Written Assignment 2

NAME: Saiful Emran Bin Abdul Muttalib

MATRIC NO: 46000
Question 1
Explain how you would adapt the rasterisation algorithm you have learned
in the lecture that discretises lines to discretely represent the boundary of
a circle. What pixels would be filled in to represent a circle centered at
(20, 20) with a radius of 5?

The boundary of a circle can be represented discretely by using few methods and
algorithms, namely the Middle Point Circle Algorithm and Bresenhams Algorithm. In
both algorithm, it takes advantage of the symmetry of a circle; the shape of the
circle is similar in each quadrant. Therefore, computation can be reduced as we only
calculate the pixel position for the first quadrant. The second quadrant can be
obtained by noting that the two circle sections are symmetric with respect to the y
axis. Circle sections of the third and forth quadrant can be obtained from sections in
the first and second quadrants by considering the symmetry about the x axis.

By using Middle Point Circle Algorithm, we determine the closest pixel position
to the specified circle path at each step. For a given radius, r = 5, and the circle

center position,

x
20,2
( c , y c )= 0), firstly we obtain the first point on the

circumference of the circle centered on the origin as

o
o , y

Next, we calculate the initial value of the decision parameter by using,

Po=1r

(for r is an integer)

Initial increment terms for calculating the decision parameters are

2 x o =40 , 2 y o=50

At each

xk

position starting at k=0, we perform the test using the decision

parameter,

If

pk <0

,the next point along the circle is

and,

pk+1 =p k + 2 x k +1+1

Otherwise, if

pk >0

the next point along the

pk+1 =p k +2 x k +1+12 y k+1

where

2 x k +1=2 x k +2

and

2 y k+1=2 y k +2

Then, we determine symmetry points in the other seven half-quadrants. Next, we

move each calculated pixel position

circle center position

x=x+ x c , y= y + y c

x
( c , y c )

x
( , y )

onto the circular path centered on the

. Coordinate values can be plotted by,

The decision parameter test is done to plot another coordinate values. This steps
are taken until value of

x y .

K
0
1
2

Xk+1,yk+1
(21,25)
(22,24)
(23,23)

Question 2
Consider a triangle with corners at (2,2,3) (3,3,4), (3,1,3).
a. What is the normal vector to this triangle?
a = ( a1 , a2

, a3

) = (2, 2, 3)

b = ( b1 , b2 , b3

) = (3, 3, 4)

c = ( c 1 , c 2 , c3

) = (3, 1, 3)

v ab

= ( b2

a1 ,

b2

a2 ,

b3

a3 ) = (1, 1, 1)

v bc

= ( c1

b1 ,

c2 -

b2 ,

c3

b3 ) = (0, -2, -1)

a3

b2

Cross product

v bc

v pa

a2 b3

v pb

a3

b1 -

v pc

a1 b3

v ab

v bc

v ab

a1 b3

= (-2)(1) (-1)(1) = -1
= (-1)(1) (0)(1) = -1

a2 b1 = s(0)(1) (-2)(1) = 2
= (-1, -1, 2) x -1

= (1, 1, -2)

b. What is an equation for the plane that this triangle lies in?

A= (2,2,3),

n =(1,1,2)

n [ ( x , y , z ) ( 2,2,3 ) ]=0

( 1,1,2 ) [ ( x , y , z )( 2,2,3 ) ]=0

( x2 ) + ( y2 ) 2 ( z3 )=0

Question 3
Based on the Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm, consider the following
line which we need to clip on a rectangular viewport with the corner
coordinates as [(10, -20), (202, 130)]. The endpoints of the line are of
coordinates (-15, 17) and (42, 144).
a. What is the parametric equation of the line? Write it in the form
( , ) = ( , ) + t1( , )
Where

and

( , ) = ( , ) + t2( , )

t1 and t2 values are the approximation ratios range within [0, 1]

( x ) = ( -15 ) + t1 ( 27 )
( y ) = ( 42 ) + t2 ( 161 )

b. What are the coordinates of the new endpoints of the visible segment?
(42,144
)

(202,13
0)

(10,13
0)

(-

(202,20)

(10,2

Endpoint visible segment

m1 =

x 1+ x
2

m2 =

y1+y
2

15+ 42
2

= 13.5

17+ 144
2

= 80.5

= (10, 80.5) / (10 , 81)

= (13.5 , 130) / (14, 130)

c. What is the disadvantage of Liang-Barsky algorithm to Cohen

Sutherland line clipping algorithm
The Liang-Barsky algorithm is more efficient than Cohen Sutherland, but Cohen
Sutherland does trivial accepts and rejects more faster so it should be considered
instead if most of the lines needed to clip would be completely in or out the window.