Mercedes Morales B.

Bioqumica
Jos Carlos Pea Partida.
GLOSSARY
Biochemistry : science that studies macromolecules , their behavior and interactions
at the cellular level . cellular and heritage components (DNA, RNA). Passing out .
Molecular biology: biochemistry branch that deals with the study of macromolecular
level , functions and behavior changes . behavior within
Alexander Oparin : Soviet biochemist , theory of the origin of life. Theory of the origin
of life says that life could have formed starting from methane , ammonia , water, and
hydrogen . Under tremendous shock .
ATM Reductora : Physical space limiting everything that surrounds it.
Carl Neuberg : German with a doctorate in chemistry, expelled by Nazis. Father of
modern biochemistry . Studied alcoholic fermentation processes with yeast , the
detected all enzymes in ethanol production . The metabolic pathway of glycolysis . He
discovered carboxylase .
Carboxilaza : enzyme that catalyzes the descarboxilizacion of pyruvic acid.
Amino acids encourage organic molecule 1 group (NH2 ) and carboxyl group (COOH ) .
Forman proteins Carbohydrates : composed of CHON biomolecules . They energize
living beings. They are carbon and hydrogen , methyl always start with and end with a
methyl , carbon or single molecules. ( Glucose, sucrose , galactose ) .
Ac . Fatty : biomolecule formed by long , generally linear hydrocarbon chain .
Nucleotides consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphoric acid.
Ac. Nucleic: carry DNA, RNA. 1-phosphate formed 1 sugar (ribossa or deoxy), and one
nitrogenous base (ade, tim, gua, cit, ura)
Water: distributed in blood, resp, cytoplasm, organs, saliva. It can be up to 4 hydrogen
bonds, that because their angle is 104.5 and size of the bridge is 0.177mm.
Dissociation energy: EPH = 23KJ / MOL, C-H = 470 kJ / mol, C-C = 348 kJ / mol.
Water interactions: hydrogen bridge links, electrostatic interactions (van der w.),
Polarity, Repulsion. Colligative properties: Decreased steam P, P Decrease freezing,
pressure change, increased boiling point. Ph: + -1 scale Ph: measure of acidity or
alkalinity of a solution. It indicates concentration of hydrogen ions present in det.
Solution. Buffer: Keeps acidity or basicity of a system within a narrow pH range.
Acids: pH <7, tart flavor, change of blue-red color. They react with metals such as zinc,
magnesium, or iron. Ac. Water conducts electricity.
Base: Ph <7, bitter taste, p accepts changes from red-blue. Bitters, Slippery.
buffer solutions: ac. Acetic, phosphate, ch4.
Proteins: polymers of amino acids linked together by covalent bonds called peptide
bonds via a condensation reaction.
They serve to tissues, enzymes, transport, structure protection.
functions:
1. Enzymes: a-amylase: bookstore glucose and maltose. Trypsin: broken links by
hydrolysis, produced in the pancreas essential for digestion. Polymerases: cell division.
2. Transport: Hemoglobin carries oxygen to tissues organ, lipoproteins. Mass transports
fats throughout the body, serum albumin. Protein in blood plasma.
3. Storage: ovalbumin: egg protein, casein. Present in milk yogurt, cheese, Ferritin. Iron
storage in vertebrates.
4. Mobile: actin: cellular functions, mobility etc. , Myosin contraction of muscles,
tubulin. Alf bet, gam, and mov multiplication of cells..
5. Structural: collagen. Skin, bones, elasticity and tissue regeneration, Keratin: nails,
hair, feathers, horns, hooves, gives strength and hardness. Fibroin: cobwebs, gus silk.
6. Defense: immunoglobulins: antibodies, serp venom, toxin d.. Botox.
Classification: simple or conjugated.
Kingdoms: Fungi animals (fungi, yeasts), bacteria, plant.
Hemoglobin transport

Mercedes Morales B.
Bioqumica
Jos Carlos Pea Partida.
peptide bond (CONH).
linking amino group (NH2) of amino acid and the carboxyl group (COOH) of another
amino acid.
Amino acids: chiral molecules formed by a carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an
amino group, a hidrog, and a sub. (From 50 amino acids it is a protein).
Enantiomer: optical isomers are stereoisomers, mirror image R or S.
aliphatic chain: organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen whose
character is nonaromatic.
Myosin protein allows muscle contraction and is involved in cell division and transport
Zwitterion: chemical compound is electrically neutral.
NH2: ALKALINITY.
COOH: Acidic.
isoelectric point: pH at which the sum of the charges is equal to 0.
And the protein has a minimum solubility.
Peptides: a few amino acids polymers. (Glutathione, vasopressin, oxytocin, opiate
peptides).
Oxytocin: sex hormone, stimulates the secretion of milk and uterine muscle
contraction in childbirth.
Vasopressin: Regulation of water balance.
prosthetic group: compounds covalently linked to a protein. (Conjugated)
Coenzyme: organic molecule weakly bound low MW.
Cofactor : inorganic ions bound to a protein .
Lipoproteins : massively carry fats around the body .
Glycoproteins : cell recognition . Phosphoproteins : sert contain phosphoric acid .
Hemoproteins : carries oxygen , heme . Catalysis.
Flavoprotein : nad fad . Bookstore phosphate . protein synthesis.
Metalloproteins : act as enzymes , proteins protractors and storage.
Mitochondria : Energy and cellular respiration. ATP synthesized , presents an outer
membrane permeable to ions , metabolites and many polypeptides . diameter of 2 nm .
Cell nucleus : membranous organelle which is located in the center of eukaryotic cells.
It contains most of the genetic material of cells organized into multiple linear DNA
molecules of great length complexed with a variety of proteins such as histones to form
chromosomes .
Nucleolus : a core region that is considered a supra- macromolecular structure , which
has no membrane that limit . The main function of the nucleolus is ribosomal RNA
transcription polymerase I, and the subsequent processing and pre- assembly of
components that form ribosomes .
Ribosomes: macromolecular complexes of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA ) found
in the cytoplasm , in mitochondria , the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts . They
are responsible for a molecular complex synthesize protein from the genetic
information that comes DNA transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA ) .
Vesicles : organelle that forms a small and closed compartment separated from the
cytoplasm by a lipid bilayer as the cell membrane. Many vesicles are created in the
Golgi apparatus , but also in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) , or are formed
from parts of the plasma membrane . present only in eukaryotic cells and differ in
lysosomes ( animals ) and functional vacuoles ( vegetable ) . Vesicles with high enzyme
content ( and other soluble acid phosphatase enzyme complexes ) are packaged within
lysosomes in their four types.
Endoplasmic reticulum ( RER) , also called granular endoplasmic reticulum,
ergastoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum , an organelle is in charge of the protein
synthesis and secretion or transport membrane.
REL: cellular organelle consisting of a network of membranous tubules and
interconnected tanks are continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum .

Mercedes Morales B.
Bioqumica
Jos Carlos Pea Partida.
Centriole or organelle centriole is a cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets
microtubule cytoskeleton part . A pair of centrioles positioned perpendicularly to each
other and located inside of a cell is called Diplosoma . When the Diplosoma is
surrounded by pericentriolar material (a dense protein mass ) , called the centrosome
or microtubule organizing center (COMT ) , which is characteristic of animal cells .
Vacuole is a cellular organelle present in all plant cells . Also it appears in some
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Vacuoles are closed or limited by the plasma
membrane compartments containing different fluids and as water or enzymes ,
although in some cases may contain solids such as sugars, salts , proteins and other
nutrients . Most vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles . The
organelle does not have a defined shape , structure varies according to the needs of
the particular cell .