Modul7 Gprsoperation 131010062448 Phpapp02

GSM-GPRS Operation
GPRS Procedures And

Operations
Modul 7
Agenda
1. Introduction to GPRS
Apakah itu GPRS ?

Pengkodean di GPRS
Kelas-kelas MS pada GPRS
Aplikasi-aplikasi GPRS
2. Bagaimana GPRS bekerja?

3. Karakteristik GPRS
4. Aplikasi-Aplikasi GPRS
5. Keterbatasan GPRS
6. Arsitektur GPRS
7. Fungsi Elemen
kris.sujatmoko@gmail.com
GPRS Logical Architecture

U
m
BT
S
PSTN
Network
BS
C
SMSC
Domain Name
Server (DNS)
Border
Gateway
(BG)
Serving
GPRS
Support
Node
(SGSN)
GPRS
backbone
network
(IP based)
HLR/Au
C
EIR
MSC
SS7
Network
Corporate 1
Billing System
Route
r
Charging
Gateway (CG)
Firewall
Legal Interception
Gateway (LIG)
InterPLMN
network
GPRS
INFRASTRUCTURE
Server
Gateway
GPRS
Support Node
(GGSN)
Firewal
l
Firewall
Local
Area
Network
Data
network
(Internet
)
Corporate 2
Server
Route
r
Data
network
(Internet)
Local
Area
Network
3
Logical architecture: Interfaces

GPRS Interfaces
Signalling &
Data Transfer
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
C
Signalling
MSC/VLR
HLR
Gd
Gs
MS
Um
BSS
Gb
Gn
SGSN
Gr
SGSN
Gp
GGSN
Gn
Gc
GGSN
Gi
PDN TE
Gf
EIR
other PLMN
4
Functional view of GPRS

BTS
Um
R/S
Packet
network
PSTN
BSC
MSC
Gb
Serving GPRS
Support Node
Gn
(SGSN)
Border
Gateway (BG)
Intra-PLMN
Packet
backbone
Inter-PLMN
network
network
Backbone
(IP based)
network
Gp
Firewall Point-ToMultipoint
Service
Center
(PTM SC)
SGSN
GGSN
NMS
BG
CG
FW
LIG
= Serving GPRS Support Node

= Gateway GPRS Support Node
= Network Management System
= Border Gateway
= Charging Gateway
= Firewall
= Legal Interception Gateway
Gn
Gr
Gs
Gd
Gr
Packet
SS7
network
Network
Gs
GPRS
INFRASTRUCTURE
HLR/AuC
Gd
EIR
Corporate 1
Server
MAP-F
Router
Gateway GPRS
Support Node
(GGSN)
Firewall
Gi.IP
Gi.X.25
Firewall
Data
Packet
network
network
(X.25)
SMS-GMSC
Data
Packet
network
network
(Internet)
Local
area
network
Corporate 2
Server
Router
Local
area
network
5
GPRS network seen by an other data network
HOST
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .5 5
GPRS
SUBNETW ORK
SUBNETW ORK
1 5 5 .2 2 2 .3 3 .X X X
" R o u te r "
SUBNETW ORK
1 3 1 . 4 4 .1 5 .X X X
SUBNETW ORK
1 9 1 .2 0 0 .4 4 .X X X
C o r p o r a te 1
R o u te r
HOST
1 9 1 .2 0 0 .4 4 .2 1
L ocal
a re a
n e tw o r k
P acket
D a ta
nn ee twt wo r ok r k
R o u te r
C o r p o r a te 2
( In te r n e t)
Local
a re a
n e tw o r k
HOST
1 3 1 .4 4 .1 5 .3
6
Data transfer
BTS
BSC
BSC
case 1
BTS
case 2
case 3
SGSN
GPRS
backbone
network
(IP based)
IP
ROUTER
Packet
network
SGSN
Inter-operator
backbone
network
IP
ROUTER
HOME GPRS
NETWORK
VISITED
GPRS
NETWORK
GGSN
GPRS
backbone
network
(IP based)
GGSN
Data
Packet
network
network
(Internet)
Corporate
Router
Server
Local
area
network
7
Data Transfer Between GSNs
GGSN
SGSN
The stream of containers

forming a tunnel.
8
GTP Container
IP (+TCP/UDP)
GSN IPaddress
THE GTP PACKET

Tunnel ID:
IMSI
User packet
E.g. a TCP/IP packet

carrying e-mail
Who is the user?
To which GSN?
9
Protokol Di GPRS
Pada Jaringan GPRS,

data harus dilewatkan
ke stack protokol yg
berbeda sebelum
diterima oleh alamat
tujuan
Protokol ini sudah
integrated dielemen
GPRS yg sifatnya
sudah terproteksi dan
pengirimannya terjamin
10
Protokol Pada MS
Internet Protocol dan X.25 monitor

routing informasi pelanggan di jar backbone
GPRS
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence
Protocol (SNDCP) bertanggung jawab
dlm kompresi dan segmentasi data ke unit2
kecil
Logical Link Control Protocol (LLC)
menjamin koneksi aman (reliable and
ciphered connection) ke SGSN
Radio Link Control Protocol (RLC)
memberikoneksi air interface utk transmisi
data. Jika ada error transmisi dpt diketahui
pd saat data sampai direceiver
Medium Access Control Protocol (MAC)
mengontrol terjadinya koneksi di air
interface mulai dari assignment dan
acknowledgment
GSM Radio Frequency protocol layer
bertanggung jawab utk memberikan saluran
fisik berupa air interface
11
Protokol di BSS
Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) bertanggung jawab

utk routing ke SGSN
SGSN mempunyai kemampuan utk memilih rute data alternatif
Network Service Protocol (NS) BSSGP Packet Data Units dibawa ke
Service Access Point pada layer jaringan
Protokol ketiga dan terakhir di BSS : L1 bis Protocol
12
Protocol Di SGSN
GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) IP address GPRS

backbone network, bertanggung jawab thd semua pesan GPRS,
signaling dan data pelanggan melalui tunneled transmission
antar GPRS Support Nodes. Transmisinya tdk bisa diinterferensi
oleh user lain
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) digunakan dlm transmisi
tunneled PDU ketika aplikasi tdk aktif di sisi receiver
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) reliable transmission.
13
GPRS Core Network

Logical Network Elements
BTS
SGSN
GGSN
NMS
BG
CG
FW
LIG
BSC
Billing
System
SGSN
= Serving GPRS Support Node

= Gateway GPRS Support Node
= Network Management System
= Border Gateway
= Charging Gateway
= Firewall
= Lawful Interception Gateway
NMS
CG
GPRS
Core
Network
BG
InterPLMN
Network
FW
GGSN
GGSN
LIG
Intranet
FW
DNS
Internet
Corporate
Router
Server
Local
Area
NW
14
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM)
Procedures that take care of the mobility of the user are

called GPRS Mobility Management (GMM). The GMM
procedures are similar to the mobility management for
circuit switched users.
One of a GMM procedure is the GPRS attach
procedure. When a GPRS terminal is powered on, it
sends an 'attach' message to the network.
The SGSN authenticates the user before attaching the
terminal to the GPRS network. Once a subscriber has
attached to the network, logical connection is established
between the MS, the SGSN, and the HLR.
15
Session Management (SM)
Procedures that handle the user connection to the

external data networks are called Session Management
(SM)
The procedure to establish a connection to an external
data network is called PDP context activation
procedure. Hereby, a connection is established between
the MS and GGSN via the SGSN.
The GPRS MS has to register with the PLMN for the first
time, much in the same way as a normal GSM MS. The
difference between the GPRS and GSM MS phone is
that it has to update location information in the SGSN as
well.
16
Subcriber information, Information

Elements and Location
Type of info
What info
Where
Identity
IMSI
TMSI
IP address
SIM, HLR, VLR, SGSN

SGSN, MS
MS, SGSN, GGSN
Location
VLR address
Location area
Serving SGSN
Routing area
HLR
SGSN, VLR
HLR, VLR
SGSN
Services
Basic services, supplementary services, circuit

switched bearer services, GPRS service
information
Basic services, supplementary services, CS
bearer services
GPRS service information
HLR
VLR
Ki, algorithms
Triplets
SIM, AC
VLR, SGSN
Authentication data
SGSN
17
Routing Area
A routing area is defined as one or more cells with a

maximum size of number of cells in one location
area that is used for paging GPRS subscribers.
SGSN-1
BSC-1
RA-1
RA-2
LA-1
SGSN-2
BSC-2
RA-3
LA-3
Cell Routing area Location area MSC coverage area

Cell Routing area SGSN coverage area
18
Routing Area Identity (RAI)
The RAI is defined by the operator and is broadcast by the system.

The GPRS MS monitors the RAI when changing cells to see if a RA
border has been crossed. If the RA changes, it is the responsibility
of the MS to initiate the RA update procedure. The structure of the
RAI is:
RAI = MCC + MNC + LAC + RAC
Where RAC is Routing Area Code

The RAI is LAI + RAC. The RAI is of fixed length - 15 digits.
19
Mobility Management States

A
GPRS MS has one of three mobility

management states:
The Idle state is used when the MS is passive

(not GPRS attached).
A MS is in Ready state and in the active phase
when it is transmitting or has just been
transmitting data.
The Standby state is entered when the
subscriber has ended an active phase but is still
attached to the network.
20
MS In Idle State
HLR
VLR-1
BSC
IMSI
LAI
SGSN ?
SGSN-1
IMSI
RA
Cell
IMSI 244...
VLR
SGSN
?
?
?
RA-1
LA-1
21
MS In Ready State
HLR
VLR-1
BSC
IMSI 244...
LAI
LA-1
SGSN SGSN-1
SGSN-1
IMSI
RAI
Cell
IMSI 244...
VLR VLR-1
SGSN SGSN-1
244...
RA-1
cell-1
RA-1
LA-1
22
MS In Standby State
HLR
VLR-1
BSC
IMSI 244...
LAI
LA-1
SGSN SGSN-1
SGSN-1
IMSI
RAI
Cell
IMSI 244...
VLR VLR-1
SGSN SGSN-1
244...
RA-1
?????
RA-1
LA-1
23
GMM Procedure : GPRS Attach

HLR
SGSN-1
2a
2b
1
BSC
RA-1
LA-1
24
GPRS Attach.
3b
HLR/AC
3a
SGSN-1
3c
3f
BSC
RA-1
LA-1
25
GPRS AttachWith IMEI Checking

(optional)
4d
EIR
4c
SGSN-1
4a
4b
BSC
RA-1
LA-1
26
GPRS Attach
HLR
5d
5b
5a
SGSN-1
5c
6a
BSC
6b
RA-1
LA-1
27
Location Management
The
location management procedures are

a group of mobility management procedures
that we use to handle the changing of a cell
or a routing area or a SGSN coverage area.
Information in the databases has to be
modified during these procedures.
Periodic routing area update is used for
checking that a MS that has not done any
routing area updates for some period of time
is still reachable.
28
Routing Area Update

Two types of routing area updates:
Inter-SGSN routing area update:

If the old and new routing areas are managed by
different SGSNs, an inter-SGSN routing area update is
performed. The old SGSN forwards user packets to the
new SGSN.
Intra-SGSN routing area update:

If the old and the new routing area belong to the same
SGSN, an intra-SGSN routing area update is performed
29
Intra SGSN Routing Area Update

SGSN-1
BSC-1
RA-2
RA-1
Old cell
New cell
30
Intra SGSN RA Update Procedure

HLR
SGSN
BSC
GGSN
New RA
LA-1
(1)The MS requests a routing area update

31
HLR
GGSN
SGSN
2a
BSC
2b
New RA
LA-1
Step 2 authentication
32
HLR
SGSN
GGSN
3
2
BSC
New RA
LA-1
33
Session Management
Session management collectively refers to a set of procedures

for the activation, deactivation, and modification of a data
session between a MS and an external network
In order to set up data sessions, the GPRS system provides a
group of functions for associating a MS with an address (typically
the IP address) and for releasing this association.
These are called PDP context functions. The resulting PDP
context can also be modified. The MS can use the PDP context
functions only when in Standby or Ready state.
The MS can use various kinds of IP addresses. The home
network operator may assign a static IP address to a MS
permanently. Another option for the operators is to assign a
dynamic IP address to a MS during PDP context activation
34
PDP Context Activation

MS
1. Activate PDP
Context Request
2. Security
Functions
SGSN
DNS
inquiry
GGSN
DNS
Server
3. Create PDP
Context Request
5. Activate PDP
Context Accept
4. Create PDP
Context Response
Connection
establishment
with PDN
35
PDP
Context Include :
PDP type, that is, IP connection or X25

connection.
Access point name (APN): a symbolic name for
a network interface to an external network in the
GGSN. One GGSN could have several different
access points to access different networks.
IP address (empty = dynamic), which is also
referred to as PDP address.
QoS parameters
36
Charging In GPRS
Billing Center
BC
BTS
BSC
Charging
Gateway
CG
SGSN
Charging data is collected from

SGSN and GGSN
Collected charging information:
GPRS
Backbone
IP Network
- Mobility management data

- Duration of PDP context
- Data volume uplink/downlink
- Usage of external networks
(= Access Point)
- SGSN & GGSN address
GGSN
Internet
Specific GTP' protocol used to carry CDRs

from SGSN/GGSN to Charging Gateway
Service
37
Charging.
CDRs produced by
GGSN
CDRs produced by
SGSN
S-CDRs
M-CDRs
SMS-CDRs
CG
SGSN
CG
SGSN
Operator
IP backbone
Operator
IP backbone
GGSN
GGSN
G-CDRs
Internet
Internet
38
Security In GPRS
The GPRS system has inherited the GSM Phase 2

security functions:
Authentication of the subscribers

IMEI checking
User identity confidentiality (TMSI, now P-TMSI in GPRS)
Ciphering of the data traffic between the MS and the
SGSN.
The additional GPRS security features are:
Private IP addressing in the GPRS backbone

Ciphered links and authentication between nodes in the
GPRS backbone
Screening of packets coming from the external networks.
39
Authentication
HLR
BTS
MSC/
VLR
BSC
SGSN interfaces HLR for GPRS attach
SS7
SGSN
GPRS
Backbone
IP Network
Intranet
GGSN
Internet
MS is authenticated
Ciphering key selected
Equipment identity is
optionally checked
Location updated to HLR
and VLR
40
Security.
Addressing
in the backbone, external networks

(access point), and the MS
BTS
BSC
123.45.0.0/16
FW
DNS
SGSN
123.45.67.88
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.3
GPRS Backbone
GGSN
Internet
10.1.1.4
41
Security.
Interconnecting GPRS networks of different

PLMNs with link physically secure
GGSN site
Link
physically
secure
Router
Secure
Links
site 1
Security Router
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Operator
Private IP
network
Internet
Toward other
sites
Security Router
SGSN
SGSN
site 2
SGSN
42
Security.
Subscription-
and network-controlled
screening
GGSN
Address:
From
172.60.10
to
172.60.20
GGSN
Address:
From
172.60.21
to
172.60.50
APN=Business
APN=Basic
Firewall
Address:
From
172.60.10
to
172.60.50
Business
screening
basic
screening
Firewall
Subscription
controlled
screening
Internet
Firewall
Operator
screening
43
GPRS Quality Of Service
44
Precedence class (priority)

The service precedence indicates the priority of maintaining a
service under abnormal conditions such as network congestion.
Packets may be discarded according to precedence level. The
following precedence levels are :
Precedence Class 1 (High precedence):
Service commitments will be maintained ahead of all other
precedence levels.
Precedence Class 2 (Normal precedence):
Service commitments will be maintained ahead of low priority
users.
Precedence Class 3 (Low precedence):
Service commitments will be maintained after the high and
normal priority commitments have been fulfilled.
45
Delay Class
The delay parameter defines the maximum values for the

mean delay and 95% delay to be incurred by data passing
through the GPRS network. The delay parameter defines
the delay incurred by data packets within the GPRS
network.
46
Reliability
Class define the probability of:
Lost data
Duplication of data
Data arriving out of sequence
Corruption of data.
The reliability class specifies the requirements of
the various network protocol layers. The
combinations of the GTP, LLC, and RLC
transmission modes support the reliability class
performance requirements.
47
The throughput class indicates the data throughput

requested by the user. Throughput is defined by two
negotiable parameters:
Maximum bit rate

Mean bit rate. This includes, for example for "bursty"
transmissions, the periods in which no data is transmitted.
The maximum and mean bit rates can be represented by a
parameter known as the Information Transfer Rate.
48
The maximum bit rate is measured in octets per

second at the Gi and R reference points. It specifies the
maximum rate at which data is expected to be
transferred across the network for an individual PDP
context. There is no guarantee that this maximum rate
will be achieved or sustained for any time period as this
depends upon the MS capability and available radio
resources.
49
The mean bit rate (throughput) is measured at the Gi

and R reference points in units of octets per hour. It
specifies the average rate at which data is expected to
be transferred across the GPRS network during the
remaining lifetime of an activated PDP context. The
network may limit the subscriber to the negotiated mean
bit rate (for example, for flat rate charging), even if
additional transmission capacity is available.
50
Conclusion
1.
2.
3.
The messages that are sent between various

components of the GPRS network are collectively
referred to as GPRS traffic. To manage this traffic
in an orderly manner, one needs a set of traffic
management procedures.
Procedures that handle mobility of user are called
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM). Procedures
that handle the user connection to the external
networks are called Session Management (SM).
There are two phases in connecting a GPRS
terminal to the network:
Connection to the GPRS(SGSN) network or GPRS attach

Connection to the external network: PDP context activation
51
A routing area is defined as one or more

cells with a maximum size of one location
area that is used for paging GPRS
subscribers. An SGSN can have a number
of RA associated with it.
An MS can have:
4.
5.
Static IP address: the user always has the same

IP address, or
Dynamic IP address: the network allocates the
user a different IP address for each session.
52
6.
7.
8.
9.
In Idle state the MS is not attached to the GPRS.

No information about the subscriber is known.
A MS is in Ready state and in the active phase
when it is transmitting or has just been transmitting.
The MS enters Standby state when it has ended an
active phase. MS is not transmitting anything.
The MS performs a cell update when it changes
cell within a routing area in Ready mode.
53
10.
11.
12.
13.
When the MS changes cell between the different routing areas, it

performs a routing area update.
The GPRS core network uses private, unregistered IP
addresses. The GGSN maps (or translates) the private
addresses into one (or more) registered public IP addresses and
port pairs. The MS uses one of the public IP addresses.
GGSN and SGSN generate CDRs. The CDRs are transferred to
the charging gateway. The charging gateway interfaces to the
Billing Centre.
GPRS has inherited the GSM Phase 2 security features.
Additional GPRS specific security features are implemented:
private IP addressing in the GPRS backbone, ciphered links and
authentication between nodes in the GPRS backbone, screening
of packets coming, etc.
54
GSM-GPRS Operation
End of Section 7
GPRS Procedures And
Operations

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GSM-GPRS Operation

GPRS Procedures And

Apakah itu GPRS ?

2. Bagaimana GPRS bekerja?

GPRS Logical Architecture

Logical architecture: Interfaces

Functional view of GPRS

= Serving GPRS Support Node

GPRS network seen by an other data network

Data Transfer Between GSNs

The stream of containers

THE GTP PACKET

E.g. a TCP/IP packet

Pada Jaringan GPRS,

Internet Protocol dan X.25 monitor

Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) bertanggung jawab

GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) IP address GPRS

GPRS Core Network

= Serving GPRS Support Node

GPRS Mobility Management (GMM)

Procedures that take care of the mobility of the user are

Session Management (SM)

Procedures that handle the user connection to the

Subcriber information, Information

SIM, HLR, VLR, SGSN

Basic services, supplementary services, circuit

A routing area is defined as one or more cells with a

Cell Routing area Location area MSC coverage area

Routing Area Identity (RAI)

The RAI is defined by the operator and is broadcast by the system.

Where RAC is Routing Area Code

Mobility Management States

GPRS MS has one of three mobility

The Idle state is used when the MS is passive

GMM Procedure : GPRS Attach

GPRS AttachWith IMEI Checking

location management procedures are

Routing Area Update

Inter-SGSN routing area update:

Intra-SGSN routing area update:

Intra SGSN Routing Area Update

Intra SGSN RA Update Procedure

(1)The MS requests a routing area update

Session management collectively refers to a set of procedures

PDP Context Activation

PDP type, that is, IP connection or X25

Charging data is collected from

- Mobility management data

Specific GTP' protocol used to carry CDRs

The GPRS system has inherited the GSM Phase 2

Authentication of the subscribers

The additional GPRS security features are:

Private IP addressing in the GPRS backbone

SGSN interfaces HLR for GPRS attach

in the backbone, external networks

Interconnecting GPRS networks of different

GPRS Quality Of Service

Precedence class (priority)

The delay parameter defines the maximum values for the

Class define the probability of:

The throughput class indicates the data throughput

Maximum bit rate

The maximum bit rate is measured in octets per