:/N

o L

Ttr-" a.re '/-eo3 *'"*p*.*r*

efnt I ) bn't,oz ancz/ysk
)

6^

h *?

l; Jriu-m z7rotu,t
-l,

2n: o

Vn"lo b^:

(n i, -tu#)

Z r t r =o

*
Seolo-{*-^ : 2e"= o
Z t r V=O #
2F*--o

2A:C

* e6,rol-'*,ra d.re-*wl

Tk

2/t: - - o
2n; - - o #
=()

vbGb;

arralyges.

Cr-,=;f
::-

u'e/l-ldl"/")

,il

4 u.rwt

/re

lT@-

-b;"et
T

.,e.

L"q &;aya.* /^ts a-// f*t;l/e

kton
reaalintt l"-rtt
/oeo*'ens )1.-=it
'*zs
e-r**-r*l
/" a'f/,e"r
enpp*-fs or
C""",+*re."h ;
/qy. bn pta,.J.
yr+t o1 *b sl.tojtte
f+

d, yrcviera,a-'.ta./ysrs/'os i*hakJ

mt*.-hn,

?i

srr7p"./

#-t=

is Ztut

l4r-f

I/r"^- .^/

*JV +f,"* is i'+ aoephl/e- fd a-n'/ fl*+

eL h,. L *ur;//f
di ag-o-rt.

d-n's,'"h="
Uy

@
Ulre^- l.-o,rt;rrqa- r\b
|
- t
f
,k?tr
t fs
su@af ,
su'rTau,I4lf

reylaze t/,c

;f

ue- atz i*hUK a.L "b,li,*f

t. .
J44.y,re
,:T . L
y.
7o, ,#*.t

aVplys h

#t

+1r.

.u;*l-

+42 oLi.o*.

MODDLINGTHN ACTION OFTO}iCESIN TWO-DIMENSIONALANALYSIS

1. l'lexible cable,belt.
chain. or ropc
il'eif,ht.of'e.able
tregtlglble

@E

,,

b-;L:?-U
r

.--.-

Force cxertcd b-v

a flexible cable is
always a tension away
from the body in the
direction of the cable.

T
i;_|__

L::*l::*t?1"
+*r:;'ru
not negtlgrole

..1

- - - f
n-.fu

1'

-t,
,Y
,, /

Contact force is
compressive and is
n o r m a l t t . rt h e s u r l a c e .

3. Rough surfaces
p'
',,t"4

; --*-{
R { '-.r

a Rrrllerstr'P{)rt
!=d

ffi:".

wK

,/

NT,,

y'' ,

_tr

ffi

J-t (

,-4---.

l'ml

&arort araac;nq *fu

U.ble is in bq;a.

hk *r* {,aEeryt;l&

Rough surface* are

capableofsupporting
a tangcnt.ialcomponent F rfr"ictional
force)as well as a
normal component
.}Iofthe resultant
coltact force 8.

Roller',rocker, or ball
support transnrt$ a
compres-*ive{brce
nonnal tn the
sr"rpportingsurfaee.

klroa)t .

tla.kaao*^a'fnhk,
rcc4ic*r. kxaooa

t^brkro*:n,rnfraal I

*a1r*h'al ,*p;&.

llq,l,qeonna4nihte,
lrtnCI* furuh"cn-

r'*I

"i Freely sliding guide

CrbW sl,e.tl k

I
dir2og'*

3- Smooth surfaces

\-

ew

Action on Body to Be Isolated

ofContact and Force

I I
It.j
X
I
Ni

ll
U '
,f.
:
,\Ii

Collar or slider fi'ee to

movealongsmooth
gtrides;can support
force normal to guide
onlv.

lbrkuur

,44/1ile,

kpun d;"aL'c-.

4b4te arLJ HL 44c ftert /rrt" Ffes

{ il"u,L-rd
-/yf* a{ s#rqht-4/
,Are ,e.{ua-l l;{eia-}
*t#e#s

arLJ

Ana "/4. 4..e

tilta/4

be

d;;

dtarr:n H- a- 4w

l"

'Ha-

L4

suff"-/;
oliay*t-*.

'f(

L *ff--t

&4 ,euic* n4nl;"^ in a ?'ttut- l"'rcol"'*.,

(+
)n- 44r-+ dtrrnh*f'/,t^ ;+ Caat-yrovid. L S*.
,vs'sls *ho*i-,- t/,t-.
:effse tl*
I{
a ouyt
,,*A,*rt),

,i*

offf

utL

L ,-Mf/e.t+le

lt

fl*

abjett

MODELINGTHE ACTION OF FORCESIN TWO-DIMENSIONALANALYSIS(cont.)

Action on Body to Be Isoiated

Type of Contact and Force Origin

A freely hinged pin

connection is capable
olsupporting a force
in any direction in the
plane normal to the
pin axis. We may
either show two
Pin not free to turn components R, and
8" or a magnitude J?
aird direction 6. A pin
not free to turn also
supports a couple M.

6. Pil connection

Pin free to turn

7. Built-in or fixed support

A built-in or fixed
support is capable of
supporting an axial
force tr', a transverse
force V (shear force).
and acoupleM
(beuding moment) to
prevent rotation.

8. Gravitational attraction

W=rn{

9. Snrine action
Neutral
Posrfion
;

'.i_r*,

Linear
f
I - ,,
It=RI
l

"

l7

Nonlinear
F
lHardening
I

i,'
'' //'
i

)%4,w{,r"JL - - x z t : 1 " " - *

Yle next pryn +*hi*s

The resultant of
gravitational
attraction on all
elements of a body of
mass m,is the weight
W = m& and acts
toward the center of
the earth through the
center mass G.
Spring force is tensile
if spring is stretched
and compressiveif
compressed.For a
linearly elastic spring
the stilTness& is the
force required to
deform the spring a
-unit distance.

b-h

linsa,,e.

a.%u.taeJ
4o "hb
{'olv
I

*tv

ctnpdciE

r C'e.

lt*kNan- *6raD,
qGLca-) {*6,,
a*d

nt"oar+.

Peaote */rc a".H.

A^d re.ptas i-( uilL

+14 {r,*;t qrc*sPqbe +ac dis*nh*IeJ
wiOLt N;+lLa Pil-t

a++l,eccAer
fuie
r7r4ts.
of

3'D exa-c<ple T- a- sufts-+

&;re-{i*-'*
ressl *:'1'51o1-'or- ir',-a trr*
,dr.t d
',|'tr-c-n-i+ ea4L
sryTly a #.r.
it' tlra* J;ru*no,
d
i, L
ree;i+ nl"hnf+
^- ttLpp# do"t d
?r^
srpply L ,o@"it/*tb
&;*ho'.
tlet- it
ea4Ld
)rc '{-/dt
dr'ra*io*

MODELING THE ACTTON OF F

RCES IN THREE.DIMENSIONAL

Action on Body to Be Isolated

Type of Contaet and Force Origin

L Member in conlact with snrooth
surface, or ball-suppofted rnember
{

%
!\

!'orce must be normal to the

surface and directed toward
the member.

rx
tr,
\

I ll^Jq,arJrL

- '-:
,&

lN

.Y

.1. Member in contact

with roush
surface
6$\
,.

ANALYSIS

;
.4"..
\
\j
' 'j
Ur
\j@r

%\
re'/

' *. Roller or wheel support

with lateral
constraint
,.

6
tN

'r

lC'

?he possibility exjsts for a

firrce F tanpJentto the surtirce
(lriction force) to aet on the
nrember,as well as a normal
forceN.

..'

lltl<^
? ll.nlqvwe
(aa1rr;1
qnU.4
4irra'l;,
r14,lie*
,7L

"L

+te Ptaaz)

z
A lateral force P exerted by ihe
gu.ideon the wheel can exist, in
addition to the normal force N.

{. Ball-and-socketjoint

A ball-and-socket joint free to

pivot about the center ofthe
ball can support a forceR with

{\'

@'

\"-t.

rc.

'";r1k

,,

-'1
rl.,

3 tl*kuorc

all three components.

'1'R,

ll*kwa*g

! '

Fixed connection (embeddedqr weldedl

l\
\,

* h . z

reL\

&*\

K,_
_-fl.;-

\
^t.<\

fi.

M'
I 6. Thrust-bearing support
z

\_,-,,!

rf \,o45"*
.
1fr,
r

ln addition to three cornponents

offoree, afixed connection
can supPort a couPle M
represented by its three

F,
ff...{
-vj
M^

" ".

components'

lleltoog

.'t'..
' 'rl'7,
Thrust bearing is capable of
supporting axial force fio as
well as radial forces 8" and R'
CouplesM, and M. must, in
some casea.be agsumedzero
in order to pror"ide statical
determinary.

5ll.ah
llnlqeors

u i +L
+ l utk
'
collar.,

tl tl*kr
4 tl*bo,'ttts
ui*Lu*
4^.e-ollor

EXd-r,nOle :
--4-t

It

Bo^s Tfr , D# anJ fr are. sul;d *td j"i',ed /"ff/*r

, a - t E r I o - r d F Ly {;.1r:-,1ot Pirts til";gt}fus
P(l l"yu a-re "'l+"oh-J a* C ,4 a^d. l+ Ly *,ahi*l.'s
pi*.'

',ea4L

D.*,t FBDs o1 t/@ e-nhr. th)]rt'e

car*Porte*t* o{
tl. sl.u-Jrt-re.

o.*/

a l.
I
I
. E:tuh(e gtrr&-r-re

"

1wei$*

tlrc #'t.e,ror,ol" o{ eartt,

f, ' +,r{
A+

\---ta.-2

/- ""fi*t

ruz {i*o

\ renotal tt "(

Jte

f"rr-J

A is t-"u h l"vslr{. iru W **J;""o&,

{-"2 h ,oJ".l. g 'Hr4re is ,4-o Ar af //4;
b i: $n

1" ro*alz 5a f4ue

*#

is ,2D ,/t: b'"k

ai F)'

/
, \r?lLwLea

(No[e +I.i

; .P

P , or a urb;,qli"n
po;t T)

a+?l;ed af eittcr

rr t

r{ lulr*l,tt
'

7-r*
/ e

lE+
'-+ tr
ba

,1 -r
4n

h r +

E*
,l'
r, er

stc,6 # n

u*

Le

+T,
44

F"

ll."

D;re"hr"v of T,rT.rT, t T,l

.C*^. stntc.lurv

ere- k+qtn-

f*E'

,rfWA
c

r,nM_
u

#il intr-rnl hnt

b'r* oy7o2;{e. Prt
b?,Lp,",t;+ ftDs

Me-

in e*nul
U

a"L f/* r.r;.tp'"d"tr

r
N 1".^ Vcztt4Ttt

'

otl' o{ */* ur.p""t^*

FBbs
+F*I'@r '44* resnl* *tot l* t/FV> o{ f4. eohr s{-,*LLre.
,41*, ,whce fl,*+ flt-.e a.re tq ,-o/r,urr>* kn-s
11 e6ru/,'briu-rtt-efrr*fia+zs lra rt f/^E +
-rd
,,FBbs ( t E*--o anJ i(==Q a're J.;'r;ottyt.'l;s&"J

, ,t"- t4,- 4-t

,r,ass).

is ,P L ,"d"+ l*t

4
;

flpy

H L (.;to*l6s

pi-

lools*rJ' pin l*nq. e- apTld

ayyl;"4o*l +",* tI"- pn *- "lhrd

lble
b"e

(rrro

cc.qlv"iea-s

o-ra/ysi< bre '1" L.

t/"Z

rali/-

tt' f"lbf zt tl

2 n ! =o
H'49\Ft

- q tP +

./

T,

T=Tl

f4^.* ; Yf*-"'e uteze a cc.rd"

yn*

,+,( n-

W&n*eY

l" a-rly Yr* ;

'usenl

"tr,r*{.'ut

4A =o

d b"

./, affrtl,-=J
cft
47e4
+l,e Fulley)
,
I
i

- T 4 z + T s Rr c * = o Z 1 3 / T ,

Lilrd+
5 5 ,= - H z - \ @ C = o

2 + = - t + t - 7r4\ ; + = ( )
= -T3*r$

ilv= T';d

T-,t

,/i

,q

-t/* itc atbs

kn d "j*t
h-%a +-"y T/,t-" o,'- g ucr.l,o't
ati*/" n Ur/ a,ob;rnJ a",;ytr*.f a.EdtJ.

W&*q

,u"/h**

*/.
f=

f=

trfb

{r;-A-n, ui
*/.

"(

assu.n,ry
TLl

nerna.l 4;-

,{ l'/* boy *a- */,c c^bs ,-t

l6,,nte,
def,e-u;,nfl"- *1a/ '..'.t

1.5'l
O.5{ r

/t )

(,'cnb"'t^a-, rc

all 8 cole as a 4,^th,-

'

ure;{*of*)

&d*t

6( P.

sy9Te*rL)

-2t
r

il h-r

\%fa"-e

?,,,u

{L;t Fbb Aas t t nl:,urtt* , O*, O(, fl, ,U^d Y,

we a.,onld,-l- I b" a-ble' +o */ye 4{
f-. (*l
't
e.ay

+XE

X,ra-*h'LZs

a.*alys;,s o{ t{-t

{-urn

FBba/*'o

d-rL goer'/iLr,

tl-,,"r},

or)o(

a^l ,(/ a-cf f4-r,r{L

O ) bLt"(
tn+?re4*s ArA
O u:itl y;ell a- ,e ltl;o'..L'
f J's]-u-e<- /4 a-d- Irt/

2 n:

= VlVsng - /vl--O -r //l = VlF;e

il

= p.66 ( t,5. o.s)si,C= o 4&stn-e

.1t4r-?
ryl_. f

)rFw

40 ( *C

enrc

ryh *v

,nr:r(r/

?rtnaraf?p

t,e?wtr -/h

(ry il t /

*Lt-

Ttt y*,

plnq

u-n!r?.I -h

art n"N

+r0 1lq

A -"0b = g

'srfpoafytt

'-"-t-f

l*rf.W
T:

?,.te2ot/-orr, *1.

l-ryT:

Tva as?
)!

f.?

*a1sts

]flbyn

a,r:u'ntT

(nnaaolT
4@rq 1@ ?cn

+ *&:ryL"#{rf
r fo
fwao'A'N

o=!3

fr

Tt*

o="33
?
TAdf,J

f.

I =Jt.s"-Gy

2/ =y,ffin__o

-e 1,162"

N rs;,-B =
O'3tbs;e

+ A=

zF.r = /luoY

= O

A*oo9
\-tt

: sin0

NuY = I t;P

= o,3lL sr^-z?

-' vJ=o
As;^.?
\t-a\>

2E"= N;t
f

=aj

N t;t

W + A u-P = O,56+o,3tbd,2aa

-> N=
r/
,
/
D = A^z-+d4- t

W+Anne\
ALg /

4rm En*;llbrius'-'. 2rA -- rtZ '- /14 = Q

4

7r/l= tt)f *rrg=

O,rt\Zir.,A (/**bA)

c*F

2F*=o*+ lffi --O --a O*-= - rt*re

t;F

?Ff= O?* rtffi--o

-> O+= -AmO