Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DISEASE
3rd December, 2014
Jim Newsome
jnewsome@veni-vidi-viti.com
www.veni-vidi-viti.com
Introduction
Why the hype?
Overview
Reduced yield
Unhealthy vines
Poor establishment
Premature vine death
High profile
Increasing incidence
Sodium arsenite
Increased demand
Lack of treatments
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Vine damage
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Spain
3 20% infection rates
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France
Global costs
SPECIFIC DISEASES
Young Vines
(<8 yrs old)
Grapevine
Trunk
Disease
Mature Vines
(>8 yrs old)
Petri disease:
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Phaeoacremonium spp.
Cadophora luteo-olivacea
Botryosphaeria
Dieback:
Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
Botryosphaeria
Dieback:
Botryosphaeriaceae spp.
Esca:
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Phaeoacremonium spp.
Eutypa Dieback:
Diatrypaceae spp.
(Eutypa lata)
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South America
Wood cankers
YVD likely (limited data)
China
Wood cankers
YVD likely (limited data)
Europe
Esca complex
Some YVD in new plantings
UK
Esca complex?
Some YVD in new plantings?
Very limited data
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Global distribution
Botryosphaeria
Diplodia seriata
Ubiquitous
Considered a weak pathogen
Also:
Botryosphaeria dothidea
Diplodia mutila
Diplodia corticola
Etc.
Aka:
Black Dead Arm (BDA) in US
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Neofusicoccum parvum
Strong pathogen
Botryosphaeria
tissue (wedge-shaped,
spots, darkened pith)
Visible exterior cankers
Pycnidia (small black fruiting
http://tiny.cc/mc24t
death
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Bud mortality
Symptoms:
Esca
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum
Also
Fomitiporia mediterranea
Fomitiporia punctata
And others..
Aka:
Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease
(GLSD)
Esca proper
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Phaeomoniella chlamydosporum
Typically:
Esca
veinal spots coalescing over season
to red-brown tiger-striped leaves.
GLSD
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Symptoms
Eutypa
Dead Arm
Symptoms similar to
Botryosphaeria:
Reduced shoot growth with
cupped leaves
Exterior cankers & necrotic
wedges
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Family Diatrypaceae
Eutypa lata
Black Foot
Symptoms
Woody necrosis visible
under root bark
Reduction of root biomass
Secondary root
development
Poor/delayed budburst
Weak, low-yielding vines
Poor establishment of
young vines
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Phomopsis
Brown scarring at base of
green shoots
Foliar symptoms
brown/black spots with yellow
margins
Petiole damage
Berry symptoms (rare)
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Phomopsis Viticola
failure rates
Petri Disease
Esca pathogens infect xylem
Black goo
Vascular streaking
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LIFECYCLE &
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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fungi
Overwinter in diseased wood
Develop fruiting bodies in
high humidity
Spores released by rainfall
But present all year round in,
e.g. rainwater
Spread by wind/rain
High concentrations 2m zone
around inoculum source
Can spread much further
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Wound size
Time of pruning
Other wounds
Bud rubbing
Undamaged tissue?
http://bit.ly/1zLOsAi
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Pruning wounds
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Slow spread
Inactive in dry summer
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Vulnerability
Xylem diameter
Wider = greater susceptibility
Vine phenological stage
Flowering relevant?
(Bot.)
1.5 to 2 months post-inoculation = Pathogenic
phase
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COMPLEXITY
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Taxonomic complexity
Symptomatic complexity
e.g. Esca:
1.
2.
3.
Analytical complexity
Morphological vs. molecular
Species/location-specific behaviour
Multiple pathogens found in multiple diseases
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Complexity
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relationship?
Enzyme production by fungi cellular breakdown and lignification?
Cell necrosis caused by toxins produced by fungi and vine
response?
Role of bacteria?
Environmental stress
Stress the traditional scapegoat, but in this case?
Q: Why do vines with similar fungal profiles express differing symptoms in
different locations?
A: Because endophytic (i.e. latent) infections are activated by external factors
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Complexity
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Marginal climate
CONTROL
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In established vineyards
http://www.mrc.org.nz/marlborough-trunk-disease-web/trunk-disease-cost-calculations/
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Intervention Thresholds
available:
Sodium arsenite
Benzimidazoles (Benomyl, Benlate)
Benzimidazole (http://tiny.cc/qamab)
Carbendazim
Carbendazim (http://tiny.cc/tbcwb)
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Chemical Control
Chemical Control
octhilinone)
Nativo (trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole)
(400/600 L/ha)
Foliar treatments?
Undergoing trials - calcium chloride and
magnesium nitrate
Phomopsis
Mancozeb @ 50% budburst and 2 weeks
later
Sulphur & copper?
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T. atroviride (Esquive)
Trichoderma bio-plugs
Bio-fumigation?
Mustard isothiocyanates
But, volatility
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T. harzianum (Vinevax)
Cultural Control
Vineyard hygiene
Monitoring
Tag in summer (TD) or winter (Phomopsis)
Monitor spread
Minimise stress
Site selection
Cutting back & re-training
64% success on grafted
99% success on own roots
Layering
Grubbing up
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Pruning technique/timing
Gentle Pruning
Rain is critical risk factor
Varietal/clonal/rootstock selection?
NURSERIES, PROPAGATION
& PLANTING
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Equipment hygiene
Sensitivity:
30 minutes at 53 C kills buds
Climatic conditions
Hygiene (cooling tanks)
and expensive
Must be validated locally
carbendazim?)
Hot water treatment (http://bit.ly/14rTfcp)
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It seems likely that young nursery plants with latent infections can
decline and die when planted into the more stressful conditions of
vineyards. (Billones-Baaijens et al. 2012)
Order in advance
Maintain contact
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Key points
completed)
Inspect vines on arrival
Pleasant earthy aroma not winery, fermentative smells
Dissect a sample & look for wood discolouration
Check graft unions for strength
Store correctly
Heel in upright in trench, roots covered (soil, sand, etc.) and moist not
wet
Cold storage not recommended
Short periods @ 1-2 C
Packaging allows air movement but no dehydration
No standing water
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Pre-planting
Key points
Planting
Cover bundles with a damp cloth not placed in
buckets of water
Trim roots (80-100 mm) to promote new growth &
prevent J rooting
Do not return vines to cold store after trimming
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Key points
Testing is destructive
When does a stain = an infection?
When does an infection = a failed vine?
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response?
2 vines, same fungal profile, different symptoms
Role of bacteria?
Role of environmental stress?
relationship?
Key themes of current research
Genetic resistance
Nuriootpa Research Centre
triangle
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http://icgtd.ucr.edu/
US - http://treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org/
Europe - http://managtd.eu/en/
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Further Information
Questions?
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Conclusion
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Agusti-Brisach, C. et al., 2011. Evaluation of Vineyard Weeds as Potential Hosts of Black-Foot and Petri Disease Pathogens. Plant
Disease, (July), pp.803-810.
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Horticulturae, 125, pp.305-308. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304423810001639
Alaniz, S et al., 2007. Characterization of Cylindrocarpon Species Associated with Black Foot Disease of Grapevine in Spain. Plant
Disease, (September), pp.1187-1193. Available at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1187.
Alaniz, Sandra et al., 2011. Evaluation of fungicides to control Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum in vitr o,
and their effect during the rooting phase in the grapevine propagation process. Crop Protection, 30, pp.489-494. Available at:
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261219410003820
Amponsah, N.T. et al., 2012. Susceptibility of grapevine tissues to Neofusicoccum luteum conidial infection. Plant Pathology, 61(4),
pp.719729.
Aroca, . et al., 2010. Evaluation of the grapevine nursery propagation process as a source of Phaeoacremonium spp. and
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and occurrence of trunk disease pathogens in rootstock mother vines in Spain. European Journal of
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Bertsch, C.B. et al., 2012. Grapevine trunk diseases: complex and still poorly understood. Plant Pathology.
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Bleach, C. et al., 2008. Impact of mycorrhizal colonisation on grapevine establishment in cylindrocarpon infested soil. New Zealand
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