I.

OBSERVATION
A. BACKGROUND AND SETTING
Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population
exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. Overpopulation is caused by number of factors. Reduced
mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes
which results in overpopulation. It is possible for a sparsely populated area to become densely
populated if it is not able to sustain life.
Growing advances in technology with each coming year has affected humanity in many
ways. One of these has been the ability to save lives and create better medical treatment for all. A
direct result of this has been increased lifespan and the growth of the population. In the past fifty
or so years, the growth of population has boomed and has turned into overpopulation. In the
history of our species, the birth and death rate have always been able to balance each and
maintain a population growth rate that is sustainable.
Overpopulation is our biggest problem yet, it is constantly put aside for smaller problems.
Overpopulation remains the leading driver of hunger, desertification, species depletion and a
range of social maladies across the planet (Tal, A., 2013, September 27). The purpose of this
paper is to make the people aware of their communitys population and help them to decide what
action to do to prevent overpopulation as well as the effects and problems regarding to it.
B. PATENT ANALYSIS
Are you aware of the rapid increase of population in your community? How about
in our country and in the world? In a single day the world population increases by about
211,839. In an hour, an average of 8,827 new babies are born in the world. Rapid population
growth and overpopulation have serious effects on our quality of life, environment and health. In
this module, we will analyze the problem of overpopulation and the issues it raises about our
lives and our future.
According to the data we have gathered from (census.gov.ph) 2010 Census of Population
and Housing about total population by municipality and barangay: as of May 1, 2010, it is clear
that Calapacuan got the highest population with the total of 13,570 among other barangays of

Municipality of Subic. A set of facts, graphs and data are given in the next pages of this research
to support this.
But does big population mean overpopulation? Some people think that when a place has
a large population, it is already overpopulated. Is this thinking correct? Well, the answer is both
yes and no. A place with a large population is overpopulated if it has limited resources. But a
place with plenty of resources, or which is rich and economically stable, is not really
overpopulated even if it has a large population.
Calapacuan has a large population but according to our observation, this barangay is
*economically stable. But if the population growth rate of this barangay continuously increases,
there is also an increase in the demand for basic needs of the people. This means more services
for: housing, education, food production and employment. Do we have to wait for it scenario? Of
course NOT, we should make a move to prevent it. As what others said, PREVENTION IS
BETTER THAN CURE. And this term paper focused on the prevention of Overpopulation at
Calapacuan.
C. SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS

This research gives knowledge to people concerning overpopulation. It gives information

to people for them to be aware that their communitys population is rapidly increasing.
All the data we have gathered are from well trusted sources. We personally get the
information or record about the population of every barangay in Subic and also the
demography of Calapacuan at the Municipality of Subic and Barangay hall of

Calapacuan.
WEAKNESS
This research has insufficient material used
OPPORTUNITY
This research could serves as a basis of individual to help in the prevention of
overpopulation

THREATHS

There is possibility that this research will not convince easily the readers concerning over
population and the preventive measures we have proposed, because we have different
beliefs.

D. HYPHOTHESIS
The population of Calapacuan is increasing drastically and if the people of this community
do nothing or just ignore it, this will result to overpopulation.
E. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study location of the researcher is Calapacuan which got the highest population in Subic.
The researchers chose this place because it best fits their topic focusing on the prevention of
overpopulation. If the population of this community continuously increases, the result is
overpopulation, thats why this research will help a lot to this problem.
II.DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
A. RELATED STUDIES
LOCAL STUDIES:
Abortion in the Philippines: a national secret
BY CARMEL CRIMMINS
MANILA Wed Sep 5, 2007 9:32am EDT
(Reuters) - Minda is a masseuse with a difference. Her caress is used to abort fetuses.
The 50-year-old grandmother has lost count of the number of pregnancies she has
terminated in this largely Roman Catholic country where abortion is illegal and strictly taboo, but
where about half a million women end their pregnancies every year.
The backstreet abortions performed by healers like Minda may become more common as
a United States government aid program plans to stop distributing contraceptives in the
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Philippines in 2008. This will leave birth control up to the government which under the influence
of Catholic bishops advocates unreliable natural birth control methods rather than the pill and
condoms.
Most women who seek abortions are like Remy, married with several children and too
poor to afford another baby.
The petite 44-year old, who declined to give her last name, paid 150 pesos ($3) for a
hilot, or traditional midwife like Minda, to crush her three-month old fetus using rough strokes
and pincer-like grips on her belly.
The procedure, which can also involve pounding the lower abdomen to trigger a
miscarriage, is called a massage.
"I felt guilty but I thought it was better than having another child that will only suffer
because we have no food," she said in an interview in a slum on the outskirts of Manila.
Remy bled for a week after her session with the hilot, passing out with the pain. She
refused to let her husband take her to the hospital because of the shame of what she had done and
because they couldn't afford the medical bills.
"I just prayed to God and asked for forgiveness," she said.
Before her abortion, Remy had no access to artificial family planning. If she had, she says
she wouldn't have become pregnant and resorted to the potentially life-threatening procedure.
Under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a devout Catholic who relies on the support of
politically powerful bishops, the central government promotes natural family planning methods
such as abstinence when the woman is ovulating.
Poor people, who make up the majority of the population, rely largely on the U.S.
government agency USAID, the main supplier of contraceptives in the country for the past 30
years.

But USAID has started phasing out supplies and plans to end the rest of its donation
program in 2008. The agency has said its phase-out is in line with Manila's goal of self-reliance
in family planning.
DESPERATE SITUATION
Officials says the central government's reluctance to take up where USAID will leave off
will certainly push up the country's rate of abortions, which is already twice as high as in western
Europe, where terminations are legal and easily accessible.
"Supplies (of contraceptives) have already run out in many towns and cities so the
situation is rather desperate," said Dr Alberto Romualdez, a former health secretary under
deposed President Joseph Estrada.
Catholic clerics in the Philippines urge their congregations to use natural family methods
rather than the contraceptive pill.
"The natural family planning method is a good option, not only a good one but an
effective one," Father Melvin Castro, executive secretary of the Episcopal Commission on
Family and Life, told Reuters.
Over half of women who have had an abortion in the Philippines were not using any
family planning and of those that were, three-quarters were using natural methods advocated by
the government such as rhythm or withdrawal, according to a survey by the U.S.-based.
Guttmacher Institute.
Both methods have high failure rates.
The population, currently estimated at 89 million, is expected to swell to 142 million by
2040 and the rapid arrival of new mouths to feed is already straining the country's creaking
infrastructure and choking efforts to cut poverty."
POLICE SIRENS

Women who abort their fetuses in the Philippines risk a prison sentence of up to six years,
while anyone providing help or assisting faces a similar sentence as well as the loss of any
medical license.
Only one in four women have a surgical procedure according to the Guttmacher Institute.
The 4,000-15,000 peso cost, usually in private clinics, is beyond the pockets of most women.
Over 30 percent ingest either cytotec, an anti-ulcer treatment they can buy in pharmacies,
or herbal concoctions, often sold in stalls in front of churches.
Around 20 percent take hormonal drugs, or aspirin, as well as other medications and
alcohol. Some starve themselves or fling themselves down stairs. Most women only succeed in
ending their pregnancy after multiple attempts.
Among poor women seeking abortions, over 20 percent get massages from hilots or insert
catheters in their vaginas.
One mother of three, who had two abortions, said the hilot's touch was agony.
"When she squeezed, it was so painful I wanted to kick her. I bit the blanket. I wanted to
cry but I felt I had to contain myself," said the woman, who declined to be named.
"The pain was worse than childbirth."
The second time she had a surgical procedure in a backstreet clinic without anesthetic.
"The room was so close to the street I could hear cars and police sirens," she said. "I was
afraid I was going to be arrested with my legs wide open."
Dr Junice Melgar, executive director of Likhaan, a women's health organization, said a
lack of information about artificial contraception and myths about their side-effects was putting
some poor people off using them.
"There is a lot of fear among the women," she said. "You have women choosing abortion
before family planning because of these fears."
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Ignorance and rumors, sometimes spread by pro-life groups and members of the clergy,
have led some Filipinos to believe that the contraceptive pill is made from placenta and the
tablets accumulate in the abdomen and cause cancer.

FEEL THE PAIN

Although abortion is rarely discussed publicly in the Philippines, nearly 80,000 women
are treated in hospitals every year for complications from induced abortion, according to health
reports.
Many are treated roughly by nurses and doctors who abhor what they have done.
Painkillers are sometimes withheld. At least 800 women are estimated to die every year from
complications.
"Doctors feel that women need to feel the pain so that they will remember and not do it
again," said Melgar.
Women who have miscarried sometimes suffer the same ill-treatment because they are
suspected of inducing the loss.
Gemma Apelado, a mother of one, said doctors let her bleed all night when she went to a
hospital in Tondo, a poor area of Manila, after having a miscarriage at four months.
"They were all standing around me and they were saying that I took something to induce
an abortion," she said. "They were telling me I didn't have any conscience."
Minda, the hilot, says her conscience has started to trouble her. The mother of nine
administers pills to induce abortion and uses heavy strokes to push the fetus down.
"I worry about karma," she said. "But I also pity those having to undergo abortions".

Study Says Yes to Sex Education in the Philippine Schools

Despite the opposition of the influential Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines,
the Department of Education (DepEd) is standing pat on its decision to implement sex education
in the basic education curriculum of elementary and high school students this year. It seems that
DepEd has found an ally in the findings from a study of Mr. Jay Mathias Arellano from the
College of Education of the University of the Philippines Diliman. Through a 50-item true or
false questionnaire administered to seven hundred fifty-five (755) junior and senior high school
students from three public high schools, the 10 most common sexual misconceptions of students
were revealed:
1. Girls should use feminine wash everyday.
2. Coitus or sexual contact for a newly married woman is always a painful experience.
3. Condoms are used every time by all men as a means of safe sex.
4. Most teens talk about sex, analyzing its negative consequences before doing it.
5. An intact hymen is a proof of an unmarried womans purity.
6. About one in ten girls in the Philippines becomes pregnant at least once before she reaches the
age of 20, married or not.
7. Sexual harassment does not include making jokes and telling stories with sexual meaning.
8. Inserting tampons in the vagina during menstruation will destroy a girls hymen.
9. Wearing condoms is a guaranteed protection from sexually transmitted infections.
10. AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome can only be transferred through unsafe sex.

The study also showed that there is still a continuous proliferation of sexual
misconceptions and superstitions among high school students in the country. The majority of the
high school respondents have moderate awareness about the common sexual misconceptions and
superstitions based on a pre-designed scheme that classifies the students awareness according to
his test score (0-10 not aware at all, 11-20 poorly aware, 21-30 moderately aware, 31-40
fairly aware, 41-50 very aware). It also found out that the four variables studied have effects on
the students test scores. These variables are: location of school, gender, socio-economic status
and educational attainment of parents.
Mr. Arellano suggests that sex education should be included at the elementary level
before students reach adolescence. When children reach the age of puberty, according to him,
whether they like it or not, they will have interest in sex. Wed rather teach them how to handle
these issues early on so that before they face the issues themselves, they will be ready and will be
able to differentiate the right from wrong. Thus the governments plan of including the essentials
of basic sex education in the elementary curriculum this year is a very welcome development.
Other than adolescents, a number of stakeholders are expected to benefit from this research,
among them, the parents, school administrators and community leaders.
DENR: Overpopulation main cause of Metro flooding
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has tagged
overpopulation as the primary cause of flooding in Metro Manila.
The DENR Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) said man-made structures built to meet the
housing needs of the growing metropolis are blocking the natural flow of rivers and streams.
In a interview with Maki Pulido of GMA News 24 Oras," DENR MGB director Leo Nazareno
said that natural waterways can cope with the volume of heavy rainfall but the draining of
floodwaters is impeded.
Ang pinaka-kalaban natin ay population. Habang dumadami ang population, nag-eencroach sa waterways. Inagawan natin yung tubig ng pupuntahan niya. Tapos pag may
namatay na tao, sisihin natin yung ulan," he said.

Jasareno explained the Pasig river clogged and in need of dredging is unable to serve its
function as the outlet of excess water from the Laguna Lake to Manila Bay. During heavy rains,
the rivers floodwaters rise and overflow into Pasig City, Marikina, Pateros, Taguig,
Muntinlupa,Paraaque.
Kasi ang Marikina River, pupunta ng Laguna Lake. And then yung Laguna Lake, pupunta ng
Pasig River. So, kung barado ang Pasig River, tataas ang tubig sa Laguna Lake. Yung Marikina
River,tataas din," Nasareno said.
Nazareno suggests that aside from dredging another effective solution is the relocation of
squatters who populate areas at and near Pasig river and other major waterways. AY/ELR/VS,
GMA News
FOREIGN STUDIES:
What Experts Say?
Overpopulation is the worlds top environmental issue, followed closely by climate
change and the need to develop renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels, according to a
survey of the faculty at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF).
Overpopulation is the worlds top environmental issue, followed closely by climate
change and the need to develop renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels, according to a
survey of the faculty at the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF).
Just in time for Earth Day (April 22) the faculty at the college, at which environmental
issues are the sole focus, was asked to help prioritize the planets most pressing environmental
problems.
Overpopulation came out on top, with several professors pointing out its ties to other
problems that rank high on the list.
Overpopulation is the only problem, said Dr. Charles A. Hall, a systems ecologist. If
we had 100 million people on Earth or better, 10 million no others would be a problem.
(Current estimates put the planets population at more than six billion.)
Dr. Allan P. Drew, a forest ecologist, put it this way: Overpopulation means that we are
putting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than we should, just because more people are
doing it and this is related to overconsumption by people in general, especially in the developed
world.
10

But, whether developed or developing, said Dr. Susan Senecah, who teaches the history
of the American environmental movement, everyone is encouraged to want and perceive that
they need to consume beyond the planets ability to provide.
The ESF faculty pointed to climate change as the second most-pressing issue, with the
need to develop renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels coming in third.
Experimenting with the earths climate and chemistry has great risks, said Dr. Thomas
E. Amidon, who invented a process for removing energy-rich sugars from wood and fermenting
those sugars into ethanol. This is a driver in climate change and loss of biodiversity and is a
fundamental problem underlying our need to strive for sustainability.
Rounding out the top 10 issues on the ESF list are overconsumption, the need for more
sustainable practices worldwide, the growing need for energy conservation, the need for humans
to see themselves as part of the global ecosystem, overall carbon dioxide emissions, the need to
develop ways to produce consumer products from renewable resources, and dwindling fresh
water resources.

GEOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Overpopulation-Foreign aid
11,November 2010
Overpopulation is growing population for the world. An article, recently released in the
times by Bill Gates, speaks about how even with the drastic spending cuts in the UK, we are still
keeping our foreign aid budget the same. Overpopulation is a growing population especially in
india and sub-saharan africa. Along with other MEDCs, the UK is trying to tackle the on going
problem of overpopulation through many different methods.
The first way that they are trying to tackle this problem is through education. If the women of
LEDCs are educated they may not have as many children. This is because they are more likely to
work themselves so don't need to have children to work on the land for money and also they are
more likely to be taught about family planning so will learn about the disadvantages of having a
larger family.
Another option is also to make healthcare better in LEDCs. At the moment, there are high death
11

rates and infant mortality so women are likely to have more children as there is a more likely
chance of someone of them surviving. This could also be done using vaccines which could
potentially wipe out many diseases across the globe.
THE TRUTH OF CONTRACEPTIVES"DO NOT BELIEVE IN LIES."
Article updated and reviewed by Christina S. Chu, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Pennsylvania on
May 10, 2005.
Case Study: The Use of Contraceptives Lowers the Number of Abortions
The claim is frequently made by IPP/WHR affiliates that the use of birth control lowers
the number of unplanned pregnancies and, therefore, the number of abortions. In a january 6,
1996 article printed in La Prensa, Dr. Alfonso Lavergne, executive director of APLASA
(IPPF/WHR's Panama Affiliate) makes the claim that if a woman "has access to safe
contraceptives, then the possibilities of a pregnancy are minimal." He goes on to claim that
providing family planning will help reduce the need for abortion.
On the surface, this claim appears to be reasonable. It seems obvious that, if one uses some type
of birth control when engaging in sexual intercourse, one will be less likely to get pregnant than
if one used no means of birth control. So the general public believes IPPF/WHR's claim and sees
the distribution of contraceptives as part of the solution to the "abortion problem." Yet there are
number of studies and facts which have become known over the last 50 years that cast a large
cloud of doubt over Planned Parenthood's claim.
The Facts
In his 1970 book, Abortion: The Myths, the Realities and the Arguments, Germain Grisez cited
several historical studies, including:
-A 1935 study by Regine Stix, which included data that showed that 635 pregnancies of 1,633
persons who were using contraceptives were aborted. Stix wrote that: "Nearly 40% of the
accidental pregnancies (pregnancies experienced while contraceptives were being used) were
terminated by illegal abortion, while less than 4% of those pregnancies experienced when no
contraceptives were used were so terminated."
-In 1939, Raymond Pearl, a Johns Hopkins professor and noted authority, wrote: "Those who
12

practice contraception as part of their sex life, by their own admission, resort to criminally
induced abortions about three times as often propotionately as do their comparable noncontraceptor contemporaries."
-In Great Britain, in 1949, a report prepared for the Royal Commission on Population found that
the incidence of induced abortion as a percentage of all pregnancies was nine times higher for
women using contraceptives than for women not using birth control.
At a planned Parenthood Federation of America-sponsored 1995 conference, Dr. Alfred Kinsey
stated:
-At the risk of being repetitious, I would remind the group that we have found the highest
frequency of induced abortion in the group which, in general, most frequently uses
contraceptives.
A 1962 Japanese report documents a guidance program in contraception that involved 2,230
couples. The program was aimed at teaching these couples how to use contraception. The
program resulted in significant increases in induced abortions per 100 wives - from 6.3 the year
before the program to 9.2 in its first year of operation. Even in the fourth year of the program, the
tendency of couple to have an induced abortion once they did become pregnant remained high more than 50 percent above the pre-guidance level.
Another study concluded that:
-The data illustrate clearly that the likelihood of induced abortions is much greater in women
who have contraceptive failures than in women who have not used birth control at all.
The fact that contraceptives fail a percentage of the time is just the reason why the Planned
Parenthood "solution" of stopping abortions through the use od contraceptives will not work.
Planned Parenthood is well aware of this "fallacy" in its plan.
In its 1975 Five Year Plan, Planned Parenthood Federation of America stated a goal in
"reaffirming and protecting the legitimacy of induced abortion as a necessary back-up to
contraceptive failure."
Again, in 1982, PPFA pointed out the failure of contraception to lower abortion rates. It stated
that, despite more use of contraceptives by teens, teenage pregnancy rates continued to rise and
births to teens declined because teens used abortion more frequently.

Use of Hormonal Contraceptives Linked to Brain Cancer

13

Fran Lowry
January 22, 2015
An association between hormonal contraceptives and an increased risk for glioma in
younger women has been found in a Danish nationwide casecontrol study.
That risk increases with the duration of use, David Gaist, MD, from Odense University
Hospital and the University of South Denmark, and colleagues report in their study, published
today in the print edition of the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
"A nearly two-fold increased risk of glioma was observed among long-term users of
hormonal contraceptives," they write.
However, "it is important to keep this apparent increase in risk in context," Dr Gaist said
in a statement.
"While we found a statistically significant association between hormonal contraceptive
use and glioma risk, a risk/benefit evaluation would still favor the use of hormonal
contraceptives in eligible users," he explained.
He added that although the findings of this study must be interpreted with care, "we feel
it is an important contribution and we hope that our findings will spark further research on the
relationship between female hormonal agents and glioma risk."
Oral contraceptives are known to influence the risk for certain cancers, but few studies
have examined any link to central nervous system tumors, write Dr Gaist and colleagues.
The researchers used Danish administrative and health registries to identify all women in
Denmark 15 to 49 years of age with a first-time diagnosis of glioma from 2000 to 2009. The
registries provided information on hormonal contraceptive prescriptions filled from 1995 to
2009.
The researchers defined "nonuse" as one or no hormonal contraceptive prescriptions, and
"ever use" as at least two prescriptions.
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In the ever-use category, "current/recent use" was defined as at least one prescription in
the 2 to 5 years before the initial diagnosis of glioma, and "past use" was defined as no recorded
prescription in the 2 to 5 years before initial diagnosis.
The 317 patients in the case group and the 2126 in the control group were similar in age,
parity, and years of schooling.
Overall, 58.7% of case subjects and 50.1% of control subjects were ever users (P = .004).
Among ever users, the odds ratio (OR) for glioma was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 2.0).
The risk for glioma was higher for current/recent use (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 - 2.4) than
for past use (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8 - 2.0).
The risk was elevated for oral contraceptives consisting of a combination of estrogen and
progestogen (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 - 1.8), but was highest for progestogen-only contraceptives
(OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6 - 5.1). The use of both types of contraceptives was also associated with
increased risk (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.8 - 3.0).
The risk for glioma increased as the use of oral contraceptives of any type increased.
With use for less than 1 year, the OR was 1.4 (95% CI, 0.8 - 2.3); for 5 years or more of use, the
OR was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2 - 2.9).
Previous Studies Inconsistent
Dr Gaist and colleagues note that previous casecontrol and cohort studies have failed to
find any association or only a weak inverse association between ever use of hormonal
contraceptives and glioma risk, and none have found any durationrisk pattern.

Abortion Has No Benefits, But Does Have Risks, New Research Shows
Posted on May 7, 2013
15

(Springfield, IL May 7, 2013) A meta-analysis combining the results of eight studies

of women facing unwanted pregnancies, published in the April 2013 issue of the Australian and
New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, has concluded that there is no available evidence to suggest
that abortion has therapeutic effects in reducing the mental health risks of unwanted or
unintended pregnancy.
To the contrary, the combined results indicated that, compared to delivery of an unwanted
or unintended pregnancy, abortion was associated with small to moderate increases in risks of
anxiety, alcohol misuse, illicit drug use/misuse and suicidal behavior.
According to the authors, the absence of any beneficial consequences for the mental
health of women having unwanted or unintended pregnancy poses a particularly pressing legal
dilemma in England, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, and most states in Australia. Abortion is
only legal in these countries if there is reasonable medical evidence that abortion reduces the
physical or psychological health risks associated with continuing the pregnancy.
Over 90 percent of abortions in these societies are provided on the grounds that abortion
has mental health benefits compared to carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. But as noted
by the authors, there is literally no medical evidence to support the conclusion that abortion ever
reduces mental health risks.
This means that abortions officially being performed for reasons of psychological
health are actually being performed in violation of the principles of evidence based medicine,
since there is no evidence of any mental health benefits associated with abortion.
While not discussed by authors, the same problem surrounds cases where abortion is
recommended in order to reduce the physical risks associated with pregnancy. There are literally
no studies showing that abortion reduces physical risks to women. Instead, every record linkage
study examining mortality rates associated with abortion show that abortion is also linked with
an elevated risk of maternal death in both the short term and the longer term. This mortality
research creates a strong presumption against accepting that abortion has a beneficial impact on
physical health compared to allowing pregnancies to continue.

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Natural Family Planning Method As Effective As Contraceptive Pill, New Research Finds
February 21, 2007
European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology
Researchers have found that a method of natural family planning that uses two indicators
to identify the fertile phase in a woman's menstrual cycle is as effective as the contraceptive pill
for avoiding unplanned pregnancies if used correctly, according to a report published online in
Europe's leading reproductive medicine journal Human Reproduction today.
The symptothermal method (STM) is a form of natural family planning (NFP) that
enables couples to identify accurately the time of the woman's fertile phase by measuring her
temperature and observing cervical secretions. In the largest, prospective study of STM, the
researchers found that if the couples then either abstained from sex or used a barrier method
during the fertile period, the rate of unplanned pregnancies per year was 0.4% and 0.6%
respectively. Out of all the 900 women who took part in the study, including those who had
unprotected sex during their fertile period, 1.8 per 100 became unintentionally pregnant.
The lead author of the report, Petra Frank-Herrmann, assistant professor and managing director
of the natural fertility section in the Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology at the
University of Heidelberg, Germany, said: "For a contraceptive method to be rated as highly
efficient as the hormonal pill, there should be less than one pregnancy per 100 women per year
when the method is used correctly. The pregnancy rate for women who used the STM method
correctly in our study was 0.4%, which can be interpreted as one pregnancy occurring per 250
women per year. Therefore, we maintain that the effectiveness of STM is comparable to the
effectiveness of modern contraceptive methods such as oral contraceptives, and is an effective
and acceptable method of family planning."
A number of fertility awareness based (FAB) methods of family planning have been
advocated over the years, but comparisons between different methods and studies of their
effectiveness have been limited and hampered by problems such as differences in cultural
backgrounds, different ways to measure the effectiveness of a FAB method, different ways of
classifying unintended pregnancies and other methodological problems.
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"To be able to make an informed choice when selecting a family planning method,
couples need to know the efficacy of a method when used both perfectly and imperfectly," said
Prof Frank-Herrmann. "We believe that this is a significant prospective cohort study that clearly
defines STM and perfect and imperfect use, and which defines intended and unintended
pregnancies, classifying them according to the couples' intentions before conception."
The researchers selected data from a cohort of 900 women who were part of a much larger study
of 1,599 women using STM, which was conducted by the German Natural Family Planning
study centre between 1985 and 2005. The 900 women provided data on 17,638 cycles to Prof
Frank-Herrmann and her colleagues.
STM identifies the beginning and end of a woman's fertile period using two
measurements (body temperature and cervical secretions) in order to have a double-check
system. The first fertile day is when the woman first identifies either: 1) first appearance or
change of appearance of cervical secretion, or 2) the sixth day of the cycle. After 12 cycles, this
second guideline is replaced by a calculation that subtracts seven days from the earliest day to
show a temperature rise in the preceding 12 cycles, in order to identify the first fertile day. The
woman is then in her fertile period. The fertile phase ends after the woman has identified: 1) the
evening of the third day after the cervical secretion peak day, and 2) the evening when the
woman measures the third higher temperature reading, with all three being higher than the
previous six readings and the last one being 0.2 degrees C higher than the previous six.
Prof Frank-Herrmann said: "The women or couples who want to learn the method have to
buy a book, or attend an NFP course, or get some teaching by a qualified NFP teacher. Learning
STM is usually no problem. There are precise rules that work. However, in contrast to the oral
contraceptive pill or other family planning methods, STM needs more engagement and time to
learn it."
Every month the women in the study sent charts to the researchers that showed their
cycles, their observations of temperature and cervical secretions, and that recorded their sexual
behaviour and family planning intentions for the next cycle.

18

Of the 900 women, 322 used only STM and 509 women used STM with occasional
barriers during the fertile time. Sixty-nine women did not document their sexual behaviour. Out
of the women who documented their sexual behaviour and abstained from sex during their fertile
period ("perfect use") the unintended pregnancy rate was 0.4 per 100 women and 13 cycles [2],
and 0.6 for women who used STM plus a barrier if they had sex during their fertile period. For
cycles in which couples had unprotected sex during the fertile phase, the pregnancy rates rose to
7.5 per 100 women and 13 cycles. The drop-out rate from using STM for reasons such as
dissatisfaction or difficulties with the method was 9.2 per 100 women and 13 cycles, and
compared well with the drop-out rates from other methods of family planning, which can be as
high as 30%, although direct comparisons are difficult due to methodological problems. "This
demonstrates a fairly good acceptability for this particular FAB method," said Prof FrankHerrmann.
The authors were surprised by the relatively low rate of unintended pregnancies (7.5%)
among women who had unprotected sex during their fertile period. "If people are trying for
pregnancy you expect a pregnancy rate of 28% per cycle," said Prof Frank-Herrmann.
"Therefore, we think that some of the couples were practising conscious, intelligent risk-taking,
and were having no unprotected sex during the few highly fertile days, but had unprotected
intercourse on the days at the margins of the fertile time when the risk of pregnancy was lower."
Some studies have suggested that women's libido is higher during their fertile period, and this
could be one of the reasons why NFP methods traditionally have had a reputation for being less
effective than other methods of family planning. However, Prof Frank-Herrmann said: "There
are studies that suggest that this is only the case for a small proportion of women, and that, in
fact, women also identify other parts of their cycle with increased sexual desire. Most women
who use FAB do not find this a problem. It's possible that the increased libido may be one of the
reasons that some of the couples in our study used a barrier, such as a condom, in the fertile
phase.
"This is the first time that a large, prospective STM database has been established with
sufficient detailed information on sexual behaviour. It enables the true method effectiveness for
STM to be calculated and we found this was 0.4% per year when there was no intercourse during
19

the fertile phase. The user-effectiveness of STM, in other words the total number of unintended
pregnancies that were due to both method and user failure, was 1.8% after 13 cycles of use, and
this compares very well with results from other European studies of FAB methods of family
planning. The markedly good user-effectiveness rate may be explained partly by the motivation
of the couples and their teachers who agreed to participate in the study," she concluded.
The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a
couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study. This assumes
a woman has 13 cycles in a year.
B. RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN LITERATURE:

Contra-Contraception
By RUSSELL SHORTO
Published: May 7, 2006
The English writer Daniel Defoe is best remembered today for creating the ultimate
escapist fantasy, "Robinson Crusoe," but in 1727 he sent the British public into a scandalous fit
with the publication of a nonfiction work called "Conjugal Lewdness: or, Matrimonial
Whoredom." After apparently being asked to tone down the title for a subsequent edition, Defoe
came up with a new one "A Treatise Concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed"
that only put a finer point on things. The book wasn't a tease, however. It was a moralizing
lecture. After the wanton years that followed the restoration of the monarchy, a time when both
theaters and brothels multiplied, social conservatism rooted itself in the English bosom. Selfappointed Christian morality police roamed the land, bent on restricting not only homosexuality
and prostitution but also what went on between husbands and wives.

It was this latter subject that Defoe chose to address. The sex act and sexual desire should
not be separated from reproduction, he and others warned, else "a man may, in effect, make a
20

whore of his own wife." To highlight one type of then-current wickedness, Defoe gives a scene
in which a young woman who is about to marry asks a friend for some "recipes." "Why, you little
Devil, you would not take Physick to kill the child?" the friend asks as she catches her drift.
"No," the young woman answers, "but there may be Things to prevent Conception; an't there?"
The friend is scandalized and argues that the two amount to the same thing, but the bride to be
dismisses her: "I cannot understand your Niceties; I would not be with Child, that's all; there's no
harm in that, I hope." One prime objective of England's Christian warriors in the 1720's was to
stamp out what Defoe called "the diabolical practice of attempting to prevent childbearing by
physical preparations."
The wheels of history have a tendency to roll back over the same ground. For the past 33
years since, as they see it, the wanton era of the 1960's culminated in the Supreme Court's
Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 American social conservatives have been on an unyielding
campaign againstabortion. But recently, as the conservative tide has continued to swell, this
campaign has taken on a broader scope. Its true beginning point may not be Roe but Griswold v.
Connecticut, the 1965 case that had the effect of legalizing contraception. "We see a direct
connection between the practice of contraception and the practice of abortion," says Judie
Brown, president of the American Life League, an organization that has battled abortion for 27
years but that, like others, now has a larger mission. "The mind-set that invites a couple to use
contraception is an antichild mind-set," she told me. "So when a baby is conceived accidentally,
the couple already have this negative attitude toward the child. Therefore seeking an abortion is a
natural outcome. We oppose all forms of contraception."
The American Life League is a lay Catholic organization, and for years especially
since Pope Paul VI's "Humanae Vitae" encyclical of 1968 forbade "any action which either
before, at the moment of or after sexual intercourse, is specifically intended to prevent
procreation" being anti-contraception was largely a Catholic thing. Protestants and other nonCatholics tended to look on curiously as they took part in the general societywide acceptance of
various forms of birth control. But no longer. Organizations like the Christian Medical and
Dental Associations, which inject a mixture of religion and medicine into the social sphere,
operate from a broadly Christian perspective that includes opposition to some forms of birth
control. Edward R. Martin Jr., a lawyer for the public-interest law firm Americans United for
21

Life, whose work includes seeking to restrict abortion at the state level and representing
pharmacists who have refused to prescribe emergency contraception, told me: "We see
contraception and abortion as part of a mind-set that's worrisome in terms of respecting life. If
you're trying to build a culture of life, then you have to start from the very beginning of life, from
conception, and you have to include how we think and act with regard to sexuality and
contraception." Dr. Joseph B. Stanford, who was appointed by President Bush in 2002 to the
F.D.A.'s Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee despite (or perhaps because of) his
opposition to contraception, sounded not a little like Daniel Defoe in a 1999 essay he wrote:
"Sexual union in marriage ought to be a complete giving of each spouse to the other, and
whenfertility (or potential fertility) is deliberately excluded from that giving I am convinced that
something valuable is lost. A husband will sometimes begin to see his wife as an object of sexual
pleasure who should always be available for gratification."
As with other efforts against gay marriage, stem cell research, cloning, assisted suicide
the anti-birth-control campaign isn't centralized; it seems rather to be part of the evolution of
the conservative movement. The subject is talked about in evangelical churches and is on the
agenda at the major Bible-based conservative organizations like Focus on the Family and the
Christian Coalition. It also has its point people in Congress including Representative Roscoe
Bartlett of Maryland, Representative Chris Smith of New Jersey, Representative Joe Pitts and
Representative Melissa Hart of Pennsylvania and Senator Tom Coburn of Oklahoma all
Republicans who have led opposition to various forms of contraception.
R. Albert Mohler Jr., president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, is
considered one of the leading intellectual figures of evangelical Christianity in the U.S. In a
December 2005 column in The Christian Post titled "Can Christians Use Birth Control?" he
wrote: "The effective separation of sex from procreation may be one of the most important
defining marks of our age and one of the most ominous. This awareness is spreading among
American evangelicals, and it threatens to set loose a firestorm.. . .A growing number of
evangelicals are rethinking the issue of birth control and facing the hard questions posed by
reproductive technologies.

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New York City Will Mandate Sex Education

By FERNANDA SANTOS and ANNA M. PHILLIPS
Published: August 9, 2011
The New York Times
For the first time in nearly two decades, students in New York Citys public middle and high
schools will be required to take sex-education classes beginning this school year, using a
curriculum that includes lessons on how to use a condom and the appropriate age for sexual
activity.

The new mandate is part of a broader strategy the Bloomberg administration announced
last week to improve the lives of black and Latino teenagers. According to city statistics, those
teenagers are far more likely than their white counterparts to have unplanned pregnancies and
contract sexually transmitted diseases.
Its obviously something that applies to all boys and all girls, said Linda I. Gibbs, the
deputy mayor for health and human services. But when we look at the biggest disadvantages
that kids in our city face, it is blacks and Latinos that are most affected by the consequences of
early sexual behavior and unprotected sex.
The change will bring a measure of cohesion to a patchwork system of programs largely
chosen by school principals.
It will also bring to New York the roiling national debate about what, exactly, schools
should teach students about sex.
Nationwide, one in four teenagers between 2006 and 2008 learned about abstinence
without receiving any instruction in schools about contraceptive methods, according to an
analysis by the Guttmacher Institute, which studies reproductive health. As of January, 20 states
and the District of Columbia mandated sex and H.I.V. education in schools. An additional 12

23

states, New York included, required H.I.V. education only, according to a policy paper published
by the institute.
New York Citys new mandate goes beyond the states requirement that middle and high
school students take one semester of health education classes. The citys mandate calls for
schools to teach a semester of sex education in 6th or 7th grade, and again in 9th or 10th grade,
suggesting they use HealthSmart and Reducing the Risk, out-of-the-box sets of lessons that have
been recommended since 2007. A city survey of principals last year found that 64 percent of
middle schools were using the HealthSmart curriculum.
For the Bloomberg administration, which last week announced a three-year, $130 million
initiative to improve the lives of young minority men in the city, the sex-education mandate joins
a number of other public health efforts like the mayors push to reduce residents intake of salt
and sugary sodas that have sometimes been criticized as interventionist. It is also unusual
because the city does not often tell schools what to teach.
We have a responsibility to provide a variety of options to support our students, and sex
education is one of them, the chancellor, Dennis M. Walcott, said in an interview on Monday.
Parents will be able to have their children opt out of the lessons on birth-control methods.
City officials said that while there would be frank discussions with students as young as 11 on
topics like anatomy, puberty, pregnancy and the risks of unprotected sex, the focus was to get
students to wait until they were older to experiment. At the same time, knowing that many
teenagers are sexually active, the administration wants to teach them about safe sex in the hopes
of reducing pregnancy, disease and dropouts.
Were going to have to be the bridge between the chancellors requirements and the
community, said Casimiro Cibelli, principal of Middle School 142 in the Baychester section of
the Bronx, where many of the students come from immigrant, religious families with traditional
views on sex. Hopefully, well allay their concerns because of their trust in us.
At Mr. Cibellis school, the current semester-long health course does not stray from
subjects like nutrition and physical fitness.
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The new classes, which will be coeducational, could be incorporated into existing health
education classes, so principals will not have to scramble to find additional instructional time.
The classes would include a mix of lectures, perhaps using statistics to show that while middle
school students might brag about having sex, not many of them actually do; group discussions
about, for example, why teenagers are often resistant to condoms; and role-playing exercises that
might include techniques to fend off unwanted advances.
Schools that have not been offering sex education the number is unclear because the
citys Department of Education has not kept a tally, a spokeswoman said can hire a teacher to
do it or assign the task to one who is already on the staff. The department will offer training
sessions before the start of classes Sept. 8.
Some New Yorkers of older generations remember explicit sex-education classes with
frank talk about libido and demonstrations of how to use a diaphragm.
In 1987, the state mandated the adoption of an H.I.V./AIDS curriculum in every school.
For students in the city, that has meant at least five class sessions each year, from kindergarten
through 12th grade. In those classes, younger students are taught to avoid touching open wounds,
and older ones are talked to about sex, but not necessarily about preventing pregnancies.
Opposition from religious groups and school board members eventually defeated a city
mandate approved in the 1980s for a sex-education curriculum. But a survey by NARAL ProChoice New York in 2009 found that 81 percent of city voters thought sex education should be
taught in public schools.
High schools in New York have been distributing condoms for more than 20 years. In the
new sex-education classes, teachers will describe how to use them, and why, going where some
schools have never gone before. To others, though, the topic will be familiar territory.
At John Dewey High School in Gravesend, Brooklyn, 10th graders already take a nineweek course called Human Sexuality, which the schools health teachers designed some years
ago and which covers many of the same topics that the city will require.

25

Some schools have relied on nonprofit or community groups like Planned Parenthood and
the Door to teach their sex-education classes, an arrangement that is likely to continue once the
new policy takes effect.
Mary Cheng, a health teacher at Murry Bergtraum High School in Lower Manhattan, said
she devoted two months of students required five-month health class to sex education,
combining lessons from the recommended high school curriculum with materials of her own.
Ultimately, it will be up to schools to design the lessons; they will have until the beginning of the
second semester to begin the classes.
We will work with our schools and school communities to ensure they are prepared,
Mr. Walcott said.
Oh, the Humanity: Is the Threat of Overpopulation Still a Big Deal?
October 17, 2013
EarthTalk
E - The Environmental Magazine
Dear EarthTalk: Is it true that human overpopulation isnt such a big issue anymore, as numbers
are expected to start declining in a few decades?Melinda Mason, Boone, Iowa
Ever since Thomas Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798,
positing incorrectly that humans proclivity for procreation would exhaust the global food supply
within a matter of decades, population growth has been a hot button issue among those
contemplating humankinds future. Indeed our very success going forth and multiplying, paired
with our ability to extend our life expectancy, has meant that we are perpetually pushing the
limits of the resource base that supports us.
When Malthus was worrying about the planets carrying capacity, there were only
about a billion of us on the planet. Today our population tops seven billion. While better health
care and medicine along with advances in food production and access to freshwater and
sanitation have allowed us to feed ourselves and stave off many health ills, some so-called Neo-

26

Malthusians believe we may still be heading for some kind of population crash, perhaps
triggered or exacerbated by environmental factors related to climate change.
But others are less concerned given projections that world population will likely start to
decline once the worlds less developed nations urbanize and start lowering their birth rates, as
has already happened in Europe, the U.S., Australia and parts of Asia. For example, Europes
fertility rate between 2005 and 2010 was just 1.53 live births per woman (the standard
replacement rate to maintain a stable population is 2.1). Without immigration, Europes
population would already be shrinking.
Of course, the immigration that continues to fuel population numbers in developed
countries is coming from somewhere. Indeed, population numbers are still growing in many of
the worlds developing countries, including the worlds most populous nation, China, and its
close rival, India. Also fertility rates in Africa continue to be among the highest in the world, as
many countries there are growing fast, too. Poverty and health problems due to poor sanitation,
lack of access to food and water, the low social status of women and other ills continue to cripple
these regions. Overpopulation could plague us indefinitely if fertility rates dont drop in these
areas, especially as they ramp up their Western-style development.
Globally, the United Nations estimates that the number of humans populating the planet in 2100
will range from as few as 6.2 billionalmost a billion less than todayto as many as 15.8
billion on the high end. Meanwhile, other researchers confirm the likelihood of world population
levels flattening out and starting to decline by 2100 according to the lower UN estimate. To wit,
the Austria-based International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) recently unveiled
research showing that if the world stabilizes at a fertility rate comparable to that of many
European nations today (roughly 1.5), the global human population will be only half of what it is
today by the year 2200, and only one-seventh by 2300.
It is difficult to say which way the global population pendulum will swing in centuries to
come, given ever-changing cultural, economic and political attitudes and the development
demographics they affect. As such the jury is still out as to whether human overpopulation will

27

become a footnote in history or the dominant ill that stands in the way of all other efforts to
achieve sustainability and a kinder, gentler world.

Abortion is crime against society, says Pope Benedict

By Cindy Wooden
Catholic News Service
VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Abortion is a crime of aggression not only against the unborn,
but also against society, Pope Benedict XVI said.
"Children have the right to be born and to grow in the midst of a family founded on matrimony,
where the parents are the first educators of children in the faith and where they can grow to full
human and spiritual maturity," the pope said Dec. 3.
Meeting with the presidents of Latin American bishops' committees for the family and for life,
the pope urged them to work together, sharing the programs and approaches that are most
successful in their countries.
"Children are the major richness and the most precious good of a family," he said.
"For this reason, it is necessary to help all people to be aware that the intrinsic evil of the crime
of abortion, which attacks human life at its beginning, is also an aggression against society
itself," the pope said.
Legalized abortion has laid the groundwork for acceptance of the destruction of embryos in
scientific research, he said.
The result is that human life is reduced "to an object or a mere instrument. When it reaches this
level, society itself suffers and its foundations shake, with all classes at risk," he said.
The key to addressing the situation, he said, is to strengthen and defend the traditional family,
which is the first place in society where human life is welcomed and treasured.
"Your task as pastors is to present with all its richness the extraordinary value of matrimony
which, as a natural institution, is the patrimony of humanity," he said.
The pope said the entire church must focus on efforts to "safeguard the fundamental values of
marriage and the family, which are threatened by the current phenomenon of secularization,
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which prevents the social conscience from discovering the identity and mission of the institution
of the family."
The family must be defended from "the pressure of unjust laws" that do not recognize the rights
and needs of the family and "disfigure it with false understandings of marriage and the family
that do not respect the original plan of God," he said.

And Now: Air Republicans

JAN. 23, 2015
Gail Collins

Tough week for the House Republicans. Speaker John Boehners high point must have
been not clapping when President Obama talked about job growth in the State of the Union.
After that, things went downhill fast. Anti-abortion groups converged on Washington on
Thursday to protest the anniversary of the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision. The plan was
for the House to welcome them into town by passing a bill banning abortions after 20 weeks.
Didnt work out.
The signs had been bad for the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act. In committee,
its sponsor, Trent Franks, a Republican from Arizona, claimed that the number of rapes resulting
in pregnancy was very low. He did not actually say that a woman cant get pregnant if she
didnt enjoy the sex, but it seemed for a minute as if wed returned to that neighborhood.
Whoops. The bill was amended to provide an exemption for women who had been raped.
But that sparked a new fight over whether the exemption should be for all victims of rape or just
the ones who had reported the crime to the police. A group of Republican women, including
Representative Renee Ellmers of North Carolina, pointed out, correctly, that most victims dont
file such reports.
You may remember that Ellmers was challenged last fall by former American Idol
runner-up Clay Aiken, who she defeated handily. Now Aiken, who turns out to have been filming
29

his campaign, is moving forward to become the star of a TV reality series on elections. And
probably having more fun than Ellmers.
Im sorry Clay Aiken lost, tweeted the conservative blogger Erick Ericksonwhen
Republican leaders gave up and pulled the 20-week bill from the calendar. A contributor on the
Red State blog followed up with the somewhat less playful: Is Renee Ellmers Worthy of Life?
Actually, it turns out that Ellmers is a co-sponsor of the Sanctity of Human Life Act,
which holds that every fertilized egg has all legal and constitutional attributes and privileges.
Her concerns about the language of the rape exemption seem to have been a mixture of legal,
philosophical and political concerns, all of them nuanced in the extreme. She suggested to
National Journal that her party shouldnt be starting off the year with an issue that wasnt of
interest to millennials.
Rape exemptions have come to dominate the abortion debate. Abortion rights groups use
lack of concern for rape victims as an illustration of the heartlessness of their opponents. Their
opponents propose exemptions to show that theyre reasonable. But, really, it makes no sense
either way. The question of when a fetus inside a womans body becomes a human being is
theological. If you truly believe that human life begins the moment a sperm fertilizes an egg, you
cant admit any exceptions. The only real debate is whether you get to impose your religious
beliefs on the entire country.
Not that anybodys trying to be that rational. Im going to need your help to find a way
out of this definitional problem with rape, Senator Lindsey Graham told the anti-abortion
marchers. This was four days after Graham announced that he was considering a run for the
Republican presidential nomination. Its very possible that the phrase this definitional problem
with rape will last longer than his candidacy.
In his speech, Graham gave a shout-out to exemptions for rape and incest. Some
disagree, including the pope, he noted to the marchers. Francis has, indeed, been clear and
consistent on this matter, despite the moment on a flight back from Manila when he expressed
concern about people breeding like rabbits. One theologian told CBS News that people should

30

understand that there was a difference between the pope-on-a-plane and the pope-on-the-ground,
the latters comments being more official.

LOCAL LITERATURE:
Population Growth in the Philippines: Problem or Potential?
By Christopher White
February 8, 2011 1:23 PM
According to National Review Online, in one week, a population-control bill in the
Philippines is likely to be passed that supports coercive government-funded family-planning
initiatives for demographically targeted populations. If passed, one year or even one generation
from now, the root problems that this bill seeks to address will still exist. In fact, theyre likely to
be exaggerated.
The Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health and Population and Development Act
of 2011, as this bill is officially titled, is in essence an attempt to curb the growing population of
the Philippines through a variety of measures most notably, a new sexual-education program,
greater access and distribution of contraceptives, and eventually, government-funded abortion.
This past week the bill made its way out of a plenary session and is now on the fast track to
becoming law.
At present, the population of the Philippines is estimated to be over 92 million making it
the worlds twelfth most populous country. Fertile women in the Philippines have, on average,
3.1 babies each a stark contrast to neighboring Singapore, which had an all-time low average
of 1.16 in 2010. Given its size and increasing growth, the needs of the Philippines are vast
education, health care, and better sanitation to name a few. But is population growth really the
root cause of these problems and needs? History seems to indicate otherwise.
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During the 20th century many Asian countries tried to implement population-control
measures in an effort to eradicate poverty and better control limited resources. Countries such as
China, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea all thriving economic powerhouses
are now reporting subpopulation replacement rates and are unsure of how they are going to be
able to replace themselves.
In contrast, Hong Kong one of the worlds densest populations has become one of
the hallmarks of Asian economic success. In the middle of the 20th century, the future for Hong
Kong seemed dismal. Food and clean water were in short supply, jobless rates were high, and its
growing population seemed unstoppable. However, rather than imposing population control
measures on its citizens, the Hong Kong government realized that population equals potential.
By providing the right conditions access to education, health care, food and water, and a
realization that the best investment to be made was in its people Hong Kong created one of
the most robust and thriving economies in the world today.
The mid-1950s demographic situation of Hong Kong is comparable to the Philippines
today. Section three of their proposed bill states that the limited resources of the country cannot
be suffered to be spread so thinly to service a burgeoning multitude that makes the allocations
grossly inadequate and effectively meaningless. Not only does this guiding principle fail to
recognize that the greatest natural resource of the Philippines is human potential and ingenuity, it
neglects the real needs of the country.
After World War II, the Philippines adopted a number of anti-market and protectionist
economic policies that have resulted in these less than favorable conditions. As a result, roads
were left unfinished and irrigation systems never built, and the poor conditions of seaports and
airports crippled one of the nations best natural industries, agriculture. Most hurt by this
environment were small-scale family farmers. In the provinces where they lived, schools were
never built, hospitals and health-care facilities were poorly constructed and the means to access
them were limited. Filipino lawmakers have tried to argue that population control will solve the
nations poverty problems, but countless statistics and studies have proven that this just isnt so.
It is improved working conditions, quality schools, skilled birth attendants, and health-care

32

facilities that will solve a number of the nations problems maternal health, education, and
employment among them.
The current bill in the Philippines aims to provide a roadmap for responsible
parenthood. The solutions presented to achieve this are a state recommended family size of two
children per couple, mandatory government family-planning certification in order to receive a
marriage license, and mandatory sexual education in all schools. This bill, in effect, focuses on
what will go on in schools before the schools or the roads that lead to them are even built. Rather
than looking internally to see what it can do to promote the family and improve their current
working and living conditions, the Filipino government would seemingly rather penalize the
family unit itself for the nations economic ills.
On February 3, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore marked the beginning of
the Chinese New Year by urging his citizens to have more children: We also need Singaporeans
to produce enough babies to replace ourselves, and that has proved extremely challenging. In
addition, the PM noted that additional children bring more joy to families. The Philippines
would do well to heed Mr. Loongs advice. Not only will they find more joy, but also, like their
neighbors in Hong Kong and Singapore, theyre likely to find prosperity.
Christopher White is international director of operations for the World Youth Alliance.
Reproductive health bill: Facts, fallacies
By Rep. Edcel Lagman
Philippine Daily Inquirer
First Posted 00:46:00 08/03/2008
Filed Under: Family, Family planning, Population

THE BILL IS NATIONAL IN SCOPE, COMPREHENSIVE, rights-based and provides

adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the
provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and
consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and suffers from
a dearth of funding.
33

The reproductive health (RH) bill promotes information on and access to both natural and
modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an
enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the
mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and
religious beliefs.
The bill does not have any bias for or against either natural or modern family planning.
Both modes are contraceptive methods. Their common purpose is to prevent unwanted
pregnancies.
The bill will promote sustainable human development. The UN stated in 2002 that ?
family planning and reproductive health are essential to reducing poverty.? The Unicef also
asserts that ?family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other
single technology now available to the human race.?
Coverage of RH. (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2)
Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4) Prevention of
abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6)
Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7)
Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive
health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and
participation in RH; (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the
youth.
Strengthening of Popcom. The existing Population Commission shall be reoriented to
promote both natural and modern family planning methods. It shall serve as the central planning,
coordinating, implementing and monitoring body for the comprehensive and integrated policy on
reproductive health and population development.
Capability building of community-based volunteer workers. The workers shall undergo
additional and updated training on the delivery of reproductive healthcare services and shall
receive not less than 10-percent increase in honoraria upon successful completion of training.

34

Midwives for skilled birth attendance. Every city and municipality shall endeavor to
employ an adequate number of midwives and other skilled attendants.
Emergency obstetrics care. Each province and city shall endeavor to ensure the
establishment and operation of hospitals with adequate and qualified personnel that provide
emergency obstetrics care.
Hospital-based family planning. Family planning methods requiring hospital services like
ligation, vasectomy and IUD insertion shall be available in all national and local government
hospitals.
Contraceptives as essential medicines. Reproductive health products shall be considered
essential medicines and supplies and shall form part of the National Drug Formulary considering
that family planning reduces the incidence of maternal and infant mortality.
Reproductive health education. RH education in an age-appropriate manner shall be
taught by adequately trained teachers from Grade 5 to 4th year high school. As proposed in the
bill, core subjects include responsible parenthood, natural and modern family planning,
proscription and hazards of abortion, reproductive health and sexual rights, abstinence before
marriage, and responsible sexuality.
Certificate of compliance. No marriage license shall be issued by the Local Civil
Registrar unless the applicants present a Certificate of Compliance issued for free by the local
Family Planning Office. The document should certify that they had duly received adequate
instructions and information on family planning, responsible parenthood, breast feeding and
infant nutrition.
Ideal family size. The State shall encourage two children as the ideal family size. This is
neither mandatory nor compulsory and no punitive action may be imposed on couples having
more than two children.
Employers responsibilities. Employers shall respect the reproductive health rights of all
their workers. Women shall not be discriminated against in the matter of hiring, regularization of
35

employment status or selection for retrenchment. Employers shall provide free reproductive
health services and commodities to workers, whether unionized or unorganized.
Multimedia campaign. Popcom shall initiate and sustain an intensified nationwide
multimedia campaign to raise the level of public awareness on the urgent need to protect and
promote reproductive health and rights.
PH population hits 100M
Chonalyn named symbolic 100 millionth baby after birth at Fabella Hospital
by Charina Clarrise L. Echaluce
July 28, 2014
The country reached a milestone yesterday with the symbolic birth of the 100 millionth
Filipino at the Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital in Manila at 12:35 a.m. Sunday.
The Commission on Population (PopCom), the Department of Health (DOH) and the
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC) jointly announced the birth of Chonalyn
Sentino, one of the babies born early Sunday who are qualified to become the countrys symbolic
100 millionth baby. The 100 infants will nonetheless be called the 100 millionth Filipino babies.
Chonalyn was born through regular delivery, weighing 2.8 kilos and measuring 45
centimeters in length.
The Commission on Population is today looking at the 100 babies, to be recognized in
100 communities, 19 cities and 81 provinces, who were born at 12:06 this morning or closest to
that time, PopCom Executive Director Dr. Juan Antonio A. Perez III said. They will be
provided with support to give them a good start.
Using the 2010 population projections by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),
PopCom earlier projected that the Philippines would reach the hundred million mark in its
population by Sunday. At present, the Philippines is the 12th most populous country in the world.
China tops the list of countries by population with 1.4 billion, followed by India (1.2 billion),
36

United States (318 million), Indonesia (252 million), Brazil (202 million), Pakistan (188
million), Nigeria (178 million), Bangladesh (156 million), Russia (143 million), Japan (127
million), and Mexico (119 million), as of July this year, according to data from the Population
Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Rabbits and contraception

By floro(Manila bulletin)
January 22,2015

The Philippines has just been likened to a rabbit warren, teeming with millions of
impoverished children of the poor, scampering about in major cities, begging coins and scraps of
food in order to survive.
Thats probably what Pope Francis saw during his recent visit here.
Some think, excuse me if I use the word, that in order to be good Catholics, we have to
be like rabbits but no, he said, adding the Church promotes responsible parenthood.
Those were the exact words His Holiness said in an airplane interview while enroute to
Rome from Manila.
During his four-day visit to the country, the Pope conducted mass in Manila and
Tacloban.

37

Newspapers trumpeted that there were 6 million faithful who attended his mass. Surely,
the scene of numerous poor children did not escape his notice, hence he had to weigh in on this
controversial issue of birth control.
Although the leader of the 1.2-billion-strong Roman Catholic Church repeated its ban on
artificial birth control, he said were many ways that are allowed to practice natural family
planning.
The Church approves only natural methods of birth control; abstinence from sex just
when shes fertile. Hence their local clergys opposition to the administrations Reproductive
Health Law.
How will the government and the Catholic Church interpret the Popes statement?
Let us hope that the local clergy see the meaning of the Popes statement about rabbits.
They do not practice abstinence when theyre in heat.
The country adds more than 2 million babies a year to the planets 7 billion inhabitants.
Experts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth. The
growing pressure on the environment affects global food supply and energy sources.
Last year, the country breached the 100-million mark, placing us 12th in the list of
countries by population.
The Supreme Court upheld large parts of a government plan to provide free
contraceptives to the poor. The law guarantees universal access to contraception methods,
fertility control, sex education, and maternal care.
President Aquino has vowed to implement the health care law before he steps down in
2016.
DepEd plan to introduce sex education in schools opposed
By Manny Galvez | Updated July 31, 2010 - 12:00am
38

BALER, Aurora, Philippines Yes to sex. But no to sex education for grade schoolers,
said Sen. Edgardo Angara on the plan of the Department of Education to introduce sex education
in schools.
Angara, the newly designated chairman of the Senate committee on education, said he
has no qualms about sex but sex education is an entirely different matter altogether.
Sex, I want that, he cracked, eliciting laughter from Aurora-based reporters who asked
for his position on the proposal to teach sex education in schools.
The senator, who hails from Baler, said he would support a proposal to implement sex
education in schools but not to grade schoolers as young as nine years old.
Im in favor of it (sex education) but it depends. If you introduce it to Grades 3 to 5, I
dont think they would understand it. Maybe you should teach it to Grade 6 and up, he said.
He said there is nothing wrong with teaching sex education because in the first place,
what will be taught is not sexual intercourse but only parts of the human body.
Angara said in other countries, sex education is not even an issue. But he said it is
important that education department officials and teachers consult with parents of schoolchildren
before this is implemented.
He expressed support for President Aquinos proposal to have one year added to basic
education to make the countrys graduates competitive with the rest of the world. Angara, a
former president of the University of the Philippines, said the Philippines is the only country in
the world that has 10 years of basic education while most countries have at least 12 years of
basic education.
He said this is precisely the reason why the countrys engineers, accountants and
architects are not recognized as full-fledged professionals because they lack at least two years of
basic education.

39

Angara admitted that one year of basic education would entail a lot of funds. Dating back
to 1992, he said the cost of adding another year in basic education would be P9 billion.
After 18 years, the cost would roughly be four times as much because back then, we
were only 65 million (Filipinos). Now, our population is around 92 million, he said.
With the passage of time, this would be compounded as long as we dont tackle the
problem, he added.
Angara said he does not mind losing the chairmanship of the finance committee to Sen.
Franklin Drilon because he was contented with the education committee where he would be in a
position to craft legislation that would help improve the quality of education in the country.
He recalled that when he first handled the education committee in 1987, the countrys
quality of education was in the doldrums.

When I came in as head of the committee, I handled the CHED (Commission on Higher

Education), Gatspe (Government Assistance To Support Private Education) and special science
classes so we were able to rebound, he said.
He said that over 20 years later, the quality of education has once again declined and
needs to be fixed again.- http://www.philstar.com/headlines/597992/deped-plan-introduce-sexeducation-schools-opposed
Arguments contra and pro RH bill
by Ernesto M Pernia
The Philippine Star, 22 September 2011
While the Reproductive Health (RH) bill failed to make the hurdle during previous
session of the 14th Congress, it seems to be making some headway in the current Congress
owing to a more favorable disposition of the new national leadership. Still, public debate remains

40

heated. Its time to take stock of the arguments contra and pro RH (or Responsible Parenthood)
bill.
Those opposed to the Bill assert that the Philippines does not have a population problem
and that the focus of public policy should instead be on the corruption problem. They argue that
a large population resulting from rapid population growth is, in fact, good for the economy. They
add that attempts to slow population growth are ill-advised as they would only hasten the onset
of the demographic winter or the problem of ageing currently experienced by the advanced
countries in Europe. Moreover, the Catholic Church hierarchy and conservative religious groups
assert that the RH bill is pro-abortion and is thus anti-life. This is because, in their view, modern
contraceptives which the RH bill proposes to make available along with the traditional methods
(including natural family planning) are abortifacient.
Those in favor of the Bill cite the conventional argument that slower population growth
facilitates economic growth, poverty reduction, and preservation of the environment, as clearly
shown by the experience of the other East and Southeast Asian countries. Economic growth is
facilitated by higher private and public savings owing to slower growth of the youth
dependents required for investment in human capital (i.e., spending on education and health
per person) and infrastructure. Slower population growth combined with faster economic growth
leads to significant poverty reduction, human development, and lower inequality. And slower
population growth lessens the stress on the environment.
Furthermore, the pro-RH bill advocates invoke household survey data showing that
women poor women in particular are having more children than they want and can
adequately provide for. Poor women are unable to achieve their desired number of children due
to lack of access to affordable modern and effective family planning methods. Unintended or
mistimed pregnancies result in most of about 560,000 induced and illegal abortions annually,
such that improved access to modern and effective contraceptive methods could substantially
reduce such illegal abortions. This implies that, contrary to the claim of the opposers, the RH bill
is in fact anti-abortion and is pro-life. Indeed, the Bill expressly prohibits abortion.

41

The argument of those who oppose the Bill that there is no population problem is borne
out neither by serious empirical research nor by public opinion surveys. While rapid population
growth may not be considered the main cause of the countrys economic backwardness, it is
among the major factors contributing to the problem. True, corruption is probably the countrys
primordial challenge but it cannot be the sole focus of the countrys development effort.
Corruption in varying degrees has also plagued many of our Asian neighbors but they have
managed to achieve economic dynamism nonetheless, with sound population policy
complementing reasonable economic policies.
Moreover, the argument that a large population resulting from rapid growth is good for
the economy is starkly contra factum (i.e., without factual basis). If, indeed, that were true, the
Philippines, whose population (along with Nepals and Pakistans) has been growing the fastest
in Asia should have the most prosperous economy and with minimal poverty. Alas, these three
countries are the regions spectacularly laggard economies.
The fear of a demographic winter seems highly exaggerated. Simple demographic
analysis would show that, if the average number of children per woman (currently 3.3 children)
drops to the replacement level of 2.1 (expected to occur by 2035-2040), it would take another 60
years or so before Philippine population ceases to grow, by which time population could total
about 178 million under a business as usual scenario. To illustrate, while South Korea, China
and Thailand had reached the 2.1 fertility replacement level prior to or in the 1990s, they
continue to grow owing to demographic momentum (i.e., large numbers of couples entering or
already in their reproductive ages). And, certainly, these countries will have the resources and be
better prepared to deal with problems associated with ageing.
The assertion that the RH bill is pro-abortion and anti-life is an opinion that cannot be
imposed as dogma. In fact, there is no unanimity not even among theologians on the question
of when life does begin. The official view of the World Health Organization is that pregnancy
starts after, not before, the fertilized ovum settles down in the uterus to become viable.
Contraceptives (condoms, pills, and IUDs), by definition and in fact prevent ovulation
and/or fertilization. Hence, they cannot be regarded as abortifacient or anti-life. [See the
recent Medical Experts Declaration on Contraceptives (September 2011)].
42

So, whats the score on the RH debate? It appears that the arguments contra are largely
assertions based on ideology rather than on empirical research. Gratis asseritur, gratis
negatur (What is freely asserted can be freely denied). By contrast, the arguments proappear
anchored on empirical studies and further consistently supported by inter-temporal public
opinion surveys.
The population issue is long dead and buried in developed and most developing
countries, including historically Catholic countries. If the government abides by the age-old
dictumSalus populi suprema lex (The welfare of the people is the supreme law), it cannot
continue to play blind to the merits of the RH bill just to accommodate the demands of the
conservative religious groups. Such an accommodation largely explains why the Bill continues to
be debated and hang in the balance in Congress.
The passage or non-passage of the Bill will significantly affect peoples lives one way or
the other. Based on reliable public opinion surveys, it will matter to people how their elected
representatives vote on the Bill, as it seems to have mattered to the outcome of the 2010
elections.
Natural family planning
Ricky Poca
Cebu Daily News

I recently read an article about the Reproductive Health bill that provides an ethical
analysis, objections and points for opponents and advocates to develop a common ground on the
bill. The article by Joaquin Ferrer was given to me by Fr. Tony Salas, SVD, the University of San
Carlos vice president for academic affairs.
Ferrer said the bill explicitly and specifically identifies the modern artificial birth
control methods and devices that the Philippine Government ought to subsidize. The

43

government wants to improve access to hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUD),

injectables that it claims to be medically safe and effective, pro-poor and affordable.
The bill is aimed at addressing unwanted population growth and promoting poverty
towards sustainable human development.
The study argues that the proposed bill, while suggesting a first moral step for
consideration towards common ground for dialogue fails to provide a compelling moral
arguments for systematic inclusion of the legal infrastructure for non-reproductive artificial
birth control methods.
According to the article: The artificial birth control methods and devices
(1) are health risks and have harmful sideeffects which require sophisticated medical care and
supervision and the expertise of highly qualified, but very limited number of doctors,
(2) are unaffordable because their primary target market are the richthose who can afford and
are willing to pay; and their procurement for, as well as their distribution and accessibility to the
poorest of poor by the government agencies would only make corruption alluring; and
(3) the choice as to which artificial birth control method to use is not a basic right but merely a
preference satisfaction. Such a choice would prohibit a correlative duty to sacrifice certain
basic human rights, such as the right to follow ones conscience and religion merely to satisfy
somebody elses contraceptive preference.
Research and medical practitioners generally agree that besides abstinence, the safest
method for family planning, birth spacing and responsible parenthood is fertility awareness,
which is widely known as natural family planning (NFP) method.
A more developed, modern (or post-modern) type of NFP is the sympothermal method
that combines three fertility awareness based methodstemperature methods, cervical mucus
method and calendar method.

44

The sympothermal method is 98 percent effective when used correctly and consistently. It has
no harmful side effects. These and other natural family planning methods are always accessible
and available, free or costs very little and require no medication.

C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PROCESS

INPUT

Questionaires
Survey
Collected Data from
internet,books, and
records

Random Sampling
Method
Descriptive Field
Method

OUTPUT

Concluded
Preventive Measures
Awareness of people
about the population

III. DATA TREATMENT

A.RESEARCH METHOD
We used two kinds of research method: The Random Sampling Method and Descriptive Field
Method.

45

1. Random Sampling Method-In this method, each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected as subject. The entire process of sampling is done in a single

step with each subject selected independently of the other members of the population.
A survey will be made up of 7 possible preventive measures that will help others
understand peoples view on the crisis that it right in front of everyones eyes. The people
who will be administered the survey are people from 10 puroks of Barangay Calapacuan.
Each purok has 10 respondents. These people will be randomly selected in terms of
whoever walks by at any given moment will be given a survey to complete that way there
is no bias in the selection of people.

2. Descriptive Field Method- actual collecting of data using library, records, internet and
interviews.

B. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The researchers gathered information from books, internet, interviews/surveys and records of
Municipality of Subic and Barangay Calapacuan. They used questionnaire as a tool of this
research study. They used computer to collect additional data.

KOLEHIYO NG SUBIC

Subic, Zambales

Name:

Age:

Address:

Civil Status:
46

Work:

Number of Children:

Instruction: Check the number that corresponds to your answer for the following
preventive measures.
1-Strongly Agree

3-Disagree

2-Agree

4-Strongly Disagree

PROPOSED PREVENTIVE MEASURES

1.Population Education
2.Abortion
3.Knowledge of Sex Education
4.Support RH Bill
5.Public Forums or town meeting/seminars
6. Family Planning using Contraceptives
7. Family Planning using Natural Method

SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME

Prepared by: Abegail L. Dazo, Perly Syjuco, Fatima V. Palinlin

C. STATISTICAL METHOD
1. Frequency Distribution

Range(R)=highest-lowest

Number of classes

R=68-16

Sturge Formula:k=1+3.322log(n)

R=52

1+3.322log(100)
47

1+3.322(2)

c=52/8

1+6.644=7.644 or 8

=6.5

Class Size(c)=R/k

=7

48

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
CLASS INTERVAL
16-22
23-29
30-36
37-43
44-50
51-57
58-64
65-71

CLASS FREQUENCY

Class Mark

34
20
14
10
13
4
4
1

19
26
33
40
47
54
61
68

n=100 Respondents
(n)-symbolizes total no. of observations
Class Frequency (f)- no. of observations belonging to a specific classification.
2. Tables and Graphs
Table1: This table shows the number of married and single respondents
Distribution of the Respondents According to Civil Status
Civil Status
Married
Single
Widowed

Class Frequency
30
68
2

Table2: This table shows the number of male and female respondents
Distribution of the Respondents According to Gender
Gender
Male
Female

Class Frequency
31
69

Graph1: Survey Result

80
72
67

70

71

70

69

60

50

56

47

40

30

Strongly Agree
23
17

20

23

22
15

17

21

5
1

0
47

Disagree
Strongly Disagree

16
11

10

Agree

Graph2: This graph shows the Total Population by Barangay of Municipality of Subic

16000

14000
2805

12000

10000
13570
8000
9698
URBAN

11979

6000

RURAL

883
4000

6335

80687777
6741
5504

2000

4440
3179
1015

20461867

3817

Source: (census.gov.ph) 2010 Census of Population and Housing

Graph3: This graph shows the Distribution of Population of Male and Female Residents of
Barangay Calapacuan

14000

12000
6710

10000

8000

6000

4000

6860

2000

Male

Female
Source: Barangay Calapacuan

IV. SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

A. CONCLUSION
According to the facts that researchers have gathered, the following conclusions were
made:
1. We cannot stop people from multiplying altogether; however, we could slow down
the population growth.
2. The government cannot minimize the population growth by itself. The people should
work along the government.
3. There are different problems that go along with overpopulation such as food shortage,
water and land pollution, employment, housing and education problems.
4. Population Education and Family Planning using Contraceptives has the highest
positive feedback.
5. Abortion has the highest negative feedback.
B. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the extensive gathering of data and information from different sources, and in
accordance also to the survey we have conducted, the following are highly recommended to
prevent overpopulation:
1. Population Education- Survey shows 47% Agree choice and another 47% for StronglyAgree. It clearly shows a 94% positive feedback. Basically, Population Education is an
educational campaign at slowing down growth rate of a certain place/ country. This might be the
reason why it is needed to be supplementedby existing Government programs aimed at reducing
the birth rate.
2. Knowledge of Sex Education- Survey shows 17% Strongly Agree choice, and 67% for
Agree choice. There is also 15% for Disagree choice and 1% for Strongly Disagree. It clearly
shows 84% positive feedback. This preventive measure is about instruction on issues relating

to human sexuality, including human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity,
reproductive

health,

emotional

relations, reproductive

rights and

responsibilities, sexual

abstinence, and birth control. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers,
formal school programs, and public health campaigns.
3. Public Forums or town meeting/seminars-Survey shows 16% Strongly Agree choice,
and 70% for Agree. This preventive measure refers to Experts on population issues may be
invited as lecturers to inform people about the problems of and solution of having a large
population.
4. Family Planning using Contraceptives-Survey shows 22% Strongly Agree choice, and
71% for Agree. There is 7% choice for disagree. This clearly shows that 86% of the respondents
were in favor of contraceptives. This preventive measure refers to prevention of pregnancy using
contraceptives such as pills, condoms, contraceptive injections, etc.
5. Family Planning using Natural Method-Survey shows 23% Strongly agree, and 56%
Agree. There is 21% respondents who disagree. It clearly shows 79% positive feedback. This
Preventive measure is about a method used to help couples determine when sexual intercourse
can and cannot result in pregnancy. During the menstrual cycle, a number of changes occur in a
woman's body. By keeping track of these changes, couples can plan when to have intercourse
and when to avoid intercourse, depending on whether they are trying to achieve or avoid
pregnancy.
C. PROPOSAL
Based on the facts and the most agreed preventive measures by the respondents of the
survey, the researchers proposal is to provide population education to the communitys people.
Population education doesnt only inform and educate people about population and the issues
that go along with it such as shortage of foods, water and land pollution, and employment
problems. It also informs and educates people on how they could help minimize the population
growth rate in their place or country.

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