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Communication:
Electronic
Communication:
Major e-communication
types:
Electronic Signals
Communication
Signals Types
Analogous
Digital
Composite
Periodic
Aperiodic
Fourier Analysis:
Fourier showed that a composite
signal is a sum of a set of sine waves of
different frequencies, phases, and
amplitudes.
In other words, we can write a composite
signal as:
Y(f) =A1Sin (2f1t+1) + A2Sin (2f2t+2) + A3Sin (2f3t+3) + . . .
Example
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine
waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz, what is the bandwidth? Draw the
spectrum, assuming all components have a
maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Example
A signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60 Hz.
What is the lowest frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal
contains all integral frequencies of the same amplitude.
Solution
DIGITAL SIGNALS
A 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a
0 as zero voltage:
Example
A digital signal has a bit rate of 2000 bps. What
is the duration of each bit (bit interval)?
Solution
The bit interval is the inverse of the bit rate.
Distortion:
Distortion means that the signal changes its
form or shape.
Distortion occurs in a composite signal, made
of different frequencies.
Each signal component has its own
propagation speed through a medium and,
therefore, its own delay in arriving at
the final destination.
WHY DO MODULATION ?
1- For allowing multiple signals to share
a single physical media.
2- Necessary for wireless communication
where the antenna diameter must be at
least equal to the wavelength of the
carrier signal. [ =c/f ]
3- For a medium not suitable for digital
transmission.
4- High frequencies range can travel to far
distance than Low frequencies.
Carrier signals
c=f
Velocity of light
Wavelength
Frequency