FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR

KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL
COURSE

BUILDING SERVICES

COURSE CODE

ECM346

LEVEL OF OPENNESS

CATEGORY

PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)

33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

1 WEEK

TITLE

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LIGHTING SYSTEM :

LUX METER
1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways & means are
guided and given to the students. However the answers to the assignment are left to the
students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity is designed to
slowly introduced and inculcate independent learning amongst students and prepare them for
a much harder task of Open-Ended Laboratory (OEL) activities.
In these laboratory activities, students will be exposed to learn the basic concepts and
principles of various types of lighting lux where this can assist them to determine the level of
illumination for certain room.

1.2 Objective
1. To determine the level of illumination for six different types of room.

PREAMBLE

1.3 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able:
1. To explain and discuss the basic concept and principles of the various types of
lighting lux.
2. To identify the level of illumination for different types of lighting.
1.4 Theoretical Background
The first purpose of lighting is to illuminate. Both natural daylight and artificial lighting at night
should be designed to provide a comfortable level of illumination for viewing without causing
eyestrain or fatigue. Lighting design involves not only determine the amount of light required
within a space. It also concerned with the location pattern of the light sources (windows and
light fixtures), the distribution and diffusion of light, and the reflectance of this light off the
rooms surfaces and object within it. The illumination can be measured by using Lux Meter as
shown in Figure 1.0.Difference lighting sources give different intensity of illumination.

PROBLEM
STATEMENT

2 Problem Statement
Some problems usually occurred in order to optimize the use of natural light and minimize the
artificial light indoors. The problem includes the use of the concept of open plan, the
capability of fluorescent lamps to produce similar luminance with the natural lighting and lack

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL
of understanding from the point of view of architects and engineers to the problem of energy
saving in the building.
Each group is required to choose any building in UiTM Pasir Gudang. Use the provided
suitable apparatus to get the illumination reading from any six different types of rooms.
1.1 Apparatus

Figure 1.0:Digital Lux Meter

1.2 Procedures
To execute the given task, follow the following procedure:

WAYS &
MEANS

1. Press the button to turn the meter ON.

2. Place the sensor cover over the light sensor, effectively blocking all lights to the
sensor.
3. Select the 2000 Lux range using RANGE switch.
4. Press the zero buttons. The reading should be zero.
5. Remove the sensor cover from the light sensor and proceed with the
measurement.
6. Hold the light sensor in the area where light is to be collected. (The light being
measured must encompass the entire surface of the light sensor dome).
7. It may be necessary to adjust the RANGE if the reading on the display shows
dashes along the top of the reading area (select range 2000 Lux, 20000 Lux or
50000 Lux).
8. Take not less than 3 reading of illumination of each location to be measures
and calculate the average.
9. Compare the result with the illumination standard.

1.3 Data Acquisition

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL

Location/
Rooms

Table 1.0: Lux illumination with different location/rooms

Lux Measurement
High
From
Ground
1
2
3
4
5
6
(m)

Average

4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

RESULTS

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the
data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to
achieve the objective. The format of the report is left to the creativity discretion of the group.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL
COURSE

BUILDING SERVICES

COURSE CODE

ECM346

LEVEL OF OPENNESS

CATEGORY

PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED

DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%)

33

PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

1 WEEK

TITLE

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LIGHTING SYSTEM :

FLUORESCENT LAMP INSTALLATION
1.1 Introduction
Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways & means are
guided and given to the students. However the answers to the assignment are left to the
students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. This experiment introduced
and inculcates independent learning among students and prepares them for a much harder
task of Open-Ended Laboratory (OEL) activities.
In this activity, students will be exposed to learn about the basic wiring of a fluorescent lamp
where it can assist them to identify the important components of a fluorescent lamp
installation. The function of the components needs to be addressed in order to understand
the overall basic operation of a fluorescent lamp.

1.2 Objective
The objective of this activity are :
1. To identify the basic component of various lighting system, accessories and fixtures
2. To understand the basic principle of wiring for fluorescent lamp installation.
3. To explain the basic method of fluorescent lamp installation.

PREAMBLE
1.3 Learning Outcomes
At the end of the laboratory activity, students would be able:
1. To describe the main components of a fluorescent lamp fixtures.
2. To sketch the wiring diagram of a simple fluorescent lighting system.
3. To discuss the safety precautions when assembling a fluorescent lamp.

1.4 Theoretical Background

A fluorescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp confined in a glass tube, coated
inside with a fluorescent material known as phosphor. Energized filament delivers electrons
to ionized inert gas within tube, forming plasma that conducts electricity. Ballast limits the
flow of the current through the tube. Ballast or also known as choke is used to absorb
voltage produce from ionization, and then send back to the tube. Ballast function as gate to
balance the amount of voltage. A higher current will increase total voltage absorb by ballast
as ionization growth. Then, plasma excites the mercury vapor atoms to emit a spectrum of
red, green, blue, and ultraviolet lights. Internal phosphor coating then converts ultraviolet
light into other colors.

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL
2.1

PROBLEM
STATEMENT

Problem Statement

Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps because its require a
ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets
the higher initial cost. On average, 40 watts of energy in a fluorescent tube produces as
much light as a 150-watt incandescent bulb. Therefore, compared to traditional incandescent
bulbs, less heat is generated from the filament at similar lighting output. Thus, the
application of fluorescent lamp is becoming common and wider compared to incandescent
lamp. Besides, due to the mercury which contained in the bulb, many fluorescent lamps are
classified as hazardous waste. Thus, proper management is needed to ensure its will not
cause any harm to the environment and human.
In this case, students are required to assemble the given components and fixtures of
fluorescent lamp by referring to the given procedures. During the task, students are required
to observe the correct installation and identify the safety precautions that need to be
implemented during the wiring installation. Students need to illustrate the wiring diagram of a
complete fluorescent lamp installation.

3.1

Apparatus
Fluorescent bulb, magnetic ballast, starter, fluorescent lamp holders, 3 cores wire
cable, 13 Amp plug, wire cutter,stripper, test pen, screwdriver, knife

3.2

Procedures

In order to execute the given task, follow the following procedure:

WAYS &
MEANS

Fitting a new plug

1. Remove approximately 2.5 cm of outer sheath of the cable.
2. Unscrew the cover of the new plug and remove it.
3. Loosening the cable grip inside the plug.
4. Loosen the terminal screws on top of the holes to allow the wires to go into the
holes and get a good contact with the metal.
5. Prepare the end of each type of cores by stripping away the necessary insulation.
6. Check that prepare cores are long enough to reach their terminals.
7. Identify the live, neutral and earth terminals. Connect each wire core to its correct
terminal.
8. Loosen the terminal screw and insert the bare end of the core in the hole. Tighten
the screw to trap it in place.
9. The cable should be clamped in place using the cable grip at the bottom of the
plug.
10. Replace the plug cover and make sure that it is firmly screwed together.
Assemble a unit of fluorescent lamp.
1. Open the cover and prepare the conductors to be ready for connection, with the
insulation of each core stripped back by about 2.5cm.
2. Connect the live wire to the Live terminal connection of the fitting.
3. Connect the neutral wire to the Neutral terminal connection of the fitting.
4. Connect the earth conductor to the Earth terminal of the light fitting.
5. Check all connections are correct and secure. Make sure that the wiring does not get
snagged as the cover is replaced.
6. Fit the tube itself into the fitting. Take care to align the pins at the end of the tube with
the sockets on the fitting ends.
7. Plug in and switch ON the power to test the fluorescent lamp.

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN JOHOR
KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG
LABORATORY MANUAL
3.3

Data Acquisition
The data acquisition for this exercise including the students ability to observe and
record all the relevant information during conducting and completing the task.
Students need to sketch the wiring schematic diagram of fluorescent lamp by
indicating the different types of wire with different colours and snap pictures of any
THREE (3) main fixtures of a fluorescent lamp. Each fixture/component needs to be
address and name clearly in the illustration with the discussion of its function and
importance. Besides, the discussion on safety practices while doing the electrical
wiring need to be highlighted as well as recommendation of the proper disposal
method of ffluorescent lamps.

4.0 Results, Analysis and Conclusion

RESULTS

The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the
discussion and analysis carried out with the relevancy of the outputs to achieve the
objectives. The format of the report is left to the creativity of the group.
The report must be submitted 7 days after the date of laboratory.

FKA, UiTM CAWANGAN JOHOR KAMPUS PASIR GUDANG

JUNE-OCT 2016