Stusry Litejohn was eduested st George Hens Schac n Scotland and caved Fis "degree in. engineering” at Edinburgh Unger” indus Restated sever Inthe iy Enginee’s Depertment, Edin ‘burgh and thon joined Mostra, Mott: Hay & Anderson o work on the Forth Road Bridge, ‘Altar this he'continuad nie graduote study at the Universty of Neweaste upon Tyne Ware he investigates the affects of long Wall mining on surtace structures and as Swarded s (Phd. He. then retumed” to IRustry and jomed_ Cementation, Ground Engineering Ud, whore his. work was concerned with @ wide range of geotech: ‘eal procesees including “new. develop iments goch a8 wbvofotation and: ground InI971 he rotumed to scademie lite and lectured in Geotachnies at the Dep (of Engingoring, University of Aberdeen for 5 pend of hve years, During this time he founded the’ Geotechnice Rasearcn Group Structors0! interaction ond surface 38 Reine present ime Stuart Litajahn i ‘eenmest Drccter of tne Colerete Group af Companies ond ‘Consultant to, Ground fev reteing he former interests. as ¢ Chairman sof both tha. Gniieh. Standard Inuton’s Cade’ of Practice “committee gn ground anchorsges, ang the International Society of Rock Mechanics" commitee Feviewlng its anenar testing stenaord. In Sedivan he is s'member of the Institution | ot Structural Engineers: Ad Hoe Commitee | fon Structure Sot interaction and the BS Gommittes revising CPZ “Earth Retaining Stractures Donald, Bruce wae educated st Robert Gordon's colege in Seotand and received his teat" degree in Geology ot Aberdeen Unieray afore conned is graduate study 28 8 member o! the. Geo- ‘chnic's Rosodrch Groupat the Univeraty Department of Engineering. Buting « period oF threo years ne studied the Geeigr ond Berlormarce of presressed rock ‘anchors iter receiving his doct S5"3 contracts anginoot and te currenty involves" in ground stobiisation including Supervision of dem grouting contacts. He {2's member of the Srih Driing Associa tion and the interations! Society of Rock Mochanes Commitee reviewing. Tock tnehor testingRockanchors- state of the art by G. S. LITTLEJOHN, BSc, PhD, MICE, MiStructE, FGS, ‘and D. A. BRUCE, BSc, AMICE, FGS (riginelly publishes in ‘Ground Engineering’ magazine between May 1875 and May 1876 FOUNDATION PUBLICATIONS LTD. 1977.Contents PART 1: DESIGN Poge 1 BOND BETWEEN CEMENT GROUT AND STEEL GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 TENDON 9 DESIGN — AN INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 9 UPLIFT CAPACITY OF THE ROCK ANCHOR The mechanisms of bond 9 SYSTEM 1 Fixed anchor design 9 Design procedures 1 Distribution of bond 10 Experimental evidence 2 Magnitude of bond 12 Spacing 2 Effect of rust on bond 2 Remarks 3 Remarks 12 BOND BETWEEN CEMENT GROUT AND ROCK 3 TENDON 2 Introduction 3 Introduction 2 Fixed anchor design 3° Tendon characteristics 12 Fixed anchor cimensions 5 Allowable stresses and safety factors 14 Theoretical evidence & Tendon specers 15 Experimental evidence 7 Remarks 18 Remarks 8 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 6 PART 2: CONSTRUCTION Page 17 Homing 2 INTRODUCTION 17 GROUTS AND GROUTING 23 DRILLING 17 Grout composition 2B introduetion 17 Admixtures 23 Dring methods 17 Grout erushing strength 25 Choice of ding method 18 Mixing 25 Drilling equipment 18 Grouting methods 25 Dring rates 19 Grouting pressures 25 Flushing 20 Quality control 26 Alignment and deviation 21 CORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTION 27 WATER TESTING AND WATERPROOFING 21 Mechanisms and causes of corrosion 27 TENDON 22 Classification of groundwater aggressiveness 28 Storage and handing 22 Degree of protection recommended in practice 28 Fabrication 22 Corrosion protection systems employed in practice 29 PART 3: STRESSING AND TESTING Page 31. Special test anchors 43 INTRODUCTION 31 Monitoring of the overall anchor rock structure STRESSING 3 system 47 Mode of stressing 31 SERVICE BEHAVIOUR OF PRODUCTION Practical aspects of stressing n ANCHORS — 47 Choice of stressing system 33, Introduction a Montonng precedren 34 Time— dependant behaviour of steel tendons 47 Presentation 35 Relaxation a7 Interpretation Creep 48 Renwens 37 Field observations 48 TESTING 38 Remarks “ Precontract component testing 38 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 49 Acceptance testing of production anchors 39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49 Long term monitoring of selected production ‘anchors 42Part1: Design INTRODUCTION THE HISTORY OF prestressed rock anchors dates. trom 1934, when the late Andre Coyne pioneered their use during the ras ing of the Chourtas Oam, in Algeria, Since {the employment of rock anchors in ‘dam construction has become world wide, Sed several milion tons of working caps” ity heve bean succasafuly installed. Rock Snchors have also been used for many {yoo to entice tho sate in recent years the range of applications has widened considerably Sue in part (> the access. senieved ‘by soll anchors In Iyingrbeck retaining wale, holding down Sock floors, an pile testing, Now. largely Sse consequence of the success of anchors In these new applications, rock anchors are expected to perform without diffculty ‘oven when inatliod. in relatively “poor uality weathered or laminated rock. in adgition there isa. vend. towards higher load capacities. for individual and concentrated groups of anchors. For the INoher dams in vogue today, restressing of the order of 200t/m may be required. necessitating individual anchors of caps: ty well n excess of 1000 tonnes. In the ‘eld “ot suspension bridges eonceat’atod ‘r0upe of anchors with 9 working eopacity 81 8 000t are already being seriously con. Sigereg, end. design loads of 15000: ere Anticipated in tho future. Even in strong ‘rocks, these_Nigh_prestress demanding engineering. judae- tno relevant prece. ing these points in mind, the authors ‘rowing need to with "relevant quality controls and testing proceduras ‘The fist article in this stateof-the-art therelore, consider. design proce: iy, Grout fock band, tondon grout band, and tendon, biong withthe choice of safety factors. Tho Second article deals withthe practicalities of intallstion, construction and. quality Eontal, whilst the third examines testing ‘nd stressing proceduresS. “The purpose of this general appraisals to describe current practice in relstion to ‘eck anehors by drawing on the experience (ined in various. counties over the post 50 "years. Experimental "and. thaoretical studies in the folds of reinforced and 2 included where fevant. Tt is hoped that the information provided wil be of irect beneft to anchor Ing specialists but, atthe same time, the series of aro intonded ae a boss for points are highlighted con ‘cerning the vali of the basic desion ae- Sumptions, and the lack of knowledge of fullscele anchor performance: DESIGN—AN INTRODUCTION A cyeuited rack anahor may fain one or mor, of the folowing modes {2) by failure within the rock mass, (2) by flue ofthe roek/ grout bond, (2) by failure of the grout/tendon bond, or (2) by failure of the stool tondon or top “Therafore inorder to establish the overall salety Tactor for the anchor each of the hove phenomena must be considered in Broodly speaking, prosent design eiteria may be clesifed into two equally une. factory groups. On the one hand there the procedures based on the classical theory of elasticity. Clearly, the validity of results derived trom, for example, photo: ‘when ‘dealing with 8 heterogeneous rock imate, On the other hand, anchor para Imeters are frequently selecied by. at best, rade, empirical rules of tal and. error rmatheds, and at worst. by pure guesswork, ‘The’ gap betwoen these two extremes Is Stil Very real, despite e growing aware res of the problems, ag witnessed by the {econt appearance of standards. or draft ‘Codes on ground anchors in several coun “The main design concepts ave now viewed with respect to. the four failure ‘modes lated above, but it should be em- [Phasised’ that these ‘concepts relate pri Imorily to presttessed coment grout injoc- tion anchors. UPLIFT CAPACITY OF THE ROCK ANCHOR SYSTEM Design procedures “In section ‘esis with methods cur. rently used ia practice to estimate te ‘anchor dopth required to ensure that the ‘rorking toad wil be resisted aafaly with ‘ut flere occurring inthe Fock mass. The ‘methods deseribed apply to anchors which hove. been conetucted. in a vertcs! or ‘eoply inclined downwards direction, Inthe case of single anchors, most engi. ore assume tot at failure, an inverted {Cone of rock is pulled out of the rock mass (Fig. 1). The uplift capacity is normally ‘equated to the woight af the specified rock ‘cone, and where the ground is situated be- ‘heath the water table, th weight of rock is used. The J Calculated in tis manner may of course, be reduces whare t can be demonstrated by test anchara that the working force con be otherwise sehioved sally. ‘The affect in groupe of anchors is the production of @ Hat pa Interface of adioining cones (Fig. 2). As the pacing for a single lng of anchors reduces forthor. a simple continuous wedge failure Inthe rock is assumed. Ths opprosch hos ‘been employed by fice ana’ is described by Parker (1858), Hobst (1985), Litlojohn” (1872). and Hit (197), ‘skthough the shape ofthe fa {2 LOAD TRENSFERRED BY BONO, (wl (O40 TRANSFERRED BF END PLATE Fig, 1 Geometry of cone, asumed to be mobilised when fallure oceurs in» homogenous Fig 2. Interaction of inverted cones in an overall stability analysis‘TABLE GEOMETRIES OF ROCK CONE RELATED TO FIXED ANCHOR WHICH [HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED IN PRACTICE & ke 1979) Germany Sioa om) je—taeb (H7 love Bimray i a nny Tare wenn TER ue volume ie widely agreed, its position are installed in highly fasured "Toose” rock sity ‘eapect to the oroutea fed anchor masses, especialy tose with much int Iogt tcsket) votes somewrat in proc” sual marl or igh pore wr pressure ten"tns sapect's lusrated by Table |, Th pom wes recognised by Hobst (1905) Mihich contin examples. drawn. trom when he presented the formulae. glen in Snchor Gongne in verous counties Ar- Table h'foceacubing the’ depth of te sth fant wich wide appreciates, Sona in ese Eucreceives litle stanton is tt eso, ae Homogeneous rock. mass" ie seldom en: (onnes/ms) Counted, and sin the vart marty of Fee int ahure Cain etn fhe seo ore tater of sty agi ‘Sekmechancs engineers nn 2 Spacing of anchors (mates) in Gonnecton wah thie “weight of rock analaftevon across {ance fo wither Tit data 1 = speci gravity of rock ‘able on the safety factors employed. How- {tonnes/m") ror. ie known thet sofey fotorsof'3 Note that the sheer strength is consid- 2 have bear ured by Schick (1856) ered in dealing with anchors m Nomogene= Snd Rowings” (1908) respectively, while ous rock, wheress rock weight isthe domi imost recent alactor of 1@.wes eriploved sant parameter when dealing wih fsures TReanchory tne Devongor Nuclear Come rack rasren in etn, the shear trength Bex"by “Litejohn and Tromer-Davies parometer is usually ignored in proctc {Svan caren pace’ th factor ‘ot [Gun sing coneratvy) nine gua i aca tty on may oe ve atone act gromay 3 Sona on te bans that certain rock ih ofthe rock mass ae seldom SMere's'gshentatengi, atrwee ge avaiable a the denn tage in th con” nored ite design wil ‘ge rse to necton is noteworthy tar Klopp (1970) Zutcenty large factor ol safety az ameter found i wypical Rhine Sloe, that elevated Stcourse’ The bonus of sheer strong, hycrostauc and seepage pressures, coud St Course, prety recueed when anchors resuee the shear stengh of Myon ath of rock ‘TABLE DEPTH OF ANCHOR FOR OVERALL STABILITY (after Hobst, 1965) ‘Formula for dapth of cone Rock type ‘One anchor Group of anchors "Sound" homogeneous FP ne rock wae 2aas = Ieagule fred 1 Per FP rock rune vate Irregular submerged [er FP fasured rock St (yt etany (= 15.1096 zones to about 20 per cont of the “ideal” laboratory dry value, and occasionally to erly contiues alot component of the ultmats pullovt fers: ance. Brown (1970) states" h ‘rea of the cone, which for 8 0 deg cone is proportional to the square of the depth ‘of embedment Le. dhe Usualy maxi- ‘mum allowable sheer stress is apecifed Seting over the cone surlace 2. OO34N/ ‘mms. (Saliman and Schaoter, 1988). Hilf (1973) advocates that regardless. of rock tyoe 2 ‘velue of O028N/mm* may. be slowed ond specises s safety factor of 2 (ona test load displacement of up to 12mm, Values in excess of OC24N/mm! may be sea if veried by el tests, Experimental evidence ‘Pefenars heres a death of data on ncnet furs inthe rock mass but 820% of tate which provides some rosuls on the overall stability aspect presented by Soliman and Seheeter (1868) who describe tho aire of grouted bere on the Trnty {lear Crook 2504 troramsion line Four tests were corriod out on celormed ren: forcement bore proutad ito. Tomm ‘da meter hola to a septh of 152mm sec ‘ments "argly shale. In a cases. Yas Sceurred when a Block of grout and rock uted out the propagation ot cracking to the rock surface gave an indication of cone of influence. (Fg. 3). Assuming bute density of 2Ma/m* for tne rook, back Snalysis of the fale loads indictas very Conservative esuts—safey fctors on the polio load between 74 and 2350 v Spex ofthe 90 dep cone is essumed atv misaint f the anchor length, but lower Rewrs—08 to 25—tor 8 cone with te sbex arto base omeverintaminated dolomite in which Brown, (1870) "instales ahelow "test fnchors, he. shape of the ulFout 2 ould nat be observe, sithough the foneive atea over which the rock sure Sits uplifted around ertin anchors 29. rong & nozontl being lures of this mode Brown ‘thought to be resuicted to shallow anchors, of lamina tale uring service hat led to the adoption Staggered anchor lengths even at great eptns for closely spaced anchors. ln un- fovoursbie consitions, for example Where tock bedding planes occur normal to the fnchor axis, the purpose ‘of staggered igths ia to reduce th ‘erase such planes the fev Tes thus evident that whist a major fac torin tho ehoice of anchor depth isthe size ‘of rock cone or wedge to be engaged, the possiblity of laminar failure may alco influ nce the designers noice of length in Clopely spaced snehor groups. “Fhe! South Aircan Recommendations (1972) suggest tat in the ease ofa "con. tantrated™ group, where the feed anchors jpaced at less than OS x the fixed with 3 st0g- Ger of 025 x the fixed anchor length rom.22000 Lb, 22000 Lb. TEST Nol TEST No2 Fig.3, Possible fallure modes based on test result a Trinity Clear Cre lox by Littejohn and Truman-Davies {1874)” whore 2GOOKN anchors were Spaced at tm centres. Another method 10 ‘orpate ood within the Fock mass, is Simply to intall anchors at diferent nel ations og inthe design by Soletanche 3958) for the Zordeses Dam, Alger ‘Sime other countries a minimum distance ‘roms (aes), reviewing Swedish practice, contr. ‘ned 2 minimum spacing of 25m, whilst the Ceoch Standard (71974) recommends 1.5m, ing to reduce “ote ‘inough this phenomenon Inecessarly © disadvantage in rec: Tris noteworthy that these guide rules proaches ate based on experience ieering judgement, and.not on 20 s cintibution methods currently used (Table I) t0 [ote the ultimate resistance to pullo Individual, or. groupe of anchors, Ind there would appear to be results (Salman She Schaefer (1968). and Brown (1970)) nich indicate that falure in rock mass ‘Sous not generally occur inthe form of an inverted 90 deg cone or wedge, However ssuring to know that most Cesigns iy to be conservative In edopting © ‘method with no allowance for the ‘Shear strength of the rock mass ‘Nevertoless, some. stondarcisation on tatety factors for temporary ond perma: hhemt anchors is. desirable together with Sgreement on what allowances should be ‘made Tor sucherge due to unconsolidated Sverburden ond the eect OF upper lyers of weathered rock in*general, sore should now be ex: ppendeg.in the form of field testing in & 148000 Lb. 18000 Lb. TEST No3 TEST Nod. ists Geena and Senter, 188) wide range of rock materials and masses When nave been carefully classified, 10 Order to study the shape and position of fhe'rock zones mobiles st fature. Such programmes should accommodate single Sehr and groupe tested over a range of inclinations. Gniy in ths way can anchor ‘Sosign. relation to overall stability Be Sptimised both technically and economi- aly BOND BETWEEN CEMENT GROUT ‘AND ROCK Introduction. Most designs to date shaft Bead anchors have iesed on the assumption of uniform bond Gistnbution over the fied anchor surtece ree. In other words it has been generally Sccepted thet the. bond developed is Merely a function of fixed anchor dimen: ‘Tons tnd apolied Toad. However, recent experimental and theoretical onslyses have indicated that the Chorecter of the bond to the rock js more Complex, ond rflete adeitional parameters ‘wich oiten give rise to a markedly non- Uniform stress distribution. Thus, in meny ‘mechaniem of 100d Srossly inaccurate {lon could. well_aise where, apacty anchor, the level of bond strs ‘end may be ex: ‘tremely high, possibly approaching failure, \horevs the more sistal parts of the fixed “chor may in effect be redundant. Clearly. Suche stuaton will hove bearing 09 stability analyses, the interpretation St snehor extenalons, and long-term creep behaviour ‘Design criteria are reviewed relating to the magnitude ond distribution of Bond ‘Sechor dimensions, and factors of fr eomparson, the results of rele- (etlons are presented, Fixga ancnor avsiyt "Fhe ataight shat anchor elies meinly ‘on the development of bond or shear in the fecion of the rock/srout interface, and 05 Severed by Litlajohn (1972) itis usual In Britain to asgurme an equivalent uniform ‘istribution of bons sess along the fixed Sonor, Thus the anchor load, P. is related {0 the fined anchor design by te equation: Pa cate. i) L = fixed anchor length = etective anchor diamete ‘T= working bond stress ‘This approach is sed in many countries e.g. Franco (Fargeot. 1972), Italy (Mas, fara, 1973), Canada (Coates, 1970), and USA (white, 1973. “Tae Tle based on the following simple assumptions: (ye Tranater of the load from the fixes Snchor to the rock occurs by a uniformly Gistrbuted strene acting over the whole of the curved surface of the fixed anchor. Ui) ‘The dlemeter of the Borehole and the ‘ixed anchor are identical. (ii), "Faire takes place by sliding at the {ock/grout interface (smooth borehole) oF by sneering adjacent to the rock/groutin- feoce in weaker medium (rough bore hole) Ue) There are no discontinuities or inher nt weakness planes along which fa an be induced, nd (There is no local debonding at the Srout/roek interface. ‘Where shear strength tests are carried cout on representative samples of the rock moss, the maximum average werking bond Stress at the rock/grout iteroce should ‘hot exceed the minimum sheer strength 10. ve. for very seit rocks, itis reasonable to as: sume that the bond is evenly datibuted Bong the anchor, and that the anchor de: ign may be bosed securately and directly fon" the. shear strength of” the weoker media For anchors subjected to tensile loading the shear stresses in turn induce tensile stresses in the rock, which ravch imum value at the proximal end anchorage, Fig. 9 illustrates pation of the tena te dist E0OKN capacity anchor in meter hole, the maximum tonsil stress is estimated to be about T45N/mm! at the Droximal end of the fixed anchor in rock ‘whilst at the opposite end. this stress is 4BN/mm*, provided, of course, that the reek can ‘sustain these siresses. It seems probable that cracking wil occur, end the magnitude of the maximum toneie stress Secrease, asi transmits rocially outwards, ‘aaching an eaulltrium position ifthe rock {emaing_in position. The. propagation. of {cting peraiet to the onchor ails possibly ‘accounts In part for the anchor creap tre- uently observed to occur for 8 period of time alter stressing. Deformation meabu iments. adjacent to such anchors would Drovide useul information in this respect, With regard to the magoitude of E.. Philips (1870) quotes a value of 2.1 x 16% N/mm? for a neat grout of water/cament ratio 04 ond Boyne (1972), using 8 0:95 r/cement rate expansion ‘grout, ob. 1d value of 1.0% 108N/mm’. theres fore, before the uniform bond dietribution can be. assumed, the rock must have. an elastic. modulus in the range 0,1-02 x 10° N/mm2:Using statatical relationship de- ‘ved by Judd and Huber (1961), which te. fates rock compressive stengty to elastic modulus: Fig. 8. Variation of shear stress with depeh ‘long the rock grout intrtace of on anchor (ater Coates ae Yu, 195) e ucs = — 350 “ Pritips estimates therfore thatthe come restive strength of the rock in ths cove Should be signfcant ee than 8N/m lowyguer. (he malt cesses Oe OE fee ee valves for the rato E/E, of baiwesn OF bt, and for whieh, seerdng to Fig 8 the Bond. dietibuton is markedly, fon: Unto: ndesd, for anchors tase rocks ot compressive vatongth. in ‘ancesy of {51/mm stress concemtations atte pron mal end are most key, heving 9 tages {ude possibly S10 times the average sees level ‘Although less satstatory from a theore- tical point of wow, anchors in srg focks present represent lee of Grossing ‘ate design of high capac suffcient attention has, Bet ih Fig.7.The geometry ofthe rock anchor studies: (~) definition of axes; (6) trite element ‘mode!(1970) suggest tivee possible approaches: 1. Following debonding. the restraint n= posed by the rock on the uneven Tock: ‘rout inertace Causes ‘ation Additionsi thown in Figs. 10a and 106, 2. The residual bond stress, when con- Sidered alone, and ignoring diation, wil ep ‘ound bressure" sexing normal to the interface. ‘his wil probably vary over the debonded length and it may be lear than the grout ‘shear strength (Pig. 10e). If it is greater than the grout sheer strength, the stress istribution will revert to that of Figs. 108 ‘and 108, 3. Its probable thatthe stress datibu- ion will vary with ape fas shown in Fig. 10d, 108 Sumas an inital stress fo the theoretical stress distribution (Fig. 0b). At large loads, vital ‘he whole ‘relative movement and the degree of tion oF fictional shear strength mobilised (ae Fg. 101) Tt should be emphasised however thet these approaches age hypothetical end perimental wore is required. to. confirm Thvtealy much valuable experimental search hos been conducted, principally by Berardi, into the dlatnbution of stresses both along the fied anchor and into the ‘ck. In 1867 he reported on tate to deter- ming the distribution of fed. anchor stresses and concluded that the ective por- tion of the anchor ie independent of the {otal fixed: anchor length, but dependent on its diameter and the mechanical proper ties of the surounding rook, expecta modulus of elasticity and 1b a sypieal diagrams E> osKN/me, UCS = TOON/mm® approx imately). Other resulte show that the bond Gistibutions are move niform for gh ives of Exo/Ecmy. notation Yor low values of tisralé"Le. for rock of high last modulus, thus confiming the pra ‘ictions of Coates and Vu “Muller (1868) produced interesting re sults in Switzarund on the datnbution of shear stress along tho Bm Tked anchor of 8 220 tonne BBAV anchor (Pip. 12). From ‘aadings obtained during stressing. he con- ‘cided’ that tho. loaa’ was not Uniformly Sistrouted to the flxed anchor For examph 58 tonnes the force woe tracemitted uni formiy over the proximal 8.5m, implying fan average bond of O22N/mmé. At 108 {Tonnes however, load was racorsed over the lower im’ of the tendon with op. Batent. debonding. of the tendon over the Lipper 36m. About 20\tonnes wos resisted by the botiom of the anchor, but between tonnes, a comparison of theoretical and ‘measured anchor elongations suggested that total debonding ofthe tendon had oc- curred, and that all the load as resisted by the foot of the fixed anchor The values 020 01s. ae © Ee/E = 10 + fo/E-=100 a10 005 0c 0% 30303020 50 € OF ANCHOR 60 70 80 Fig. 8, Variation of tensife stress in the rock adjacent tothe end ofa tension anchor (iter @bstrena ve, 170) 7 a 10 Wo 19 TW 49 SKIN FRICTION ws wa wa 4 2 (8) (c) WV. TT WW we we ws SMALL ‘MEOIUM LaRGe Load Loao Load (o (e) (F 910 Myptbatcl nes dnbuion oud paris dtonded wore,STRAIN E%07 10, 20 Deer 20m e 9 131mm. ° “ Solt) 1001t) Lt a 150lt} FIXED ANCHOR LENGTH = 800m. rt ANCHOR CROSS SECTION 54 No. WIRES 7mm DIAMETER Fig. 12. Strain distribution song tendon in hxed anchor zone of « 220¢ capacity anchor (ote ar, 088) {or bond strength quoted above compare Since the validity of the uniform distri- graphy: quantitative date on the nature, with an average value, based on uniform bution of ‘bond. which la. commonly a8. orenttion, Irequency an Toughness of the distrbution, of about O.SN/mm:, which sumed by designers is clearly in question, it mojor rock. mass dacontnutes: oh low Both the actual value at 185 ig recommended that instrumented anchors ‘strength Should be pulled to fale na wide range ‘Decoupling. equivalent to an addition in of rock masses Whose ‘engineering ase {roe length of 22m, has alao been re- geological properties can be fully classihed, "Also, porticulaly in the softer rocks, Borted by Eberhardt and Veltrop (1965). in order to ascortain which parameters die: weatherailty snd dutablty should be as, uring the stressing of e 13001 capacity tate anchor performance. in this wey it test anchor instalad in salt (fixed anchor should be possible In Gue course to provide length = 118m, clamecer = 06mm). le design criteria scarcity of empincal Remarks ‘verous categories of From mathematical, laboratory and field rocks, and. too often Bond values are avidene Bond mob lised at the rock/ grout interface uncely to be uniform unless the rock a “eolt" appears tmat non-uniformity spies to most ocks where Ex Evy on ver, 26. the inuence of this pa ‘on anchor performance has aleacy ‘been demonstrated, etforts should be made whenever possibie, 19 obtain a redlate rior knowledge of certain geologi- valu shnical data pertaining to the ~The ground wat in the cose oF ty anchors evi- rock is essential for the safe, economie importance, especialy the position of the dence exists that parti! debonding in the design of the anchor nd correct choice of tnd the. sroundwater fixed anchor occurs. and that debonding construction method. The authors believe ow, pressures and aggressvigy It ‘ogresses towards the end of the anchor that the following geotechnical properties be noted thatthe reis of anehst le the loed it increased. Information is should be aveluated during the see invest 435arce concering the conditions where de- gation stoge, in addition 0 the conven. Bonding is serous tonal deserptions of thology and petro. pacing ie properties ant controls of, for exe Fae seer oso su? investigation should be determined by the importance of ‘Convect, and the potendal eificuites ws ‘and risks inherent in its exaeution. In sity fsa ahi lanchor tests should be cared out whevover es “ ac. ad AL. aring in mind that anchors a often installed at very close centres e would 3 Bear insite investigation that a “conetruc 1 tion ‘stage ie required where dil logs, } DBenatration rates, grout coneumotions. ‘Shack pullout teste are” monitored In = ‘order to highlight “dificult” or changed . 7 + 7 Ta | Fock conditions: These terme Need 100 Setined in order 10, ANCHOR LENGTH Fig. 1. Distribution of Bond along fixed anchor lengthBONDE ‘AND STEEL TENDON Introduction Liie attention has been paid to. this aspect of rock enehor design, principally because engineers usualy consider that the fixed anchor length chosen with re- spect to the ‘fock/orout bond ‘ensures ‘more than adequate tendon embesment Tenth However, 98 has bean demonstrated in the section dealing with rock/ grout bondS, le standardisation of uniformity of 99: proach ls apparent rolated to the grout/ in this section ace" dicusend cedures employed in practice ‘owed. Beuring in mind tho seorety of information porining to anchor abstracted largely from the inforced and prestressed concrete a presented, which ‘The mechanisms of bond Tes widely scoopted thot thre are three mechanism! J Adhesion. This provides tho initial “bona botore sip, and arses mainly tomy the physical imeriocking (Le. gluing) of 80. ‘microscopically rough steal and. the. sur Founding grout (Fg. 13). Molaculae ates CEMENT GROUT STEEL BAR OR WIRE TENDON Fig, 12. Magnified view of intrt between grout and ste the steal occurs, 2''Fretion. This component depends: on ‘confining pressure, the surface chorac: teratice of the stool and the amount of ‘tip, But largely Independent of the mag- ritude of the tendon stress. The phen. ‘mena of diitaney and wedge action also ‘Contribute to. ths frictional resistance ‘dial strains are mobilised where the long tudinal strain changes. 3. Mechanic interlock. This is similar to imicro mechanical Tocking, but on a much Targer seal, ae the shear strongth of the grout is mobilised. against major tendon is, 0. ribs, twists fepresentation of those bond components 's shown in Fig. 14. For short ombodment adhesive component MECHANICAL INTERLOCK) FRICTION BOND RESISTANCE: ADHESION SUF Fig. 14. Ideslised represemtaton of major components of bond for longer lengths, all thee may operate— adhesion "sceurring intally atthe placed by Frictona interlocking fesstences increase. with Io ‘ral Compression and decrease with lator tension Clearly. the grout shear strength Sand the nature of the tendon surface. both mmiero-ona macroscopically. ore maj Tae {ore in determining bond charocteriatce Fixed anchor design Tess common in practice to find embed- rant langihs for bors, wites and strands ‘Quoted as equivalent to a certain ruber St dlamotre, as this method. ensures ¢ maximum velue of apparent average bond Stress for each type of tendon. The wrars- imiseion length is the length required Aanamit the inital prestressing force Ins endan to the surrounding grout oF on ube stength ol the conerate of 9 isnot less than 3EN/mmn tia wire of considerable mp the above eqndiions (ii). Galvanised wire. prov Sond, legsthon half thet of comparable plain wi (is), Te may Be assumed that 80 per cent (of the moximum stress fs developed in 8 Tonge of 70 glometers for the conditions ‘mentioned in () and ina length of $4 dia ‘eters forthe conditions mentioned in (i). ‘Swrand 0) From the avaliable experimental de Sitmate in concrete of strength 345.883 N/mm ISSJONLENGTHS. FOR SMALL DIAMETER STRAND. Diamecarof| wand (mm) “Tdiemenersy 33-200 (225) +1928 25 (2%) ee 180 600 (60) 2531 (ig Te, 9 goatee of seengt $1.4 48.3u/mm* with Dytorm compact a at 70 por cont ultimate show snsmission length of 30-98. ‘According tothe results of questionnaire (1974) ne. vary considerably for transi raths, tho most optimistic being those of the United Kingdom. It is accepted that compact strand e.. Dyform, has transmis- Sion lengths 25 por cont grater than thoes for nermal Tewite strand. and that sudden ralease of load alsa increases the trans ‘mission length. (An additional 25 per cont {erecommended n Rumania. Bar (Wi regard to pormissible. bond ‘elormed bars for ‘values Semone grouts on ooee. Gitforent gra fare applied to ne (i) For © group of bere, the off perimeter of the individual bare fs mult Died by the resuction factors below No.of bars in group Reduction factor 2 3 08. 4 oa Ie is important 10 note that no information is provided in the Code on group geometry ou St strands or wires. With referonca to minimum ombodment lengths, Morrie and ‘Garret (1956). have Calculated rom stressing tests on Sm di ‘meter wires that the minimum necessary fembecment is ust over Im. Golder Braw- nor Assocs. (1973) found thet although the (rour/strand bond is higher than expected rom teste on single wires due to "spiral interiock". the value drops repidly ithe ‘embedment length is lese than Om. Re Suits from Frayssinet anchors with spacers ‘Shown that gach strand can, with: “about 186-1 7BKN with Om embed ‘ment. Since the capacity of such strand Fanige 178-270kN, Golder Dota abetractad Irom pepers describing rock anchor “comracts “presented int ‘TABLE VIII-ULTIMATE ANCHORAGE BOND STRESSES ctaristis strength of concrete (F Nim’)X and XI for bar, wire and tively. In all tho ealeulatione, ‘ntberwise noted, the bond is sesln on, Sitne tone va srr ae ae ate al nun sett es sana ae etd Se ("ere would sppese to be would span 0 be 4 greater oat inf ee casa So ce a” Sorat ad (up to O8EN/mm") for 182mm strand ie slightly higher overall than that for ¥2:7min sirend (up to O.72N/mm). and in both ates there is 9 trond towards a reduction ‘of the bond with an incresee in number of Strands. G)""The actual safety factor against ail ure, the rouytendon ond i usually Wallin excess of 2. (it) "The" average bond developed by bers, especially deformed types, ison aver. ‘2 significantly higher than that developed by strands or wires. Also the presence of formes incresses the bond magnitude by up 102 times with respect to plan bar, ‘Much of the work to Investigate the di pibution of Bond along groutystee! inter. faces has beon cared out in the United States in connection with prestressed ond ‘inforced concrete, “Gilkey, Chamberlin ‘TABLE IX—GROUT/BAR BOND VALUES WHICH HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED OR RECOMMENDED IN PRACTICE rth ity iy A) mame sane a Ta iB tena) a conan cm) s content ne Bam enon q FH ‘ahem, i i Catton cm) oR es ttstnaae rae Bg 8 i Ps a ‘te cm) 2 e BH # 8 oa a ‘TABLE X—GROUT/WIRE BOND VALUES WHICH HAVE SEEN EMPLOYED OR RECOMMENDED IN PRACTICE sesmnte etre thi, tet nemwne sows a eae frernecome SF) B B 8 Bf ve SEES, pe Og . Serco = 2 8 tren tO = Bas z ea ern : @ 8 See eeland Beal (1840) discuss in general terms the bond charactorstice of Bora. during tat the proximel ond occurs, and the location of the maximum intensity of bond resses moves towards the distal end, The {oul resistance continues t0 increase pre ‘marly because ‘which has passed its maximum resatence ‘dovs not release ently but exerts 9 resi ‘ul resistance or drag acting concurrently with tho adhesive bond in the region of ‘maximum bond stress. Fig. 15 ie an ideal- Fig. 15, Qualitative variation of (2) bond Stress (0) total tensile siress, Curing ® {Soe ony, chamearnia & eu, 1940) and agra showing the erogresiv nt oa {ereity of bond stress at any. point ‘oF change of stress in the bar) is sented by the slope (a. of the specim ‘Bond. is whet makes stress that point, transfor possibie and can be present only Inve topo of changing suse inthe steel oF tha concrate Considering Fig. 15, it is apparent © for a plain var pul-out test" i). "Bona resistance is fest developed near fond of the bar, and only a3 ‘enalons and’ bond S805 transmitted progressively distally (i) The region of maximum intensity of {2's tain uniform rc. istance of greatly reduced Ineenoty (ii) "First slip” occurs only after the ‘maximum intensity of bond resistance has ‘ravelied nearly the fll fength of the speci- ‘men end hes epproached the distal end of ‘he bar (iv) After appreciable slip, the primary chesve resistance disappears and the bor offers 2. tretional of rag resstancs ‘throughout its entire length, amounting to (1951) ‘wore sble % conclude from pull-out toate That the distribution of Bond obeys an ex. poneatil aw of the Yor: TABLE X-GROUT/STAAND BOND VALUES WHICH HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED OR RECOMMENDED IN PRACTICE Strand tandon Tr {281 (mami) Remarks eyo ‘aleSundad EA ysacrer omy? ee 2 | Bacncnnee: i] Fe8e8e Mat gacirieaeetin Seana tee Cesena sae) eames aa a pee ‘gic ame? ae oy Samant tte arate yn PEE i «SES ey Se EEE om ne i) whore = bond sess at 2 dlatance x eam the proxim: a= bond rete ane proximal ond ofthe bond stress in the sneharage material tensile toad, P, is bond stress ‘of the tone Assuming the appli equal to the sum of the to multiplied by the surface ar don. Philips (1970) extended the above theory a8 folows: + ett pat wdede=—(tm0 “) 1) Fig. 16. Theoretical stress distbution between the limits x= 0 and x= L, where Fi. 45, Theoret L's" the length of the fixed anchor. The length of the Snchor wil depend upon the (ate aman & Gene 1851) ‘axial distance required to transfer the load soln? fgem te mae (eemmianon tg gs ee oa "At x = Ly. r= approaches 0 and trom (5) it can bo deo tnat Ax/d approschas ine fit, giving adr, pe a ” Substituting equation (5) into equation (7) aives . (ean) = Ae) > @) Equations (5) ond (8) ate represented graphically in Figs. 16 and 17 which show te ‘seas along the sent on the behaviour of coment grout chore im. rock to provide. meaningful wolves for’. itis reassuring h find that the resulta in Fig) 17 af mila to the results of Coates an {(1970) in Figs 8 with &,72, proportion T/A, which ‘suggests that the besic (0:26--inguficiont information exists at reroach of Hawkes and Evans i applicable forock anchors Magnitude of bond Bore ina ngorSus investigation of the Bond. Between. concrete and sel Siney, Chamoerin and Beat (1500) “a Bhasige te folowing major points relevent {oveek anchors 1° “Contrary to accepted belt, bond in bond ‘but 8 reduction In the ratio of bond resa- tance (0 the ultimate compressive strength 5 the strength of concrete. increases, specially for the higher strengths. To be specife, for the woaker conctetes (UCS <2IN/mm’). bond. increases. with the compressive strength. However, asthe concrete strength excoeds this value, the Increase in bond resistance becom fand within the strong concrete range Ucs > 42N/mm?, no. sdded bond slow: ‘ance is jutiied for added strength of con. 2." The bond developed by added length of embeament not ‘ditional length. Th Imant the greater ist sess that can be developed by plain ber. Therefore doubling the long bbedment as a means” of increasing the anchorage does ‘not actually double. the mount of tension that the Bar can resist by bond. On the. other hand, ditional fembedment does add to the sum total ot Bond resistance 3. "Varitions in ago and type of curing ‘seem to alter bond resistance much less than they alter the compressive strength ‘of tho eonerate, beefing in mind thet the Strongest concrete gives the higher bond, but the weakest concrates have the highest ‘fect of spacing but Chomberin (1053) Conducted a series of teats with various types of bars to determina the east of Ssbecing on bond magnitude. For clear sp2c- ios of i and 3¢ ciferences In bond were not ssaifeant Wires" and" srond. Based on resuts ob- {sined ‘rom almost. S60 pulcout tests, Stocker and Soren (1964) Conclds: (2) Due to the halleal arangement of the exterior wires, strand rotates wile slip ping through grout channel but te Erease in Bond {3 nat signiicont (And Son et of (1968) no observed rotation of Strang of abour 15 deg during pulrout tests) {G)" "Bond magnitude increstes by ape roximatly 10 per cont per 89N/mm? ot Eonereie. compressive stengih. inthe fange 166:52.4N/mm® (Results trom pull-out tests subjected {0 externally pli sterol pe Ing from 0-17 26¢N en inde ease of bond strength with itera! pres. Se. In connection wih. this, concrete Shrinkage ie clearly portant. Effect of rust on bond likey #7 af (1840) sls investigated the sttect of steel aurfoce conditions on bond Ing properties ond found tht: (i) "Deep fiakey rust on bars, following 6:8 months exposure, lower tl the uneusted condition, on ()" Sightiy rusted bare, following up to tree months exposure, developed greater bond than unrusted or wiped rusted bers ii) The Toose powdery rust which op ears on bars during the fiat fow weeks of ordinary exposure hes no significant ifect fon the bond properties of bars, “These findings have by Kemp er af (1968) for deformed bor, fond Armstrong (1948), Base (1981) and Hanson (1868) for wirs and stand Romarks Some designers consider the question of rout/tendon bond in anenor systems £0 Bresent'no problems, ae the design at the Fock/ rout intertce is more erie, There. fore any embedment length accommodet. ing that interiace automaticaly ensures high factor of safety at the tendon/grout ‘A factor of safety of atleast to is allowed by other cesigners, While there is an appreciate amount of Information id of rin. forced and prestensed concrete, tis Cons sidered that much more study Te required in the field of rock anchors. The mode of {allure of 2 tendon bonded into the. grout (of an in situ rock anchor may be dissinar to thot of the tendon pullout test uted in technology and from which most re obtained: In the former case the ‘rout is usually nt eas during {rt losst, of the fore, tne mechanism of bond setion depends on the respective Slastie modull of the steel end grout, tle work has been one on mult-unit tendons with respect to their bond dist bution. The use of spacers and centralisers, leading possibly to’ decoupling, sao. war rants investigation, In genert, recommendations pertaining to (rout/tendon bond values. sed. cor, rently in prectice for rock anchors com: monly take no eecount of the length 2nd type of tendon, tendon geometry. or grout strength, and tor these reasone it sil ‘dvisable 10 measure ‘experimentally the fembedment langth for known field. cond raps ‘of tenden ‘components oe. reedly ja, but the shotce of type of Judgement by the designer, expectaly in countries not Covered by # code rela: ‘inchors formed of bar, wire or strand. The latter two have gistines advan tages with respect to tensile strength, case of storage, transportation and febrication Bars, however. are more ready protected int corresion and in the case of 3 iw, low eapecity anchors, are often ease and chooper to insta. Largely asa result of recent develoo iments in prestressing equipment and tech. ‘he use of strand eppecrs to be i= ign popularity. A recent survey by Fip (1874) also confirms that strand tends {0 be more popular than wire, and the ore of ‘strand i now accepted even In cours ‘ries where ‘the basic matorl ost greater It is now widely recognised that the smaller the diameter of the tendon, the 's the cost of the material per unt of ess force, but direct cost compor fone for the suppiy of tendon maton in any country can be misleading since the ‘eal cost of tho tondon also reflects cost Of fabrication, Installation and stressingy Tendon characteristics ‘With regerd to general characteristics it is of value to know that in Britain the pros duction of ‘prestressing tendons is. go fered by 88 4486:1989 "(Cold Worke High Tensile Alloy Stee! Gar). BS. 2631 1989 (Steel Wire), 85. 36171971 (7 Wire Strand) “and BS" 47571971 (19) Wire Strand), Following publication of CP 1101972. Bermissble stresses ere quoted in terms of ‘he specified chorseteratc strength which 's the guaranteed limie Below which ot ‘more than 6 por cont tet raul fall, ard None of these. is lesa than 95 per cent characteristic strength. For wie and ‘specified minimum sivength ken o6 the characteristic strength, which {or practical purposes is termed 100 per cent fou ‘At home and abroed it's common to find tendon strses quoted in auch terms. os eleatic limit, 0.1 per cont proot stress and 02 per cent proot stress. Therslore to facilate understanding and comparisons, some reconciliation is required. between ‘hese terms end cheracterstic strength. In this connection it's noteworthy that in the ble to. the face thot this limit should 20 with the 0.2 por cent proof Stress adopted in the Briteh Codes, Based fon the advice of wire metalurpsts the Duthors understand that the 0.1 per cent ‘roof stress varies Irom 3-5 percent below. {he 02 per cont proat stress which i de fined as 87 par cont fpu in CP N10. Taking the average igure of 4 per cant below 0.2 ‘ber cant proot stress, then 2 0.1 per cent root stress is aquvelent to 835 per cent fou. This correlation ‘may. be. employed when comparing safety factors in sube ‘uone tabi, With respect to the values of elastic modulus quoted subsequently, it known that an error of 8 por cent it possible. thovge oth aspects are de- tailed in Part 3 of this review, but itis of intrest to know thet relaxation function ot the logarithm of tine teen is For example, the lose after one hours ‘TABLE XII-TECHNICAL DETAILS OF BRITISH PRESTRESSING BARS reer om) ‘Staconmended segs50.80 per ean ot ta Jn twin is about 80 por cant ofthat at hours The loss at 1000 hours is also about half that at 58 yoors. Relavation loss de nds on the inital stress inthe tendon and roduction history, and whist tendons ‘Sxceptionally low relaxation properties can be produced, she nchor designer should re. ‘member that ltl edvantage will be gained ‘rough thelr use, if for example ere tho ground fe likely to 7. Bars. CP 110 (1972) quotes dots sup piled by MeCals Mi typical Brith modulus With regard to relaxation Antil (1965) found that the loed loss fora typice! alloy ‘toe! bar, Inly stressed to 70 per cont UTS is about # percent at 1000 hours, ond double that bt 400000 hours. For compar= Son tho performance of bare relative. to ‘ther tendon componente ie shown In Fig 18."Ths information ie provided for de- signers ‘bearing in mind thet CP 110 9d. Vises that an "appropriate allowance tor Felaxation” bo made “for sustained loading ‘conditions “Tha us of ba anchors is very popular in Germany” and North America, where bat sizes are avaiable from 6 4mm (No. 2 ber) {to 254mm (No. 8 bar) In steps of 3.2mm, yn (No. 11 bar) in short low-medium capacity anchors mainly insingle bar situations, but are increasingly Used in certain sophisticated forms in Gor ‘many, where compression tubes end elabor- tte end bearing deviews are incarpora Groups of up to four bore have been Used fon sessions, but larger groupe are rere ‘although Berard (1960) successfully used TABLE XillTECHNICAL DETAILS OF BRITISH STRESS RELAKATION-% OF NTAL 5 7 STABILIZED WRES AND STRANDS, RANGE OF VALUES FOR STRESS RELIEVED WIRES BUOY STEEL BARS RANGE oF yates == aF FOR STSESS’ Reve VEO stRANOS TO WRE STE OL SAATRENOS NOT SIR) 108 300 TIME AFTER STRESSING ~ HOURS Fig. 18. Relaxation of Brish tendons at 20°C t 20 No. 20mm plain bere for # 1 760KN tast ‘chor. 2"Wires. Prestrossing wire ig. monutoc~ tured from cold drawn plain carbon a tnd in a Yow counties, one on the method of manufactur, and {he steel specifications of the Country cohe ‘comed. ‘The major properties of British wire summarises in Teble Xi, CP-110 indie that 2 typical value forthe elastic modulus of wire and smell diameter strands. 's 200 O00N/me®, Tris noteworthy that Shohatinin (1974) reveals that Soviet industry produces wires from initial suesses of 0.7 UTS of capocity 1 375-1 266N/mm? to meet the Soviet Cok jase modulue 184000 N/mm? and 8 per cant 11000 hours. Wire tendons are recommended by Shehetinin on the besis that they eliminate suspected torsional and bending problems Of strand anchors. In general, tendons comprise between 10, and 100 wives (5:8mm siameter). depend- tnt on the required anchor capacity, but 660 No. Sram wires wore employed at the CCheurfes Oam by Solatanche In 194, Strand. Ail strand is made from cold Grawn plain carbon steol wire in Britain land seven wire strand is by far the most ‘opular. Seven wire strands ae st ‘TABLE XIV—TECHNICAL DETAILS OF BRITISH PRESTRESSING PRESTRESSING WIRE ‘Tea a a nena Ea BE8888 BauE S danza 8888 iat ac antgecone "Toecent ey" sane _Shinitel Gist) ade Ta iam) 5 i ima Asiaie"tangwort lor) ‘TABLE XIX—PITCH OF TENDON SPACERS IN THE GROUTEO FIXED ANCHOR ZONE to tong term load losses—usually 10 per Ise the tendon with respect to the Borehole ‘but their main function ie to prevent tange ling or rubbing ofthe individual bars, wires 1, Tha is perticulaty important in ible tendons. whero, ithe ton. don is allowed to ise its design geometry, load may be dissipated through friction 10 Seven, f anchor head, where rupture. of individu elements can easily o¢eur. Spacers In thi ‘of the enchor ave hollow cored and DUrage eflective penetration of {tout between the tandon units, thereby fnsuring ficient transmission "of "bond tres. In addition the spacor unite should Borehole to (2) veld contamination of tendon © 9. clay smosr, ond (6) give ade. {quate cover of grout for corrosion prot. tion and good grout bond at the borehole interac. ‘Specers in thie zone may sleo be used in Conjunction with intermediate fate ings to form nodes ot waves, in order t anil inter. provide a mote positive m ine Tetabe Town, Teck Between the tendon and surrounding ‘greutsAWhlst tis method gives a tendon eomonry,which allows adaquate penotre- on and guy of gov impo fo ‘ote that theipractic of unraveling stran followed:by-bushing of the wiros gives a randomh-geometty which cannot gusrantee ‘offcient ood transter. ‘With, fefetence.to the pitch of spacers, ‘Table XIK gives an inaiestion of the dis: {ences which haus, been employed in prac. tice. In ‘general itwauld eppes work se been eared out on SF pitch arpa deign on las nar inthe hee anthoe zone Remarks Whilst tendons. sp: produced to high iderd_ and reliable minimum ‘breaking specified for use by the designor {ew load extension tests have been cariod ‘out on long'tendons (130m) ‘which are Comparable. In size to. the free. enchor lengths used in practice. Since interpreta tion of anchor load/displocementcharocter. lates can be quite controversial in prec tice, perticuledy In the caae of strand, i woud ba of waluntaknow i ong svond tests give & values which are significantly Afferent trom those abt fuga lengths of O8im, tendon ‘curvature, and ‘quires clarification in view of the doorth of ublshed. information, pp, Aust. 7.2) 20 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ‘Although rock anchors have been used for over 40 years, itis dificult to lusty technically certain aspects of contemporary design. Progress in the development end ‘ationalisation of design hes been slow, largely due to the seareity of reible fa: ‘ratory and field experimental data relating directly to rock anchors [As @ result, practising engineers have been obliged to'make rel and methods employed iting }Pbarent eve ie designs, without fly appre inderstan 's Becoming increas ‘angioors ae being re: Quested to design for creumstances wher No exact precedents ex, In view of the inconsistencies betwee theory and practice which have been high lighted ‘n this design review, it is ‘con sidered thet more attention should be dir: feted towards ‘studies in. the following 1. Upite capacity. There is title justi tion forthe invarted cone method of easess- Ing the ultimate resis tion to the gootech frock masses, the present rmathos of where rock Strength is ignored, must be persevered with as itis basically very conservative ‘some standardisation on a: modes of fallue, satety fectore fad allowances for unconsclideted ever burden i now required, 2 Fixed anchor. A uniform distribution of bond strese is assumed in the vest majority ‘of anchor desiges, although tis approach conly valid in the case of soft rock, In hard Fock, the stress distribution is non-uniform, the highest stresses boing mablived atthe tibtton, although the authors find that rock messes. ere seldom lessifed in suliciont deal for other poten understood. al. Tt has undoubtedly been signifcant iain high copacity anchors described Valuos for the mognituge of Bond at the grout tendon interface are usualy sbeirac {ed from publications ralating to reinforced fond ‘prestressed concrete.” However, it Should be noted that the boundary condi tions existing in conventional bond tests, may Be wholly diferent trom these present Inthe rock anchor situation Sige ohio.eee rats ee our. Bes Pepa duonare a ieteutd eter Tian Eas Ka? (170) rcs oo 2 Eee «es sar aie pie “toyton, En i Hanamiston ows sce Sant Oi ane race a Seiad came het orate Toindetn, vapid feats Coal Tessa he Saag nes El ast i et A ml Aettes ett gine a coe Turse s Talopone wanker LR Sewlaamanie iw nda Bocangel, Sus Traergrotns rol Pink” pans iit “ig och Stharng'an Glantigee Watote Honse Sauer; SSA" Sl ahs APart 2: Construction INTRODUCTION IRRESPECTIVE OF THE care and conser- ‘atm applied to the design§ of an anchor System, thoughtless or careless eonstruc- tone! procedures con cause rook enchore {ail at very low loads. Tho majority of Faiures"teem t0 be related to the groute ing stage although some bond failures nave Cloiy Been ue to poor tendon prepar- tion On a Yow occasions the ci itis signifcant that although the tech- ology ‘of tiling and grouting can. be highly complex, tte techniques on. the whole are Toft to skilled and experienced Specialists, and close on-site inspection by Supervising engineers has been relatively Uncommon to date." Thus, rock anchoring ster 40 yours Is st Tegarded as an at. ed that the highly ‘one encountered in v_gwing rive to 8 large number of onstruction techniques, add to the Mmys> fugue of anchoring nevertheless it seems ‘thatthe time is overdue for certain guide lines ‘on conetrustion practice to be pro. sented for ‘consideration "by ‘ev eng “The second part of this review discusses anchor construction techniques related 19 Griling, fusing, water testing. tendon Preperation and instalation, grouting. ond finally corvesion protections. Since anchor constriction is sansitive to poor workmane ‘ship emphasis is placed on quality contr land close on sito supervision "Aspects of anchor stressing and testing ibe reviewed in the thied and conclude Ing part of thi series of artices DRILLING Introduction In. practice. dling rates often dictate anchor production rates and therfore In- {uence in a major way overall costs. As 8 rasult major decisions to be taken by an- ‘chor spevaiste belore each contact in (i) The selection of the most suitable and eiieent diling method, end (it) The precition of penetration rates, With respect to choice of driling The resultant force applied to the rock of method, the rock type. rate ands is increesed until rock fracture s induced Sriling operations, avalbilty of pla ‘and each machine hos a point where an ‘geometry. ond labour and” cri ‘Optimum axial thrust interelated with the ‘ust all be assessed, Svailble torque can achieve maximum “The prediction of dling rates involves penetration rate for 8 particular rock. Op- ceretul study ct machine characteristics, trating. below. the optimum. thrust de. bird ushing medium propertios as well cressex tho penetration and imports 8 fs rock and borehole perameters, itis con- noticeable pollahing or grinding setion to Sidored that a prior knowledge of drilling the bit. Operating above the optimum Fates provides a sound boss for evsluating thrust fequies high rotational torque, ond the feasibly ‘of planned operations and stalling ofthe machine slike for selecting sltemative operetionsl pro- In general, rotary rils hove @ higher Cedures it necessary torque output then either percussive. oF "The range and selection of diling equip- rotary-percussive drils and require Nigher mont ona. methods are described briefly, thrust capabilities. Types of machines and {ogother with guide information on the perating practice are. descrbec in deta prediction ef driling rates, ‘The latter's ing US Army Report (1968) Perforce "qualitative. simply because in- Where specified, most core dling Is uficine research nos yot boon conducted carried out using diamond bite which a Ser published—on the determination of avaliable in two main forme—(2) "Surface ‘rock dilablity Indices”. Drling Yoleran- Set" bits with individual dlamonds set in ces are mentigned in relation to current 8 metal matix ond (B) "Impregnated feck anchor practice. Bits” with fine ciamond dust incorporated Drilling methods. ‘The diamonds used for the surtece ‘The major machanics! diling systems bits vary in both quality and size. Choice in use ‘ore totery, percussive and rotary | governed By the rook to be driled, but percussive. Each system ie characterised by the manner in which the bit etacks the rack, and a simple comgarative analysis of the quality of the dlomonse”. Dixon and the mechonice of vertovs cling systema Clarke (1975) give specie recommends: ‘can ote rev tions on size of lamonds in bite related ‘ech and indica to type of rock tis noteworthy that tung tem for aspect ‘ten bits are leas costly than dlomond bits ‘ample 8 rock of high Compressive strength, but are not regarded as suitable for dri Fogardiss of its abrasive properties, is ing in very hara rocks. Tikely to respond ‘well to the erushing/ “When drilling with surface set diamond chipping setion of» percussion bit, On bite, Paone eta [1968] heve thown hot the other hand, the most significant parameters affecting Penetration rates are thrust and rotation Speed of the. del, and the rock compres- Sction more like'a. ductile material tan S| sive strength, herdness, and quartz con. Britta one. For such a rock's percussion tent bit would go inferior work compared with Diamond driling Ia not commonly em- ‘wear-resistant rotary drag bit. A current ployed in anchoring, party for economic ‘ule of thumb for the appitablity of rile feasons. ad partly due to the smootiness ff the. hole it creates, thereby leaging 70 poorer rock-grout bond. characteratics, ration, as shown in Table Borehole. roughness a undoubtedly in: Rotary dre creased by using percussive methods, but ‘A rotary dil imparts two basic actions to-date thi does not appear to hove been through the dll rod and bit into the rock uantied. nO aaa eeuet ‘nd “For anchor construction in soft rock (i) rotational torque (8 dynamic action). formations, such se etithard clays ‘and ‘TABLE |. APPLICATION OF ORILLING SYSTEMS Resistance to penetvation of Tock Method Sor ‘Medium Hors Very hard Rotaryarag bt x % Rotary-oller bit x x x Rotary-diemond bi x x x x Percussive x x x x Rotary-percussive x x x‘TABLE IL ORILLING METHODS ANO EQUIPMENT RELATED TO GROUND CONDITIONS ase Tesco, Eset" api gt when, Cou ren ova ay ang ee ace, sugere ore often employed. They that of a rotary ail (Weald wa Wawaaey 19) (OTH) was illustrated recently at Muda {all into thre brood eateries: (i) torque, lower than a rotary dri but Dam in Malaysia where two vary expen (5) ‘standard continuous ight augers for "” much higher than a percussive dil, sive hammers were jommed st depth. Nor~ nomal open/hole cling, and ‘mally, the downthechole hammer i less (2) Contanuous tight sugere with hollow (ii) impact. rons to jamming than the. sedinary_ pet couplings to. permit water, bentonite “Ine Totetion mechanisms may be pow. Essie del but when it dows, the nancial Sricement grout to be pumped into ered by the impact mechanism et by a conuequences ar preter, the bottom af the hele, and sear otra” he meanaiam (3) hollow stem augers with © removable rock fale ig considered by White Drilling equipment Cento bit’ to factitate sampling to combine the charactorstcs of both respective ef the. method of driling. ‘hrovgh the contre of the suger dur ing the ring stage, and subsequet iyo permits homing. ofthe. tendon rior fo withdrew of ‘ho ‘supe. ‘ges ‘ae svalsble which cen accent the standard Ut sampler tube, ana on ceasions ts drling method ean be rotary and percussive mechanisms, Choice of drilling method ‘The method of driling i chosen prim arly with respect 2)’ the type and capacity of the anchor tnd hence the diameter and” depth thre are. certain dovirable characteristics “whish “are ‘common to most rge used ia ‘ground "anchoring work. For instance, Mawdsley {1870) recommends the follow: Ing tome “The ig should have powered traction s0 that it can easily be moved and positioned tive Irom quality control ofthe hol for each hole When ste foor conditions point of view. (b) the nature of the rock material and Sep bed the tig. should be mounted on In ‘general, 8 wide fonge of dri bits is” mass, Crawler tracks. An exception 10 the above avaliable from auger tool manufacturers (c) the borehole surface roughness re- ‘e when the ri9, i» mounted on another But experience is requiced in making the” quicements, piece of equioment. which is itself mow: Correct choice in practice. For example, 2 (4) the accastibilty and topography of ie. for exemple Heating pontoon, fungeten upped finger Bt ie normally suit) the 19 centre of grovity of the nig should {histor mocarte to here formations such som: ies i for boring clean holes through Scieanle and stars ely Porcuasive grils eressive cis penetrate rock by the isle blow, Unlly form ‘chie!cr woageshaped Bit repeated 99. Bileaton ot'« nigh imtenity shore duration force eruies or roctures rock har the iow is sulfeenty large, Torgue, rotation: fd thrut. vequirerients oe ‘ower for porcunsve syatems than they are for rotary or ftary Bereus Sve aystene Viemmer dil, in which the hammer ee maine at the surface, be used for dling hols upto 1aSmm in siometer. Down: the hole tole. (DTH) in which the hammer always. immadately above thet ore {sed mainly for hole. dameters rangin Krom £20 t0 750mm mene Penetration rater of percussive dis a shown by Ryd 8 Waldo {1056} 10 be © iabity and suitability of the ng medium, ond (nthe siting rate ’s guide to the choice of deiling method is given by Mawdsley [1870] ‘who. con- siders that in the majority of projects the ‘ost important factors affecting choice aro type of anchor and the stata to bo “eee Table Parker (1988) writes for holes up to 100m dia. and 6m In length percussive methods sre. prefer ‘able for most rock conditions. Fer deeper Roles, whieh put 2 severe stiain on pe ussive equipment or poorer ground con. sitions, tory mathoda are recommenced MeGregor [1967] summarises in. gonor tarme the relation Between Tock type and lameter as shown in Fig. 1. ond emphas- isos the ditrences (see. Figs. 2 and 3) when driing in soft fable rocks and v ible strata Where the tock has 2 ing hard and soft (collapsible) ones the Une of rotating eccentric bit hes proves 2 tutcesstul innovation in recent’ years Since. it underreams. the Tock permting cannot Be 8p Died safely unioas the rg ie stable, ‘Tho rig should be capable of dling at {rom horizantal to vertical and able to perform as many ailing ‘othode as pousibie e.g rotary and suger {nthe view of the author, the following practical aspects may also eit consider Iotse: Its noticeable that thare has been 2 recent swing eway from the use of pe uscve or rotary percussive dis, to rotary Sails in built tees. This ie primary ‘due to noise reatretions and 2 noise level ‘of 75d8A at Tom is now specied in urban ‘reas. In B10 years tig anticipated that fotary percussive diters will be banned in bull-up areas, In future planning thr fore ite recommended that consideration should be given to hydraulically powered igs ieverteless, whilst percussive dri continge to be employed is important roperional to the rate at which energy i@ the use of ¢ uniform size of gasing, a8 for engine Supplied by the reciprocating piston, ‘Sppoted to the more traditional ure of to high no Rotary percussive eile telescopic casing which gradually ceduces for" extended time periods can produes "These ile impart tr In size with increasing depth Drysllogies! damage to the ear On many the de Bit it'ie'notworty that one of the die- onstruction site, particulary in the UK. (Oy xia thrust of lower magnitude than advantages of the downthe-hole hemmer Sraminge of this potential hazad to ariesseem inthe main to go unheeded Versetity: All igs should be de accommodate rotary hea Suselve diter, vibrodriar and. down-the- hole hammer. Where high production is Fequired. mechanical handling of drill rods thd easing could be advantageous and use of aril racks, rod-changing units and hy: Srautc positioners merits consider Prime movers" Al prime movers to of it rgy should be “bul-in™ to give @ com- Bact. independent unit. For’ the vost Imoiorty of anchor applications 2 power Supply of 60-80 ps considered suficient Mast movements, A. sub-mast is required ‘capable of rotating 90 deg. in. elevation ee ertcat to honzontal. The main mast, tached to the ¢ubsmast through @ turn- {able/shiding carriage, should be capable Dt rotsting 10 deg. in plan. ‘The sblity t2 (a) pasion the 10 of the main mat a the hola locaton, (8) hold the "main mast at ony level from O-2m tbove the around is considered important. Hoist and Teed rating’ Bevting in mind ortibie use of vibrosrivers in the fu fo cope with unconsolidated ground over Tying rock, & maximum feed fate of 10m/ ‘min may be desirable. A satistoctory he fate Semin: acceptable hoist capacity ‘= B6kN and acceptable feed capacity = 254, Ideally, prassure gouges ving » meas- ure of torque. and feed capacity” during Griting should be incorporated in the rg. ‘These gouges could: be monitored by ‘ah ienced diler oF eng honges in the stat, 0 highlg thereby improve duality control Exhaust polfution’ In the future, attempts should be made to design ond specity pine movers which emit “clean” exhaust, In spite of the above recommendations, ‘cis noteworthy that for anchors Installed directly into. rock the sraditionel Wego Srl with 2 percussi may st ‘olution in In gener ‘method and machine for an anchoring pro: Jet is ential factor in the eventual Sue ‘completion of a project and there ‘reatost core should be exercised Inmoking that choice Drilling rates ‘Since the rate of driling holes in rock depends on the natute of the material dil fed and the oiling machine, itis desirable fo have as much Knowledge. 2s possible ‘on Both the rock andthe machine. ‘orginal ‘Rogarsless of possess. complex physical Droperties and the dilabiity of the rock Consequently, although average or typical Droperies can be established for sound, red." specimens of rocks, in tice each site tends to be evoluated Individually. and purely geological class= teatione of rack offer lite help in up Ing rocks ceording to ailabilty” On the ther hand lasstying rocks on the basis ‘of thelr physical properties, such as com: 2.0! mae edttly Ea waa Fis, 1, Prlered methods of diling iterent clesse o roe ‘nd at aiterent hole diameters. Depth of hole generalized ea na seoeorts seinenrs “Root ra pressive and tensile strength, Young's modulus, ‘scratch and ‘impoct. hardness, toughness end otra is a major factor In fetaplching @ sutable. deillabiity sca Nevertheless, no definite conclusion as been reached as to. which are the most Useful phyelcalparemeters to termine alo prop ertecty irength remains a popular end use ful parameter in the hands ofthe special ‘Most recently, van Ormer (1914) has attempted to late penetration rate to Considers texture (porous to hardness” (1-10 on the Moh seal ing characteristics (britle to. maleable) tnd geological structure (solid to, lamin- ch ter iling roto than "Tabi! summarises the date. pertaining to hardness, end. the Selling rete for various rocks relative 10 10 (tor soli, homogeneous Barre Granite) ie-ehown in Table IV. The later teble does Not" take "into account the. secondary ‘ructure of the rock mass—the influence med, best determined Ditlorances between from” experience, measured and predicted dling Based on hysics! properties of the rock length of hole. Although rock material and mass snistropy ls known to afect d= ‘biity ile wore has been carried out to ‘Quantiy its influence. In vew of portance owev' ‘Wist solid formations should provide ‘good driling,seomy. broken formations ine ‘Suen slow rates 28 tadious, coral super ‘ison is necessary to avoid foes of fsh- Ing capacity, loss of ril suing, and Bie stcking. ‘From the standpoint of the anchor con- iracior, ane of the simplest procedures. et present Tor predicting’ penetration rats, Porticuarly in percussive. and rotary xssive ering is to detemine the Coot ‘lent of rock strength of the rock to be Sila. The test. which wos fest described by Protodiskonov {7962} and subsequent Wy, modited by the US. Bureau of Mines (raone et a, 1968), consists basically of Irecturag rock sompies by impacting them 3° fling weight The resutng ‘damage is measured by screening the bro- {fen sample Tho test fa rlatively simple ‘does not equi elaborate eaulpment snd gta 2 sp @ mm o 1 5s oe es wo om ramen powoooms |, Sy re vow fy onus I 5 i 18 i Lg eq] san nos onus es ver toon ems a —s a SO am ne Fia 2 Prater mash in elt Winn meh tr Me rage. 187)fone man can earry the apparatus into tho eld ‘ond make several dotarmiations in ‘one day. Good resuits have bown obtained Ineorrating feld penetration rates: with the coeticiont of rock strength for rotary” Dercussive dle (Unger & Fumant, 1972) [na for percussive dils (Sehmict, 1972), th {or prediction is that no eccount is taken fehl power and machine characte Penetration rates, particularly for cussive aril, are 9 Tunction of the air Dressure supplied tothe aril the consition "dil and the typ ‘Other technical factors such Hush: Ing medium and bit diame portant, but to date. have recsved lite Investigation. ‘Since thee parameters are Usually dificult to measure with any de fe of precision, especially in the field iis not surprising that some diseropane les’ between calculated and. messured rates are evident. [AS a result itis now widely appreciated that @ step that considers energy output ff the dil most be Included t9 further ro reciting dling rates. Whilst much work remains to. be Uackied Paone ot a [1968] in a detailed ‘account have already suggestad 2 method ‘of estimating penetration rate. based “on the quantity of energy required to cut ‘worthy thet Paone et a/ [1969] have sug- ested “using” the costicient "ot rock ‘Strength to determine the energy required to remove a nit volume of rock Flush tts to remove paras trom the bit guchiy ond ehcenty. Energy Bonded on “nding buch Serius “candor be used for el docton” comm: pro tion of the tragments aso increases wear of the Bit Commonly used fushing media are air, water "mud" —asvally being 2 colloidal Suspension of bentonite in water. A die- tinction i aso drawn Detwean normal and Feverse fh circulation. In the former, the ‘tush is introduced via the reds and bit, ‘opposite situetion occurs (Of the media listed. air i» probably the moat affcont scavenger, water the Coolant and mud the best lubricant, Ar ‘the commonest fuid used for surface dri Ing with percussive machines, end with ragibit" and rollarbie rotary cling. in es. Air is best used in’ dry ground, imough it ean be used in very wet con: ditions provided ample sir ig avaliable but offers lite advantage “over wat dling, Undergroune, and'in confined spaces. ge fell, brs uneatistctory vnless used n Tevetse circulation, because of the health hazard of dust pericle, Roek-driling in confined spaces such se tunnela ie tere. fore normally restreted to wet or suction ning, the lattar being one example of reverse circulation. ‘Water fushing is the standard method sed" for diling in sticky ground (Le where there i 2 small inflow of water Into the hole trom the rock, only. sutlent to combine withthe cuttings to form 2 paste ‘or where” thera ara clayey ayers), for Griing under the water table at death, ‘and fer diamond ring. The ‘quantity of water used ia not excessive™osvaly Tess than 4 litres per minute for ccnventionel ‘TABLE Il, HARDNESS OF SOME ROCKS ANO MINERALS ——_secvanee Mineral or rock Haranece Sratch ost SEE nna Dono woo eee ‘s Serie Fe ee 3 toon 3 Ee 8 Get 3 on Ae me Sea Fos oe vera og ba = HS = co i} a co onc [fen Galena 25 £ Copper coin Potash 20 é Fingorn orem 3 ‘ox > ‘TABLE IV, DRILLING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON ROCKS 2 erornvsvrvs Comparative Characterieies thing speed Rock materiel Wordness— 1.2 \Sandup Shales Sehist Texture—Loose Ohio Sandstone Breakage—Shariors Indiana Lieto ———— itis Hordnes— 3-4 10W18 Limestone Texture—Loose grained to granitoid Rolomes Brekage—Britl to shaving Porphies ee ise Hordness— 4-5 Oi Granae Trap Rock Texture—Granitoid to fine grained Mob grained igneous Breakege—Strong Most quartzite Gneies Oe Hardness— 6-8 OS and tess Hematite (fine-grained, grey) Texture—fine grain to dense {ireaaned Breakage—Mallosbie Taconite ee Titer vn Sone 9} ‘TABLE V. EFFECT OF ROCK MASS STRUCTURES ON ORILLING RATES eerreeroemwira"ae aS ‘Rock mess Nature of fractures Dri race Massive — Fast Stratified Perpendicular to dill rod: > 12m apart clean Fast Medium Laminated Perpendicular to drill rod; < 1.2m apart cleen Medium ‘Steeply dipped Small angle to dil od, 1.2m apert clean Slow Mediam Soamy Various inclinations to dil rod; else, open Slow fractures eS (Atarvan Orman 18)‘anchor hole driling. in spite of this wet TABLE VI. LIMITING FLOW RATES WHICH HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED OR ‘ring ig oltan regordod oe a messy and EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR WATERPROOFING Inconvenient method, whilst mud Pushing considered expensive and thought to Flow rate low rate Tegure a reat del of pieoeaton, Mud Source (recommended or employed) ffuthing ig net common’ in rock. snchor construction although it has been used GERMANY Sceensuiy in Frans fr open hole 5 een ooo: {i sperbe)Iarefmete/min/ 0 atm Sto swrrzentano oneher® Met) 1 lie/mare/min/10 aim 20087 {ao 08 guint Pei beter Bond 8 8 SOUTH AFRICA 0076 08/100 f/nin coors “steiorston from water NEW ZEALAND 001 g9/t/min 00167 SESen Shs ae ae Sa, AE AUSTRALIA 0001 gx/n. /t/min 087 Sambar Usa 0.0 gain. i/t/nin 0088 Aagnrauas"ot the supposed otteaney so ga, dae cof the fshing proces, It ual m anchor (ole fu nue ns) Sonatwcton to eave'a “sump longer for MALAYSIA 0003 gat/min 0.050 Stra’ st he bottom’ of he bomen Son praticn, 03:5. "a" sommoniy Sided othe entgrad borehole Tongs (Pater 001 ga/t/min 00187 Alter each hole tres been drilled to its full (Falmouth) (0.25 gal/min 0.00025 ‘tpin'and tnrovhly taaved ow im erder__(Oevonpar) ‘re mate/mi/ 0 atm 00 fo remove say loose material, the Nola =r saim nave Do a Taisen ats cone Good ould han’ "be sounded to\ sacertin “mower m ow end ma BE SU BE RA Oa “ stot “ain of “loneup of har occurred and whether it wil ult in damage t0 permitted by the South Alrican Code. tors alien quote average de '50 ie. 1" 09" end tolerances axed’ in the xed anchor trovbesome ond can 1 {Tocetand sting as wellas cousmg me Eom ingot ross, Furthermore, MeSregor With roped a the logping of data rox {1987} notes that the boing of te rs Int pemarly fo ground te’ and fuske on te wal ofthe foe may singe rock tna mesa, has 'Soen sown tt Toes re whet he rostant e ‘Shatone'ngrouné condtors, over afew especly in rotary eiira--con inet even con hve ors afeconatse- Snow tw trun rogurame fe. {unnt anchor perlomance-especiy in satioment.of the to when te. dling fetrocs” Meh guitate dete gon be frum vetad may aa bun rane ceching ie devant hole SBtaned cn ground condone by byoina in soit ground’ and experience indicates to lower tren down tand abuerve By ae t ‘that special care is required when drilling how much, if at all, the face is obscured at depth It should {rom treestoating platforms Various depths. Alternatively, she deviation ‘ided by observing changes in the amount Deviation of the hele during diling does may be more accurately checked at regular ‘nd composition of Hush return rat normally ane from 8 single cum. intervals using 2 single-shot photographic ‘Otner Gata relating, to ground water, stance. I may originate by using too thin or continuous reading. borehola incline pressure ‘and permaabilty ‘can also. be fod, (rom excessive thrust, or by the bit omer fissure or other rock i Devistion is not usvally WATER TESTING AND problem for OTH “dill, but ie. ex ‘WATERPROOFING Sogerated by the hole length ia diamond On completion of driling, the_anchor borehole must be ested for “wetertght fess", since subsequent loss of grout from Sesit driling, Ground’ the tendon in the fixed. anchor (i) freee! of wotee, end smeunt and sald Hae, the rods Zone i of prime importance in relation to Slomoter of Casing ithe boning st lower side of the hole and this has the efferent load transier and corrosion. pro: Seer eins enn ond stfect of upturning the bit slightly. Hence tection. Reasonable threshold. volves’ for iv) tha lewatot water waren work recom. aRdle holes often--butnotinvarably—tend wate ins eve {follow a shallow curve away from the whieh, when verveal for wateroroofing. In practic, it has been ‘Wherever possible, dil holes should generally accepted that cement is not suit- bbe planned So. that they intersect the ble for the teatment of fetures which Nigh a0 eles than 29 microns wae ltowsh Single 36 possible. It this rule Is not ob- recent experimental studies Served, then itis probable that propor. the Tower lim lose” #0 10D fon af the holes will tond. to doviete Song the planes ofthe rock In mica-sehist for example, holes will follow frst encountered in the hole, (i) any “water added to the hole to Alignment and deviation terminating Inthe ulated position. Three eauses of errors ‘may be recognised: {(@) incorrect. setting-up, with the. drt Bointing In the wrong direction at the Stor at eeiting, (2) miasignment. in which the dil ie to setup the Conectly 1S precision ‘of line with the axa of the dri ‘and 12 monitor the progress of the hole {e) deviation in which the hole is started it" becomes progressively more. dificult threshold value which dictates the need In the correct line but subsequently iy ta ater the rection of the for waterproofing sere direction ‘riling has proceeded beyond it may be estimated that @ ow metres. micron ssura under an exc ito guidance on maximum permitted one atmosphere gives Tae to 8 ‘Siways be aided by the use of profile deviations nas appeared, but tolerances of 32 littes/min (Ltteiohn, 1973). "Kis ‘and: spit level. The use of a casing or 9° 28° (Parker, 1968), 1" 10° (Eberhard and therefore suggested that this Orde’ of flow ‘iil rod guide plate at the base of the Veltrop. 1985) and O° 43" (Littlejohn and should ‘be ‘considered. as. 9 reasonable ‘eit mast ie advantageous, ‘ruman:Davies. 1974) may be compared treshold for water loss, when ‘Ordinary Regeraiess ‘of cause, misalignment is with the lese rigorous maximum of 2" 50° Portland. Cements are emoloved. In. theneat coment grout. A lower fissure width (f 100 microns. ives 2 fow rate of 08 Iitres/min/at. and this may bea more fealiatic threshold for minimal per ‘han fne-gfained coments are employed. ‘to rock anchor practice the flow which have bet Cleary, great care must be Inwerpeettion of limi arieuls regard to ee pretation, it recommended that permiss- bie fow rates should be quoted simply in terms of ftres/min/atm, no reference be. ing made to flow per unit length of hole orstage. In general i is considered chat water carried’ out more cheaply and quickly. In ‘these situations packer testing may ‘only bbe warranted if the acceptable water flows are exceeded (On the practical side the hole must be ‘thoroughly’ flushed with clean water from the bottom before testing. and during the test it may be of value to reduce the level of water in any adjacent holes 30 tha Soy. intemale connection te Te eared out. generally ‘ows have nat Been ext ck enchor grouting. As a. result {oliowing recommendations ste presented {or eonsiderston, (a) Waterproofing is requited i leakage fr water oss in on anchor borehole exceeds 30 Iires/min/atm, The: dure Buon of the test should. not be lees than’ 10 minus ) ition of ‘outing stage. Ihe Now cannot Sabie inthis way wotersootng i feauied, respective ofthe magnitude tthe water gun Parma tow i celated to “excess Bead" Thertore the positon of he fate able in rion tothe section being invesigetad must be sto dio thatthe Sriving or excens head Iecing tow at te section may be Shlcuated tccurtely. in fw Revues igh peg. pressures" may induce {urbulent How erate high’ presure adios ne open up. the nat ipl, changes the local anvronment shoud be mint thereore the wppleg press: tre inducing flow shoud be ss eal « cc roe limiting” Now fates ere accepiable if » number cf Aissures (thekress <<. 160 microns) exist Tis situation however must be ” Confirmed by close examination of for close evcut television and/or ‘multipacker injection tests, period of time (usually trom 6 to 24 hours) the hole is redried ‘end the water test {fepeated, ‘The enchor construction. pro: ‘edure may only continue when the wa roofing title are satisfied. it the Bregrouting is not successful on the frst ne" or two oceasions, then” pressure grouting ray be. required to force. the Grout Into the fissured rock mase. snd thereby stoblise the borehole wall against ‘subsequent reriing TENDON ‘Storage and handling Longbottom and Mallett [1973] make 2 ‘numberof sound recommendetions regard: ‘ng’ this. topic, on tho basic assumption that “anchor tendons must be protected ‘against mechonics! damege. end seve erosion on ste TTendons must not be dragged sercss abrasive surfaces or be accessible to wold Splash. Bars should be stored in Tengths, and wires and strand in co iameter at least 200 times that of the tendon ameter. Kinked or twisted wire should be rejected, since experience has shown that bond and load/siaplacement characteristics ean be adverolyaected, To avoid damage to protective sheath- Ing. the. ends ofthe. tendon should bo ‘rested, after cutting’ te size, 10 remove very sharp edges. With respect t0 bar, are ‘should be” taken to protect. the threaes. Superficial damage to the threads can offen be repaiced by means of 2 fle, but itis usually improctcable to recut of extend 8 bar thread ‘on sit ‘the nordness ofthe this i impossible, the steel may be ‘outdoors for several monthe without ser us corresion, provided it's stacked of the ground and’ completely covered by 8 ‘waterproo! ‘tarpaulin Although the tar. Baulin should completely cover the steel Itehoulé be fostened s0'28 to permit ci ulation ofa tough the ‘The humisity ofthe a, alied to possible atmospheric "pollution (industrial and ways eas. then 70 wrappings should be impregnated with 8 vapour ghace In- hibitor powder, ana in this eae ar through flow must be prevented ‘Although itis known now that normal rusting actually improves. the bond to (grout. fakey, loose rust must be complete. Iy removed, ang tendons wish are sev- rey ‘pitted, particusrly in the case of Small ameter multiwie. strands, oF ot Tireaded sections of bors, should’ be re Fabrication "With respect to bar anchors, must be thoroughly cl dit is important to ensure that bars ‘are properly screwed into couplers, fand that full thread’ engagement 16 obtain: {ed in nuts and tapped plates, To minimise Corrosion, the tendon should ‘not be lett Lungrovied for jong after cleaning, especi- aly it parafin nas been used, Anchors with mult-svand of mult-wire ‘supplied Some contactors speciy. ur the strand to facilitate effective cleaning: the wires are afterwards returned to their correct lay. This basie method ' recom- mended “and on effcient, somewhat time-consuming refinement to the system hes been developed by UAC. Ltd. who introduce small ferrules on to the central Wite prior to flaying the strand. This pro: ‘duces nodes in esch strond and. undoubt fdly increases the resistance tothe strand Grout failure. Altrmatively, to eliminate the laborious and inheranty’ risky Job of ate tempting to completely remove 2 grap Bituminous grease which hes been design- ‘ed to resist easy removal, a machine Ras Fecently been developed (Litejann and Truman-Davies, 1978) to. grease dual strand and apply a: protective pl tie sheath only over the fe itis requires, The fixing and location of spacers and centralisors must precision, especially in the fixed anchor length where the tendon ie usually formed Into a roughly eicular configuration with stool or polythene spacers and wire bind: Ings. Atent 10 be given to the bottom of the tendon and ure of 3 sleeve or nose cone which will minimise the risk of tondon or borshole demage. ‘during homing is recommended. ‘Any Method ean be used provided that it will ensure that te tendon is lowered {at 9 steady convolled rate. It recom fed that for heavy Mexble tendons of sd pulleys oF args drums (itlojohn “and. Truman-Davies, 1978) Be used to gradually unre! the tendon into the hole. Tehas been found thet 200% cap ity anchers, walghing about 16Kg/m. ‘reas, e.g. dam crests, tlaborate handing equipment It the borehole grout water, grout tendon is lowered too quickly. The use of Grams from ‘which to_unwind Wertical anchors) man. both these methods often ee bending ot tho tendon which both stel and protection, Immeciately price to homing the tendon should be carefully inspected, and in cer- tain situations tho effcloney of the cental- lser/specer units “may "be" judged by Carefully withdrawing the tendon—prir t0 grouting —to observe damage or estore fon, or the amount of smear. neral the choice of the best handling, fabrication, ‘wnly in commensense. Prestronsing Steel and fitings ore valuable stores, and Should be tested ae such on eteGROUTS AND 'GROUTING PMN ae naceastry tor pimpabiigy” “LLNS The most common and lowest basic cost materia used Yor fing and. protect= Ing rock anchors ie neat cement, grout The influpnce of carain grout parameters ‘on bond’ development’ has ready been Noted (Litlejohn ond. Bruce, 1978) and Information on” grout mixes and. grouting rocedures os used in rock anchor prectice ‘S'now reviewed, and recommended qua Grout composition Cement “The type of coment used will obviously vty from contract to contact 4s dictated bby ground conditions nd. the installation programme, Thus, while Ordinery Portiand Cement’ (Type i) may suffes in. many cases, a sulphaterersting (Type il) or & fapid narcering vanety (Type il) may Be Fequired. Ia. Brain, Ordinery and Ropid Herdening “Cements must” comply with BS 12 and High Alumina Cement with the felevant clauses of 85.12 and 198. Ks sd that high. alumina. coment ieted to short term teat enchor, In View of the use of high water cement rtios Since coment surtace ares. (and the fore particle sizes) are normally controlled by specification. the most likely deterior- ation in cement quality may be due to "The proportion af” we age ‘ot poor storage, when 4 grout rather than the quality. of water tation or carbonation may lead 10 parts the most important determinant of grout cle saglomeration and reduction in post- properties. Excess water causes ‘ix hydration, Although large sizes ‘may Strength. increased shrinkage and poor be removed by sieving. it ve likely that durabilty. ‘The extent to when these fond Detter control ‘may be exercised by in: sao fuity) ate felated 10 terwe fone sisting on freah coment. end by eerelui ofan OPC grout a shown in Fig 4 storage. ‘Ideally cement. should” not be Table Vil has Been prapored to llustate stored on site for more than one month, a range of w/e values recently Used ot ‘and must be kept below 40 degC. under recommended throughout the world, for cover, Cement should be used in order of neat coment grouta, Most ‘etiog are be Selvery twoen 040 and 045 whien gives & grout Ww with ‘sufficient fluidity to be pumped and Woter which i suitable fr drinking (ex- placed easly in sme diameter Doroholes ‘cept for the presence of bacteria) is gen. and 'yot re terally considered suitable for coment gout strength sft ‘vote. formulation, "Water containing” sulphates progting andlor suengthening medemt (2°01 bor cont). chiondes >" 08 per ant), sugers or suspended matter ©@, Admixtures: ‘algae must be considered technically dan- "The use of inert “filers” such as ground gerous: High chloride content should be quartz. limestone dust. fre sand clay, Son is in contact with the grout resultant mixes Where there is some doubt as to the have been used primanly to, wetermeet ‘TABLE VIL, RANGE OF W/C RATIOS RECENTLY USED OR RECOMMENDED. Wene oa ce o Mate (157) cunw oxo bare 970) <0 coe cena en) rau Serine (1992) PRESSURE AT PUMP INJECTION TIME Fig. 7. Idealiszed representation of various ‘grout injection time-pressurechoracterstice (she Longetom 8 aie 1975) days) but tend to depress the later ‘strength of th larger cube sizes. ‘The recommended ‘controls. including bleed measuroments where corrosion pro twection by grout is vita. canbe readily ‘rercised during the actual grouting op faton, which idealy should siwoye be Carried out the same day the fixed anchor Section of the hole soiled "To. ensure that injection pressures do not cause undue disturbance of the ground, the pump should be ftted with an effective ‘control agsnet pressure build-up. Preseure land pump speed may be considered. as ‘one control the belance between the two is aietated by actual conditions. In this connection pressure. gouges fitted with ‘lapiwagma ‘tre recommended to. avoid ‘contact with the grout Pumping over di tances in excess of 150m is strongly ia. ‘couraged, ab this can change the grout Monitoring the grout pressure during in- SSetal information jection can’ provide Teealises curves (see Fig. 7) for grouting progress are described by Longbottom and te (1973), ‘Good grout, normal stiening— too quickly Curve Singicates fracture. in the sya- tem at time A; leaking of the grout Indicated by." constant Pressure. Curve 4—indieates partial blockage a 8. Curve 8—Serious blockage at C, possibly with stifening. It the maximum Pressure. is exceeded, "grouting Should be stopped, and the sys tem flushed Ie is concluded that probleme associated ‘with the erucat grouting operation will be sed if the equipment is kept clean and in good repair adequate supervision and skied labour is provises: and unnecessary Ccomplicstions (8.9. small amounts of ad Operation should be carefully recorded— cement and/or ‘edaitives, ing and pumping. equipment fuiatey and 5, langth of pressure and ‘Quantity of govt i temperatore, land the names of the operating personnel. Such data will help to pinpoint reasons for anchor malfunction, should it subee- ‘quently coeur, Iris svongly recommended thet specific ‘gravity checks a5 well a3 flow ‘cone oF ow meter testing should be used to sup- plement the resus of conventional cube Erushing | programmes—a retrospective source of data CORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTION Mechanisms and causes of corrosion “The corrosion of prestressing steel it largely electrolytic. and. Longbottom and Mallet (1973) list the pre-requisites a8 (i) an electrolyte having inertaces. with (i) ‘in anode. and a cathode whieh ago ha (iy direex metalic imerconnection The electrolyte is usually aqueous, and re srtoce tiny ie adequate. Rosctions initiated as 8 result of inhomogeneities fr impurities Ia the steal or grout, or By the presence of chlorides or other ‘salts in solution. “The cathode hae 2 tential relative to the electrolyte than the anode, which fs normally lower In the elec. {wochemical table. The moce. common iments are arranged es follows: inlssstee!) Na AlZnCd Fen SnPbH, CuAgO, (pessivated AN) > Catrodie fle le. that electrolyte action will be more severs between {wodes which are widely separated in the {able than Between those which ae closer ‘There ace generally held to be thiee major machaniams of gorosion (1) “Corrosion by pitting. Under conditions fof chemical and/or physical inhome: Seneity inthe steel or electrolyte, {onigation wil occur at both anode and eathode, constituting 2 bmetalic all Fig. Be. (2) Corrosion involving erack formation under tension (“hydrogen embritle ment’). This tg.more 2 physical cor fosion, mainly efecting highly stress fed carbon steels ‘The best known auto of britieness is nascent hydro: ‘gen (Fig 89). The cathode restion" DHE + 2m Hy ls favoured by seid environments, and hydrogen so produced vende. to erupt the structure of the ate far more susceptible to hydrogen em-~ Th brittioment than drawn typ is however no unanimeus, opinion about the susceptibiity of prestrss- ing. staol to. hysrogen”embvitement innignly alkaline grout (9) Conosion i oxygen. Locs! encentaons of oxygen a 8 cathode 0, + 2H,0 + de» 40H Tho reaction le favoured conditions (ave Fig. 82) fometion of layer of rust. sikcline Bo + 30, + OH + (0-2) HO oF e,05 ,0 Inthe alkaline environment pro: vided by 2'go0d dense grout, stel is Dessivated in thy way. As Portier [1974] noted, however, rust go formed 'S easily removed by the culation gardless of the type of cor fosion, ean only occur in an lonle ‘medium, and, under natural conditions, Closely interdependent: the supply of ‘oxygen: "the imtansifeation “of the ‘microcell effect by the formation of & cathode at the water/ai interface: and ‘the action of hydrogen embritdement. i Electrochemical potentat. With ro spect to Fig. 9, in Region I there te formation otiorous fon, and general: Ised dissolution. Mence it would. 9p- ‘pear that to avoid corrosion esufices {0 remain within pH 85—138. La. in the range created by grouts, Howover L 27 e Fe . T ot ie is + eB Ey Yoru | 8 woRecey CEL ‘@_ OveEN Ce eo Fig. 8. (above). idealised representation of three major modes of * a freessron “en rer cea —— BECO namon ope cei tt elecircemical potentialthis protection is vary inavequate great ana attempts mase to protect me —_necommentavions ay Wier Wo ince it is known that (Region Il), steel (ab doseribed balow) or the risks are aggressivity ofthe gr despite the pessivating action of thought minimal andthe tebock 's'im- of the tendon, In oraer to” avoid Fed, formation, there may be corre: mersed inthe cement grout. Corrosion” of the tendon, the cement must sion by pitting under the infuencs of "The latter method ls alder, and about 90 net have @ chlorine content, fom chlor ions such as Ch when present in the per cont of existing des, which exceede. 002 per cent by ‘coment. Also, Region ‘Ill corrosion Wwoight, and sulphur trom sulphides, whieh wih crack formation may eecur sxcoeds 0.10 per cent by weight, These Systematic records of corrosion have been are provisional values only, ‘Any sdmintures used mist likewise éon- ‘heen an be simply reduced by Ui) "The (2) creating 2. pH environment of 9-12 ln the grout. Chloride, suiphige, sul- ‘and carbonate lors all tend to rondered impervious at the Join, The ten : Bie sire secnites MLR Oyun rsmmanded oe ce op nomua caenecheanen este dae, aaerncten cme on ect cut Sen ie yan eT oon cae meat cle 3 8 possible, the cit- length. This usually con- I sleeve, or more often s stool o cement, and 0 the use of calcium ve, which may easily, be ehoride ie forbiaden. © the operations of tabecation, istaiotion oretrosing ‘Tivwe diferent shuations can be ated forthe purposes of ascusson, But in bly receives practice thew datinevon i often cificut ingufcent. Therefore in anchors the poro- le tor many {eh Temporary anchors rorapres Sy ofthe grout and not simply its thick: environment.‘ ormaly sate to | ‘eas of cover, should Be stipulted serge oun ; Sais tet the cement grav il tat restessing the steal may accelerate tho Stestes creat electric couples out of the fixed enchorlangih ond the speci tat ot ntnaty of sano, amough te Bepertion wih thee of the saa, an SES Sey ot corrosion altoush he fy in contact withthe potentially coro saene and auenarn Properties of NOn- Sive atmonphere. One possibilty = to ene i 6) Guenhed “snd arborea sets eee" ure thet on completion of the final grout: tore susceptible to stress corrsion than "0. _oparation the, top anchorage is ois drown carbon atels of the type used ly encase in conerere ms Nowe (2 in the UX for strand, Stress corrosion ig @Y" Broampte the possibilty of restoss- mote acute than ordinary corosion for "9, the anchor at a future dat. An spore scum ano “itenative isto enclose the top anchorage Coes ee eleasings it repeated, 8 Ste oF Pel plastic Cover fled with constantly “destroys any protective ain ater final etraae- xe tions T1978) a Corrosion thus aided by porous grout ‘or conerete, and Rehm (1968) has found that in certain cases # cover of 25mm is a Cate aephe pace tt ty (2) Stein feces te development 2238, sohae ping St mer sures ane (3) Peowesg Classfication of groundwater Sogressiveness Te has been demonstrated thet certain both in the grout and in the ground inate and sustain corrosion. Quan ‘it is impossible to be titative limits on. aggreasivty of environ: fe x to the conditions which will or ments have been ‘raw up by Boreas Will not give rise to stress corrosion. The Securitas [1972] and FIP (4873). Ground ‘nly sate principe to follow is that con- and. mixing waters classed as aggrassive Gitions ould be dangerous—as. ia Ber re ‘manent ground enchors—then the whole (1) Very pure water, Its termed aggress Gesign of the eystem should be orientated Ive the concentration of Cad s less than Towards. ensuring complate protection of 300mg per itre, Such water dissolve the the prestressing steal, {tae lime and hydrolyse the silestes. and ‘Whilst many of the problems of corro- aluminate inthe comer sion protsetion in prestressed systems In (2) Acid waters. I pH is late than 6.5, General are not present in ground anchor they ore consigered’ aggressive as" they ‘works Portier {1874] has pointed out that may attack the Ime. of the cement. They. re 8 number of eorresion problems are normally industrial waters, water with 4 Seietisyareckcersneaeene™ Be cemay caunel wate Mi a Saas wnt isa neha Sa Ne la rey tenets a "oanton ata, (3) dates win thon space cone i | Generally located un ‘Those reset with the trealoum.elomnat of the ‘cement to form alte which die “oy sweling, Among Fa. 10. Corosion protection of tendons at {and water may then flow along the tendon. ro (a) selaniout water, with Cheurtes Dem (ater cambator, 1985) This ie particulary secious for strand. an: 5 cissolved sodium sulphat (2 2S, 1 hors, sithough Soletanche Co Lid. now (6) mognesion water, with a Be 2 epoxy piteh Which is Of dissolved magnesium sulpha as with these saits ore classed as very {5} 01 lute impervicusness, and Britsh snd sggressive when the concentration of the (2) Sarl 22S ypnuin manutecturers appear confident about tho sults exceeds O5G/Itre for selenious {2} A! enatvation of corrosion resistant greases water and O26g/ltre for magresion waver, Used at present with polypropylene It's noteworthy that these values relat shosthing. stagnont water, ond for Howing water the (i) Sealing. There are two contrary concantrations are 40. per cant of the wends—sither the risks” are “considered above valves,“er‘same form of pro- tection over the free length is not now disputed ltnough it ig not always e forces. White (1973) states that ih the United States often no protection ia. pro vided even for a temporary anchor with & working life up to twee years. Generaliy, owe not 90, ond 9 combination ot ore tape is common practice, Fip‘(1973) recommend 4 grout cover of Feast Smm (©) Temporary anchors io an aggressive ‘environment. The fixed anchor fone can sll be Provided with 2 do tion. system, far’ 96' possi equivalant condition tion aystom shou! proven ‘resistance t bond may be used, ‘hum cover now becomes more impor: ‘nd Matt [1973] has recommended that & 19 of 30rm should be nce is also placed on ly held that permanent anchors should be It is recommended that 9 the protection should be made. and checked “under. workshi Dut any. suitable. mi oes not adversely affect tho ‘dered sufcent to pregrout the enchor Zone and inspect it before homing the ten don. The cover recommended. By FIP Te ble corrosion protec. «The chosen pr Standard’ protection for rock anchors. Greosea tape in perticulris easy to handle ‘and’ apply’ with 9.80 per ‘cent Ne risk of damage. during lation is high, it does form en rrnolyofciont borrier to. chemicel attack. The grease should ‘be "supple {0 allow subsequent tendon extension dur. ing stressing without eausing large tetion losses, or being destroyed, and should thoroughly penetrate the tendon, With ret ference to sloeving, PVC or poyprorylene sheathing may now be delvered to. site Birwady on the ‘incivi Svands, or it ean Be Sometimes it i on surance that this grout ig not Se1Omm minum rate process on sit racked: if this possibilty cennot be ex- The free anchor length is similarly dou. mareDeviee 199%). cluded some additional protection system bly-protbcted. Grease packed plastic "Oth tection Should bp included. Protection ofthe free Snenor length is stil only © single. pre sheathing or greased tapes being the usual Solution although grout or other protec: tive coatings are aleo possible. The ‘isk ‘of faire due to corrosion of the tendon is greaty reduced if components of meter in excess of Tom are used. A mini= ‘mum ‘grout cover “of Simm ie again ecommended by FIP ot prevent. (6). Permanent anchors. These should ‘systems designed sheaths fitted under Becoming 8 popular 2 plastic tu Compounds Numerous syetons slastic substances can ‘men enriched grout is used Corrosion protection systems ‘employed in practice Tactory conditions method. Various of 2 be used within sro in an ‘excalent article by Ponier (1974) inciode: (2) coatings providing cathodie protection, (2) cathodic protection by electric cur. (c) syntheti, semi-rigid fms, (2) ‘gid synthetic onanor plug, ond (@) metal casings under compression or Systems of post-protection ate 0 numerous end consist basicaly of filing in- Situ a sieeve over the free Tangth. etter {eosioning. The substances used” range some cases btu 8-0 protection agpnst sve "environment. corrosion have been used-—and in some trom fuide, such as ols or mater conta ‘during the life of cases abandonad—for rock anchors. ing’ ime, to bitumen’ and coment ard the anchor cannot be onticipsted and the Fundementaly, "a dstinetion. "drawn the verlous materials have Been der critng on secrion cc ic Spa renforcement Protective sheath PE) ® > "SEaTON AA Ly “SECTION 88. Fi 11-Cementatin Lon Lie anchor a: Gore 17) isi! mca a. tat Somat on a she “ | Sereno tnughed tree) Fig. 13. Permanent anchor constructions; (2) Type A with coated tendon: (b) Type A with ribbed paste tube: (¢) Type B with pressure ive (it Stamey, 1)and classed in some. cet Seeurtas (1972) according to i protection and aggressity of the. eur Founding medium, ‘An interesting illustration of the de- velopment of corrosion protection sys {ome is provided by comparing the anchors Used at Chovrles, i 1898 with a modern ounterpart, As shown in Fig. 10 in the former bitumen was iberlly employed, and the wires were galvanised (except in the fixed length). A claim (Khaova et af, 1968) ‘that about 17 per cont of the total tendon ‘cross-sectional area has been lost duo 10 ‘corosion in just over 30 yours has boon ‘Socredted recently by Porter [1874]. ieated modem type is the Long Life Anchor (Fig. 11) In which the palyestar resin nt only en Surge complete protection of the fixed an. hor tendon. length, but. contebutes 0 “eadman” effect to the whele anchorage 4ystom. The fee length of the tendon con Siete of strands. individually “costed in grease, and. covered by polypropylene sheathing. ‘Gstormayer (1974) discusses the classi- fication of the sophisticated bar anchors most commonly. used in. Germany. For omporery anchors, Type A (Fig. 12) is Roferenc gs Par = Solin git fe (sy sence sryens oma) as, ccm ey = sicher cue Shin UY i Suateniane Sane ott Ppa ac re Seberatersatres aaa (protection and recommends that at ast ne coat of paint be applied £0 the head and the tendon above the sheathing. "Anchors of Type A (Weed under tension, Fige, 130 and 8) and Type B (fixed anchor under eompeession, Fig. 1Se) are used in Permanent’ works. Such anchors have Souble protection ‘lotic material can bbe used and paste or grease pressed into the snnuler spece between tendon may be considered adequate ‘In Type A, the application of a protec. tion whieh romaine undamaged during con. Struction and stressing = licult. For the Scho. shown in Fig. 1389 synthetic Coating i desirable which not only has fn excellent bond with steel but, In ad ition, must alo be Mlexible and. strong Aik He At ei, Tee et rei de co RR enc 8 Aberden Questo sa ie ats gt ee Be tA Sei Per Se ‘Recep i ee “geeg Lond te Sa taco tee be subjected to high bursting stresses, A spiral reinforcement is therefore provided to resist these stresses, For the Type A anchor in Fig. 13b, the tendon ig inside a ribbed plastic sheath. ‘The annular space is filed with coment. Although this cement will crack, 26 in all type A anchors, the erteion of eorresion protection is considered to be fulfiled ‘won tha. cement in the snnuler space is ‘hed, the danger of material figue is Tess. than in coses: where a. protective ‘coating has boon directly applied to. the fendon (Fig. 13a). The requirements of Souble corresion protection are also met "tig gonorally concluded that whilst the protection of rock snchors. iz a serious broblam, it does not appear to be a crucial She at present and responsible engineers tte clearly corrosion conscious. Newerthe- Tess there 8 growing need to establen Standards of ‘corosion protection which will be accepted and used widely by con- ling and contracting engineers. a eae ged ever, W180) cdINTRODUCTION PRESTRESSING AN ANCHOR outomat ne instalation, confine to 8 design safety fectors, and fensures satislectory service. performance This is oqually vue for prestressed anchors and thes subsequerty intonded to bet 98 passive" untensioned members, and. 16 ‘bot cases om ini stress history often ‘enhances subsequent behaviour. In addition, seceptance criteria based on standardised teste gauge the suitability and ‘tlectiveness of the installed anchor with fospect to tha intended application Poe. sible errors made in either tho design oF pinpointed im- onstruction steges will medistely Strsaing results, This Basie information is intrinsic to anchor e ve that standard ap- proach to the testing and analysis of anchor Denaviour shouldbe estoblahed, relating to bot short end long-term bensviour Ae: Coraingly the following basic types of test ‘and aualty convel are recommended for ‘consideration, and are deserbed in dota IT" precamtract component testing. 2 eveptance testing of production hors, 3, long term monitoring of selected pro- suction anchors, 4, Special vest anchors, and 55, monitoring of the overall nchor/rock/ Anal section eels with aspects of long-tm service performance, and reviews tively small number of ease studios published to dote, These highlght various SRBRO C2 Part3: Stressing and testing parameters and phenomena which influence fnchor Behaviour inthe long tarm STRESSING ing 8 basicaly two methods of ap fess 19 an anchor tendon spplied vie a toraue wrench {0 some form of anchoring not thread fed on to a rigid bor tendon (Fig. a), ane Sirect pul, whieh may be applied to ample on a se (Fig. 10) Torguing is normally restricted to small capacity (180kN max) single bar tendons let rock Bolts of various types. In practice care must be token to ensure that torso ally applied to the tonsle stresses strength of the be alevia Prior to stressing “The requited torque to produce a speci: fied toad is usually expressed empictally inthe form Tensile load (kN) = C x torque (KN) bbut whilst ¢ may be defined within narrow limite "under ‘controlled Taboratory condi: tions, experience suggests that variations of = 25% can be expected 10 {ol of alignment, ction between mating ports and size of bar tendon, Bearing in {mind alga that torquing is usally sccom. plished withthe aid ofan air driven impact ‘wrench, the output of which is subject 10 variation in airtine pressures, it ie not eut- rising that the equipment needs frequent Ealibration and that good maintenance fe Vital. For reloble re commended thet & calibrated hand wrench information on be SRM draft publication "Sug gested” methods Yor rockbolt testing i978), By far the most common and indeed for the vast majanty of anchors the only sult ‘able method is stressing by ‘direct pul, Strand is now much mare commonly wed than wiro, and as 8 resut multtrand and Imonostrand direct pull jacks ore the most 10 be stressed simultaneously. These ‘may’ be of solid-of nollow ram design (Figs. 2b 8c) Practical aspects of stressing inorder to introduce the readet to some besie procedures ond concepts, a3, the stressing | tion deals with practical ring plate may be placed directly on to trong ompetont rock, or altamatively embedded in a mass concrete block to spread the ‘anchor forees in the case of weak rock Fer anchors with design loads in excons of Y8OKN it Is important, prior to eta of Fig 1. Stressing by (a) torque wrench, and (b) direct pull5 | | Lr Fig. 2. Typical jacks for tensioning rock anchors; (¢) (below) eee hollow ram mustang siesing ack stressing, to check that the st plate hes been correctly bedded centrally Sn normal to the tendon. Ths check ean ttiminate chong ofthe pimeter tendon Eomponents in the ease of multiwire oF Stand tandons which splay outwards in the zone of te top anchorage or jack a5- Sembiy (Pig 3). Ths problem. dows, not Sopear to be recorded Tor the cose of paral gid Ber groups. the ‘enor grout hoa reached 3 strength, stressing may proceed, She autos” recommend "a. ershing Stengdh oF 25N/inme sce Part 2 Cone Section) For sold bar or single unit tendons, the tensioning assembly may be fitted ont te tendon as soon 20 thes been thorough ly saanea. For mutant tandona noweve Wig important verily thatthe wires OF willbe be in ox strands ate not crossed within the tree: length before iting the anchor block and Jack assembly (Fig. 4a). The correct align- ment of stands lg best accomplished by Broviding a form of comb giilage or fork {Fig 46), ana the Ure of guide cords with aps is particulary beneiial on high cape. ty multunit tendons To simply tho description the remaining practical comments wil mmoltistrind stressing using « hollow jack ihthe tendon ist be subjected Mitally to a special test over Sign eapaniity. thon the permanent gre normally omitted from tho anchor Block St this stage of the work The jack le now ‘iwed over the stands and the temporary sing unite (Fig. 40) ore then 9 bod The jac ohsir or stool whieh provides 2 support for the jsck is placed centrally fver the tendon and the. side opening Should be in a convenient position fo allow, the operator to ingpect the. anchor oad ‘during’ the tensioning operation (Fig. 20). “Tho jack ig now ted manually oF by & mechanical iting device, Mechanical iting Snd handling equipment ie recommended for jacks weighing n excess of 80kg, and 2 guide relating the approximate werght of hollow ram ste! jacks to. their maximum rated capacity is given ia Table | Tt ie important. prot to stressing, to verity thatthe elongation atthe top anchor 8 of SOmm Yor the mai ‘TABLE I. APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF HOLLOW RAM STEEL JACKS Fig. 3. Typical anchor heads for a strand or wite tendon ‘mum load to be applea, otherwise the re: Usable grips (wadges) im the. temparary loading Mead (Fig. 42) cannot be treed on destrossing. Whore extensions of 30mm or less are envisaged the jack ploton should Be advanced to 30mm before placing the temporary loading head. The -urable grips ‘must be lightly Librested vith high pres ure grease prior to. thei tting. These Grips are filly homed to give e tight Ne By'a genta’ tapping with « special ring of Ulshaped hammer Stressing may nov Bro- 8 primary «2 13 to prove its dex ceed. TR should be emphasised immediatly that the apace in font of the jack, end in lie with the Tondon axis must be kept free of personnel during the prestressing opera tion Alteratively, 2 propery designed small aporture staol mesh age should be provided for protection of the operators oF Pessers-by. 'A hand pump is the simplest me be stressed and a high output is required s' motordriven pump is advantageous, Bearing in mind tha the stressing sys- tem may have been designed to operate st high pressures. (quoted tost prestures of 600 atmospheres by manutscturare are not tuncommon), its not slwaye practical to ‘monitor pump pressures below 40 to 50 Stmospheres. The inital positon ofthe jack piston i therefore noted at this pressure Which is algo considered sutfclent to fake Up any slack in the tendon. The actus! reading forthe piston ean be found by © trapolaton ‘when the ‘am extensions. 3° “Approximate subsequent ‘higher. pressures are noted weight (ko) __ (Fig. 40). Throughout the stressing oper: 20 ‘on, both extension ry 80 In'more detail 19 ‘Whore 9 tost load has to be held for a 200 perod of time a sight fallin geuge pre 300 Siro will be noted even though the exten: Son of the piston remains constant ThisFig. 4,0) (above), Anchor Block and components of jack assembly (b) (below i (¢) (below right), Stressing through the {oft), Fok fr alignment of strands temporary lood bearing plate wooden oF rubber mallet is us- “pplication of pressure to the or ing will in peat term stressing » lock valve at tho jack 1s in order thot load ean be finaly locked into the tendon, permanent g ‘On completion of the initial st ‘operation, tho double-aeting ram sss the tomporery Toeding {Tis should be possible without the ta ‘of the Jock ang chal from the ton- ' Fig, 5. Base stressing mechanism ot the top Fig. 6. Jack srangement for to be removed unt tho pore ore tte ‘2d and immediately the wedges are drawn Sr pulled in around the tendon a it ties to retract, and 0 bead is focked of eis ry stoel spacers or shims of var~ lous thicknesses inored baneath the. a thor block to tiga th load at lock-ol by Incressing the tendon extension (Fig, 6) Choice of stressing system Multstrand steasing ie awit and simple in operation once the jack has Bean cor- feetly toeated, and requires relatively litle deta recording and back analysis in mast mulistrand stressing high dogres. of ‘contil ‘equi load in each unit. Ti Important in. anchors of than Tom, where extensions maltistand jacking system slone can show the toll load on the anchor in one strea: Sing. operation.” Furthermate, or evel Toading, and unloading. programmes, this System is easier and quicker to employ and gues more control eepscialy during the Sestressing stage. Some engineere also consider that 2 mulistrand jacking system Sone Is capable of economicoly supplying prestressing loads in axcoss of 3 O00KN. Fis view Is Based on the larger num: Individual time-consurming stessing op tions, and the larger spacing required to {separate the strands in the anchor block if ‘mongjack is employed ‘On the otner hand monostrand stressing is a relatively popular method for tension: eved. Since the develop mt of igh speed front gapping jacks, bearing in ming the limited number of the method is not onduly time con Suming, In additon, most single strand Stressing jacks are ght and asy. handle, whieh ig major advantage on “There are however important points con- cerning. monojack stressing operations inion are widely recognised but remain largely “unexpieined. Far example, when Mitchel (1878) mentored with atran Geuges the load fluctuations in two adj Zint strands of an anchor tendon, he eb. Served that the load inthe feet tensioned Stand docreased steady during the stree plieg ia four or fve egal increments to bach strand in turn, ins specif sequeace {ensure e uniform distrbution of loadCS Sir i : Z 00 : fr jw { j . : / a Fs ae LAU Fe ofl ya Ie | ul & lage — & i 200 | a= —_ + 1+ Extension Imm) g.7 Interterence between two strands during manojack streeting (ater asene, 1974) ‘cross the tendon, Mitchell also found thet production or special test, presupposes the ina ix stand tendon, atthe completion of plotting of anchor load guint s2ch stage of incremental loading, the fansion. Such a plot fecitstes Greatest and least load losses. monitored land efficiency, Therefore, ifs most import i personally observed a bby Bariay (1974) and the authors. In prac tice, after the final increment of one sires. The parameters, sing sequence, the uneven stitution of the loading can be minimised by conduct @ final stressing round to. bring all dant, being the actual smount of presteoss ands up to the required load locked into the tendon at any one time The tendon extension, however, involv other measurements, not always recog. comparisons, ‘made. to effect a choles, ised as being significant in food —- exten: should only be attempted when the stres: measured Sing and testing specification, and the en. before lock-ot may be reyerded. as, the ‘ronmental conti “gross extension”. At lock-of In the cote iy, ae known, cof s wedge grip type top anchorage (Fig. ‘Whichever system is used, it i import 3a), pullin of the wedges, (ond strona) fant in many cases to verity’ that the ap. will occur untl the systems “tight” aleor plied prestress is actually being resisted lock-ofl, there mey be movemasts. dve te by the grovted xed ‘0p anchor block and fran deflection of the structure, displacement ofthe fixed in addition to the slatic ex Diied remotely through 2 simply-eupported tonsion ofthe tendon under ined beam. or by prestressing through a plate Long term monitoring may necessitate (2f ped bearing directly on the rock over- the recording of ground or a temperature, lying the fxed anchor being tested. In tho sa variations in tamperatore wil afect tan lax case, the tensioning procedure may den prestress, and instrumentation uch 89 simply prestress the rock ond/or grout vibrating wire gouges. column Between the fixed anchor and pad." With regard tothe recording of load- ‘This may have serious consequences I the extension Gate Mitchell (1878) {8t is supposed to check the stabilty of mended In practice that the ce the pad against uplift itt pertorma in ser- be noted over four ar five eaual increments ice as the footing of a transmission tower during loading or unloading cycles, How: for example. No work hes been published Hanna (1969). considers that fo ton ths phenomenon in rock, to the authors” Knowledge, but eurentreaserch being cor ducted by’ the Universal Anchorage Co 10-20% of the working Lid and the Geotechnies Research Group oad (T.). In this connection the Nicvolson sUageste that, for shallow anchors installed Anchorage Co. (1972), describe the sttoe, in hoezontaly Tagay ‘sandstone, sing of test anchors. at Greenwich, Con. inital in goneral it would appaer that in any (Of fixed anchor/hole ameter) exch one stressing stage atleast five load incre iments should be monitored in routine pro: Monitoring procedures: duction anchor teste, In special testy how. ‘The preatressing of any anchor, either gver, where # more basic analyte being ‘and/or perma’ attempted, extensions should be monitored at loud increments equivalent to 10% less of the maximum load for eech stage in the stressing investigation, ‘The various. lavels of measurement sophistication understandably” relect the nd personnel available, For ssuremant. load elle have been ‘on occasions to monitor anchor in both Tong and short term Experimental programmes. Such cell ere re, relatively fragile, and require regular care. and maintenance it reable Performance isto be guarantond, Hanna (1973). discusses lood ment In considerable deta! and this ‘ence is strongly recommended to the inter: sted ‘reader, since many load cole are escribed which are applicable to anchor situations. By way of inroduetion Hanna indicates that the choice of load. cell is ‘Usually controled by three factors: () cost, (i) environment 0.9. sceass, temperature, humisity, susceptibity’ to "demage, and (ity nature of load and accuracy require. In summary, the major types of ea (2) mechanical based on Proving ring) systems (up to 2 000KN) (op 0 cup springs’ (greater than 4500KN), (0) strain” gauged elements (up to fo ented ‘ (c) vibrating “wire syeteme (upto 10.000KN). Other methods involving photoelastiity. hydrauics and springs heve alo been used atleast 17 9 dless of the cell type, eccentie loading of the. cl should be. either atsessad ‘or prevented. ‘The upsetting afocts of eccemticty on load cell readings in the held. are well ilustrated by Metood & Hoadley (1878) reterred to later. It's also imperative that load ots re cakbret Use in the fle erative and cheaper method for ring anchor load isto use ther ment avaiable, together ing. stool or chair” The method is applieable. to both individual Strands of the tendon ae 3 whole, In both eases the principle is the sama. e Yoeler ‘gauge of specised thickness. (Otmm),is Inserted under the anchor block or indiv- dual grip unit upon stressing through the stool 10 a certain load. The jack pump Dressure atthe eoriest moment of insertion ‘ff load. The method very common in Pract the access to the tendon often permits the moment of "ittoff” to be registered by @ ial g2ug0 reading to OOtmm (Fg. 8). In this connection it ig noteworthy that the CCeach ret code (1974) suggests thatthe jack calibration accuracy should be a= 17% ‘3¢ measured from two gouges. Inthe cave (Of torguing the Hai load i alated tothe ‘eading on the hand torque weeneh when ‘the locking nuts just in motion. Ina similar way t0 load measurement there re a number of levels of sophaten Im measuring th tendon extension. TheFig. 8 Jock arrangement lor mono-unit stressing and measurement of residual load simplest, and least accurate, method ie to ‘measure tha jck ram extension. Even if the Correct null extension point is noted ~~ when the jeck has fully gripped the tendon fr strand — there is no guarantee thatthe Ick extansion thereafter the same as the and extension. This is particulary tho ase where sip ofthe strand relative Yo the temporary grip wedge ‘on oF In the jock ‘occurs. Usually, therefore, the true tendon txtension a overestimated by ths method, ‘A proferable method of measureme ‘tho one whoraby 2 pioce of adhe Brovdes he baie ion graph. For single stand stressing, this Gistance is mossured after lock-ofl at each oad increment jack hae. beon 40: moved. Where a sclid fam multstrand jack IS used no lock-off or jack remove ured at intermediate load increments the particular case of hollow ram multi ‘strand stressing It may be more convenient fo. mossure the distance between the Strand mare and the temporary load bearing late. This approuch permite an accurate ‘measurement’ of gross extension without Famoval of the jack, proviced that the tance Between the temporary and perman lent bearing plates is recorded. These dis: "Coca, 188) tances aro usually measured with suit steel rule, ang an accuracy of “= Imm ean be attained In this connection the Czach Grait code stipulates an sccurecy of Sim. More refined methods, often associated with special test anchors, include the use of dial gauges attached to a simply au ported datum beam, in order to. monitor movement of the temporary bearing plate in vary ‘special’ cases, stain “gouges of ther mechenical or electrical types are ed, ote survey ie the method of ee curately determining the movement of the manent food bearing plate end. should 7 crmisered whenever posable Knowing these movement ‘olaly on Snchor movements. The Czech draft code Stipulates. that precise observations be ‘ade of vertial and horizontal movements fof the structure and tase. of the. rock, Also, the suppor for ail measuring insta ‘ments should be such thet they are inde endent ofthe svucture and” aot infu. fenced by deformations produces. by the Drestressing operations, Usually for anchors Incompetent rock, and prestressed against 1 propery designed bearing plate system, {op anchorage movements prov {mall proportion ofthe total rendon tion, Pot (1878) recommends that plate movements. greater tendon -elestety and. fied Fig. 9. Direct method of measuring fixed anchor movement should be taken into consideration. There is no disagreement with this etatoment But the authors believe that the significance of the actual value of movement can only De ‘appraised when the free length of the ‘anchor is known. For example, a movement of anly Smm would be su fo lose 20-25% of the inal prestess in the case of a free length of seme 4m. In (general however where the top anchorage movement represents less than 8%. of the Tendon extension it le usualy ignored in ‘the routine stressing of production anchor {anchor movement invelves the embedment ‘f'a wire in the fixed anchor The wie Is anchor movement (Fig. 8). Alternatively 2 redundant tendon unit may be used 10 place of the wire. Tha method hag been sed successfully by Lu & Ougen (1872) “Another paremeter Involving, meseure- rant on the tendon le the strand wedge pullin at lock of. it should be emphasised Rowever that this parameter i solely mon tored as an indirect means of establishing the amount of lock-off loss and the result Ing ronisual load at that timo, y earatul measurement, the amount of swand wedge pulin can be estimated to St least == Imm accuracy. With ® mul ‘stam the diferance be tween extensions immediately before and just_after locksof ig the amount of pul With’ monostreng stressing. ths. amount can be readily judged by close observation ‘of the strand near the jack nose during the lock-off operation. Wf accurate monitoring required itis considered advisable to measure. in the field the amoure of wedge pullin and ex: ress it an a distance in mm, rather than Sn conwrisuting 2 cartin prestrese loss Since the magnitude ofthis lose i directly Proportional to the free length of the ten. ‘don in question. "Tas point can be ilusteated by to detalia of two test anchors ay lrg loads up to 30UN/strand. At 2O0KN7strand. for 18:2mm Dyform, the amount may boas high 05 6mm but mostly Sverages betwoun 2-dmm in Yat agreement Wwith Fenoux and Porter (1972) who est mated 23mm. Teehas els0 been found that the amount ‘of wedge pullin is less in. monostrnd Compared with multstrand stressing. Th ie due to the practice of tapping home t Inia iad immed or > lock-off is the mencjacking operation. Presentation All data relating to the stressing opera. be coiected a "The list of items is racommanded for inclusion in ull srea- Sing record. The data describe the rock nehot jacking equipment and personnel stressing. ax steady described “There is limited publishea data on the stressing records recommended. for to Ging buts. bret let of raquremanta is Svovested in tha ISAM deaf documentath Appliedioed Loadafier —_Lock-off Tock Tose 7 336m 7 36N ‘aN ore 2 1067m 1aaKN 12564N rom “Suggested methods for rockbolt testing” length x load cisiay ‘Although the final graph of load against ‘extension will be based on corrected deta, tho original monitores data should also be rasonted on the stressing rocord since {his information wil not only provide his: torical data and fsciltate beck-analysis, but it wil permit intrpretetion by other on: aiyts When plotting the load agsinet extens sion. ancthar variable to det iy ‘the. point of origin of the graph. In most cores, the "rere" extansion ie recerded Sitter the application of 8 certain seating Toad wo the tendon, and not setualy at 20ro load. The aesting loed ts supposed to take more accurate messure of load-extension Gat For instance Larsson et a) (1972) begin 12 to take {ension of 26mm. On the other end Longe Bottom ond Ali (1973) simply recom: mond storing at 10-20% T, and NAC. Uta" (1973) commonly bogin roading from 10% T,. The biggest soating load publish- date is 28% 7, on anchors at the Complex, Devonport (Short 1973) ‘Most anchor codes e.g. Czechosiovakia ‘and Germany advise reading trom 10% Te stthough PC. (1978) recommends a sta from 10% T,. inthe authors” viow it would je to try and gauge the fctuel seating load required for any par ticular anchor/iack assembly in order to ‘ptimise the messurement of residual die Placements, e.g. due to fixed anchor move: ‘mont at 20° load. Nevertheless, the above Feeommendations are simple and sithough bor readings are extrapolated the. method ‘s probably a testing “The firs! presentation of loac-extension should indeate. the maximum possible Imosurement. ect in" each" parometer ‘Thus, son the Ine corresponding tothe ‘oxtension of the theoretical tendon length 'S dren from the relationship T— extension = Fx cross-section area 12 meaningful and sensibie comparizon Berweon setuol and theoretice extension should have superimposed the. theoretical Felaxation curve forthe tondon in question, 8 Computed from the manufacture’ data, In this connection itis noteworthy that actor vessels, considerably in the rate of loss. It is not generally ape Drociated that for wite and strand at 40°C the relaxation losses are at lees! 50% Dreater than at 20°C Interpretation "The fundemental property of the loa ‘extonsion ‘curve to. be adjudged. isis lastic behaviour, whether liner oF non. Tinear. Due to tmits on the accuracy of the ‘monitored data eolected it rare to. ob- tein & perfectly linear pio, even for the ‘most effiiont anchor. However if the de. ation from ln Consistent in Wend, i most likely that this is duo to ono or both of two factors (@) debonding in tho fxed anchor a the (rout/tendon imerface, and (id, fined anchor meverent ‘Theatr phenomenon sunutl n a but'the weakest rook streta, but unless some form of direct measurement (Fig. 9) hes been incorporated, can only be con: fidentiy dismissed by éycleally loading the fanchor st least once to ensure that. the load-extonsion cnaracterstics of the anchor ‘ments, an interpretation can be mado with respect to the amount of partial of total ‘debonding within the fixed anchor zone, by Eealculating the efactive free length to pro ‘duce. the true elongation “of the. tendon factually ‘monitored at diferent toads. In practice, "this analyeis is facltsted. by Srawing construction lines, equivalent to the extension of diferent free lengths, on TABLE I RECOMMENDED ITEMS FOR INCLUSION IN STRESSING RECORD General classification data Project Contactor Date Time stated ‘Anchor No Free length Tendon ype E value of sack type ‘eos of piston Pump type Pressure gauge range Lock-off mechanism Data monitored during stressing Permanent bearing Tondon extension plate movement Engineer Inspector Time completed _Stressing personne! Fixes anchor Fock type length Working toad (F.) Test oad (T,) Maximum rated Date of last ‘capacity calibration Pressure gouge Date of ast sceuraey calibration Initial seating Strand pullin ack proseu Tendon pullin aloe oft aR po: During ‘Resmribt casing of an Shee the ch Seteriatie tend of the measured. load: fxtonsion curve is to spproximete to lines of short free length intaly, but to pro- fressively intersect lines of longer tree langth with insressing loo. {elie loading not only highlights xed anchorage movement, but generally faci Gre of rproducbiy af he sate loed- sconsion ‘charecaratis. ‘should be fated thot when Sewing meat Inwsiviog yet lesing» tomy tare ines shoud be dew trough each new rors Ione pint flowing the Tat loading Eycie thereby. alminating th Perma stizodied ine wor by orn ‘Kretted cyclic method i described by Fonoux and Porter (072), which they onsder tobe ayer ealy conduct: $3""ondeconome The pine that Sr Soret destesing and restesing. ‘ono real change in tendon siongeton 3 vei of tong seuivelent to twee nb {ota ction eect in the onchor con beaedvces The method and interpretation ip Pia 10" Assuming scetion X.pb' are senably paral, the line Xe tepresets the toe values of lonas car responding 1 messured extensions sce icater due to cton have bean compen tote The point R dened Oy ane ind’ ghes the ive fal oad suai By the anchor The metod a permis {ecko loses to be rosy detemises Dien ature modes within the anchor ray be recognised during. aves and {fom close onsiyan of lonSestesion deta for exemple a ontnuous curative pe manent aplacement incited ether by Tepid Toe foe or froma eyele losing Biot ununly indestes interac iiure the ced anchor ether sree grout or grout-endon tlre ay by vered by Ieaaing each tendon ent with monoack nd "Comparing foadlapacemen har Discrepancies between the_thoorteal nd stun! extenaane so mor oton the ‘ue then otermise. Conon, te emount Stalserepaney permitted on ny one oe ‘tects the lowable arekor ovement Scoring in mind proximity of ajecont ftroturen te lod satay fctore asco {abl ers in moctonom, end the Soe i Tolre oot ) sues however, a.» ge: that war the masared ond Sheoreteal slonsvone have mae than a {0 "ciference, “investigation shal "be trade to'getermine te source ofthe de Srpenty Wumerovs potential sources of aor can bolted. For instances noted in Fare 2° Sangh, the € values oven bythe manue iectreror hi. prosvneing stot and besed on short lengthe may bein err Forsermore Jansch (186) found that in extension mesures on long onsie ‘ot srand (Vom) the extension or any Dariuir applied los voree consieraly, Salting € voles ‘te range 180000 220000N/evn Nm Var noted in sande for presrssng the Wy hosiar oct, but even move foevent tres the obseration thot th elongtons Sendo were comosretvey mach gre tr tan thei Conatuen sane Fee Bad 38 60/mme Ersioe = 171080 — 178900N/rmeFor 0 pagauted exension x Fiat Feet ond Taras PT TTT tt [f= ee Lt = BEES cour} wma me Tle |e BTereoneg iechon anarese Np = 7 acta =| P . E20: 3 rl eg 00 oF | we “| / . if , CL left | Te eogegeowee | y acta © 1 (eve) “a Minot coe” jo toma oe) ig 1 (Soe) eon cor aie eI (ance rn omer et) tcc of pe of So a eed inaseron ap ‘eas a ann he tence ween wae Tae ees iy "he tprovrs, by nog ht van fr eS ‘Eiger cone Sh et Wo thon once oe see | leh ovrting 8° cratic exersion ‘or underdriling of Sica sry 1 0 Loc termes) nacho axribuiod this to the possibilty ‘that with the stressing of muitstrand ten. ‘ons taking tha the. ts plastic deform "@ former applicaion giving ersion end 80, apparently, « smaller & Further information is supplied by Leem- ing (1974) who fle thet intend of 8 p08 sible maximum voriation of = 8% (Jiro Standard. deviations from the mean), ‘Quoted by menufacturers, the total varie on is moro probably = 74%. He also jack i made ~~ some manufacturers quote 2 figure of 1% over the whole iosding ‘ange — ireton stil occurs ‘slong the free length, paricviarly in long shesthed done surrounded by 9 protective grout su ‘charge. column. and around the grip 95. sembly ofthe top anchorage ‘Such fiction wil act to reduce the me ‘ured extension simply by. dssipating Droporton of the apphed Toad which ean Sct over the total tendon length, This te. ult in. en extonsion corresponding to 8 ite tngthspparerty lee hon i asaly present For example, Hennequin & Cam {ort (1860) doserbe stressing dotalle from Pars. They noted thet the ‘were merkedly lower theoretically. and con- Shed rage, only about 70% {tho total appli prestress was transmitted {endon tength (Fig. 11) losses con often be over. (872) have also di ccutsed friction in anehor systems and de> fall three tyes (i) constant value, (i), proportional te toed, and (ii) arto. "he wd extn Tach type. acts on ‘extension graph fon as shown schemata In Fig. 32 Friction araund tho top anchorage ‘ought fo have two distin sources (2) between tendon and grout due to the bending af the tendon units under the bboaring plato: this is of the order of 3°6%4 but can be alleviated by offciont [breation: and ‘that the diference between the observed ‘and the thooratieal Yoree may be a much ‘215% when dealing with rock anchors Grobe Iv) TABLE IV, ESTIMATED ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESTRESSING ‘OF ROCK ANCHORS: Source Variation =i 22% = 2% Error in reading extension 21% Stress-stain & production tolerance of tendon =e Caleuation ror =o% However since these values will arly ct together. a more ikely erie este ‘mated to be 8%, Romarks Tels encouraging to observe the inroa Ing use of prestressing to load anchors, thereby subjecting the overall system to 2 stresg history and. so Improving, sub ‘equent pertormanee in service Tessurement of arichor load inthe fla | generally regarded ag a simale opera: tion. although more regular calibration of0u92 equipment woula jack and pres ‘ fo # highor degree oF Undoubtealy recsion ‘Accurate monitoring of extensions is th tsception rather than the. ful, becaus Imessurements in the feld are often Cconaidored to be awkward or time-consumm= ‘aso, lose important than iainment of anchor loads, Tasuficient attention ts pald to the inter rotation and consideration of the moni. fored.oadcextension data. ‘Asa result inthe undere Standing of bosie anchor behaviour with Particular regard to component movements ‘tthe overall anchor system In spite of the bsekground technology ‘rat, thre ig currantly «lack of awareness of discrepancies {nd Feld results ‘concerning the source Between the theoretic for rock anchors. 13 operation safety siderably improved by the use of protective barriers and warn: ing sions TESTING Precontract component testing Prot t0 ute on ate, manufactured com ponents such es the tendon and top anchor Sssembly unite should be tested in an in- dependent ‘esting astablahent 10 90 omponent safety factors and ensur thicwnt penomnance. Altrnatvey, my be acceptable on vecesions when employ. ing 8 standerd form of component, to oo. tain fast cortiieates rom the mona in order to fecltate or substantia Choice of appropriate components. With regard to the testing of the tendon steel, manufactures should be requested to Supply load.extension charactersties for {22eh feel or batch of moteril delivered. In ‘he UK, tasting and the supply of test cer. ‘ileates and stresa/strain diagrams shoud be curried out in accordance with BS 2601 "Steel wire Tor prestressed concrete” and BS 617 “Sevenswire ste stand for pi stressed concrete", Usetul guidance will iso be found in FIP "Recommendations ‘manent extension faetucere in rout Tess than thet defining the prool stress (eo, less than 1.0%), thon tho specifics: ton hae been met. “Tha normal tet procedures is as follows: (1)"An intial tona'oning stress ot 10% of the specified minimurn tensile strength pogo tthe tent lee (onue length = (2) The extensometer is set at zero, (G) The food's increased to the specified roo! stress, and held for 10 seconds, (a) The total extension is noted, () The load is reduced to just below 088, (6) The permanent extension is noted, and (G) By plotting the results, tne modulus of elasticity ean be calculated making use Of the proportional srese/strain rela: tionshig Very lt has been published on the effloct of low tamperatures en the ultimate ‘frength of steel tendons, For 1870/1 720 Njmm® steal wire a sight increase Stongth occu es the temperature fale. ‘Sub zero. tomperatures (Farentart scale) would, however, be necessary to produce & 5% ineresso. in tensile strength, without the elongation being affected. ‘Apart from any question of the effect of temperature change on mechanical pro- Dertes, It is uselul to remember that 3 in temperature of 1° will produce ‘change in stress in © fixed wire of the Seder of 1.8 ta. 22N/mm®. For applications in temperature conductivity wil feiltate the lysis of test results, Data on fatigue resistance of prestres- sing steals i also limited, ond tho mona. facturers do not supply endurance diagrams for their products es 0 routine procedure, ‘Ag Longbottom (1874) hag stated, the brovision of such dats requires the Investi- Gaiion of a eres of sess ranges each ‘bout series of mean stresses. (see for ‘xample FIP “Rocommendotions for proval, supply and acceptance of steels {or prestressing tondon im practice ground anchors are seldom subjected to pulsations of svess of any mognitse relative to the prestress, but i ‘evidence that satsfactory solutions "can be. prov duced. Eastwood (1957), Baus & Bron. holsen (1868) and. Edwarce & Picard (1972) have described the fatigue strength of rolled threaded bor anchorages, proses” Sing stand and some types of wedge orp top anchorages. ‘Wit reference tothe top anchorage ays tom, which may be regarded as 9 corbin tion of the tendon, grips. anchor block snd loed bearing plate or waling.seting to ether, both the grip components which Secure the bar, wire of stand within the ‘oe Usetul puidenes TIP "Recommendations tor {hd application “of poste “Uy Tea of loedefiionoy of the snchored tendon, ‘consisting of a short torm Stave tensile test on the proposed ‘anchorage tached to" the tendon. ‘must not be lower than 92%, where ‘he everage UTS of the tendon We do. termined in accordance with 8S 18 “Methods of testing metal” and BS 4545 "Methods for mechanical test= wire, "25. appropriate. “The eharacteratc strength of the w 2 Frequency. not exceeding 10H Is ‘pplied for a minimum of 2 x. 10" eycies. Loss of inital cross-sectional ‘rea of the tendon due to fatigue must ot exceed 82%, It considered that this dynamic test's ony relevent there the anchor epplcston involves fluctuating ‘stresses. which are tran mmited to the tendon, (ii) Test ot force wanster tothe load Ing block, consisting usualy of a short term static compressive test on the Complete top anchorage assembly to fngure that the 100g. bering. block ‘can continuously support minimum force of 11 fp It ig suggested that the test of force transfer tothe load bearing block of the form described in BS 4447" 1973 should be ‘of top anchorage fame dosign snd performance chacks thet fre currently applied to rlnforced concre load-bearing blocks in prestressed concrete “Tho design of load-bearing blocks is cur. ‘wnt covered by the recommandations of GP 115 “The structural use of prestroread ‘Bearing’ in mind the appliction of rock anchors in excavation engineering ite foteworhy ‘that she German IN. 4125: {1872 stipulates that the anchor heed should be in e position to be imposed by don ‘With reference te jacking equipment the ‘of any codes which city, “Overloading above “the. maximum ‘atee capacity must_not be permitted In the field and the choice of Jack should be Such ther the rated capacity ean accommo ‘ato 85% of tho chorecteretie strength of the largest tendon (largest tondon unit for 2 monojeck) inthe group of anchors being considered. ‘Winen new equipment is delivered ceri. ccetes concerning proof testing, internal losses and loag-pressure conversion ‘charts for factors should be supplied By the menu crue “To\ensure that the monitored data is ac- curate, pressure gauges, [io the equip. od rated vagulatly. Tt is recommended thst 1 gouge should be calrted for the very contract, and then checked nie euicts contol gauge mantly ton of Jack equipment is recommended ‘very thea months.Acceptance testing of production ‘anchors. SHORT TERM ACCEPTANCE tests on ait production anchors highlight potential if. Cutis pertaining to service behaviour and provide measured safety factors related to {he design working food. ‘These toste are [etociated with the intial stressing oper ‘ors ond normally include quality: contro bservations over a period of up to 24 our "AS 2 frst priority, the testing procedure must yield 9 measured safety factor os Getermined by “overloading, for short period. Such overoeds, however, must be Eompatie withthe allowable stresses and Safety factors permitted in the country Concerned, The relevant details are. di ‘cussed in Part Design (Tablo XV), and these. suggest on eneoureging rend T0- wards ‘standord safety Tactors Uvoughout the world atthe present tie. “To"check the measured’ performance against that predicted by calculation. fis essential hata Toad-oxtension oroph be plotted for each anchor, in the manner di used in Par 3—Stresingb In addition, an attompt should be mede fon either preliminary test. anchors. or on farly production anchors to obtain an in ication of feed anchor movement, sincs the information trent ich in tem pe Setar ofthe cogs of Gabondingf any aly tin csary to onsre that te sence ion asked o8 ater ates 9. tte: The aenative methods empeyed inprecce ae monserig ose of pests wt time, ané'monttonng creep Inent ote anchor ih ne ‘Xeceotonce esting 3 wmporary anchors in Gomany covers by OR 26 (Na) this sonar eoncarrates solely On 20 Inch bat i considered root t0 tse te recommendations in th Stew since the ets Sv tgprou and have Seon earful devise” adnan pare fn principles re inoduced wien sy sta be stoulsted for rock sneer testing Inthe tour presuany Inthe case Mohiy weathered meters or fractred rook masse th inert ay. Esch prtcton anor fe subjected to sent oad be tn0 0.1%. proot load which is equivaient fo 825% fpo) after whicn itis stressed Im one operation to 12 Te (Tx = spect fied working load) and hela for atleast Svminates in non-cohesive soll, and 15 minutes. in cohesive alls; whist tendon ‘Sctonsons are monitored # the top anchor: ge (Type | tet) ‘Where the spacing between grout ‘xed anchor tones is less then one metre, 2 check on interaction may be necessary. ‘Tie wil Involve severa! adjacent anchors being loaded and observed simultoneousy. For the feat ten anchors, and thereafter in ton of all subsequent anchors, 3 (ght more rigorous, approach "a taen Sng the extensions must be monitored from fixed datum, at loud incremants equiv lent 10 04 Te, 08 Te, 10 Te a0d-12 Te, ‘due account being taken of strand slp: ge (Type ll test). At the maximum test {oad th observation times aco on stated for ‘the Type | test. and on deatressing to the Initia Toad (7), an indiestion of te pet ‘manent extension is provided. in the case of prestressed enchars, the. working load |S subsequently applied and locked-of. For the Type Il test tho results are plotted as shown in Fige. 13.0 & band at 12 Te (Point X) where unloading is fst Carried Gut. the elastic component (4s) Sand pormanent component Caw) ofthe fowl displacement a can. be datin- ‘uished. ‘The curve, 7. X, in Fig. 135 {akon as an approximate path forthe laste Tels further specifed that atleast 8% of the anchors must be tested up t0.1 7. bearing in mind that the maximum test lood cannot exceed 08 T, (Type Il test). At {he maximum. test losd the ‘bservetion times aro as stated forthe Type | tt. In general, the acceptance. regulations 19 met for Type | test, when at load of 12 Te the depiscements stabilse within the observation time, and when the, elastic tension curve ie betwe ‘upper boundary lino (9) corresponds to the tondon extension equivalent f0 the {ee Tength plus 80% of the fixed anchor langtn. or 110% of the fee length in the eae of 0 tully decoupled tendon with an ‘nd pate or nut. The lower boundary line (0), Srrenponda to 80% ot ee rs ong of tho tendon Iti Importent to emphasise that account should be taken of sources of error as already described in Part 3— Stressing, and generally iti merely commended that” the observed load. fxtenvion tine “Tne permanent displacement, esleulated with the aid of the approximate elesticex- tonsion tne T. X- should conform closely with the results of the Basie test but the permanent displacement (4) must not Be {teater than that observed for the basic {est over the load range Te to 127» (see 8, the acceptance conditions are met when at maximum test loed the. ereep displacement. stabilises within the cbservation time, and when the {eo length of the tendon and permanent splacement have Doon proved in 3 smilar way tothe Type I test, twough back: Shalyas of the absorved extensions, nthe case of permanent anchors, goner- ally regerded os having 0 service ifn ex- {ess of two years, current thinking in Ger- ‘many is llustated in the Draft DIN 4125 (1974) which hes been published for com ment Inthis document, tis suggested that teach anchor shoul be tensioned trom Init Toad T. to 15 Te, with a preliminary ‘reading st T=. The anchor is then wnlosded {o'Ta, the pormanent elongetion le me reg fer which he aren is retenioned \° Forte fet tn anchors, end therster ‘one. in every ton, the test load ie to be ‘pled at stges, 04 Te, 08 Te, 10 To, 2 Te and 18 To, Unloading than occurs In the same stages t0 Ts, Botore Tot te pple Gisplacements occurring at 15 Te {onded'il displacements occuring Band 15 minutes ore greater than OSmm, {and monitoring should be continued nt ‘clear estimate of the crowp vate is DoS ‘ible. An observation period of 5 minutes 1S considered sulfcant in Wrietional’ soil Provided thet the deplacemente sro smaller {han 2mm. “The. results of these measurements compare fovourably with tert anchor ra Sults. and a comparison of elastic exten. Sions and tho ereap rates i Usuely suf ‘ent. The acceptance test is considered to be sausfactory ifthe olastic extensions fall between the two boundary ines (a) and (2) proviously described. Further the eep should be les than 2mm at a load of 15 To (see "Special test anchors") ‘with regard. to acceptance testing in France, Gureau Securitas (1972) states that overloads of 12 Ts and 13 Te should be ‘applied to temporary and permanent pro- Suction anchor, respectively. In the cose ‘of permanent works, wherp anchors are In ‘service for more than 18 months, it further suggested that 5% of all anchors ‘could be tested to 15 T...No maximum permissible stress is specified for tho steel fendon, but the Bureau warms that grest viligance is required wien the laste Timi is exceeded (68.5% fpu), and normally the ‘est would be stopped” "the extension ‘encned 160% ofthe extension tthe Ot Drost stress, ‘Accurate estimation of load losses a. through freton, is emphasised when plot: ting toad-extension data, and an accuracy of not less than 33% Ws stipulated for menox meters, Tensioning by stages starts st .15- 0120°T, and at least vo atagen are recom. ‘mended in order to drow accurtely the Toad-extension diagram. In tritional soil the test Toad ig held for 1-2 min, During this time the disolacement should not ex: eed. Tmm ond the observed fee length of the tendon, bated on back analyses of the losdsextension slagram. should le between on anchor length For anchors life lessthan nine months, an observed tree length equivalent t0 80% thaortial fees lang i acoopted. I these teste oe imtsfoctory the service load locked of Dus an alowance for losses in cohesive sls, the teat losd i held forive minutes, and the curve cf displace tment with respect to time should compare loseiy ‘with the pectrmance of anchors Subjected to creep torts (ses "Spec Snchors"). in edaiton to. comping the extension enters described above. in Crochosiovakia tho safe stander for prestressed rook, ancnors (Klein. 1878) ‘tpulates the tot longing of al temporary Snchors to 12 T~ in cyeles ax shown it Fig" 1 (8 highor toe losing for porman: nt anchor ia expected But yer to bo iad). The maximum permissible rest inthe toa tendon & the 625. prot atess ‘hich ie aquivalnt to 87% fpu The obser vu displacement or separated oto eas {eond'permonent portions ond the obser. ve iat iStbetween the Boundary es (0) and (2) bs specitod in OIN 4125 (1992) Tho ‘manent duplacement due to the increose in'loed ftom Te 1012 Ts should noo Seed by. more than 10% the permanent SBplcaman oan inte bearer {eat over th same load renge (see “Spec teat anchors") With regen to etep tinder‘e constant service Tost t's supe. isted thatthe dslacement should nat 2 teed O'smm/mol fee tendon for every fenfold inerense in tie. Yo sempiy urements on poaueton anchors, the ode sugoeata that constant tno interval should be chosen forthe observations, ond that changar in caplacemant must nti Exease in these. time. intervals For the Specie time intervels in Fg. 35, the dae Bacoments most be‘lse thon GB Tendon, and fr ascoptanes tert ‘Period of observation must be st Inset tan minutes, aly. the crop dis Placement is compares ity the rss1814 73 Permanent Oepiconent Eesti Dispzemere Cheeves Tete Bapecenert Oty ag Fig. 13 (above). Stressing programme for acceptance tests Fig, 14 (right). Working diagram tor acceptance tests fate anes rat cage 1078) from basic tests ‘On. every site, it is specified that th fst hreo production ‘anchors and 8% the remainder should be subjected toe Tore rigorous test loading to 1.4 To and BT. for temporary and permanent works, respectively. A service life of lors than two {Yor is considered temporary. “The FiP final draft (1973) suggests that the tensile stress in the tendon must never fxceed 09 °7, (75% fpu. essuming Ty fQuivalent to’ the 0.1% proct stress) and Sil production anchors should be tested #0 42°7, and 13 Te for tomporaty and per- manent works, respectively. A service life Of less than two yeare ie Contidered tem. porary. Details of the acceptance test are shown in Fig, 16 and extensions sre monitored at loed increments equivalent to.0.15:020 T, For sols ana rack not susceptible to ep sig eld for 2.8 min, and the {ino rotcabin. Saplacement (appro ‘tmm) sabnered danny the aod of ebseraton and (i) Tromeosired eal dplacement a the {op snchorsge en earonole are mene nth he rete oho extended evptanee” tent (en blow Foraola nd roses suncopba to rep, ine hterton pert ocnatan tt ood mastuelong enough to onble ne eatin. this even crowp dapicement and ive to'be steered” ands minimum peed Gt Bee 'minten's species. Tne ance Iooted of tthe eaued service land te Irastred tot axtrtans ond eeep Se Flacements. contarm sosely to thew sf ‘the “extended acceptance’ fat. ‘aie basing of @ contact. itis ommended thee beween theo tnd toh frodocion anche shoud undrga oS lend socaptnce: chore aosepted (4) the displacement of the anchor under os [boundary 6 ‘Ag 002mm in Be O13Sirmy Tine mirtes) Displocement (8) — (ny FnconFreecengincl “™™) Lead Tens Displacement at Top Anchorage Fig. 18. Working diagram for acceptance criteria tor ereepdleplacement (jhe Cech Dat Code, 194) test loed has stabilised within the ob- servation period, and (8) the messured elastic tendon extension corresponds to the calculated elsetc In connection with (b), the calculated {ree tendon longtha based on the observed lastic extension of tho tendon must not ‘exceed ‘the tree tendon length plus 50% fof the fixed anchor length or 110% of the {ree length, of be loss than 80% of tho free tendon length Current practice In Italy has been re vesied by Arcangeli and Tomato (1375) of Rosia, From an Fak intervals up to 088 Rak. Ths load is applied usually for 10-15 minutes. und Groep losses. in the seal are negligible following destressing down 10 03 Rak in (O15 Rak increments, the anchor ls cestres se to 085 Rok belore locking off ot the Fequired load ‘All anchors are tested in this way to provide messured safety factor of 13 Snd to compensate for titional effects nd lock-of Touses the procadure of (1972) is used. Seioast 118 Te. Ouring the test losding the prestressing load in the tendon should hot exceed 80% fpu. The maximum test {oad is usualy applied for up to 18 minutes, nd extensions should nat siverge by more ralues other. Wise an investigation is required. For m= Dotary anchors In rock (up to three ye lwhere there is apparent danger of cor Fosive attock) it would appear that exten Sion measurement ie not ually requie With reference to losses of prestress Hervice, PCI states that mesninglal eattie : i BS oie TESTuOAD 10 Bry out i A Be DISPLACEMENT AT TOP ANCHORAGE Fig. 16. Stressing programme for acceptance tests tater FP checks can be cartied our after 26 hours Snd that in most coves of rock anchors the Drimary time dependent loss is steal re- fexation, ‘in Britain, CP 110°(1972) permits tensile testing t0 80% of the characteris tensile strength (fou) of the steel tendon and the ‘authors’ recommendations on 2 ‘elated to scceptance tests, in Table V. Eommon method. in current prectce con: ‘ists of teat loading in increments up to 41.25 with a minimum observation period wedge pulbin, bearing plato and movement, the interpretation and analysis ot tho data are usualy restricted to the Toad-extension graph obtained during the second loading eyele “The observed extension should compare ‘On the other hend, the authors find that too few longrterm records of actual field ‘chor load and geometry, and roek clossificn- tion. One important consequence is thet ‘optimum overload allowancer cannot be determined to. accommodate longrte fosses. However, it ie evident that cyclic pre- ‘may eliminate creep during service, ol a large interfacial safety factor ‘may inhibit creep, and restrensable anchor ‘ean bo used to compensate. for GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Tn the field of rock anchors the quality ‘of workmanship during construction greatly Influences subsequent performance of the rchor. In addivon, rock anchors re often Spaced at close centres, and the normal She investigation programme cannot hh: light, on such a small scale, subto. vai tions in rock quality which will fect the behaviour of individual anchors. ‘Aa a consequonce, itis strongly ecom= mended that ech anchor should be sub- Jected’ 10 en ‘Inival proof loading stage. ‘Wilt itis fully appreciated that stressing ise ied operation, and that considerable jdgement must be exercised when analys- Ing the results of the operation, ony In tis way can the talety of each anchor be ene sured, ‘Bearing in mind the rapid growth of ‘aschor Technology. specialists conflets be {ween new design concepts and existing Code” recommendstions. For example, 8 4447 stipulates 0 82% effciency for the hove relative to the tendon GUTS, although the minimum load eating factor in current design is related directly to tendon tp. ‘Aga reaut, 85 4447 may wall be stipulat- Ing a lower rating factor than those acti- ily specified (see Table XV, Part). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Inthe properation of this series of antes the authors have collated data on S"wortdwide basis. They are pleased to take this opportunity to gratefully acknow. ledge the advice and Information given by ‘he following engineers in parscular: R. Berhier,P. Habib (France): H. Ostermayer, M. F. Stocker (Germany); G. Berar, ©. sm Gro Bere fom