Lab 8: AC RLC Resonant Circuits

DC Direct Current

current

Only 4 more labs to go!!

time
When using AC circuits, inductors and
capacitors have a delayed response to the
changing voltage and current

current

AC Alternating Current

time
R

V = VMAX sin(2ft)
I

The voltage and current reaches their maximum value at the

time. We call this in-phase

time
V

V Vmax
I
sin( 2ft )
R
R

If we average the voltage or current through the resistor over

all time the average will be zero! However there will be power
dissipated in the resistor. What is important is the root-mean-square,
rms-current, rms-voltage
I
V

I rms

peak

Vrms

peak

Now we can use all of the regular DC circuit equations we just need to substitute in I rms,
and Vrms for I and V.
2
2
rms
rms
rms rms

PI

V
I V
R

Lets look what happens when we put a capacitor in an AC circuit:

V = VMAX sin(2ft)
I
So the peak current will occur when

V
t

Q
V
Q CV I
C
t
t

C [Vmax sin( 2ft ) CVmax ( 2f ) cos(2ft )

t
is a maximum (NOT when the V is maximum). The

voltage will lag behind cycle or 90 degrees. This resistance to current flow is called the capacitive
reactance:

1
Xc
2fC

Ohms law for AC-circuit:

This is basically the resistance

and is measured in

Vrms = Irms XC

We can use the same type arguments to anaylze an AC inductor circuit.

V L

I
t

In an inductor AC circuit the voltage will be a maximum

when the change in current is a maximum. The voltage
will lead the current by cycle or 90 degrees.
L

V = VMAX sin(2ft)
I
The inductive reactance is:

X L = 2fL

Ohms Law for an AC-inductor circuit is:

Vrms = Irms XL
When we attach capacitors, resistors, and inductors in series in an AC circuit the current through
each will be the same and will be in phase. This means that the individual voltage drops across
each individual element will not be in phase with the current or the total applied voltage.
To account for these phase differences we must
VL
treat the voltages as if they are vectors.
Voltage across the inductor, VL +y direction
Voltage across the capacitor, VC -y direction
Voltage across the resistor, VR + x direction VC

Vtotal V (VL VC )
2
R

VC

Vtotal = Vector Sum

V L - VC
VR

phase angle: the angle between

the total voltage and x-axis

tan

VL VC
VR

Just like the voltages add like vectors so to does the resistances of each component:
C

R
xC

xC

xL

Z R 2 X C2

Z
Z

xL

Z R 2 X L2

XL
R

XC

Z R2 X L X C
X L - XC

XC

XL and XC are dependent on frequency, at what frequency does X L = XC ?

X L X C 2f R L
fR

1
2
4 2 f R LC 1
2f R C
1
2 LC

This special frequency is called the resonant frequency. When a circuit operates at it resonant
frequency its impedance is minimum!

Z R 2 X L X C R 2 0 min
2

If Z is a minimum what happens to the current?

VLC

I will be a maximum!

Today you will measure the resonant

frequency of a AC RLC circuit.

voltage

V
I
Z

VR

fR

frequency