Judgment- is a mental act that denies or affirms something.

Logical statement or proposition -is a sentence which affirms or denies something.

- is a sentence that asserts or denies something and could
either be true or false.
Interrogative sentence ask a question
Imperative sentence makes a request
Exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling

Bachhuber (1987) : A proposition is expressed by a declarative sentence for it

denies or asserts something.
Ex: Maam Pedro is our department head in BSBA/BSA
(We are asserting that.. )
Mang Boy is not our college registrar.
(We are denying that )
Irving Copi (1978) : he insists that there must be a clear distinction between form
and function of a proposition. Because not every declarative sentence seeks
information.
Form: (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory)
Function: (informative, expressive, and directive)
Example: How can we be expected to study in such a tense
atmosphere?
Aristotle : A logical statement or a proposition is a sentence that could either be
true or false
Logical form is the reduce/simplified standard logical statement that has copula (a
quantifier of a proposition) and follows a consistent pattern : S is P (Subject Copula
Predicate)
Example: -Many Pacquiao boxes
-Many Pacqiao is a boxer
Nemesio Faustino owns a beautiful life-sized portrait of his wife which he
printed himself.

Nemesio Faustino is the owner and the painter of a life-sized portrait of

his wife.

Points to remember when reducing a proposition to logical

form
1. Keep the original subject
2. Do not use the progressive tense for your predicate
3. Avoid the use of one for your predicates. Think of a more
appropriate word.
4. Avoid redundancies
5. Be simple and direct in your answer.

Types of proposition based on structure

1. Categorical proposition is an attributed proposition that has a subject-predicates
relationship; its subject is either affirmed or denied by the predicate
Example:

Basic Elements of the Categorical Proposition

1. Subject that which is talked about in the sentence.
A.) A simple subject stands for a single idea.
Ex. Toy, baby, Bataan Colleges
B.)Complex subject stands for more than a single idea.
Ex. Tiny toys, beautiful baby, high standard schools.
2. Predicate that which tells something about the subject, either an
affirmation or denial.
3. Copula is the qualifier of a proposition. It links the subject and the
predicate.

2. Hypothetical proposition is a proposition which affirms or denies the relationship

of two proposition bay means of connectives.
Example:
Quantity proposition:

Singular- if the subject stands for a single definite individual or group.

Particular- If the subject designates an indefinite part of its total extension
Universal- if the subject can apply to every portion signified by the term
Subject term is the quantifier of proposition. The subject determines the quantity of
the proposition.
Example:
Fr. Herman de Rijs is the rector of Maryhurst Seminary. (Singular)
Kitti is the names of my dog. (Singular)
Some teachers are friendly. (Particular)
Some fruits are sweet. (Particular)
Every man is free. (Universal)
No man is an island. (Universal)
Subject terms that are preceded by universal expressions such as every, each, all
and the like become particular terms if they are negated or denied in the
proposition.
Subject terms of a negative proposition conveying a universal idea remains
universal.
Example:
No animal is a plan (Universal)
Not every animal is a flyer. (Particular)
Every animal is not two-legged. (Particulars)
All animals are not vegetables. (Universal)
All animals are not birds. (Particulars)
QUALITY OF PROPOSITION
The copula is the qualifier of a proposition. Through a copula, we can
identify if the proposition is negative or affirmative. Propositions having is, are,
were, and was as their copula are affirmative/positive; while propositions having
is not, are not, were not as their copula are negative/null. Therefore, because
of the copula, the proposition is either affirmative or negative.
AFFIRMATIVE (ASSERTIVE) PROPOSITION
Is a proposition that unites the subject and the predicate by means of an
affirmative copula: S. An affirmative proposition affirms the identity of S and P.
Examples:

Alvin Patrimono is a basketball player.

Corazon L. Cruz is a textbook writer.
Every student is a future professional.

NEGATIVE (DENIAL) PROPOSITION

Is a proposition that unites the subject and the predicate by means of negative
copula: is not. A negative proposition denies the identity of S and P.
Examples:

Many of the BSA students are not poor.

Some leaves are not green.
Mr. Joel Abelinde is not a lawyer but a priest.

Affirmative proposition is different from affirmative statement. Negative proposition

from a negative statement. There are propositions which are considered affirmative
but equivalently, negative statements.
Examples:

He who is not a college graduate is ineligible.

Some animals are non mammals.
The basis lies on the negative particle (not).

Examples: 1. Some birds are nonflyers. (affirmative)

2. Not all birds are flyers. (negative)
3. Some birds are not flyers. (negative)
4. You are not ugly. (negative)
5. You are impatient. (affirmative)
Quality of a proposition is a matter of form only and not of material content.

QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

Aristotelian logic consigns matter to the subject and form to the predicate. In
Mars is a planet, the predicate planet supplies the form that is received into the
subject Mars. Initially, attention focused on the predicate as involving
comprehension, not extention or quantity; only later does it dawn on the mind that
the quantity of the subject is drawn into th quantity of the predicate. This does not
mean to say that the quantity of the predicate is equivalent to the quantity of the
subject.

POINTS IN DETERMINING THE QUANTITYOF THE PREDICATE

In determining the quantity of the predicate, there are three points to keep in
mind. These are the following:
1 Find out first if the predicate is singular. It is singular if it refers to a single
definite individual or group
(exactly the same sign of singularity as for the
subject). The proposition may either be affirmative or negative.
Example:
Dr. Francis Pilapil is the most outstanding veterinarian because he is
my bestfriend.

Veterinarian is the simple predicate and is singular because it is being modified by

an adjective (in suoerlative degree) the most outstanding
2 if the predicate is not singular and the proposition is affirmative, then the
predicate is particular.
Example:

Tasyo is a philosopher.

The simple predicate philosopher is not singular because it is particular through

the use of article a which is the sign of particularity and the quality of the
proposition is affirmative. Therefore, the predicate philosopher is particular.

3
If the predicate is singular and the proposition is negative, then the predicate is
universal.
Example: Some men are not moralists.
The simple predicate moralist is not singular because there is no sign of
singularity being used and the proposition is negative (the negative particle not
modifies the copula (are)). Therefore, the quantity of the predicate is universal.

Proposition is in a form of a sentence as a group of words that expresses a complete

thought. 4 Kinds of Sentences
1.) Declarative : states a fact
Ex. My house is a red-roofed bungalow in Greenhills.
2.) Interrogative : asks a question
Ex. How are you today?
3.) Imperative : makes a request or gives a command
Ex. (a.) Please send me some sampaguita plants.
(b.) "Build more stately mansions, O my soul."
4.) Exclamatory : expresses a strong feeling
Ex. What a lovely thing to say! PROPOSITION

1. The Hypothetical Proposition Hypothetical Proposition -is a compound

proposition which contains a proposed or tentative explanation. Compound
Proposition - consists of at least two clauses connected by conjunctions,

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

adverbs, etc. which expresses the relationship between the clauses as well as
our assent to it.
23. The clauses are simple propositions of the A-E-I-O variety. 3 Kinds of
Hypothetical Proposition 1. Conditional Proposition 2. Disjunctive Proposition
3. Conjunctive Proposition The Hypothetical Proposition
24. 1. Conditional Proposition - a compound proposition in which one clause
asserts something as true provided that the other clause is true. - the first
clause= if clause or termed as the antecedent. - the second clause = then
clause or called as the consequent. Example: If strong typhoons come, then
crops will be destroyed. (1.) The Hypothetical Proposition
25. (1.) Conditional Proposition Antecedent: If strong typhoon comes
Consequent: then crops will be destroyed. NOTE: the ifthen are the
connectives and indicate that if the antecedent is true, then, the consequent
must be true. IMORTANT: -sequence between the two. -antecedent must flow
with logical necessity into the consequent -it does not matter whether
individually the antecedent or the consequence is true or false; what matters
is the relationship between them.
26. (2.) The Hypothetical Proposition 2. Disjunctive Proposition - alternative
proposition - It is the one which presents two or more alternatives, one of
which may be true. - Its members are linked by the conjunctions eitheror. It may either be strict disjunctive or broad disjunctive.
27. (2.) Disjunctive Proposition Strict Disjunctive - Only one member is true
and the others are false. Ex. Either he is an angel or a devil. - A proposition
and its contradictory may be asserted. - Ex. Either a triangle is a three-sided
figure or it is a non-three-sided figure.
28. (2.) Disjunctive Proposition Broad Disjunctive - one member or more than
one member may be true. Example: Either Luciano or Edgardo are TOYM
candidates. - The distinction between the strict and the broad disjunctive is
based on the analysis of the subject matter and context.
29. (3.) The Hypothetical Proposition 3. Conjunctive Proposition - one which
asserts that two alternatives cannot be true at the same time. In fact, both
alternatives may be false. Example: 1. You cannot be in the faculty room and
in the auditorium at the same time. 2. A thing cannot exist and not exist at the
same time.

1. The Venn Diagrams - A clearer presentation of categorical statement. - Called

after the English mathematician and logician John Venn who first introduced it
during the nineteenth century. - If we represent the subject as S and the
predicate as P, then anything that is not the subject is S and anything that is
not the predicate is P.
2. 32. The Venn Diagrams Figure 2 Figure 2 represents class S- a class of
persons or objects. It does not represent a proposition, i.e., it does not assert
anything. S S Figure 3 Figure 3 is a shaded circle. It represents a nullification
of class S. It means that class S has no members. S x Figure 4 Figure 4 has
an x in its center. It represents the fact that there are Ss, i.e., that there is at
least one member of S, that class S is not empty.