PHYSICS PROJECT

ON

TRANSFORME
R

Certificate
This is hereby to certify that________________________ the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the subject
matter and the related data collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
__________________________________of CLASS XII , School regarding his project
titled Transformer Principle, Types and its Applications.

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher as well as our
principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Transformer Principle, Types and its Applications., which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

INDEX

Acknowledgements
Aim
Introduction
Types of Transformer
Mains transformer
3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases
High-voltage transformer
Current transformer
Principle of Operation
Transformer Core
Types of Core
Core Type
Shell Type
Other Parts
A suitable container
An insulating medium
Bushings
Conservation
Breather
Sections in Transformers
Working Principle
Construction
Application

Aim

To Study the Transformers Principle, Types and its

Applications.

INTRODUTION
Transformer is a static electromagnetic device that magnetically changes
electric energy from one circuit to another circuit without changing in its
frequency. It can increase or decrease the voltage level in the circuit with
a similar decrease or increase in current. In Step-up transformer, the
energy is transformer into higher voltage whereas in the Step-down
transformer, the energy is transformed into lower voltage.
It is a device that has no moving parts, which converts an alternating
voltage given another AC voltage, increasing or decreasing its value,
without changing the frequency. Unlike the auto-transformer, a
transformer has a galvanic isolation between the input (primary) and
output (secondary), i.e. no driver only electrically connects the two parts.

It is equipped with one or more windings (winding) primary and one or

more secondary windings. The operating principle is based on the energy
transfer by mutual inductance (electromagnetic induction): AC primary
winding path which creates a magnetic field that is "captured" by the
secondary winding which then transforms back into power. The
transformation ratio is influenced by the number of turns of the primary
winding with respect to the number of turns of the secondary winding. For

example, if the secondary winding has 50 turns as the primary winding

has 500, the transformation ratio will be about 10. By applying a voltage
of 240V primary, secondary issue a voltage of about 24V. In practice, the
energy transfer cannot be total, a certain amount is lost. The transformer
has a characteristic indicating this property; it is the coupling coefficient,
which can be optimized by choosing materials and forms that go.
Sometimes, elementary and secondary, there may be only one winding,
but with one or several taps. It is important to remember that the
transformer by its nature cannot transmit DC voltage and is limited to the
transfer of AC voltages, including the range of amplitude and frequency
depend on its type. There are several kinds of processors dedicated to
various areas: audio sector, high voltage, HF, etc..

Types of Transformer

Mains transformer
3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases
High-voltage transformer
Current transformer
Auto Transformer
Polyphase Transformer
Audio Transformer
Instrument Transformer

Mains transformer

This type of transformer is commonly used in the production of power

sector alone, mostly in amateur. Industrial side, this type of component is
more often replaced by switching control systems, providing equal power,
less heat, a smaller footprint, and often a range of input voltages greater.
Note: Sometimes, a transformer is used only for issues of isolation, the
output voltage being equal to the input voltage.

3 phase transformer <=> 2 phases

It is a bit peculiar transformer specially designed for use with three-phase
primary and secondary phases with two or vice versa. There are two types
of cabling windings to ensure this function: "Connection Leblanc" and
"Connection Scott."

High-voltage transformer
Used in cars (to produce sparks candles that trigger the explosion of the
fuel), in televisions (EHV transformers for very high voltage needed to
operate the CRT) in certain consumer gadgets such as "balls plasma "or
Tesla transformer (transformer high voltage and high frequency) that
produce arcs very long (over a meter). Handling this kind of processors
(when they are operating regime) can be dangerous, even deadly, so
extreme caution is required.

Current transformer
This is a component whose principle is also based on the transfer of
electromagnetic energy between two windings, with the difference that
the primary is arranged in series in the circuit which it is desired to know
the consumption. Sometimes it is the power wire of the circuit to be
measured is the primary of the transformer (in this case, there is no
winding, a thread can just stay right), the secondary being added by the
means of a clamp which can be closed around (clamp). The interest of this
method is that it is not necessary to interrupt the power supply circuit for
inserting a measuring instrument.

Principle of operation
Mutual induction principle is followed in the working of the transformers.
Transformer has two windings which are magnetically coupled with its
core. When one of the windings called primary is energized with a
sinusoidal voltage, an alternating flux is established in both the windings.
According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, an emf is
induced in the secondary winding which is called mutually induced emf.
Thus energy is transferred from primary circuit to the secondary circuit
through electromagnetic induction.

Transformer core
It magnetically couples the two windings of the transformer. By using
silicon steel as the material, Hysteresis loss in the core is reduced. In
order to reduce the eddy current loss, the core is laminated. Each
lamination is of thickness 0.35mm to 0.5mm.

Types of core
There are two types of cores, namely, core type and shell type.

Core type
In this type of transformer, the windings surround a considerable part of
the core. The individual laminations of the core are cut in the form of L
shaped long strips.

Shell type
In the shell type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable part of
the windings.

Other parts
Other necessary parts of transformer are as follows:

o
o
o
o
o

A suitable container
An insulating medium
Bushings
Conservation
Breather

Container
A suitable metallic container is used for housing the assembled core and
the windings. Better cooling can be obtained by increasing the surface
area of the container with the help of corrugated sheets.

Insulating medium
The transformer windings and the metallic container are insulated from
one another by a suitable insulating medium. The transformer oil not only
provides insulation but also helps to dissipate the heat due to iron ad
copper loss occulting in the transformers.

Bushings
All the transformer leads are brought out of the container through
suitable bushings.

Conservator
The function of conservator is to allow contraction and expansion of oil
without exposing it to the outside air.

Breather
It is a box containing calcium to absorb moisture of air entering the
conservator as it is well known fact that the insulating property of the
transformer oil is lost even if a small amount of moisture enters in it. So
the dry air is allowed to pass in through this breather.

Sections in transformers

Core
Primary winding
Secondary winding

Working principle
When we give supply to the primary winding in the transformer one
current will be flowing in the primary winding, this will be creating one
flux, this flux will flow in the core and this flux will be cut by the secondary
winding, this will create the voltage in the secondary winding, if we short
the secondary winding by connecting the load current will be flowing in
the circuit, hence the circuit is closed.

Terms
Primary Voltage: V1
Secondary Voltage: V2
Primary Current: I1
Secondary Current: I2
Primary Turns: N1
Secondary Turns: N2

Equation of the Transformer

I1/ I2 = V2/ V1 = N2/ N1
This Equation is called as Transformation Ratio (K).

EMF equation of the Transformer

Erms = 4.44 f N a B

Where
Erms = RMS Voltage
f = Frequency
N = Number of turns
a = Cross sectional area
B = Magnetic flux density

Classification of Transformers

Voltages (V to kV)
Power Capacity (VA to MVA)
Frequency
Cooling Type (Air, Water, Fan, Oil Cooled)
Winding (Step down, Step Up, Multiple Windings)
Application (Impedance Matching, Power Supply, Stabilizer)

Construction
Cores

Laminated steel cores

Permeability silicon steel cores are used in the transformers of power and
audio types. Most common of laminated cores are E-Shaped and I-Shaped.

Toroidal cores
Silicon steel or Perm alloy is used in the transformers. This transformer
built like a ring shaped core. These types of transformers are more
efficient when compared to the E-I shaped types.

Coolant
If temperature inside the transformers (power transformer) increases it
will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers will produce less
heat only for that natural air circulation is enough. But for large capacity

transformers transformer oil is used as insulation as well as cooling of

that also.

Terminals
Small Transformers will have wire leads will be connected to the coil ends
and brought out to the circuit connections. Large Transformers may have
heavy bolted terminals.

Applications
In General electrical power is getting generated at one place getting
transmitted by cables and finally distributed with respect to the
consumers.
Suppose for example
Power generation is 11kV from neyveli we will not transmit that 11kV. We
will step up that voltage to 110 kV and again step it down to the 11kV
when it reaches the receiving end.
This is due to reduce the cable size; if we increase the voltage current will
be reduced due to current only cable size is getting selected. So small size
of cables are used. So cost is getting reduced. In this method one step up
transformer as well as step down transformer is used. This is the main
advantages of the Transformers.

With the sharp increase in demand for electric power, power transformers
in 400 KV ratings were produced as early as 1950. In the early 1970s unit
ratings as large as 1100 MVA were produced and 800KV transformers were
manufactured in the early 1980s.
A transformer is a static piece of equipment with a complicated
electromagnetic circuit inside. The energy is transferred from one
electrical circuit to another through the magnetic field. During this
transfer of electric energy the voltage only varies and the power remains
constant. The transformer works on the principle of Mutual induction. In

its simplest form, a transformer consists of two conducting coils having a

mutual inductance. In an ideal case it is assumed that all the flux linked
with the primary winding also links the secondary winding. But, in practice
it is impossible to realize this condition as magnetic flux cannot be
confined. The greater portion of the flux flows in the core while a small
portion called the leakage flux links one or the other winding. Depending
upon the particular application and type of connection, a transformer may
have additional windings apart from the two conventional windings.
There are two types of transformers available. They are
* Step-up Transformer
* Step-down Transformer
Step-up Transformer:
It is used to step-up the voltage to the required value. For example, from
the generating station, if some 11KV is produced then it is stepped up to
230 KV using step-up transformer. It is because when 11KV is transmitted,
most of the power will go as a transmission loss. So, A step-up
transformer is used here.
Step-down Transformer:
It is used to step-down the voltage at the receiving end and making it
available to the consumer.
For industries, institutions, etc., about 400 to 440V line is given. For
households it is about 230V.