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= | ()|2 = ()
Energy
2
E=
=|()|
1
( | ()|2 )
0
1
=
( |()|2
2 + 1
=
Note
1. exponential- energy
2. periodic- power
3. x(t)->E=finite,P=0
x(t)->P=finite,E=
Semester-IV
Asymmetric: x(-t)=-x(t)
e.g () =
xo(t)=
()()
2
Formulae List
Semester-IV
NOTE:
() = ()
( + 1) = ( + 1)
( 1) = ( 1)
Formulae List
Semester-IV
Precidance Rule:
Ax(
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
+ a)
Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
Sampling Theorem:
x(t)
x(t)
x(t)
i.
ii.
Put t =
iii.
x(t)
Semester-IV
Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
Casual or Non-casual:
A system is said to be a casual system if its present o/p depends on
either past i/p or present i/p.
Otherwise it is called as non-casual.
Convolution
Convolution is used to find o/p of the Linear Time Invarient system
when i/p to the system and impulse response of the system are known.
Output=input*imp.response
() =
(). ( )
Semester-IV
Formulae List
Z-TRANSFORMS
Definition
If [] is a discrete time signal then its z-Transform is
defined as and given by
() = []
=
() = ().
=
1
(). 1
2
Geometric Series
1)
=0 =
2)
=1 =
if () < 1
2
3) =
=
1
if () < 1
1 2 +1
1
8
Semester-IV
Properties of Z-Transform
1) Linearity:
If 1 [] 1 () and 2 [] 2 []
Then 1 1 [] + 2 2 1 1 () + 2 2 ()
2) Time shifting:
If [] ()
Then [ ] ()
3) Time Reversal:
If [] ()
1
Then [] ( )
4) Scaling in Z-domain:
If [] [] (or multiplication by )
then [] ( )
) ()
Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
STANDARD ZT PAIRS
x(n)
x(z)
ROC
Entire z-plane
( )2
( )2
2
2 2 + 1
2 2 + 1
|z|>1
( )
u(n)
an u(n)
nan u(n)
-u(-n-1)
-an-u(-n-1)
-nanu(-n-1)
coswn.u(n)
sinwn.u(n)
10
|z|>a
|z|>a
|z|<1
|z|<a
|z|<a
|z|>1
|z|>1
Semester-IV
Formulae List
IZT
X(z)=
If ROC:|z|>a
x(n)=anu(n)
If ROC:|z|<a
x(n)=anu(n)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Not Casual
2. ROC Inside
3. Sign changes
4.u(-n-1)
Causal
ROC outside the circle
No change in sign
u(n)
Note:
( + 2) = 2
( + 1) =
( ) = 1
( + 2) = 2
( 1) = 1
( 2) = 2
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Semester-IV
Formulae List
()
()
12
Semester-IV
Interconnected System
1. Series (Cascade) connection.
2. Parallel connection.
1. Series(Cascade):Now its o/p is
y(n)=x(n)*heq(n)
where heq(n)= h1(n)* h2(n)
2. Parallel:Now its o/p is
y(n)=x(n)*heq(n)
where heq(n)= h1(n)+h2(n)
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Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
Laplace Transforms
If x(t) is a continuos time signal,then its Laplace transform is
defined as and given by
L.T[x(t)]=x(s)= [()]
Range of t in x(t)
And s= +
x(t) (L.T)
x(s)
Time
Frequency
Domain
Domain
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Semester-IV
Properties of L.T
1. Linearity: If x1(t) (L.T) x1(s)
And x2(t) (L.T) x2(s)
Then a1x1(t)+ a2x2(t) a1x1(s)+ a2x2(s)
2. Time Shifting: If x(t)x(s)
then x(t-a)e-asx(s)
3. Frequency Shifting:
If x(t)x(s)
Then e-atx(t)x(s+a)
4. Integration in T.D
If x(t)x(s)
Then ()
()
5. Differentiation in T.D
If x(t)x(s)
Then
()
. ()
6. Multiplication by tn
If x(t)x(s)
Then tn x(t)(-1)n dn/dsn[x(s)]
7. Convolution in T.D
If x(t)x(s)
H(t)H(s)
Then x(t)*h(t)x(s).H(s)
8. Initial value theorem
X(0)= lim . ()
15
Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
2.
u(t)
Entire s plane
1
3.
() u(t)
4.
() u(t)
5.
u(t)
7.
() u(t)
1
(1)!
u(t)
9.
t.u(t)= r(t)
10.
. () u(t)
11.
cos(). u(t)
12.
sin(). u(t)
Re(s) > -a
Re(s) > a
Re(s) < 0
() u(t)
Re(s) > 0
+a
6.
8.
R.O.S
CASUAL
1.
x(s)
+a
A.C
x(t)
a
1
1
2
1
(+)2
2 + 2
2 + 2
16
Re(s) < -a
Re(s) < a
Multiplication by t
SR.No
Entire s plane
Entire s plane
Re(s) > -a
Re(s) > 0
Re(s) > 0
Semester-IV
Formulae List
1
+
If Re(s)>a
If Re(s)<a
x(t)=e-atu(t)
x(t)=-e-atu(-t)
ROC of right of -a
x(t) will be casual
Important term is u(t)
No change in sign
17
ROC of left of -a
x(t) will be anticasual
Important term is u(-t)
Change in sign
Semester-IV
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18
Semester-IV
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=0 ()
19
Semester-IV
. [()] = [()] = ()
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Semester-IV
3. Frequency shifting:
If x(t) --> (FT) X(w)
Then e-jwt0x(t) --> (F.T)X(w+w0)
4. Time diff:
(/)[x(t)] --> (FT) j.w.X(w)
5. Convolution property:
If x(t) --> (FT) X(w)
h(t) --> (F.T) H(w)
Then x(t).h(t) --> (FT)X(w).H(w)
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Formulae List
Semester-IV
Formulae List
FOURIER SERIES
Trigonometric F.S
() = + [ cos()] + [ sin()]
=1
=1
Where,
1
1 /2
= () = ()
0
/2
2
= ()cos()
0
2 /2
= ()cos()
/2
2
2 /2
= () sin() = () sin()
0
/2
2 = 1
2 = 0
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Semester-IV
Special Case:
Even Symmetric:
If x (t) has even symmetric then
= &
()
() . ()
Odd Symmetric:
= , = &
() . ()
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Formulae List
Semester-IV
() =
= .
Where,
=
()
OR
()
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Formulae List