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CHEMICALS
5 : FOR
CONSUMERS
SOAPS
Soaps are sodium or potassium
salts of long-chain fatty acids
General Formula:
R-COO- Na+ or
R-COO- K+
Potassium soap are softer, milder than sodium soap and are
usually used for bathing
Example:
CH3(CH2)14COO- Na+
PREPARATION OF SOAP
SAPONIFICATION
Soap is made through
heating oils/fats (Ester)
PROCESS
with an alkali, NaOH
[ESTER]
[SALT]
O=
R-C-O-CH2
R-C-O-CH
O=
R-C-O-CH2
+ 3NaOH
Glycerol
Alkali
HO CH2
HO CH
HO CH2
O=
1. HYDROLYSED OF OILS
/ESTERS
O=
R-C-O-CH2
R-C-O-CH
HO CH2
+ 3H2O
HO CH
O=
HO CH2
R-C-O-CH2
Oils or fats
Glycerol
fatty acid
2. NEUTRALIZATION OF FATTY
ACIDS
RCOONa + RCOONa + RCOONa + 3H O
RCOOH + RCOOH + RCOOH + 3NaOH
2
Fatty acids
Oils or fats
+ Soap
[ESTER]
Soap
+ Concentrated
Alkali
Glycerol
Preparati
on of
Soap
-3
DETERGENT
Detergent is a synthetic cleansing agent made
from hydrocarbon
Raw materials obtained from
petroleum
PREPARATION
SULPHONATION
PROCESS
Two common
detergents
are:
1. Alkyl
CH3(CH2)nCH2
sulphate
2. Alkylbenzene
sulphonate
CH3(CH2)nCH2
Na
Na
PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
Step I
Obtain a long chain hydrocarbon from petroleum
fractions
Step II
Reacts long chain alcohol with concentrated
sulphuric acid to form lauryl hydrogen acid
Step III
Neutralise lauryl hydrogen acid with sodium
hydroxide solution and produce sodium lauryl
sulphate (detergent)
SOAP
DETERGENT
1. Dirty cloth
2.
b.
3.
4.
5.
7.
Rinsing away
the dirty
water
removes the
grease
droplet
CLEAN CLOTH
SOAP :
Hard water contains of Ca2+ and
Mg2+ions
When soap reacts with hard water,
white precipitate is formed known as
SCUM
DETERGENT:
1.Detergent do not form scum when
reacts with hard water.
2.Detergent form a soluble substances
with calcium or magnesium ions.
3.Detergent can still perform its
cleansing action in hard water
4.Detergent is more effective than
soap in hard water
ADDITIVES IN DETERGENT
FOOD ADDITIVES
SALT
SUGAR
VINEGAR
Sodium
nitrite or
sodium
nitrate
Benzoic acid
or sodium
benzoate
Sulphur
dioxide
Preservatives
Functions
Salt
Sugar
Example
Salted
vegetables
Vinegar
Pickled
cucumber
Sodium nitrite /
sodium nitrate
Sausage
Benzoic acid /
sodium benzoate
Sulphur dioxide
Side effect
Increase the risk
of cardiovascular
diseases
Tooth decay,
diabetes and
obesity
Carcinogenic
Tomato sauce
Slows down the growth of
microorganisms.
Grape juice
Asthma and
allergies
B. Antioxidant
1. Food containing fats and oils can turn rancid, fats
and oils are oxidised to unpleasant-smelling acids
on exposure to the air.
2.
Function:
Prevent oxidation (causes rancid fats and brown fruits)
Antioxidant
Functions
Example
Side effect
Vitamin E
No
Vitamin C
No
Ice-cream
Retard rancidity in
fats, oils and oilcontaining foods
Margarine &
cereal
Carcinogenic
Sodium citrate
BHA (Butylated
hydroxyanisole)
BHT (Butylated
hydroxytoluene)
BHA/BHT
in
Margarine
VITAMIN
C in Fruit
Juice
HOW THEY
WORK :
To retard
rancidity in oils
HOW THEY
WORK :
To preserve the
colour of fruit
juice
Sodium
Citrate in
Cooked
cured
Meat
HOW THEY
WORK :
To stop fats
from turning
rancid
C. Flavouring
Functions:
flavours = natural
flavour. Cheaper to
use than the real
fruits
D. Stabilisers
Functions:
prevent an emulsion from separating out
Stabilisers
Monoglycerides
of fatty acids
Acacia gum
Lecithin
Gelatin
Functions
Mix oil and water
Example
Ice-cream, chewing gum,
beverages, whipped topping
and margarine
Mix two liquids that do not mix Marshmallow, gumdrop, edible
together. Forms an emulsion. glitter, carbonated drink syrup
& gummy candies
Reduces viscosity. Replaces more Margarine, dough, candy bar
expensive ingredients. Controls
& cocoa powder
sugar crystallisation and the flow
properties of chocolate. Helps in
the homogeneous mixing of
Mixture
of peptides
and
proteins Fruit jam, jelly babies, shells
ingredients.
Uses as
a coating.
of collagen extracted from the
of pharmaceutical capsules,
boiled bones, connective tissues,
margarine & yogurt
organs and some intestines of
animals
Thickeners
Functions:
thicken food
give the food dense, smooth and uniform texture
Thickeners
Gelatin
Pectin
Starch
Functions
Example
Side
effect
Mixture of peptides and Fruit jam, jelly babies,
proteins of collagen
shells of
extracted from the
pharmaceutical
boiled bones, connective capsules, margarine &
tissues, organs and
yogurt
some intestines of
Dietary
fiber
Fruit jam
animals
Thicken food
Soup, custard, pudding,
noodles and pasta
Dyes / Colouring
Dyes
EXAMPLE OF DYES
Azo and triphenyl compounds. Both these
compounds are organic compounds.
The Brilliant blue - triphenyl compound.
Tartrazine and sunset yellow - azo compounds.
Azo compounds - yellow , red, brown, black in
colour.
Triphenyl compounds green, blue or purple
in colour.
MODERN MEDICINE
1. Stimulants
Example
Amphetamine , dextroampheteamine and
methylphenidate
is prescribed to relieve mild depression and fatigue
2. Antidepressants
Increase the activity of neutrotransmitter (chemicals
that pass signal between nerve cells) in the brain
Example
tranquilisers ,barbiturate or fluoxetine
Prescribe to moderately depressed patients who feel
sad, hopeless and may having crying spells
3. Antipsychotic drugs :
Reduce the activity of neurotransmitter in the
Example :
Clozapine is prescribe to schizophrenia patients who
tend to hear non existent voices or believes other
people are plotting to harm them
PROPER MANAGEMENT
DETERGENT
1.Wear gloves when working with strong detergent
to protect your hands
2.Use biodegradable detergent
3.Use appropriate amounts of detergent
FOOD ADDITIVES
1.Be a wise consumer. Read the label to know what
you are eating
2.Avoid consuming too much salt and sugar
3.Read up to know about food additives
4.Avoid foodstuff with additives which you are
sensitive to
5.Avoid rewarding children with junk food
MEDICINES
1.Do not store up medicines
2.No self medication
3.Do not take medicine prescribed for someone
else
4. check for expiry date
5.Follow your doctor prescription
6.Take the medicine after meals
7.Take the medicine with correct dose
:SODIUM ALKYL
SULPHATE
PREPARATION
H2 O
CH3(CH2)nCH2OH +
Water
Long Chain
+ Concentrated
Alcohol
CH3(CH2)nCH2
Sulphuric acid
Alkyl Sulphonic
Acid
2. NEUTRALISATION
CH3(CH2)nCH2
Water
Alkyl Sulphonic
Acid
+ NaOH
Na + H2O
+ NaOH
CH3(CH2)nCH2
Sodium Alkyl +
Sulphate
:SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE
SULPHATE
PREPARATION
CH3(CH2)nCH=CH2 +
Long Chain Alkene + Benzene
CH3(CH2)nCH2
+ H2 O
Alkyl benzene
Alkyl benzene
+
+ concentrated
H2SO4
CH3(CH2)nCH(CH3)
CH3(CH2)nCH2
+ Water
2. NEUTRALISATION
CH3(CH2)nCH2
+ H2 O
Water
Alkyl Sulphonic
NaOH
CH3(CH2)nCH2
+ NaOH
Sodium
Na