monocito-macrfagos y constituyen la
piscina de reemplazo para los macrfagos
del tejido104.

ALGUNOS
CAMBIOS
MORFOLGICOS:
Cuerpos de Heinz pueden estar asociados
con la anemia hemoltica en las aves y
representan daos oxidativo a los
eritrocitos. Se asemejan a los observadas
en los mamferos107.

Basfilos:
Los basfilos parecen jugar un papel
importante en la inflamacin temprana y
reacciones
de
hipersensibilidad
inmediata, pero difieren de los de los
mamferos al no contribuir a la
hipersensibilidad retardada102.
Eosinfilos:
La funcin de los eosinfilos aviar es
poco conocida. La eosinofilia puede ser
observado despus de la administracin
antgeno extrao y, posiblemente, en
asociacin con el parasitismo tracto
alimentario, pero la respuesta parsita por
este tipo de clulas en las aves no ha sido
cientficamente confirmada103,104.

Fig 5. Los cuerpos de Heinz son proyecciones redondeadas

de la superficie de los eritrocitos que representan la
hemoglobina desnaturalizada despus del dao oxidativo133

La presencia de heterfilos inmaduros en

la sangre perifrica por lo general indica
una respuesta inflamatoria severa,
especialmente en asociacin con una

Trombocitos:
Los trombocitos son el equivalente
funcional de las plaquetas de mamferos.
A menudo confundido con linfocitos
pequeos y tienen una tendencia a
agruparse en los frotis, en particular
cuando se procesa sin el uso de un
anticoagulante. Cuando se produce la
formacin de grumos, pueden mostrar la
desgranulacin de grnulos especficos,
degeneracin celular y picnosis nuclear104
Como con las plaquetas de mamferos,
aves trombocitos agregados puerta en un
sitio de la lesin vascular y formar un
tapn hemosttico. Adems, trombocitos
tienen
habilidades
fagocticas
y
probablemente tienen alguna funcin en
alteraciones en los la inmunidad105,106.

leucopenia
(degeneracin
rativa
desplazamiento a la izquierda)121.
Fig 6. Heterfilos inmaduros cuando se ven indica inflamacin
grave132
.

La presencia de heterfilos txicos122

tambin es poco comn en la sangre
perifrica de aves. Pero, cuando est
presente, sugieren la presencia de una
septicemia o toxemia (especialmente
asociado con toxinas bacterianas que
afectan el microambiente del tejido
9

hematopoytico). Cuanto mayor es el

grado de toxicidad, ms grave es la
enfermedad. La presencia de un nmero
de marcado +4 heterfilos txicos indica
un mal pronstico para la supervivencia
en las aves.

Fig 7. Heterfilos con cambios txicos, pueden mostrar

basofilia
citoplasmtica,
hipersegmentacin
nuclear,
vacuolizacin. Los heterfilos txicos y heterfilos inmaduros
pueden confundirse.

La medicina veterinaria avanza a grandes

pasos ao tras ao, y de tal modo lo hacen
los propietarios, ya que no son slo los
pacientes caninos y felinos los que llegan
a la consulta, si no tambin lo son los
animales exticos. Es por esto, que es
necesario
generar
instancias
de
investigacin, para dar a conocer las
diferencias que se pueden encontrar en las
aves, de esta manera evitaremos
subdiagnosticar
o
sobrediagnosticar
enfermedades.
La capacitacin a los medicos
veterinarios que hacen clnica y a los que
se encargan del era de patologa, son el
nexo que ayudarn a crear conciencia y
ayudar a los futuros pacientes.

Discusin y perspectivas a futuro

Bibliografa
Las aves presentan caractersticas
morfolgicas que difieren de los
mamferos. Estas caractersticas pueden
llevar a un mal diagnstico para aquellos
que no se han instruido en el tema de la
hematologa aviar.

1.

Los mdicos veterinarios, biolgos y

aficionados de las aves son los principales
responsables de dar a conocer estas
diferencias a sus pares, es por esto que
este trabajo pretende dar a conocer
informacin bsica y relevante a los
interesados en este tema.

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Al momento de realizar una comparacin

cualitativa entre los rangos de las
diferentes especies de aves que aadimos
en el anexo 1, podemos apreciar que la
diferencia entre especie es significativa;
por lo que es necesario generar ms
estudios en las diferentes especies, y no
slo en las familias, ya que al realizar esta
investigacin notamos, que existan no
slo diferencias entre macho y hembras,
si no que tambin en el estado que se
encontraban (juveniles v/s adultos).

RAE

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16

Journal of Wildlife Diseases Format

Anexo 1: Algunos rangos de referencia para distintas especies
Subclase

Infraclase

Paleognathae

Orden

Familia

Struthioniformes

Rheiformes

Struthionidae

Rheidae

Gnero
Struthio

Rhea

Especie

Clulas
sanguneas

Intervalo

Struthio
camelus40-42

Eritrocitos (106
cl/mm3)
Hemoglobina
(g/L)
VCM (fL)
CHCM (%)
Leucocitos (103
cl/mm3)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

1,18 - 2,87

Rhea
americana43
-46

Eritrocitos (106
cl/mm3)
Hemoglobina
(g/L)
VCM (fL)
CHCM (%)
Leucocitos (103
cl/mm3)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

Tinamiformes

Neognathae

Galloanserae

Anseriformes

49

Tinamidae

Anatidae

17

Eudromia

Cygnus

Eudromia
elegans4,487

Cygnus
olor50

Leucocitos (103
cl/mm3)
Heterfilos
(103cl/mm3)
Linfocitos (103
cl/mm3)
Monocitos (103
cl/mm3)
Basfilos (103
cl/mm3)
Eosinfilos
(103cl/mm3)
Hct (%)
6

Eritrocitos (10
cl/mm3)
Hemoglobina
(g/L)
VCM (um3)
CHCM (%)
Leucocitos (109
cl/mm3)
Heterofilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)

6,55 - 13,95
151,78-371,13
7,4 - 24,53
7,4 - 24,52
60,5 - 85,5
11,5 - 31,5
0,00 - 7,00
0,00 - 5,00
0,00 - 1,00
2,25 0,1
13,4 0,45
18,5 5,9
32 0,01
13,6 3,3
59,5 33,3
31,6 23,2
3,68 2,94
1,47 1,47
3,68 3,68
8,90 - 21,20
1,39 - 8,64
5,18 - 13,11
0,00 - 1,48
0,00 - 0,94
0,00 - 0,64
29,00 - 41,00
1,54-2,715
8,9-23,85
106,05-220,2
21,55-79,8
4,5-29,25
23,5-65,5
30,0-68,5

Galliformes49,51,54

Phasianidae

Meleagris

Meleagris
gallopavo52,
53

Neoaves

Apodiformes
Apterygifromes

Cathartiformes

Apterygidae

Cathartidae

Apteryx

Gymnogyps

Apteryx
spp67-68.

G.
californianus
60-62

Casuariifomes

Charadriiformes

Dromaiidae

Laridae

Dromaius

Larus

18

0,0-7,5
0,0-4,5
0,0-6,0

Eritrocitos
(cl/mm3)
Hemoglobina
(g/dL)
Leucocitos
(cl/mm3)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)
*

1.111.810,75
242.227,25
16,951,85
7932,752619,
75
33,9258,55
54,9259,3
2,04,075
1,1251,4
2,65,9

110-333
8,3-19,0

CHCM (g/L)
Leucocitos (109
cl./L)
Heterfilos (109
cl./L) [%]
Linfocitos (109
cl./L) [%]

(4,15-10,65)
[45,0-65,0]
(2,2-6,8)
[22,0-42,0]

Monocitos (109
cl./L) [%]
Eosinfilos (109
cl./L) [%]
Basfilos (109
cl./L) [%]

(0,05-0,8)
[0,0-5,0]
(0,35-1,595)
[0,0-8,0]
(0,245-1,35)
[3,0-9,0]

Hematocrito
(%)
Leucocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Heterfilos (103
cl./mm3)
Linfocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Monocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Eosinfilos
(103/mm3)
Basfilos
(103/mm3)

36,35

D.
novaehollan
diae63

Leucocitos (103
cl/L)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

Larus
dominicanus
dominicanus

Hemoglobina
(g/L)
Leucocitos (109
cl/L)
Heterfilos (109

55,56

Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

20,75
11,875
6,95
0,575
1
0,325
17,3
60,7
35,13
2,38
1,25
1,28
72 -209
5,05-17,4
1,5-15,3

Journal of Wildlife Diseases Format

cl./mm3)
Linfocitos (109
cl./mm3)
Monocitos (109
cl./mm3)
Eosinfilos
(109/mm3)
Basfilos
(103/mm3)
Ciconiiformes

Ciconiidae

Mycteria

Mycteria
leucocephala
69,70

Coliiformes

Columbiformes

Coliidae

Columbidae

Urocolius

Urocolius
macrourus71

Eritrocitos (106
cl./mm3)
Hemoglobina
(%)
Volumen (um3)
CHCM (%)
Leucocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)
Eritrocitos (1012
cl./L)
Hemoglobina
(g/dL)
Leucocitos (109
cl/L)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

Columbinae
72

Cuculiformes
Falconiformes

Eritrocitos (106
cl./uL)
Hemoglobina
(g/dL)
VCM (fL)
Leucocitos (104
cl./uL)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilo (%)

0,0-1,55
0,05-1,1
0,0-0,3
2,42-4,06
16,11-19,23
100,77-178,17
1,28-6,48
1,11-20,09
65,82-86,38
0,00-0,00
3,46-20,54
0,0-2,33
2,69-5,10
11,6-18,77
116,7-181,8
4,38-7,50
20,0-40,0
16,0-31,5
55,0-72,0
2,0-7,3
1,2-6,0
0,0-4,5
4,92 0,13
14,28 0,2
27,31 1,85
41,68 0,56
53,01 0,66
0,80 0,23
2,37 0,24
1,62 0,22

*
Falconidae

Falco

Falco
tinnunculus1
26, 129

Eritrocitos (1012
cl./L)
Hemoglobina
(g/L)
VCM (fL)

114.10- 281.97

CHCM(%)

204.36-361.11

Leucocitos (10
cl/L)

0,35-5,4

19

1.52-2.92
88-145

4.25- 9.75

Gaviiformes

Gaviidae

Gavia

Gavia
immer130

Gruiformes131

Passeriformes

Pelecaniformes

Emberizidae

Pelecanidae

Zonotrichia

Pelecanus

Zonotrichia
capensis 136

Phoenicopteridae

Phoenicopter
us

20

42.00-55.00

Linfocitos (%)

35.00-56.00

Monocitos (%)

1.00-4.00

Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

0.00-0.00
1.00-5.00

Hematocrito(%)

30- 56

Leucocitos
(109cel/L)

9-33

Heterfilos (%)

10-56

Eosinfilos (%)

7-59

Monocitos (%)
Basfilos (%)

11-76
0-1

Eritrocitos
(1012cl/L)

2,54

Hemoglobina
(g/L)

16,15

Leucocitos (109
cl/L)

Heterfilos (%)

53,3

Linfocitos (%)

929,8

Monocitos (%)

0- 1,08

Eosinfilos (%)

0- 9,8

Basfilos (%)
Trombocitos
(109 cl/L)

0-1,6
0-16,8

Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)

54.5 6.9
34.7 5.5

Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

1.5 2.2
6.3 3.1

Pelecanus
onocrotalus

Hematocrito
(%)

Phoenicopter
us ruber
ruber135

Eritrocitos(106/u
L)
Hemoglobina(g/
gL)
Hematocrito
(%)
VCM (fL)
CHCM(g/dL)
Leucocitos
(cel/uL)
Heterofilos(%)
Linfocitos(%)
Monocitos(%)
Eosinfilos(%)

137

Phoenicopterifor
mes

Heterfilos (%)

2.9 2.6

39.1 6.9

1,12-1,85
9,22-17,65
37,95-57,83
234,31 -419,06
20,42 35,87
1.531-15.898
10,09-114,41
8,41-96,02
0,72-18,94
0-3,89

Journal of Wildlife Diseases Format

Basfilos (%)
Piciformes

134

**

Podicipediformes
Procellariformes

Psittaciformes58

*
Procellariidae

Psittacidae

Macronecte
s

Amazona

M.
giganteus56,5
7

Amazona
brasiliensis5
9,60

Pterocliciformes
Sphenisciformes

Hematocrito
(%)
Leucocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Heterfilos (103
cl./mm3)
Linfocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Monocitos (103
cl./mm3)
Eosinfilos
(103/mm3)
Basfilos (103
cl./mm3)
Eritrocitos (106
cl./uL)
Hemoglobina
(g/dL)
VCM (fL)
CHCM (g/dL)
Leucocitos (103
cl./uL)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Monocitos (%)
Eosinfilos (%)
Basfilos (%)

38-53,5
2,1-6,58
0,9-3,9
0,4-2,5
0,02-0,37
0,11-1,10
0,00-0,01
0,50-3,65
6,55-14,48
123-520
196-503
10,0-63,0
35-85
6,0-55,0
0,0-3,0
0,0-1,0
0,0-5,0

*
Spheniscidae

Spheniscus

Spheniscus
mendiculus1
27

Strigiformes126

Hematocrito
(%)128

41.25

Leucocitos (%)
Heterfilos (%)
Linfocitos (%)
Eosinfilos(%)
Basfilos (%)

25 -56
8-85
6-85
0-37
0-3

Eritrocitos
(1012cel/L)
VCM (fL)

1.63.3

Leucocitos
109/L

0-8,49

21

135270
11,3 -26,5

Heterofilos (%)

2685

Linfocitos (%)

241

Monocitos (%)

017

* Sin informacin
** No hay link al paper, slo a la cita bibliogrfica

22

Eosinfilos (%)

234

Basfilos (%)

234