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J. zooi. Soc. India, 35 c; & 2). 2e-4a. 1983

NEMATODES FROM WEST BENGAL ( INDIA )


XVI. ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS HELICOTYLENCHUS STEINER, 1945

(
,

HOPLOLAIMIDAE : TYLENCHIDA )
QAISER

H.

BAQRI AND NASEEM AHMAD

Zaelogical Survey of India, 21.Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Colculla-700016, India.

INTRODUCTION

Nematodes ofthe genus Helicotylenehusha ve been reported from West Bengal in t wo


pre vious articles : Chatur vedi & Khera (1979) reported H. intlicus Siddiqi. 1963 from
Ho wrah and 24-Parganas districts, H. rdusus Siddiqi Et Bro wn, 1964 from Midn apur district,
and a ne w species H. ind1nta1us (=H. crenacauda Sher, 1966) from Burd wan district. Singh
& Khera (1980) added t wo ne w species, H. seshatlrii (=H. paraplalyurus Siddiqi, 1972)
i
and H. 61lur1nais (=H. mierocepht1lus Sher, 1966), from Ho wrah district.
Present paper reports eight species of Htlicitlylenchus Steiner, 1945, out f which
the follo wing species are being reported for the first time form West Bengal : H.1dihyslera
.
( Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 ; H. multicindus (Cobb. 1893) Goldin, 1956; H. erythrinae
(Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956; and H. abunaamai Siddiqi, 1972. Helicotylmchu1
dihysterahas been found widelydistributed at Dar jeeling, Jalpaiguri and Coochbehar dis tricts
while H. erenacauda is abundant at Burd wan district. Helicotylenchus multicirw:ius, H eryllri
nae, H. r1tusus, H. mieroc&phalus (=H. belurensis), H. paraplaiyurus (=H. seshatirii) and
H. abunaamai arepoorlyrepresented in rest Bengal.
,
It is kno wn (Sher, 1966; Nanda kumar & Khera. 1970 ; Siddiqi, 1972; Yeates,
1973; Ali, Geraert & Coomans, 1973; Sauer & Winoto, 1976; Geraert, 1976; A il, 1976;
Van den Berg 1978; Azmi & Jaira jpuri, 1t}78; Fortuner, 1979; Fortuner & Qu neher ve,
1980; Fortuner, Merny & Roux, 1981) that Helicotylcnchus spp. are variable. Sauer &
Winoto (1975)ha ve correctly pointed outthat the taxonomy of Helicotylenchu1 has become
difficult be cause of the variability of characters used for identification at specific le vel.
Hence, anumber of populations o f aspecies should be studied, Manyauthors do not ta ke
aneugh consideration on this variability when describing newspecies. This results in badly
describedor invalid species.

Inthis papttr, we wish to add to the kno wle d ge of variability of H1Uco,ylenohu and
comment on the s:tatus of some of its species.

30

OF tH& ZOOLOGICAL soc1etv OF INOIA 35(/ & 2}1198Q

JOURNAL

MATERIAL AND

METHOD
: Table I

Origin of the specimen,s


Species

Population
Number

H. aihystera

No.of
specimens
7

1.

00

Maize (Zea mar L.,

00

Tea (Thea 1inen1i1 L.)

00

Banana (.Mu1a sp,)

00

Tea (Thea ainensis L.)

00

Banana (Musa sp.)

00

Tea (Thea dnensis L.)

++

2.

++

3.

++
4.

++

5.

10

++

6.

++

7.

3 00

Banana (Mu1asp.)

Banana (Musasp.)

++

a.

00

++

9.

4 00

++

10.

3 00

++

H, multicinctus

1.

H. erythrinae

1.

11 0 0

++

00

++

H. relusua

1.

3 00

++

H. microcephalus 1.
(=H. belurensis)

H paraplatyurus 1.
(=H. seahadrii)

1.

H. abisnaamai
H. crinacatla

00

++

00

++

00

++

1.

Host name

96 0 0

++
4thstage ju v.

Banana (Muaa s
p . )and
Mango (.Mangifera
indica L.)
Banana (Musasp.)and
Paddy (Oryza satitJa L.)
Maize (Zea mays L.)

Locality
(dist.)

Remar k

Dar j eel ng
i
(Proper)
Lebong
(Dar e
j eling)
Phoolse rin g
(Dar jeelin g)
Kureaong
( Dar jeelin g)
Sha ktigarh
(D
ar j eel ng
i )
Dag apur Te a Estate
{Dar jeeling)
Matig1rh
O
( e rj eelt ng )
Collegepara
(Jalpaiguri)
Da kshingwrihati
( Coochbehar)

Da kshin kala Roy


(Coochbehar)
Dare
j eil ng
( Proper)
Tea (Thea sinP.nsis L .)
Darjeeling
( Proper)
Paddy (Oryza saliva L.)
Krishnapur and
Ma jherpara
(Burdwan)
Sponge gourd
Belur
5 paraty.
( Howr ah) pesof H.
(Luffa cyUndrica Roem)
belurensis
Belur
7paratyO kra (.Abelmoschus e1cul( Howrah)
pes ef H.
entus ( L.)Moench)
aeshadrii
Kh
arban
i

Cabbage (Brassica
'
(Birbhum}
oleracea L.)
cfw
.. Bur an sadar
Paddy (Oryza
(Burdwan)
ativa L)
-do-do-

AAQ.i

a.

4k!MAb.,...iP1tlES OF l./WCO'rYLENCHUS FROM WEST BENGAL

All t hes pe cime ias include d ni t his st udy have been dep os te
i d ni t he Nat ion alC olle ct ion
ofZoological Surve y ofIn dia, C alcut t a, In dia.

Helioolylenchua dihystera (CoLlb, 12 93) She r, 1961


( Fjg, 1, A D& Fig . 2)
-

Measurements

T abfe II.

Desoriptim :
L pi reg ion cont ni uous , hem sp
i he rical, m ark ed by 4-5 ann ules. Ante rior cep halids
n ot seen , p oste rior ceph alids 6-7 annu el s bel ow t he lip reg ioA. L ate ral fiel ds n ot
are ol ate d except n
i on e spe cimen from Daksh ni k ala R oy p opul at ion whe re it Is
are olate d ni t he oe sophage al , er g ion. St yl et kn obs fl at e
t ne d ( 44% of the spe cimens)
or ni dente cd ( 56% ) an te riorly. Ex ce'r tory p ore sl ght
i
ly ante rior orp oste rior t o the an t erior
en d of the oe sop hage al g l an ds . Hem izon id 0-2 aonu les ant erior to exc reto ry p ore , 2
an nule s loag. Spe rm at he ca ro un ded, offs et , w th
i out spe rm. T ail dorsally cu v
r e d, wit b
sl ig ht ly vent ral p rgje ct ion ni 72% ofth e sp ec m
i ens t Fig. 1, D); p roject ion absen t n
i t he
ot he r sp eeimens ( Fig . 1, C ) Th e fus ion oft he n
i n er incistires at the t ail tip is n ot ed
U shap ed n
i 36% wh lie ni ot h e rVorY shape d.
.

T he lengt h of st y el t , oe soph agus an d t ail are n ot s gi n ificantl y


corre late d w ti h
.
body len ght
The Coe fficients of Corre lat ion are res pec tive l y = 0.678, 0,042 an d
0.4
7 (). Th ere is a s g
i n ifican t cerre lat ion bet ween p osit ion of me dian oes op hage albulb
( R = 0,689 ) an d vulv a ( R
0.949 ) wit h t h e body len gth. Fig . 2 p er sen t ' body
length ni relat ion t o p os it ion o.f m edian bulb an d vulva.
=

RerJJ,arks:
This spe cies si cos mop olit on ni dist ribwt ion . Its body dime ns ions s how a hig h .
deg er e of variat o
i ns. T he p res en t p opu lat ion s have been ident fi ied asH. diky1ttra
be cau se of hem isphe rical h ead, t ail shape an d offset spe rm at he caw ti h ou t spe rm . T he
body dimens ions an d diff erent me as u er men t s h ave been foun d wel l within t he raAge
rep orte d by Sher (1966} an d Siddiqi (192
7 ) ni
t op ot yp es. As far as t he U s hape d
i si con ce rn e d, Ali 61 al., (1973) en d
an d Y shap ed fus ioR of ni ne r ni cinre s at t ail t p
S aue r .& Win ot o (1976) have already illu s t rate d V sh ape d t o Y shape d fus ion of
ni n er ni cis ure s at 'tai.i Th ey have als o ment ione d th at t he fus ion of t he inne r lin es
in H. rUhysiera is variabl e. Siddiqi ( 1972) has a1s o i!lust r1t ad Y shaped fusion of t'he
ni ner lines in topot ype females (Fig. 1, D).

JOURNAL Of THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA, 35 ( I & 2 ), 19$J

32

f
'

Fig.

1.

Hel/cotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 (A-D):

K '

A: Oesophageal region; B

Female

anterior reproduct'ive system ; C & D : Female tails. H. retusus Siddiqi & Browa, 19&4 (E-G> :
E : Anterior end ; F : Part of female reproductive system ; G : Female tall. H. multlcinctus
(C obb, 1893) Golden. 1168 (HK): H 1 Anterior fnd; I: Anterior female repredu ctlve system;
J : Spermatheoa fHted with sperm ; K : Female tall.

--

8AQRI

33

!
i

95

Y4150ll49172!C

8S

65 550

AHMAD-SPECIES OF Ht.UC01Yl.ENCHUS FROM WEST BENGAL

&

tf

' <1

.0
a

o.

600

550

4j

..

fj

'J5Jl'l-'5!04IOJl1t

650

700

,f

:-4

380
aGo

340

,,

320
300

Fig.

2.

500

550

600

BODY LENGTH

(J-lffi)

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961

650

700

Body length in relation to position of

rftedian bulb and p osition of vulva.


&=Darjeeling population ,

b=Lebong population,

d=Kurseong population,

Phoolsering population,

e=Shaktlgarh population,

f =Dagapur population,

g-Matigarh population,

h =Collegap ara population,

i ::;Daksbingwrihati po pulation,

j =Dakshinkala Roy population.

Note-a.(representa bellew circ)e), b{represents circle halfsolid),

C(represents solid circle),

d(represents ballow circle with arms) e-(represents solid circle

with arms). f-;represents

hollow trlagle). g(represents solid triangle). h-(represents hollow sq


uare), i-(represents
solid s(lt.iare),

j-(represents cross).

- __

34

JOURNAL OF THI! ZOOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

OF INDIA

Helicolylenehus mullicinelus (Cobb, 1893 )

JS ( I

&

2) 1'83

Golden , 1966

(Fig. 1, H - K)

Meaaurements :

L (mm)= 0.54 (0.49-0.59) SO= 0.04; a = 27(23-3 1 ) SD=2.25;


45 (38- 82) so - 4.6;
b=6.3(4.9-6.0) so= 0.40; b'= 4,4(4.0-4.9) so 0.34; c
Females (1 1)

c'= 1.02(0.9- 1.2) SD = 0.10; V


68{64-70), SD
1.83; st y el t (m)= 24(23-26 )
SO= 0.60; m = 47(46-48) SO= 1.04; 0=37 (33-38) SD= 2.54.
=

Male :

No t o
f nd
u .

De1eraption ;
Lp
i region hem si p he rical, cont ni uous wit hbody, m arkedby 4-6 annules. Ant&rior and
p os terior cep halid s n otseen. Stylet knobs indented an te riorly. E.>feretory p ore ant e o
ri rto
oesophago-intestinal junction. Hemizonid at the le vel of excre tory pore, 1-2 annules long.
Sp erm at he ca offs et filled
,
wit hsperm. Tail more curved dorsally, termin us hem isp he rical,
with 10-14 ann ules vent rally . Phasmids 3-4 ann ulea ante riorto an us.

Remarks:
Oursp ecimensof H. multieincHu rfom We at Ben gal agree with the descripit on of
it s t op ot y pef ema les pro vided by. Sher (196 6) and Siddiqi ( 1973 ) in ha ving same body
d mi ensoi ns , st y let length, rounded head with s light dep res sion te m
r n
i ally , s pe rm ta h ce a
/

filled with sperms and tail shape.

Helieotylenehus ery1hrina (Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 195&


(Fig. 3, A-D)
Measuremenss :

Females (8): L {mm)=0.49 (0.46.0,57) 50=0.14; a=23 (21-26 )


S0=2.46 ;
(27-3 1) 50=
b=5.2 r4.9-5.5) SD=0.27 ; b'=4.3 (4.1-5.5) SD=0.18 ; c 29
{ 2-23 )
.3 46; c=1.35(1.2-1,,5) 5 0 =0 13 ; V=62(61-63)SD=0.83 ; stylet,(m )=22.3 2
SD=0.46; m=48 4
( 5-60 ) 50=2.33; 0=39 (37-40 ) 50=2.12.
=

Male:

Not foun d.

..

BAQRI

&

AHMAD-SPECIES OF HELiCOTYLENCHUS

FROM WEST BENGAL

35

Description :
Lip region hemispherical, mar ked by 4-5 annules. Anterior cephalids indistinct,
pesterior cephalids 7-B annules belo w the lip region. Stylet knobs indented anteriorly.
Excretory pore anteriorto oesophago-intestinal junction. Hemizonid 0-2annules from excre
torypore, 2annules long. Spermatheca offset, filled with sperm. Tail dorsally curved,
tapering gradually to a conspicuous ventral projection with a pointed tip. Phasmida 1.3
annules anterior to anus.
Bemarle1:
The present population identified as H. ery1krinae resembles with its tepotypes
described by Sher ( 1 966 ) in having same body dimensions, shape of head, number of head
annules,length of stylet, functional spermatheca and tail with a pronougced ventral projec
tion. However, the West Bengal specimens have slightly robust tail projection than
repor e
t d by Sher ( 1966) in topotypes and Sauer & Winoto (1975) in Malaysia population.
Apart rf om this, Sher (I. c. ) has also reported the position of phHmid& 2 annules postericir
to4 annules anterior to anus.
Perhaps he could study more variation because he wH
having more specimens.
Helicolylenehu relusus Siddiqi & Brown, 1964
( Fig. 1, E-G)
Measurements :

'

Females (3) : L(mm) 0,82 (0.71 - 0.89 ) SD=0.09; a=30 (28-32 ) 5D=2.0;
b 6.9 ( 6.3-7.3 ) SD=0,5 1 ; b'=5.8 ( 5.2-6.2) so =0.51 ; C=58( 53-61) 50=4.16 ;
c'=0,97 (0.9-1.0) SD=0.06; V=62; stylet ( m )=-26 ( 25-27) 50=1.04; m=47.6
( 47-48) 50=0.68; 0=38 (35-42) 50=3.51.
=

Description :
Body' C' shaped upon fixation. Lip region hemispherical, with indistinct annul9tion.
Anterior and posterior cephalids not seen. Stylet knobs flattened t o indented anteriorly.
Excretory pore at thelevel of oesophage-intestinal junction or anterior.
Hemizonid Of!e
annule anterior to excretory pore, 2 annules Ieng.
Sparmatheca without sperm, Tail
terminushemispherical,symmetrical, marked bv 10-14 annules ventrally, Phasmids 912
annut.-santerior toanus.

1
JOURNAL OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OF. IN DIA,

36

38 (I

&

2)

1983

Fi.

3;

(A....:.D
. ): A: Anterior end ; B: An teri or
H. Praploty.urus Siddiqi, 1972 (- H):
E : Anterior end ; F: Stylet; G : Part d female reproductive syste m ; H : Female tail, H.
microcepholus.Sher, 1966 (1-L): I: Ant e ro r end; J: Stylet; K: Pa rt of female reproductive
system; L: Female tail. H. abunaama; Sid<;tiqi, 1972 (M-0): M: A nt erior end; N:
H. erythrlnae

(Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956

female reproductive syst em;

C & D:

Female tails.

Normal female tail ; 0 : Female tail showing variation.

BAQRI ii AHMAO-SPl:CISS OF HELICOTYLECHUS FROM WEST BENGAL

37

Remarks:

The Wat Bengal population fits well witfl the original deseription of H. retus.us

provided b

y Siddiqi &

Qrown (1964) except in having 1C' shaped body upon

fixation.

Siddiqi & Brov.vn I I. c, ) have reported spiral haped body while Sher ( 1966) has reported

c shaped body in Cebu population from Philippines and Mysore population frem

India.

Helleotyleneh microcphaius Sher, 1966


Syn. Helicotylenchus beluren1i1 Singh & Khera, 1980, new synoaymy

(Fig. 3, 1-L)

Measunm1m1 :

.
a=30 (27.31 ) &G=1.67;
( 4.3-5.0) SD=0.25; C=40 ( 32-4 ) SD::;;;::2.19;
( 23-25)
c'=1.1S ( 1.1-1.4) so 0.05; V = 6J ( 61-63) D-0.70; Stylet ( m) =24
.
. SD=0.85; m....4
.: 8 ( 4-7-50) 5 0 = 1 .09 ; 0=43 ( 41-46) SD=2.En',
Female ( 5) : L (mm ) =06 3 ( 0.82-0.70) S D= 0 02 ;

b=5.8

(5.0-6 3 ) SD=0.48;

b '=4
.7

Ducriptwn ;

Lip region continuous, truncated marked by in istlnct annules.


c1phalids not seen
indented.

Lateral fields not areolated, lnisures smooth.

Anterior aRd postericr


Stylet knobs anteriorly

Excretory pore at the level of oesophagointestinal junction or anterior.

1-2 annules anterior to excretory pore, 2 annules Ion .

Tail more curved dorsally, t periog to form a ptojecti n, marked


Phasmids 2-4 annules anterior ta anus.

Hemizonid

Spermatheca offset. without sperm.

by 11-14 annules

ventrIJy.

Dirc1C1ain :

Helieosylenchus belurensis was described by Singh & Khara (1980) and distinguished
from H. microcephalvs by the fol lowing characters : 1the outer margin of lateral field

being

aerolated, the outer incisuces being crenate and the inner two ineisures not fusing on the
tail, spermatheca being filled '!Vith sperm and vale of c:

Our .study of 5 paratype females,

from the National Collection of Zoological Survey of India, reveals that the outer bands of
the lateral fields are non-areolated, the outerincisurep are smooth throughout the whole !e"'Qth,
and the spermatheca is offset but without sperm.

specimens { c=4448. after Singh & Khera, 1980 .

The value.of c Is 3241

In the type

Now the only distingulshfng cli'arecter

JOURNAL OF l'HE toOLOGlcAL sOciETV OF INDIA 36 (I

38

&

2)

1983

of H btluren sis remains thatthe inner incisures do not fuse in the tail region. In view of
recent reports ( Nimdakumar & Khera, 1970; Siddiqi,1972; Ali es al 1973; Sauer & .Winoto,
1975;a nd others including the present studyof H. dihyslera, (Fig. 1-C & D) regarding the
variability In the patternof terminationof inner two incisures in the genus Helicoiylenchua,
this single character can not be treated as of diagnostic importance. The study of t he se
specimens confirm that H. btluren1ia is morphologically identicalof H. microcephalua. H en ce,
H. belurensisis here proposed as new synonymof H. microcephalus.
.

HeUcotylenchus p araplatyuru1 Siddiqi, 1972

Syn. H elicotylenchus

aeshadrU

Singh & K he ra, 1980 , new synonymy

( Fig.3, E-H )

Measuremeats :

Females ( 7): L

(mm )=0.65

(0.58-0.70) SD.=0.38 ;a=30

(27-32)

SD=

(411.83; b=5.7 (!5.6-6.6) SD=0.31; b'=48 ( 4.6-5 1) 50=0.20; c=43


45 ) 50=1.60 ; c'=1.24 (1.1-1.3) 50=008; V=64 (63- 65 ) 50=0.69; s tyl et
(m)=23 (22:--24) 5D=0.59; m =47 (45-48 ) SD-1.29; 0=41 (38-46)
50=3.77.
Duoription :

Lip region continuous, broadly rounded, with 4-6 annules . Anterior and posterior
5tylet nobs i ,nde net d a!'lferiorly.
cephalids notdistinct, Lateral fields with smooth incisures
j nction, Hemizonid
i ht lyanterior or posterior to the oesophago-intestinal u
Excretory pores lg
2-4 annules anterior to excretory pore,2 a nnules long. Female reproductive &ystem typical
of thegenus,spermatheca o fsf et , without sperm. Tail subcylindrical, with broadly ro unded
terminus, marked by 11-16a nnu el s . Phasmids from 2 annules po ste rior to 4 annules
anterior to the a nus.

Di11usaion :
,
Sing h & Khera (180} separated H. seshadriifrom H. paraplaiyuruso n the follo wing
indnted s tyle t ' knobs { stylet knobs a loms t anchor- shaped
.characters : Conspicuously
.
.
against rounded to occasionallyindented anteriorly in H. paraplatyurus ), greater value of b
(b=.2-7 4 aga ins t 5.1-6.5 in H flaraplatyurus), and shape of tail ( tail cylindrical and

'

BAQRI

&

AHMA0-SPECIE$

OF HE.LtCOTYLENCHUS FROM

mor e cur ved dors ally w ith h emisph er icalt erminus


br oadl y r oun ded t er min us ni H. paraplatyurus ) .

ag ai nst

WEST

dors ally

BENGAL

39

convex , su bcy lin dr oid to

In fact, th esty let knobs ni th e 7 p ar atyp es of H. ,.,shadrii ar es il ght yl ni dente d an te ri or yl


an dn ot an ch er -sh ap ed ( Fig . 3, E & F) an d th er ange of bv alu e h as been calcu late d56-6.6
by us . Th esh ap e of th etail an dt erm ni ati on of th e inner tw o ni cisures i n. tai l reg ion of
H. parplaiyurus h av e be en illu str ated v ari able by S iddiqi (192
7 ). H. whadrii i s he re
pr oposed as an ew syn onym of H. paraplatyurus
Helicotylenchus abunaamai

( Fig .3

7
S iddiqi , 192

M-0 )

..

Meosuremenu:

Femal es (5) : L ( mm )=0.51( 0.4 9-0.65 ) SO= 0 .03 ; a=23 ( 21-24 ) S O= t.30;
b=5.2 ( 4 9-5 9) SD=0.42; b'=4.4 ( 4.3- 4,8) SO= 0.24; c=41 ( 36-50) S D=6.61;
c l .06 (0.8-1.3) SD=0.19; V=62 (60-65) SD=1. 9
2;
sty lat ( ,m )=21.6
( 21-22) SD=0.48; m 48.4 ( 48=50 ) 50=0 89; 0=40 ( 38- 42 ) S D=2.0.
'=

Deseriplin :

Lip r eg ion con tin uous , br oadly r oun ded, w ith 4 ann u les . An ter ior an d poster ior
ceph al ids n ot seen . Styl et kn obs s l igh tly i n den te d an ter iorly. Ex cr et ory p or e an ter ior
t o oes oph ago-in tes tin al jun ction. Hmi zon id0-1 annu le an te ri or to e xcretory pore , 2
an nul es l ong . Sp erm athe ca w ith out sper m T ai l ven trally con cav e an d dor sally conv e,
w i,h an uns rt iate d ven tr al pr oje ction ( Fig . 3, N ) , r oun de d te r min us in one sp c;cime n
( Fig 3, 0 ) ; inn er ni cis ur es of later al fie l ds fu sing di stally ( Y sh ape) in t ail region.
Ph as mi ds 3.4 ann u l es ant er ior to anus .
Remarks :

The West Beng al p opul ation identif ied as H. abunaamai si s i milar to th e t ype
population descri bed by Siddi qi(192
7 ) fr om Centr al Su dan in th e body dim ensi on s
an d measur emen st , h ead an dt ail sh ap e, styl et len gth an d s perm ath eca w ith out spe rm .
T he speci mens r ep or ted by S auer & Win oto (1975) f o
r m Wes t M alays ia diff er fr om
th e _types des cr ibed by Siddiqi ni h av ni g ven tral pr oje ction with n arr ow rou nde d tip
on t ail ( t ail w ti h a sl g
i ht pr oject ion havin g h emi sp her ical t er minu s in type population ) .

JpUR.NAL O F 'i'Hi ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

40

INDIA 35

( I &o:2') 1983

fig.

4.

He/icotyler.chus crenacauda Sher, 1966:

C&

D:

Anterior end;

E:

A: Entire]femala;

B:

Female reproductive system;

Oesophageal region;
F:

Anterior

female

reproductive system with reflexed ovary and an egg enclosing first stage jnvehile;
G-1:.: Female tail;

M:

Anterior end enclosed in fourth molt cuticle ;

region enclosed in fourth molt cuticle;

,p & Q:

Fourth stage- juveni. ie;

N : Vulva

Tail enclosed in fourth. molt cuticle ;

P :.:oesophageal f8gion

Q: Genital primordlum.

: .BAQRI

le AHMAD-SPECIES

OF

HEL/flOTYLENCHUS

Helicotylenchus crenat;auila

Syn.

FROM WEST BEN'GAL

Sher, 1968

Singh, 1971, new synonymy


Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979, 111ew synonymy
parapleracercu1 Swltan, 1981, new synonymy

Helicolylenchus pieracercus
H.
1H.

indenlaius

( Figs 4 tt 5 )
'

Mcaauremenia :

Table-Ill

Deacriplion :

Body spirally curved upon fixation. Cuticle 1.5-2.0 m thick, marked with distinct
transverse striae. Lip region continuous, broadly rounded (89%) to tranc1ted (20%).
marked by 4-5 annules. Outer margins of labial framework extending posteriorly for
1-2 body annules. Anterior and posterior cephalids respectively 2-3 and 7-9 annules
'
behind lip region. Lateral fields 1/7tt:i-1/4th ot body width near middle of tha body.
Hemionid 02 annules from the exeretory pore, 1.5-2.5 annules long. Stylet 3.6-4.3
times the head width. Stylet knobs flattened ( 30%) or indented ( 70% ) anteriorly.
Dorsal oesophageal gland opening 8.5- 11 0 .m below the base of stylet. Vulva a
transverse slit. Vagina about 1 /2 of the correponding body.width. ReprodHctive system
outstreched except in one specimen where the anterior part of ovary is ref lexed ( Fig.
4. F). An. egg enclosil'lg first stage larva measures 78 x 28 .m. Oocytes arranged in
one or two rows except in the multi19licatiof1 area. Spermatheca well developed or less
precise, without sperm. Rectum one half to almost one anal body- width long. Tail
with a well developed ventral projection ad the charaateristic indentation at dorsal
terminal part of the tail, marked by 6-12 annules ventrally. The inner pair of incisurea
fuse near the middle of tail and the ventral projection enveloped in cuticular fold
originating from the terminal region gf the lateral fields. The size of the cuticular fola-like
structure Cilepends upon the position of the pecimen.
MorphfJmelric and allometric characiers : The various morphomatric and allemetric
characters of adults (female ) have been furnished in Table Ill. The. position of
median oesophageal bulb, excretory pore and vulva are sigflificantly correlated with body
length. The Coefficient of correlation are respectively R=0.900, 0.943 and 0.992.
Fig. 5 shows relationship of body length with position of median bulb, excretory
pore and vulva . . The length of stylet (R=-=0.474), oesophagus (ft=0.052), gonads ( R 0.787)
and tail (ll==0.714) are not significantly correlated with the body length.
=

JOURNAL OF

42

THE

ZOOLOGtCAL SOCIETY OF INDIA

36

(I

&

2)

1983

8
..

0
...

..

.g

...

0
"'

"'

0
0
"'

ih

g g
(wrl) sins NI03w

Fig.

6,

"' 22:8;2

(Wr0

3UOd AU0l3l!OX3 jQ NOlllSOd

Helicotylenchus crenacauda Sher, 1966

0
0

"'

: : .:
(wrfJ

YAlnA jO NOl.U$0d

Body l ength in relation to position of median

bulb ; position of excretory pore and position of vulva.

BAQRI & AHMAD-SPECIES 6F HE.l/COTYLENCHUS FROM EST

BENGAL

43

Among all the morphometric and allometric characters analysed, the less variable
characters (C.V.3%) were the length of stylet, tt-le value of V, and value of m. The
characters which showed a high degree of variability (C.V.>10% were length of genital
branches, vulva I body-width, value of G 1 and G 51, value of c', tail annules, and the position of
phasmids. The markedly variable characters (C V =7-10%) were length of body-width
of lateral fields, position of median bulb, values of a and c, and length of tail, All the other
characters were moderately variable (C,V. ranging from 4-6%).
The above observations on adult females of HalicotylenchuB crenacauda show that the
length of stylet and the value of V are least variable. These observations are in conformity
with those of Bird Et Mai (1967) on Trichodorus chri1tei Allen, 1957; Azmi Et Jairajpuri (1978)
on Helicatylenchus indiaus Siddiqi, 1963 ; Rashid Et Khan (1978) on Pratylenchus c" ffeae
(Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev Et S. Stekhoven, 1941; Baqri Et Ahmad ( 1981) on Tyle nch or
hynshus nuds Allen, 1955 ; and others.

Juveniles:

,.

First stage juve nile : Body enclosed in egg shell in three flexures (Fig. 4, F). Lip
region and cuticle smooth. The outer wall of oesophagus and its inner cutioular lining
incomplete. Median oesophageal bulb at 52 m, measures 10 x 8 m. Stylet measures
16m.

Fourth stage juvenil es : (Fig. 4, P Et 0) : No. 7. L (mm)=0.46 (0.44-0.41) SD=0.02;


a=24 (22-25) SD=1.21; b=4.1 (4.2-4.8) SD=0.97; b'=3.8 (3.6-4.2) SD=0.23;
c=24 (22-26) SD=1.51; c'=1.47 (1.4-1.5) SD=0.05; stylet (m)=23 (22-24)
SO= 0.75; m=47 (44-48) SD=1.57; 0=36 (35-39) 50=4.22.

Helicotylenchua pleracercus

was described by Singh (1971) and was


distinguished from H. crenacauda in having cuticular fold extending from the tip of the lateral
fields to the terminus of tail projection and a more posteriorly situated phasmids (3 annules
below t 2 annules above the level of the. anus against 4-6 annules anterior to anus in
H. arenacauda) , a prominent and offset spermatheca but without . sperm against
inconspicuous spermatheca in H. crenaoauda, somewhat shorter tail consisting more annules
(c'=0.60-1.08 and tail annules 10-15 gainst c'=1.0-1.3 and 5-10 tail annules in
Discussion:

H, arenacauda,

44

JOURNAL OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Of

INDIA SS ( I & 2) 1983

As far as the cuticular fold in tail region is concerned, it is present in H. erenacaucla.


The ether diagrpostic characters have been foufld highly variable. The only character ;emains
t he pos terior pQsition of phasmids sometimes below the r an u s level. This can not be
considered a character of diagnostic value of species level unless combined with other
character beca1,1se the position of phasmids has been found a highly variable character. ll.
pteracerc:us is proposed a synonym of H. crtnacat"ls.

Chaturvf!di & Khera (1979) . described a new s pecies H. indentalua from Burdwan,
W. Bengal. The study of the paratypes of H. indmtaeus has revealed that some of
the characters on which Chaturvedi Et Khera (1979) separated their species from H.
crenacf&ucla were overlapping i. 9, a=22-24 and C=33-41 against a=!4-29 and C=33-52
in H. crenacaud.i. In addition, spermatheca'.with sperm and sloppii.g stylet knobs
against spermath'lca without sperm and styletl knobs anteriorly indented in H. crenacauda
were the oter two distinguishing characters used by them. We h ave noted that sper
matheca i1 alw&ys without sperm, the stylet knob are either flattened or indented
anteriorly. The report of Chaturvedi & Khera that all the feur inciaures appear passing
round the tall'tip could not be confirmed in the type specimens of H. inclentalus. Three
paratype females of H. indentalua w ere sent t o er. P. A. A. loot for comparison with
paratypes of H. crenacauda. He agreed that both the sptcies are identical in every
respect including the fusion of inner incisures at tail tip. H. indeatalus is here proposed
as a new synonym of H. crenaacuda.
Sultan ( 1981) has described H. parapteracercus form LoP1gthobol, Imphal, Manipur
(India). He has distinguished this species from H. crenaeauda and H. pteractrcus in
having more lip annulea, longer stylet, anteriorly indented stylet knobs .and different
manner of termination of inner pair of incisures at tail ti p . The other distinguishing
characters used by him (value of 0, ventra! overlap of oesophageal gland lobe, posi
tion of phasmids and excretory pore) have been found variable characters in morphome
tric studies. Our present study reveals that H. parapeeracertu also comes within the
range of variaticms noted by us in H. crnacaula except the differently manner of
fuaion of inner incisures - at tail tip, distinct and more number of lip annules. Since
H. pitrac.ercuB' has been considred a synonym of H creacauda_ and H. ,paral!teracereus
was descrilied es an itermediate species, we feel that H. parapleracercus is probably
a symanym of H. crenacauda. However, the described pattern of termination of inner
two inci sures at tail in the type specimens of H. parapteracercus tip and number of
lip annules/need further confirmation. Unfortunately, the type specimens could riot be
traced.

..

8AQRI

le AHMAD-SPECES OF HE.LICOTYLENCHUS

FROM WEST BENGAL

46

SUMMARY
Helicotylenchus dihy1tera, H .

multicinctus, H.

erylhrinae,

H.

resu1us,

H, miero

abunaami and H. cranacauda have been found in West


Bengal (India). Each species is described and illustraied. The variability of H. dihysiera
(ten population) and H. crenacauda have been studied in more detail. H. btlurensis
is proposed as synonym of H. mierocephalu.s H. seshadrii as synonym of H. para
plalyurus. H. pleracercu1, H. indentalUB ans? H. parapleraeercus are proposed as synonym

ce'Jthalus H; paraplatyurus, H.

of H. orenacauda.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. B. K. Tikadtr, The Director of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta
for providing the research facilities. Thanks are due to Dr. P. A. A. Leof for comparing the
type spocimens Gf H. inclentatus with H. orenacauda and confirming their identity. The grant
to conduct the survey from I. . A. R., New Delhi, under All India Coordinated Research
Project of Namatede Pests, is also acknewledged .

REFERENCES
,.

ALI, S. S.

1976.

Some systematic problems in the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda : Tylenchida).

Faytofarm. en Faytiat. Gent, 1976.


ppen Rijksuniversiteit Gent.

Mededeiingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetescbt1


1
1007-1012.

41 (2Pt. 2)

ALI. S. S., GERAE RT, E & COOMANS, A.

41

1973.

Some spiral Nematodes from Africa. Biol. Jb. DodonaH,.

53-70.

AZMI, M. I. & JAIRAJPURI.

M. S.

1978.

Morphometric and allometric variations in the

juveniles of Helicotylenchus indicus Siddiqi,


BAQRI, Q. H. & AHMAD,

(28th Int. Symp.

Deel II.).

N.

1981.

1963.

adults and

Indian J. Nematol., 6 (1976) : 13-22. '

Nematodes from West Bengal (Inaia)

VII.

Morphometric

allometric variations in Tylenchorhynchus n11dus Allen, 1955 (Tylenchorhynchidae:

Tylenchida)

a.nd
Bull,

zoo/. Surv, India, 3 : 239-247.


CHATURVEDI, Y. & ERA , S. 1979.

Studies on taxonomy. biology

and ecology

of nematodes associated

with j ute corp. Tech. Monogr. zoo/. Surv. India 2: 1-105.

FOR.TUNER, R.

1979.

a single female.

Morphometrical variability in Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945.

Revue. Nemato/., 2

FORTUNER, R. & QUENE HERVE, P.

2.

1980.

FORTUNER, R., MERNY, 0 & ROUX, C. 1981.

3.

Observations on

related spec.

Revue. Nematol., l ; 291-296.

Morphomefrical variability In Helicotylenchus Steiner,

African populations ot lielicotylerrchus dihystera

Revue. NematoZ.. 4

The progeney of

Morphometrical variability in Helicoty/enchus Steiner. 1945.

Influence of the host on H. dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961.

1945.

1.

197-202.

235-260.

apd c:Onsidetats

Oh

'

JOURNAL

46

OF THI!

ZOOL.031CAL

SOCl&TY OF INDIA, 35

(I

&

..

!) 198tJ

GERABRT, B. 1976. Problems concerning the genera Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 and Rotylendtus Filipjev,
193 6. Nematofogica. 22 : 284-288.
NANDAK.UMAR, C. & KHER-A, S. 1970. Plant parasitic nematodes from the rhizosphere- or pe arl millet
(Penisetum typhoides) in Rajasthan. Indian J. Helm/nth., 22: 136-138.
RASHID, A & :KHAN,

A.M.

1978!- Morphometric studies on Pratylenchus cojfeae with descrlptlen of


Indian J. N6matol., 6 (1976): 63-72

Pratylenchus typicus Radhid, 1974.

SAUER, M. R. & WINOTO, R.


Nematologica,

SHER, S. A. 1966.
Nematologica,

1975.

The genus Helicotylenchus 'Steiner, 1945

in West Malaysia

21 : 341-350.
Revision of the

12

SIDDIQI, M R. 1972.

Hoplolaiminae <N:ematoda) VI.

Steiner,

1945.

On the genus H1tllcotylenchus St)iner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tyleochida), with description

of nine new species. Nematologka, 18


SJDDIQI, M. R. 1972.

Hellcotylenchus

156.

74-91.

HelicfJtylenchus dihystertJ. C.I H. Descriptions of plant parasitic Nematodes, Set 1,

N. 9.3 pp.
SI DDI QI, M. R. 1973.

Helicotylenchlls multicinctus C.I.H. Descriptions of plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 2,

N. 23. 3 pp.
SINGH, S. D. 1971.

Studies on the morphology and systematics of plant and soil nematodes mainly from
Andhra Pradesh. I. Tylenchoidea. J. Helminth., 45: 353-369.

SINGH, R.. V. & KHERA, S. 1980.

Plant parasitic nematodes from rhizosphere of vegetable crops around

Calcutta. 4 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Indian J. Nemaol.,.9 (l9'J9)


SULTAN, S. 1981.

95-100.

Spiral nematodes of the subfamily Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971 (Tylenchida : Hoplola

imidae) from hdia. NematoZ. Medit., 9 : 35-47.


VAN DBN BERG. E. 1978. On some Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus species from South
'f'hytophylactica,

10 : 7-12.

Africa (Nematoda).

YEATES, G. W. 1973. Morphometrica and growth in eiaht New Zeal and soil nematode populations. N. z.
J. Sci.; 16 : 711-725.

. .

'

bl MENSIONS OF

tABLE-11

M S.D.

( Ra nge)

(Range )

0 .570.05
(0.500.64)

0.620.02
l0.58-0.64)

0.640 53
(0.57-0.73)

0 570.04
(0.53-0.64) ,

231.34
(21-25)

22.50.68
(22-23)

24.01.98
(22-28)

I>

4.80.;15
(4.6-5.3)

5.1:t0.27
(4.!:1-5.5)

f):'"

4.1 0.92
(3.7-4.4)

C:

,.

'

..
..

'

-. -

.;

p opulation

n=10

Dagapur Tea
Estate
po pulation

- > ,_-_. - '

Matigarh
population
n =3
MS. D.

Collegepara
population
n=6
MS. D.

( Range )

(Range )

population
n =4
MS. D.
(Range)

Dakshing

wrihati

--":-":" -

- .

Dakshinkala
Roy Populatien
n=3
MS.D. "

(Range)

0.61 f0.04
(0.56-0.66)

0.600.03
(0.56-0.62)

0 620.04
l0.69-0,64)

0.550.36
(0.61-0.60)

0.560.02
(0.53-0 58)

0.560.03
(0. 53-0. 68)

23.01.70
(20-24)

242.12
(20-26)

21.00.44
(20-21)

22 01.00
(21-23)

261.79
(24-28)

2200.16
(21-23)

22.00.57
(21-22)

5.20.44
(4.7-5.8)

6.00.30
(4.7-5.4)

5.30.22
(4.9-5.6)

5.20 28
(4.9-5,6)

6.20 20
(5.0-5.4)

6.00.35
(4 6-5.2)

5.10.51
(4.3.6.4)

6.10 32
(4.7-6.3)

4.30.19
(4.1-4.5)

4.30.34
(3.9.4.8)

4.20 25
(3.8-4.4)

4.40.20
(4.1-4.6)

4.30.30
(3.9-4.7)

,4.20 29
(4.1-4.6)

4 20.24
\3 9-4.4)

4.10.45
(4.0-4.5)

4.10.25
(3.9"4.3)

400.29
(34-50)

395.85
(34-46)

403.20
(34-44)

382.79
(33-41)

391.87
l38-40)

434.0
(39-47)

465.19
(37-51)

441.29
(42-45)

393t'l5
(36-42)

c:-

1.160.05
(1.1-1.2)

1.030.15
(0.9- 1 2)

1.030.12
(0.9-1 2)

1.040 07
,o 9-1.1)

0.860.05
(0.8-0,9)

0.960.16
(0.8-1.0)

0,950.12
(0.8-1.1)

0.880.05
(0.9-1.0)

VJ

631.25
(62-66)

652.61
(61-67)

64 2.53
l61-68)

64 1 95
(62-67)

442.41
(39-47)
1.01 0.09
(0.8-1.2)
642 35
(58-67)

63.80.44
(63-64)

651.15
(64-66}

651.87
(62-67)

Gil

201.57
(19-21)

24298
(20-27)

232.76
(18-27)

230 96
(21-29)

252.90
(19-29)

241.09
(23-25)

281.73
(25-28)

272.59
( 24-30)

642.06
( 64-70)
211.50
{26-29)

1.00.10
(0.9-1.1)
631.16
l62-64)
283. 79
(24-31)

ii"!I:

194.46
(17-21)

211.71
(19-23)

211 83
(18-23)

190 97
(18-20)

212.01
(18-25)

241 22
(22-25)

201.62
(19-22)

211.21
(20-23)

230
(23)

233.46
(19-25)

""

471.06
(46-48)

47 1.0
(46- 48)

47 0.99
(.648)'

470.97
l46.48)

47 1.41
(46-48)

472.89
(4ll-50J

480.00
(48)

480 99
(46-49)

472.13
(46-50)

471.15
(46-48)

456.61
(36-46)

372.0
(36-40)

383 51
(35-42)

371 06
(36-38)

423.09
(38-44)

371.54
(36-381

361.62
(35-38)

371.40
(36-38)

391.15
(38-40)

394.24
(36-42)

Styret (p:m)

24.71.11
( 2?.'.)-2f'.'5)

26.00.68
( 25-27)

25.0 1.27
(22-26)

24.70 67
(24-26)

251.22
(23-26)

251.15
(24.26)

24.40.92
(23.0-25 5)

250.93
(24-26) /

Conus (p.m)

11.30.80
(11.0..11.5),

25 61.73
(24-28)
12.11.03
(11 0-13.5)

12.10.23
(12.0-12.5)

11..70.69
(10.5-12.5)

11.70.53
(11.0-12.5)

11.80.83
(11-13)

12.00.58
(11.6-12 5)

11.60 60
(11.0-11.5)

11.80.64
(11,0-12.5)

11.30.76
10.5-11.5)

4.80.76
(4.5-5.0)

4.60.40
(4-5)

4.90.23
(4.6-5.0)

4.50 40
(4-5)

4 80 27
(4.5-5 0)

.5.30.5
(5.0-5 5)

4.90.20
(4 5-5.0)

4,8:f .0.50
(4. 6)

60

12030.49 x
0.0
(12-13 x 9)

12.30 5 x
9.30.50
(12-13x9-10)

1250 53 x
9.40 52
(12-13x9-10)

11.50.53 x
9.80.78
(11-12x8-10)

5.00.28
t4.5-5.5)
11 70.48 x
8.80.42
(11-12x8-9)

Nerve ring* (m)

873.70
(83-94)

902.38
(88-92)

93.7.40
(80-103)

873-40
(83-9)

, 02
874
(81-91)

Excretory pore*

1004.62
(96-109

1065.80
(100-113)

1118 17
(99-123)

1023.30
(99-108)

14.51.27
(12-16)'

161.82
(14-18)

161.39
(14-17)

161.57
(14-19)

Tail annules

121.39
(10-14)

130.95
112-14)

130.93
(11-14)

Phasmids from
anus 'annules)

-9 1.07

8.82.50
(6-12)

6,00.0
(6)

Stvlet knobs width

(p.m)
Median bulb (p.m)

(m)
Tail length (m)

n =7
MS. D.

S h aktiga rh

n=5
M S . D .
(Range)

L (mm)

Ku rseong
popu lation

population
n=8
MSD.

n=7
MS. D.

(Range>

Phoolsering

n=4

Characters

Lebong .
population

Darjeeling
population

HELIOOTYIJ_ENCHUS DIH_YSTERA.

. (6-9)

( Range )

MS: D.

11 80.44 x
9.80.44
(11-12 x9-10)

11.61.15x
9.01.0
(12-13x8-10)

11.50.64
8.30.51
(11-12x8-9)

862.89
(84-89)

. 847 31
(73-90)

(Range)

241.0
(23-26)

(6)

11.50.57 x
9.50.67
(11-12x9-10)
843.0
(81-87)

1.60.57
8 60.57
(11-12x8.t)

97 0.95
(96-98)

962 64
(94-99)

1032 82
(99-105)

1081.15
(107-109)

81 4.36
(76-87)
1027.31
(93-118)

14 1.05
(12-15)

14.62.60
(10-16)

141.73
(12-16)

131.94
(12.16)

121.70
(10-14)

141.62
(13-16)

131.38
(11--6)

121.26
(10- 13)

10,81.30
(9 -12)

114 16
,(6-14)

101.26
(9-12)

9.30 50
(9-10)

111.0
(10-12)

7.4 1.72
(6-9)

6.71.49
(6-9)

6.60 54
(7-8)

7.60.68
(6-8)

5.70.81
(5-6)

6.50.57
(6-8)

6.71.0
(6-7)

1057.7t
(93-116) .

Distances from anterior extremity.


--

- -

41"..

830.57
(82-83)

,.. /.
...-..-'

TABLE- I l l
Morphometric and al lometric variations i n Helicotylenchus crenacauda
Characters
Length (u m)
a
b
b.'
c

c:;'
v
t

G :l'

G l!

m
0

.....

'

...

'

Lateral fields (m}


Head height (.m )
H ead width {rn)
Stylet (.m)
Conus (.m)
Stylet knobs width (m)
- ----. Dorsal oesophageal gland opening (.m)
Oesophagus* (.m)
Median oesophageal bulb * ( m)
Median oesophageal bu l b* tength (1tm)
Median oesophageaJ bulb* width (p.m)
Nerve ring* (.m)
Excretory po re * (.m)
Vulva* (m)
Anterior gonad l ength < .m}
Posterior gonad length (.m)
Vagina length (.m)
Body width at vu lva (:m)
Anal l;:>ody diameter (. m)
Rectum length (.m)
Tail tength (.m )
Tail annules (Ventrally)
Phasmids from anus (annu tes)
* Distance from anterior exterm i ty.

Range
500-700
2029
4 7-6.3
4 0-5. 2
30-44
0. 9-1.4
60-66
1 9-33
15- 24
44-50
33-4 0
4-6
3- 4
6-7
24-27.5
11- 13
4-5
8.5- 1 1.5
100- 130
5S-75
12-14
8-1 1
72-98
85..120
310-450
105-208
98-164
10- 1 5
20-29
12-17
9-13
13-19
6-12
6- 1 7

Mean
597
24
5.4
4.5
38
1 .1
63
26
20
47
37
4. 8
3.8
6.7
25.4
11.8
4,9
9.4
110
69
12.6
9.6
82
99
380
152
121
11.6
25
14
10
16
9
9.6

S . D.

c. v

43.51
2.38
0.33
0. 27
3.57
0.13
1.26
3.38
2.40
1.41
2.07
043
0.26
0.4 0
0.64
0.52
0.27
0.52
6 . 05
5.45
0.66
0.66
3.77 ,,
5 64
26.22
19.76
15.73
1.28
3.00
1.11
0. 97
1.55
1.62
2. 02

7.3%
9. 9%
6.1%
6 . 0%
9.4%
12%
2 . 0%
1 3%
12%
3 . 0%
5.6%
8.9%
6.9%
6. 0%
2 . 5%
4.4%
6 .6%
5.5 %
5.5 %
7. 9%
5. 2%
6 9%
4.6%
5.7%
6.9%
13%
13%
11%
12%
7.9%
9 .7%
9. 7%
18%
21%

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