Comparator

An ideal comparator compares two

input voltages and produces a logic
output signal
The circuit symbol for a comparator is
identical to the one for Op-Amp.

o
o
o

Noise in the input signal

Unintentional feedback
Relatively slow change of logic
level.

Schmitt Trigger
Comparators are usually used
with positive feedback circuit is
called as Schmitt Trigger.
The difference between the
switching thresholds for an
increasing input and decreasing
input is called hysteresis.

The good thing with hysteresis is

that noise added to the input
signal does not cause undesired
multiple transitions of the
output.
Due to the positive feedback in
Schmitt Trigger, the transition
time of the output is very fast.

DIGITAL to ANALOG
CONVERTER

Digital to analog converter (DAC) is

used to get analog voltage
corresponding to an input digital data.
R-2R ladder (binary weighted resistor)
network and a summing amplifier .
The R-2R ladder network is build by a
set of resistors of two values. It makes
the circuit more simple and economical
for different applications.

Precision Rectifier

Rectifier circuits are used in the

design of power supply circuits.
Here the voltage being rectified are
usually much greater than the diode
voltage drop.
It is impossible to employ the
conventional rectifier circuits for
amplitude less than 0.7 volt

Precision Half-Wave Rectifier

The Superdiode

Multivibrator

A multivibrator is a circuit whose

output changes between two digital
levels.
Three types:
Bistable:

Two stable states (latches and

flip-flops)
Monostable (also called one-shot):
One stable state
Astable (also called oscillator): No
stable state

More on the Three Types

Bistable Multivibrator: When placed in

either state, it will stay there indefinitely;
wont spontaneously switch to the other
state.
Monostable (One-shot): Will stay in its
stable state indefinitely, but if forced into
the other state it will spontaneously
switch back after a certain time.
Astable (Oscillator): From either state it
will spontaneously switch to the other
state after a certain time.

555 Timer

The 555 is a popular,

versatile chip used in
many timing applications.

By itself, its neither a one-shot nor

an astable / monostable
multivibrator, but it can be hooked
up to perform as either of these.

555 Input and Output Pins

Aside from its power and ground

pins, the 555 has five input pins and
one output pin.

Pin diagram
from datasheet

Logic symbol
from Multisim

555 IC Timer Block Diagram

555s internal components

A three-resistor voltage divider

Two analog comparators
An SR latch
An inverter
A transistor that acts as a switch

Five Rules of 555 Operation

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Whenever Vpin 2 < 1/3 VCC, the latch is set, and

the 555s output (pin 3) is HIGH.
Whenever Vpin 6 > 2/3 VCC, the latch is reset, and
the 555s output (pin 3) is LOW.
Whenever neither a) nor b) is true, the latch
holds its value, and the 555s output (pin 3) is
constant.
When the 555s output (pin 3) is LOW, pin 7 is
shorted to GROUND, which will discharge an
external capacitor connected to pin 7.
When the 555s output (pin 3) is HIGH, pin 7 is
internally open, allowing the external capacitor
to charge up.

The 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator

The 555 timer can be configured in various ways,
including as a one-shot. A basic one shot is shown. The
pulse width is determined by RAC and is approximately
tW = 1.1RAC.

The trigger is a
negative-going
pulse.

tW = 1.1RAC

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

The 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator

Example Determine the pulse width for the circuit shown.

Solution tW = 1.1R1C1 = 1.1(10 k)(2.2 F) = 24.2 ms

= 10 k

= 2.2 F
tW = 1.1RAC
2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

The 555 timer as an astable multivibrator

The 555 can be configured as a basic astable
multivibrator with the circuit shown. In this circuit C
charges through RA and RB. It discharges through only RB.
The time high, time low, and frequency are given by:

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved