Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
, LTD
By:
Hernn Santa Mara O., Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Camilo De la Barra B.
Civil Engineer, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Juan Jos Uribe M., MS.
Civil Engineer, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
April 2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The publication of this Manual was made possible by the financial support of
POSCO E&C. The authors greatly appreciate all the advice by Mr. Jae-Heung
Kim, Mr. Jang Ho Choi and Mr. Rodrigo Garca, all of them from POSCO E&C.
We wish to thank Javiera De la Barra for her valuable collaboration in
improving the quality of the drawings.
DISCLAIMER
The information presented in this Manual is based in design codes from Chile
and United States, engineering principles, and current construction and design
practice, and is for general information only. Under no circumstances does
DICTUC S.A. warrant or certify that the information contained here is free of
errors or deficiencies of any kind.
All the examples solved in this Manual refer to specific codes and standards.
Codes are often modified, so the users of this material have to be aware of the
codes that are in force at the time the Manual is used. Any reader of this
Manual assumes all the responsibility that comes from its use.
This manual may be changed at any time. Staff is encouraged to review this
manual periodically and suggest changes to keep the manual current and to
minimize differences between the manual and actual practices.
The origin of all the specific information, figures, and tables is properly
referenced inside this Manual. Before publishing a hard copy of this Manual, it
shall be verified that the use of the referenced information does not infringe
copyright.
ii
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. General information
2.1. Design Codes.
2.2. Material Properties.
2.3. Comments on the performance of steel structures during the
February 27th Chile Earthquake.
2.4. Bolted Connections.
2.5. Welded Connections.
2.6. Notation used on the manual.
2.7. Units used on the manual.
4. Brace Connections
4.1. General Description of Seismic Braced Frames.
4.2. Code Requirements for Braced Frames Connections, Design Forces
and Recommendations.
4.3. Discussion of some typical bracing connection cases.
4.4. References
4.5. Example: Brace to Beam-Column Connection.
4.6. V-brace to Beam Connection (at Beam Midspan).
iii
5. Shear Connections
5.1. Shear tab beam-to-column connection (single plate connection).
5.2. Shear single angle beam-to-column connection.
5.3. Shear double angle beam-to-column connection.
5.4. Shear single angle beam-to-beam connection.
5.5. Shear double angle beam-to-beam connection.
5.6. Shear Stiffened Seated beam-to-column connection.
5.7. Shear Unstiffened Seated beam-to-column connection.
6. Moment Connections
6.1. Bolted Extended End-Plate Moment Connection (unstiffened case).
6.2. Bolted Extended End-Plate Moment Connection (stiffened case).
6.3. Reduced Beam Section (RBS) Moment Connection.
6.4. Bolted Flange Plate Moment Connection.
6.5. Welded Unreinforced Flange-Welded Moment Connection.
6.6. Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler
Plates.
7.Columns Splices
7.1. Bolted Column Splice for SBCF.
7.2. Bolted Column Splice for SMF.
7.3. Welded Column Splice for SCBF.
7.4. Welded Column Splice for SMF.
8. Beam Splices
8.1. Beam Parallel Splice All Bolted Splice Plates.
8.2. Beam Parallel Splice Bolted End Plate.
iv
9. Stoppers
9.1. Up-lift Clamps.
9.2. Lateral Stoppers.
vi
1. INTRODUCTION
The response of steel structures subjected to loads and deformations produced
by earthquakes is strongly dependant on the behavior of the connections. The
ductility of the structure, the total strength of the system, the deformation
capacity, the easiness of identifying damage and later repairing, the level of
inelastic incursions (or having a completely elastic response) are
characteristics highly dependent of the solution given to the connections of the
steel members.
The intention of this manual is to present the current design procedures for
connections for different members of steel buildings and to show the minimum
design checks that must be done for a correct design of those connections.
The currently available design methods are the Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
method and the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method. The LRFD
method has been used in Europe, Canada and United States for a number of
years. Also, the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the
organization that prepares the specifications for structural design of steel
buildings, has decided to favor LRFD over ASD. Therefore, in this Manual all
examples are developed using LRFD.
It was preferred to use the International System of Units (SI) because it is
mandatory in the current Chilean standards.
1.1 Contents
The manual is organized into 12 chapters. The first two chapters present a
general description of the design standards and the materials used. Chapters 3
through 8 show the description of different types of connections and design
procedures. Examples are developed for each case, using the international or
the Chilean standards. In Chapters 9 to 12 special cases are discussed, but no
examples are solved.
All the chapters with solved examples of connections have a similar structure:
first, the requirements from international and Chilean design codes are
discussed; then, the design of a connection is proposed and solved; the design
is performed using an international design code, but the effects of the Chilean
code in the final design are always included for discussion; finally, the resulting
design is summarized. In some examples the design forces are taken from the
most stringent conditions between Chilean and international design provisions.
1-1
Introduction.
Chapter 2
General information.
Chapter 3
Base plates.
Chapter 4
Brace connections.
Chapter 5
Shear connections.
Chapter 6
Moment connections.
Chapter 7
Column splices.
Chapter 8
Beam splices.
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Support of equipments.
Chapter 11
Expansion Joints.
Chapter 12
Cranes.
1-2
2. GENERAL INFORMATION
In this chapter is summarized general information needed to design
connections in steel structures. The information corresponds to a brief
description of the structural design codes that are used along this manual, a
description of the Chilean and international standards that are used to
characterize the main types of steels used for structural steel construction, and
a summary of the observed performance of steel structures during the 2010
Chile earthquake. Also, brief sections containing information of bolts and welds
for connections, as well as two sections for the general notation and units used
in this manual, are included.
The international codes refer to the standards used in the United States. Those
were chosen because important parts of the Chilean codes are based in the
specifications written by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).
2.1 Design codes
2.1.a.
International codes
The main specifications used for steel design in the United States, and that are
widely used in many countries, are the following:
ANSI/AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
This standard sets criteria for the design of structural steel buildings and other
structures, which are designed, fabricated, and erected with vertical and
horizontal members that are typical of buildings. It combines the Allowable
Stress Design (ASD) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methods
by defining the way in which the strength is calculated for a given limit state,
and the corresponding values of the safety factor and the resistance factor .
2-1
Chilean codes
The Chilean codes related to seismic design of steel constructions are the
following:
NCh427.cR1977 Construction Specifications for the design of steel structures
for building
This standard specifies the procedures for the design of steel structures for
buildings and also specifies the minimum resistance that the members and
connections must meet. Being a very old standard, is in a review process, and
it is not currently used in building design.
NCh433.Of1996 Modified in 2009 Earthquake resistant design of buildings
This standard defines the requirements for the design of earthquake-resistant
buildings, equipments and other secondary buildings. It is not applied to
industrial.
Appendix B specifies that, while there is no official version for the design and
construction of steel buildings, the following standards must be used:
2-2
a)
b)
b)
To avoid collapse, the structures should have large strength and/or large
capacity to absorb energy, beyond the elastic limit of the material. To achieve
the former the structural system should be able to:
a)
b)
2-3
c)
To avoid stoppage of operation of the industry, the structure must also meet
the following requirements during an earthquake more severe than the design
earthquake.
d)
e)
All damage must occur at places that are visible and accessible.
f)
b)
Regarding seismic
Buildings, Part 1:
Steel Construction
all provisions from
used.
2-4
A992
A1043
A1077
The most commonly used steel is A36. The yield and tensile strengths of some
of the steels mentioned above are shown in Table 2.2-1.
2-5
Minimum
yield
strength (Fy)
(ksi)
Tensile
strength (Fu)
(ksi)
32
58 to 80
36
58 to 80
A529 Gr42
42
60 to 85
A529 Gr50
50
70 to 100
A572 Gr42
42
60
A572 Gr50
50
65
A572 Gr60
60
75
A572 Gr65
65
80
A242
42
63
High-strength
low-alloy steel
A588
42
63
High-strength
low-alloy steel
A992
50 to 65
65
High-strength
low-alloy steel
Designation
A36
Steel type
Carbon steel
Carbon steel
High-strength
low-alloy steel
2-6
Designation
Minimum
yield
strength (Fy)
(MPa)
Tensile
strength (Fu)
(MPa)
Steel type
A240ES
240
360 to 460
Carbon steel
A270ES
270
410 to 510
Carbon steel
A345ES
345
510 to 610
Carbon steel
M345ES
345
510 to 610
Alloy-steel
Y345ES
345
480
High-strength
low-alloy steel
A250ESP
250 to 350
400 to 550
Carbon steel
A345ESP
345 to 450
450
Carbon steel
ASTM A36 and ASTM A572 Gr 50 are steels similar to A250ESP and A345ESP,
respectively. This does not mean that are equivalent. Equivalency must be
checked, taking into account the requirements listed above. Table C.1 of
NCh203.Of2006 presents a list of verifications that must be performed to
verify equivalency. ASTM A992 (Gr50) complies with the requirements from
the Chilean standards.
2-7
2-8
Herrera, R. A., Beltran, J.F., Aguirre, C., and Verdugo, A., (2012).
Seismic performance of steel structures during the 2010 Maule
earthquake, STESSA 2012, Edited by Federico Mazzolani and Ricardo
Herrera, CRC Press 2011, Pages 3743.
Hube M., Santa Mara H., Villalobos F., (2010) Preliminary analisys of
the seismic response of bridges during the Chilean 27 February
earthquake. Obras y Proyectos,N8, p. 48-57.
2-9
2-10
2.4.
Bolted connections
Bolt sizes
AISC360-05 gives the size of bolts in United States and S.I. units.
AISC Bolts: North American and metric bolts
North American bolts
Metric bolts
Dimension
(in)
Approx.
Diameter
(mm)
Approx.
Gross Area
(mm2)
Dimension
Diameter
(mm)
Approx.
Gross Area
(mm2)
13
127
5/8
16
198
M16
16
201
19
285
M20
20
314
7/8
22
388
M22
22
380
25
507
M24
24
452
1 1/8
29
641
M27
27
573
32
792
M30
30
707
1 3/8
35
958
M36
36
1018
38
1140
2-11
2.
Holes
The following table for Nominal Hole Dimensions in mm for various bolt
diameters is taken from AISC 360-05 Specification, table J3.3M.
Nominal Hole Dimensions (mm) - Table J3.3M of AISC 360-05 Specification
Hole Dimensions
Bolt diameter
Standard
(Dia.)
Oversize
(Dia.)
Short-Slot
(Width x Length)
Long-Slot
(Width x Length)
M16
18
20
18 x 22
18 x 40
M20
22
24
22 x 26
22 x 50
M22
24
28
24 x 30
24 x 55
30
27 x 32
27 x 60
M24
27
(a)
M27
30
35
30 x 37
30 x 67
M30
33
38
33 x 40
33 x 75
>= M36
d+3
d+8
(d + 3) x (d + 10)
(d+3) x 2.5d
Table 2.4-2: Nominal Hole Dimensions (mm) for several bolt diameters (mm).
Re. AISC360-05 Specification, table J3.3M
These standard hole-diameters are used for all hole related limit states, except
tear out.
For the use of standard holes, oversized holes, short-slotted holes and longslotted holes; see AISC360-05 Specification, chapter J, section J.3. Bolts and
threaded parts, sub-section 2. Size and Use of Holes.
2-12
3.
A325M Bolts
A490M Bolts
M16
91
114
M20
142
179
M22
176
221
M24
205
257
M27
267
334
M30
326
408
M36
475
595
Table 2.4-3: Minimum Bolt Pretension (kN) for several bolt diameters (mm).
Re. AISC360-05 Specification, table J3.1M.
Note: this pretension is equal to 70% of the minimum tensile strength of bolts,
rounded off to nearest kN, as specified in ASTM specification for A325M and
A490M bolts with UNC.
4.
= 620
2-13
A490-High-Strength Bolts:
Nominal Tensile Stress:
= 780
2.4.b.
Bolt detailing
1.
Minimum Spacing
8
3
, = nominal
2-14
At sheared edges
16
28
22
20
34
26
22
38
(d)
28
24
42(d)
30
27
48
34
30
52
38
36
64
46
Over 36
1.75d
1.25
Notes: (a) Smaller edge distances are permitted to be used provided section J3.10 of AISC 360-05, as
appropriate, is satisfied. (b) For oversized or slotted holes, see table J3.5M of AISC 360-05. (c) All edge
distances are permitted to be reduced by 3 mm when the hole is at a point where required strength does
not exceed 25 percent of the maximum strength in the element. (d) It is permitted to have 32 mm at the
ends of the beam connection angles and shear end plates.
Table 2.4-4: Minimum edge distance (mm) from center of standard hole to
edge of connected part, for several bolt diameters (mm). Re. AISC360-05
Specification, table J3.4M.
3.
According to AISC360-05, J.3.5, the maximum distance from the center of any
bolt or rivet to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the
thickness of the connected part under consideration, but shall not exceed 150
mm. The longitudinal spacing of fasteners between elements that are in
continuous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall be as
follows:
a) For painted members or unpainted members not subject to corrosion,
the spacing shall not exceed 24 times of the thickness of the thinner
plate or 305 mm
b) For unpainted members of weathering steel subject to atmospheric
corrosion, the spacing shall not exceed 14 times the thickness of the
thinner plate or 180 mm.
2-15
4.
Taking into account the previous information and Chilean practice, the
following table shows the minimum spacing between bolts centers and
minimum edge distances:
Typical minimum bolt spacing and edge distances (Chilean
Practice)
e3
e1
3d
e4
e2
3d
1,75d
1,5d
1,25d
1,5d
1,25d
1,25d
Table 2.4-5: Usual minimum distances between bolts and plates edges
(Re. ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures, Table 3-1)
Where
a = edges cutted with scissors or torch,
b = parts with edged plates mill and with brushed edges,
c = parts with edged plates mill.
A scheme to be used with the table above is presented:
Ru
2-16
Gage
Diameter
emx
(mm)
g
(mm)
g1
(mm)
g2
(mm)
dmx
(mm)
d1mx
(mm)
g
(mm)
dmx
(mm)
25
15
15
30
19
19
35
22
40
3,5
25
25
10
45
4,5
30
50
30
10
30
10
55
35
10
60
35
12
65
40
14
35
16
70
40
16
75
50
16
80
50
16
45
22
90
55
20
100
10
60
24
55
27
125
12
70
60
40
24
14
150
14
80
70
50
27
18
175
16
90
80
60
27
20
200
18
100
90
70
30
24
H or B
(mm)
Thickness
Gages
Rolled Angles
Diameters
Table 2.4-6: Gages: Angle cross sections Cold formed and Rolled Shapes.
(Re. ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures, Table 3-1-a)
2-17
The following figures show the terms used in Table 2.4-6 (cold formed and
rolled angles respectively):
Recommended gages
Simple (1 hole)
g >= 3e + 1,5d.
Preferably use g = B/2
B/3 -2e
Double (2 holes)
Multiple (n holes)
(B-6e)/5,67
3(B-6e)/(8n +1)
Table 2.4-7: Recommended gages for folded shapes with stiffened flanges.
(Re. ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures, Table 3-1-b)
Following figures show the terms used in Table 2.4-7:
2-18
5.
Nominal Bolt
Dia.
Socket Dia.
5/8
1 3/4
25/64
1 1/4
3/4
2 1/4
15/32
1 3/8
7/8
2 1/2
35/64
2 5/8
1 1/8
H1
H2
C1
C2
Circular
Clipped
1 11/16
11/16
9/16
1 1/4
3/4
3/4
11/16
1 1/2
1 3/8
7/8
7/8
13/16
39/64
1 5/8
1 7/16
15/16
7/8
2 7/8
11/16
1 7/8
1 9/16
1 1/6
1 1/8
1 1/4
3 1/8
25/32
1 11/16
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/8
1 3/8
3 1/4
27/32
2 1/8
1 3/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/4
1 1/2
3 1/2
15/16
2 1/4
1 7/8
1 5/16
1 1/2
1 5/16
Table 2.4-8: Entering and tightening clearance for aligned ASTM A325 and
A490 Bolts.
The following figure shows the terms of Table 2.4-8:
H1
C1
H2
C1
C2
C2
H2
fillet
C3
2-19
Staggered bolts:
Stagger P (in.)
F
5/8
3/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 1/8
1 1/2
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 15/16
1 3/8
1 7/16
1 7/8
2 3/16
1 1/2
1 1/4
1 13/16
2 1/8
2 5/16
1 5/8
1 1/4
1 3/4
2 1/16
2 5/16
2 9/16
1 3/4
1 3/16
1 11/16
2 1/4
2 9/16
2 13/16
1 7/8
1 1/8
1 9/16
1 15/16
2 3/16
2 1/2
2 3/4
3 3/4
1 1/2
1 13/16
2 1/8
2 7/16
2 3/4
2 15/16
3 1/4
2 1/8
13/16
1 3/8
1 11/16
2 3/8
2 11/16
2 15/16
3 3/16
2 1/4
1 1/4
1 9/16
1 7/8
2 1/4
2 5/8
2 7/8
3 3/16
2 3/8
1 1/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2 1/8
2 1/2
2 13/16
3 1/8
2 1/2
7/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 7/16
2 3/4
3 1/16
2 5/8
1 3/16
1 1/2
1 15/16
2 5/16
2 7/8
2 3/4
15/16
1 3/8
1 7/8
2 1/8
2 1/2
2 7/8
2 7/8
1 3/16
1 3/4
2 1/16
2 3/8
2 13/16
7/8
1 5/8
2 1/4
2 11/16
3 1/8
1 1/2
1 7/8
2 1/8
2 1/2
3 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/4
2 3/8
3 3/8
15/16
1 5/8
1 15/16
2 1/4
3 1/2
1 3/8
1 3/4
2 1/8
3 5/8
1 1/16
1 9/16
1 5/16
1 7/8
3 3/4
3 7/8
1 11/16
1 3/8
Table 2.4-9: Entering and tightening clearance for staggered ASTM A325 and
A490 Bolts.
2-20
Where
H1: height of the head.
H2: maximum shank extension (based on the use of one ASTM F436 washer).
C1: clearance for tightening.
C2: clearance for entering.
C3: clearance for fillet (based on the use of one ASTM F436 washer).
P: bolt stagger.
F: clearance for tightening staggered bolts.
The following figure defines the terms of Table 2.4-9:
C1
P
F
Cf = tightening
clearance
standard
socket
2.4.c.
1.
2-21
3.
Bearing
Slip Resistance
2.4.d.
1.
Important: Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint or
the same force component in a connection.
2-22
2.
For bolted joints, according to section 8.5.1, bolts for seismic constructions
shall be type ASTM A325 or ASTM A490 (or equivalent).
According to section 8.5.6, bolts for seismic constructions shall have the
adequate pretension for slip-critical type union. However, the strength of
bolted connections can be calculated as the strength corresponding to bearing
type unions.
2.4.e.
References
Arze, Recin y Asociados, Ingenieros Consultores, 2000. Manual de
Diseo para Estructuras de Acero (ICHA Manual for the Design of
Steel Structures). Instituto Chileno del Acero (ICHA), Santiago, Chile.
2-23
2-24
2.5.
Welded Connections
2.5.a.
Fillet welds
Fillet welds are used for joining parallel plates or T shapes. Fillet welds are
always PJP type.
T joint
Traslaped joint
Effective Area
(Re. AISC 360-05, J2.2a)
The effective area of a fillet weld shall be the effective length multiplied by the
effective throat. The effective throat of a fillet weld shall be the shortest
distance from the root to the face of the weld.
=
the effective throat in a fillet weld (for FCAW, GMAW, SMAW processes) is
shown in the following figure:
teff = 0,707 t
Figure 2.5-2: Effective width in the fillet weld for FCAW, GMAW, SMAW
processes. =leg dimension (named also ), = effective throat of a fillet
weld.
Note: in SAW process for < 3/8" = , and for 3/8" = + 0.11"
2-25
For fillet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat.
In case of overlapping fillets, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal
cross-sectional area of the hole or slot, in the plane of the faying surface.
2.
Limitations
(Re. AISC 360-05, J2.2b)
To 6 inclusive
Over 6 to 13
Over 13 to 19
Over 19
(mm)
(a) Leg dimension of fillet welds. Single pass welds must be used
Table 2.5-1: Minimum size of Fillet Welds. (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J2.4).
Maximum fillet weld size:
According to the following figure for fillet welds along edges (Re. AISC 360-05,
J2.2b):
tp
tw
2-26
If < 6 =
If 6 = 2 (See exception in AISC 360-05, Section J2-2b)
Minimum length of fillet welds:
The minimum effective length of fillet welds designed on the basis of strength
must meet:
= 4
If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end connections of flat-plate
tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall be not less than the
perpendicular distance between them. For the effective area in this case, see
AISC 360-05, Table D3.1.
1.0 .
When the length L of the weld exceeds 30 times the leg size , use
= 0.6.
Lap joints:
The lap shall be five times the thickness of the thinner part (plate) joined, but
not less than 25 mm.
For lap joints joining plates or bars subjected to axial stress that use
transverse fillet welds only, see AISC 360-05, section J2.2b.
2-27
For lap joints in which one connected part extends beyond an edge of
another connected part that is subject to calculated tensile stress,
fillet weld shall terminate not less than the size of the weld from that
edge.
2-28
2.
4.
Figure 2.5-8: Details for fillet welds that occur on opposite sides of a common
plane.(Re. AISC 360-05 Commentary, Fig. C-J2.9)
Note: According to AISC 360-05 Commentary, End returns are not essential
for developing the capacity of fillet welded connections and have a negligible
effect on their strength.
2-29
2.5.b.
Groove welds
Groove welds are used for attach top plates. They can be CJP (complete joint
penetration groove welds) or PJP (partial joint penetration groove welds). See
the following figure:
CJP
PJP
Effective Area
Groove Type
(AWS D1.1,
Figure 3.3)
J or U Groove
60 V
J or U Groove
60 V
J or U Groove
60 V
J or U Groove
60 Bevel or V
Effective Throat
Depth of Groove
Depth of Groove
Depth of Groove
Depth of Groove
F,H
45 Bevel
Depth of Groove
F,H
45 Bevel
Depth of Groove
All
45 Bevel
V,OH
45 Bevel
V,OH
45 Bevel
2-30
2.
Limitations
(Re. AISC260-05, J2.1b)
Minimum effective throat thickness for PJP groove weld shall not be less than
the size required to transmit calculated forces, nor the size shown in the
following table. Minimum weld size is determined by the thinner of the two
parts joined.
Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of PJP Groove Welds- Table J2.3 AISC
360-05 Specification
Material of the Thinner Part Joined (mm)
To 6 inclusive
Over 6 to 13
Over 13 to 19
Over 19 to 38
Over 38 to 57
10
Over 57 to 150
13
Over 150
16
Strength of weld
2-31
Base metal:
=
= nominal strength of the base metal, per unit area (MPa)
= cross-sectional area of the base metal (mm2)
Weld metal:
=
= nominal strength of the weld metal, per unit area (MPa)
=effective area of the weld (mm2)
For fillet welds loaded in longitudinal shear, for example, we have the following
shear planes:
Figure 2.5-10: Shear planes for fillet welds loaded in longitudinal shear.
(Re. AISC 360-05, Fig. C-J2.10).
Values of , , , and limitations:
(Re.Table J2.5, AISC 360-05)
CJP Groove Welds:
For these welds, the strength of a joint made by CJP groove welds, whether
loaded in tension or compression, is dependent upon the strength of the base
metal, and no computation of the strength of the CJP groove weld is required.
See Table J2.5.
Note that for CJP welds, the limit state of weld metal strength will never
control since both the welds and the base metal have the same effective area,
and the filler metal is constrained to be stronger than the base metal.
Therefore, only the capacity of the base metal is of concern.
2-32
For a linear weld group loaded in-plane through its center of gravity:
=
= 0.60 (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5 )
=electrode tensile strength (MPa)
= angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis,
degrees.
=effective area of the weld (mm2)
2-33
Note: a linear weld group is one in which all elements are in a line or are
parallel
Figure 2.5-11: Angle of loading for a linear weld group loaded in plane through
the center of gravity.
b)
For weld elements within a weld group that are loaded in-plane and
analyzed using and instantaneous center of rotation method, see
J2.4.
c)
Where:
= the total nominal strength of longitudinally loaded fillet welds, as
determined in accordance with Table J2.5 (N).
= the total nominal strength of transversely loaded fillet welds, as
determined in accordance with Table J2.5 (N).
2.5.e.
Combination of welds
2-34
2.5.f.
For CJP subject to tension normal to the effective area shall comply with the
requirements for matching filler metal given in AWS D1.1. See Table 2.5-1.
2.
2.5.g.
CJP groove welded T and corner joints with steel backing left in place,
subject to tension normal to the effective area, unless the joints are
designed using the nominal strength and resistance factor or safety
factor as applicable for PJP weld.
CJP welded splices subject to tension normal to the effective area in
heavy sections, as defined in A3.1c and A3.1d of the Specification.
Electrodes (AWS):
Commonly used electrodes are E60 and E70. EXX means that = XX
ksi.(electrode tensile strength).
2.5.h.
2-36
2.5.i.
tbf
6
4
5
5
4
1
3/4 MIN.
tbf
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
to , minimum ( 6 mm).
Also see section J1.6 of AISC 360-05: Beam copes and weld access holes
2-37
2.5.j.
1.
The electrodes and solder flux for SMAW process, must meet with AWS A5.1,
A5.5, A5.17, A5.18, A5.23 and A5.29.
(Re. NCh2369.0f2003, 8.5.1)
The electrodes must have a minimum tenacity of 27 J at -29C on Charpy
essay, according to ASTM A-6.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.5.1)
Groove welds in seismic-resistant unions must be CJP type. (Re.
NCh2369.Of2003, 8.5.5).
Important:
Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint or the same
force component in a connection.
2.
Demand critical welds are generally CJP welds, or are those welds where the
failure would result in significant degradation in strength and stiffness of the
SRLS. See AISC 341-05 Code, section 7.3 Welded Connections and the user
table for examples of welds designated as demand critical.
AISC 341-05 Commentary:
For desirable details that avoid shared forces between welds and joints see
Fig. C-I-7-1a on the commentary and for problematic bolted/welded
connections see Fig. C-I-7-1b on the commentary.
2-38
2.6.
The following terms listed below are the most commonly used on the examples
of this Manual. Other terms not described in here will be properly defined on
each specific example.
2.6.a.
Loads
, , :
, , :
, , :
, , :
, , :
, , :
, , :
, , :
Plastic moment.
Nominal strength.
Note:
Sometimes, or are also used to define axial loads.
2.6.b.
2-39
Story height.
R:
0 :
2.6.c.
bf
tf
y
s
tw
y
Figure 2.6-1: Chilean H-Shape section.
2-40
Flange width.
Flange thickness.
:
0 :
:
:
:
Note:
In many examples these terms have subscripts to indicate the structural
element such as beam, column, brace, etc.
2.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Torsional constant.
Warping constant.
Radius of gyration.
Thickness of the element.
=
=
: Web slenderness.
: Flange slenderness.
:
Plastic modulus.
= : Area of one flange.
= : Web area.
:
Bending elastic modulus.
Note:
In many examples there are subscripts joining this terms to indicate the
element (beam, column, brace, plate, etc.) property.
2.6.d.
Material notation
:
:
2-41
:
:
2.6.e.
Bolted connections
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
=
otherwise stated.
Number of bolts, unless otherwise stated.
2.6.f.
Welded connections
:
:
:
:
:
1.
Fillet welds
:
:
:
Fillet weld length.
or : Length of the weld, unless otherwise stated.
2-42
2.
Groove welds
CJP:
PJP:
2.6.g.
LRFD Design
2-43
2.7.
Posco E&C. uses principally the SI system, using Newton (N) or Kilo-Newton
(kN) for forces and millimeters (mm) for distances. For helping in calculations,
a conversion table between the SI unit system and customary United States
unit system is given.
Dimension
SI Units
Distance
1 in (1)
25.4 mm
Force
1 kip
4.448 kN
Stress
1 ksi (1kip/in2)
6.894 N/mm2
Distance
1 ft (1)
12 in (12) = 317.5 mm
Force
1 lb.
0.00444 kN
Stress
1 MPa
1 N/mm2
2-44
Design requirements
3.1.a.
NCh2369.Of2003
8d or 350 mm
Anchor bolts subjected to tension shall have chair (double base plate)
and must be visible to allow for inspection and repair, and the thread
shall have sufficient length to enable retightening of the nuts.
Therefore, anchors shall have a projection of at least 8 diameters and
no less than 250 mm measured from the base plate. The length of
the thread under the nut must be greater than 75 mm. See Figure
3-1.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.6.2)
75 mm (thread)
Shear key
Figure 3-1: Typical detail for the double base plate connection. Adapted from
NCh2369.Of2003; Figure A.1.
3-1
The exception to the previous requirement can be made when the bolts have
enough capacity to resist load combinations in which the seismic forces have
been amplified by 0.5R (but no more than 1.5 times) with respect to the value
indicated on sections 5 and 7 of the Chilean code.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.6.2)
The design of the shear anchor systems shall not take into account
the friction between the base plate and the foundation.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.6.5)
3-2
The strengths of the shear keys and the anchor bolts cannot be
added.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.6.6)
3.1.b.
AISC 341-05
(Re. AISC 341-05, 8.5: Column Bases section)
1.
Note:
To understand the hypotheses and origin of these design forces, and how do
the base plate connections work, it is important to read the commentary of
section 8.5 of AISC341-05.
2.
According to AISC 341-05, this strength shall be determined from AISC 36005 J3 section, for bolt and threaded parts in connections. Appendix D of
AIC318 code also shows expressions for the tensile and shear strength of the
anchor bolts.
3.
Refer to Appendix D of ACI 318 Code. This is not presented on this example.
3.1.c.
AISC 360-05
b)
3-4
1 5/16
7/8
1 9/16
2 1/2
5/16
1 13/16
3/8
2 1/16
2 5/16
3 1/2
2 3/4
5/8
3 1/4
3/4
3 3/4
5 1/2
7/8
Table 3-1: Recommended Maximum Sizes for Anchor-Rod Holes in Base Plates.
Adapted from Table 14-2 of AISC Manual of Steel Construction, 13th Ed.
3-5
Design a base plate connection for the connection shown in Figure 3-2.
Suppose that bending is about the strong axis for the wide flange column
shown. The column is a H 350 x 350 x 165.6 Chilean shape.
Use A345 ESP steel, required for constructions subjected to dynamical loading,
according to NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3. Anchor rods are ASTM F1554 Gr
36. Concrete of the foundation is H30.
3-6
The column is located such that no free edges of concrete foundation are
near its position. Story height is = 5 .
Suppose that the column has been properly designed for resisting the forces
given by the load combinations of the applicable building code including the
amplified seismic load (in this case, the NCh2369.Of2003 Load Combinations
unless otherwise noted). These loads, at the base of the column and about the
major axis of the column are (convention is that compression loads are
positive sign):
Combination 1 (uplift):
= 0 , = 1000
Note for combination 1:
The uplift combination will typically control de design of anchor bolts since
they take the total of the tensile force and transmit it to the concrete
foundation. The design of the anchor bolts includes the anchorage to concrete.
The reference for that design is Appendix D of ACI 318 Code. Then, the
combinations for determining the uplift force should be taken from ACI 318
Code (or similar). In order to determine the maximum uplift force, typically
the combination 0.9D 1.4(EH + EV) controls. EH is the horizontal earthquake
action and EV the vertical earthquake action.
Combination 2:
= 500000 , = 1000
Check immediately the AISC 341 requirements for determine the design forces
for combination 2:
= 1.1 for A345 steel, similar to ASTM A572 Gr50 steel:
(Re. AISC 341-05, Table I-6-1)
1.1 = 1299939
Therefore the design loads for combination 2 are:
2 min 1.1 , = 500000 2 = 1000
Combination 3:
= 200000 , = 2000
3-7
Check immediately the AISC 341 requirements for determine the design forces
for combination 3:
1.1 = 1299939
Therefore the design loads for combination 3 are:
3 min 1.1 , = 200000 3 = 2000
Shear force:
= 150
Check immediately the AISC 341 requirements for determine the shear design
force (the story height is 5000 mm):
Therefore:
2
= 473
min 2 /, = 150
Notes:
1. For this example, the design of the anchorage to the concrete foundation
(regarding to anchor bolts) will not be taken into account For that topic
refer to Appendix D of ACI 318-05 and ACI 318-11 codes, and make a
ductile design.
2. This example will consider the detailing requirements of NCh2369.Of2003
and the design forces will be taken from the provisions of AISC 341-05
code, as shown above. Note that when NCh2369.Of2003 is used for the
determination of the design forces, appropriate load combinations from
that code shall be used.
3-8
3.3.a.
Pu
A-A section
B-B section
Vu
3-9
3.3.c.
1.
Design procedure
Uplift forces
= 1000
Determine the number of bolts and bolt area needed. From ACI 318-08 the
anchor bolt tensile strength is:
= ,
Where:
= number of bolts, , = effective cross-sectional area of an anchor bolt in
tension.
= 400 min 1.9 , 860 = 475 (Re. ACI 318-08 Code, D.5.1.2)
Use a reduction strength factor = 0.75 (anchorage supposed to be controlled
by the resistance of a ductile element, ACI 318-08, section D4.4). =
250 is the specified tensile yield stress of the anchor steel. The , term
can be obtained from table 7-18 of AISC Manual of Steel Construction :
Threading Dimension for High Strength and Non-High Strength Bolts. For more
information, seeAISC Design Guide N1.
Try anchor rods of 1 in (38 mm). Therefore, , = 1.405 2 = 906 2 . The
required number of bolts is:
=
Notes:
3-10
= 3.7 = 4
,
s edge
bedge
g
bf
B
3-11
= 175 , = = 175 ):
Y
M2
X
A
X
R
M1
M1
Figure 3-4: (a) Model for the design of the upper plate and vertical stiffener,
(b) Moment diagram due to anchor rods capacity on the upper plate.
From the previous figure, the reactions are ( = , = 363 ):
11
=
= 499
8
5
=
= 113
16
Maximum moment values are:
1 =
5
32
= 9914 and 2 =
3
16
= 11897
2
4
OK
and
width
(comply
with
NCh2369.Of2003
code
OK
=
= + =
Therefore (refer to Chapter E of AISC 360-05):
/ =
3
12
12
= 7.22 . Then,
OK
Notes:
Note that vertical stiffeners shall also be checked for the compression
on the base plate for (M,P) combinations (see following sections in
this chapter), therefore the value shall be checked after again.
3-13
2.
M,N combinations
The anchor bolts shall be designed for resisting also the tensile forces coming
from the moment on the base and, if present, the uplift force T (see previous
section). For the calculation of the bearing stress distribution under the base
plate and the forces acting on the anchor bolts, refer to the following figure:
N
d
bf
bedge
P
M
(N/2 -bedge)
(N/2 - A/3)
fp
Notes:
N'
: + =
2
3
(distance between the tension force and the column center).
: + =
3-14
Solve both equations to obtain a quadratic expression for the bearing distance:
6
3
2 4
( +)
Where:
=
expression for the available bearing strength of AISC 360-05, section J8).
The resulting tensile load on the anchor bolts is =
. Check it against
the tensile capacity of the bolts. Note that if the distance is equal or greater
than , the bolts are not subjected to tension and mostly all the base plate is
under compression. In that case, it is possible to neglect the action of the
bolts.
For the cases when there is mainly compression between the base plate and
the foundation, the Guide proposes a different method of analysis:
If =
<
the base plate is a small base plate and no tension exists. For that
1+
After evaluating the compression over the base plate and the tension
on the bolts, check the bending behavior on the base plate (i.e. check
the thickness of the base plate) considering an appropriate critical
section. Also, tension on the bolts shall be checked.
Combination 2:
2 = 500000 , 2 = 2 = 1000
Base plate dimensions from previous section (bending about the strong axis of
the column):
= 730 , = 375
3-15
2
1
0.60 1.7 1
Therefore, =
= 0.60 0.85
2
1
2
1
=4
= = 295
2
=
= 3156
2
= = 660
1
2
OK
ly
lx
Figure 3-6: (a) Section for bending analysis of the base plate (vertical
stiffeners shown), (b) Slab Model (three fixed and one free edges)
Use any reasonable method to solve the maximum moments on the Slab
Model.
3-16
Using tables for calculating the slab moments per mm of width (Stiglat &
Wippel book) for the case shown in the figure above.
= = 848 =
= 67
= + = 190 , =
(Assume conservatively that the critical value of is constant all over the
slab).
The design condition is that: = 0.9 (
2
4
) > .
4
= 29.3 =
0.9
Check the vertical stiffeners with the force produced by the concrete pressure:
Assume conservatively that is uniform in all the length of the upper plate
projection on the base plate. The model is the following:
f
X
Figure 3-7: Determination for the concrete pressure reaction on the vertical
stiffeners.
= + = 4.85
The reactions are:
, = = 175
OK
3-17
Combination 3:
3 = 200000 ,
3 = 3 = 2000
Base plate dimensions from previous section (bending about the strong axis of
the column):
= 730 , = 375
The eccentricity of the loads is:
6
=
1+
= 13.31 > = 0.60 0.85 = 12.8
6
=
1+
= 12.64 < = 12.8
Check the base plate at an appropriate critical section. See Figure 3-6.
Using tables for the determination of this slab moments (Stiglat & Wippel
book):
= = 420 =
= 33
(Assume conservatively that the critical value of is constant all over the
slab).
The design condition is that: = = 0.9 (
=
2
4
) > .
4
= 21 =
0.9
Check the vertical stiffeners with the force produced by the concrete pressure:
Assume conservatively that is uniform in all the length of the upper plate
projection on the base plate. The model is the same shown in Figure 3-7.
= + = 2.40 /, =
3-18
= 175
2
OK
Shear
= 150
Discussion:
When shear keys are used (see limit of 50 kN on the NCh2369.Of2003 code),
the anchor rods are supposed not to resist in shear. The shear is only carried
out by the shear key; and therefore it is necessary to separate the axialmoment design from the shear design.
The shear key design shall be made considering a uniform stress due to
bearing with concrete (for transferring from the column to the concrete
foundation). For ductile behavior, the shear key must yield before the concrete
crushes in bearing.
If designing a shear key corresponding to a single plate (fixed to the base
plate), the plastic flexural behavior (if the plate has the adequate slenderness)
will be concentrated near the fixed en (plastic hinge region). Then, the
strength of the shear key corresponds to the plastic strength of the single
plate.
When large earthquakes are expected; the direction of the shear loading is not
known. Therefore, there is the need for a shear key which resists in two
perpendicular directions, and its capacity should be verified in this both
directions.
An example of one of those shear keys is the cruciform shape. In this case it is
not so clear that the plastic behavior under a uniform load will occur near the
fixed edge. The reason is that, there is a very stiff element at the middle of the
face of the plate. Although at both sides of the middle stiff element it can
occur yielding of the plates (ductile behavior), the stiff element can carry more
much load leading to a non-ductile global behavior.
For this case, the capacity of the shear keys shall be determined considering
appropriate boundary conditions and considering the minimum load being able
to be transferred, according to the failure mechanism.
3-19
t2
Hsk
G (grout)
1
4
3
2
5
Bsk
Figure 3-8: Assumed yield lines for shear key cruciform shape.
Elevation view.
It is known that =
2
4
= (
22
).
4
It is possible to determine
).
). This alternative is
3
2
came from a shear force reduced by R=3, and for the shear key it has been
considered R*=2<3). The use of an amplification factor like this shall be
discussed within project specifications.
3-20
G
t2
N
Hsk
Vu
Figure 3-10: Slab model for one side of the shear key face. Two embedded
sides and two free sides.
=
= 125 , = = 220
2
3-21
Note:
If the grout thickness is discounted, then the correct slab model is with a
loaded area in the height on the above figure, and not loaded near the
upper fixed edge. In this case, a conservative model has been used
considering all the loaded area in all the height .
From tables (Stiglat & Wippel book), use / = 1.76 = 3.81
Therefore the relation between the slab moment and the shear is:
= 9.15),
2
= 50
4
It is expected that > . In the critical case: = and then solving for :
=
2
= 264
And therefore, the previous is the estimated capacity of the shear key.
Check that = 264 > 225
OK
2
0.60 1.7 1
1
(Re. ACI 318-05, 10.14.1 Section)
3-22
1 = 1 = 38420 2
= 490 > 264
OK
= 5.74 = 6
0.75 0.6 0.707 2
Check with the minimum fillet weld size: Minimum thickness of the parts
joined= 1 , 2 , = 24 = 8 = .
(Re. AISC 360-05, Table J2.4)
Because can act in any direction, repeat the same fillet weld on the
perpendicular plate of the cruciform shape.
3-23
Figure 3-11: Fillet welds scheme on the cruciform shape for a vertical .
Check rupture of the base metal to develop weld strength for the shear key to
base plate weld
For shear keys:
= 0.75 0.6
= 0.75 0.6 1 = 1215 > = 0.6 0.707 2 = 491
With = 150 .
For base plate:
= 0.75 0.6 = 0.75 0.6 2
Base plate is thicker than the shear key, therefore this verification is OK.
Base plate to column weld
The connection of the column to the base plate is a bearing type one. As one
alternative, double sided fillet welds are used on a portion of the column web,
and single side fillet welds on the column flanges. Consider the following
figure:
3-24
= 500
2
Assume as an initial trial that the length of the flange fillet welds is = =
350 . The angle between weld axis and load is = 90.
= 0.75 = 0.75 1.5 0.6 0.707 > 1
6.2 =
For the load combinations with moment (2 and 3), the fillet welds on the
flanges shall be capable of transfer:
2 =
max
( )
= 1538
With max
( ) equal to the maximum moment from combinations 2 and 3.
The angle between weld axis and load is = 90.
= 0.75 = 0.75 1.5 0.6 0.707 > 2
19.1 =
Because of the shear force acting on the column (assumed to be resisted by
the web welds), the fillet welds on the column web shall be capable to transfer
the capacity of the shear key:
= 264
3-25
Assume as an initial trial that 2 = 200 . The angle between weld axis and
load is = 0.
= 0.75 = 0.75 0.6 0.707 2 >
8.6 =
Check the minimum fillet weld size: min , = 12 = 5
OK.
Check also that the fillet welds on the column flange are capable to transfer
the shear capacity of the shear key:
= 0.75 = 0.75 0.6 0.707 2 = 2149 kN > = 264
3-26
3.3.d.
Designed connection
Notes:
1) Anchorage to concrete has not been designed.
2) Anchor Bolts: 4 bolts ASTMF 1154 Gr. 36 38 mm.
3) Connections for vertical stiffeners and upper plate
are not designed.
A - A plan
A
Upper plate
PL 350x190x30 (typ).
Column
H350x350x165.6.
Stiffener plate
PL 305x190x25 (typ).
grout
C
C
(typ)
20
Exterior of
flange
B - B plan
C - C plan
(Shear key)
10
10
Base plate
PL 730x395x30
Shear key to
base plate
L=150 mm
(typ)
10
10
20
Column web
to base plate
L=100 mm
10
10
Shear key to
base plate
L=150 mm
Exterior of
flange
3-27
3.3.e.
Additional Discussion
The maximum load effect, according by the analysis of the forces that
can be transferred to the brace by the overall system.
Then,
= min(R y Fy Ag , Tu analysis )
According to the commentary C13.3a of the AISC 341-05 specification, there
are several ways to compute the maximum loads effect that can be transferred
to the bracing, for example a Pushover analysis; a determination of how much
force can be resisted before causing uplift of the foundation and an inelastic
time history analysis; between many others. However is not a common
practice on design projects to do these detailed analysis. In most cases there
is the need to provide a capacity large enough to ensure yielding of the brace.
3-28
Brace
Base Plate
+ 1.1 sin
3-29
cos
()
Flexural Strength
According to section 8.5 of AISC 341-05, the required flexural strength for
column bases is given by the summation of the required strengths of the steel
elements at the connection.
According to section 13.3b, the required flexural strength of the brace is:
= 1.1
Then, the required strength for the connection is:
=
+ 1.1
The required flexural strength for braces may be neglected if the brace is
detailed in order that it can accommodate the inelastic rotations associated to
the post buckling deformations (braces will develop buckling that eventually
will generate plastic hinges at the ends of the brace). The accommodation of
3-30
the inelastic rotations is accomplished using single gusset plate with the brace
terminating before the line of restraint. For more information see Chapter 4 of
this Manual.
b) Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
Axial Force
The required strength for the brace connection in OCBF systems is given by
section 14.4 of AISC 341-05, which says that:
-
For the limit state of bolt slip, the required strength of the bracing
connection shall be determined according to the load combinations
stipulated by the building code, not including the use of the amplified
seismic load. This is because the bolt slip failure does not constitute
a connection failure, and the dissipation of energy that occurs product
of the bolt slip reduces the seismic response.
For all the other limit states, the required strength is the expected
yield tensile strength of the brace . The required strength needs
not exceed either of the following:
- The maximum force that the structural system can develop.
- A load effect that considers the effect of the amplified seismic load.
Therefoe the axial uplift design force for the base plate connection, considering
the brace is:
=
sin
()
Where is given by the combination for the column that produces the
maximum uplift effect on the base plate and is the angle between the brace
and the horizontal line on the base plate.
Shear Force
According to section 8.5b of AISC 341-05, the required shear strength for the
base plate connection is given by the summation of the required strength of
the steel elements at the base plate connection.
3-31
For the case of the column that arrives to the base plate, the required strength
is already known from the above example. For the braces, the axial required
strength of the brace is:
=
Then:
=
cos
()
Note:
It is important to consider the direction of the forces acting on the brace and
on the base of the column.
Flexural Strength
According to section 8.5 of AISC 341-05, the required flexural strength for
base plates is given by the summation of the required strengths of the steel
elements at the connection. However, for OCBF it is expected that the brace
will develop limited inelastic deformations. For this reason, it is not necessary
to consider the flexural strength of the brace that arrives to the base plate
connection.
3.4.
References
3-32
4.
BRACE CONNECTIONS
4.1.
Steel systems that contain braced frames are very efficient and economical
systems, because they resist lateral forces and displacements trough the axial
strength and stiffness of the brace members, with little or no bending until the
compression braces buckle.
Concentrically braced frames:
In concentrically braced frames, the centerlines of braces, beams and columns
intersect, or nearly intersect, minimizing flexural behavior. They are almost
similar to vertical trusses. According to AISC 341-05 Code, there are two
principal systems: Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) and Special
Concentrically Braced Frames SCBF.
These structures tend to be more economical than moment frames and
eccentrically braced frames in terms of material, fabrication and erection costs.
Nevertheless, they have reduced flexibility in architectural and functional
issues due to the presence of braces that obstruct the spaces.
There are several types of braced concentrically systems. Some examples are
graphically presented below:
V-Bracing
Inverted
V-Bracing
V-Bracing
Diagonal
Bracing
4-1
limited inelastic deformations. Therefore, they are designed for higher seismic
forces (higher than for SCBF systems) in order to take into account this limited
ductility. The design and construction procedure of OCBF systems is simpler
than in SCBF systems.
4.1.b.
4-2
2t
Gusset Plate
4.2.
4.2.a.
NCh2369.0f2003:
There are also specific provisions for braced frames in section 8.3 of
the NCh2369.Of2003 Code. Some of them will be discussed later.
For horizontal braces apply section 8.7 of NCh2369.Of2003.
. This limit
4-3
4.2.b.
1.
AISC 341-05
4.0 /
05, Section 13.2a). See the exception on the code for braces with
some specific requirements.
Required strength for braces: see section 13.2b. Note that this
section mentions that when the effective area of the bracing members
is less than the gross area, for example in slotted HSS braces at the
gusset plate, there are tensile strength requirements based upon the
limit state of fracture in the net section.
Lateral force distribution (alternate braces in tension and compression
for redundancy): see section 13.2c.
Column and braces must comply with width-thickness limitations
given in section 8.2b (Seismically Compact Sections, according to
Table I-8-1).
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4-4
using a gusset plate, with the brace finishing before the line of
restraint (see detailing requirements in Figure 4.1-2)
Required compressive strength: 1.1 , with equal to the
nominal compressive strength of the brace. Note that it is necessary
to consider the true effective length of the brace, the connection fixity
(in order to calulate k), and the material overstrength. Brace buckling
capacity stress should be based on the actual brace length in lieu
of the traditional work-point to work-point length commonly used in
analysis. Therefore, braces for this analysis are shorter and is
increased:
Figure 4.2-1: Brace effective length Adapted from Steel Tips : Design of
Special Concentrically Braced Frames. Cochran & Honeck.
Some authors suggest always including factor in calulating as a
conservative measure. Note that the design of gusset plates shall include
consideration of buckling.
V-inverted and inverted V type bracing:
4-5
As said on the AISC 341-05 code, as a minimum one set of lateral braces is
required at the point of intersection of the V (or inverted V) braces; unless the
beam has enough out-of-plane strength and stiffness to ensure stability
between adjacent brace points (prevention of lateral torsional buckling).
K type bracing is not permitted on SCBF systems by the code. This is because
it is not desirable to have columns subjected to unbalanced lateral forces from
the braces, as these forces may contribute to column failures.
2.
4.0 /
Section 14.2). There is a exception in the code for HSS braces filled
with concrete.
According to the code user note, braces that are designed for tension only are
not adequate for K ,V and inverted V configurations.
Special systems (beams in V and V-inverted systems and columns in K
systems):
4-6
Notes:
1.
2.
For bolt slip limit state: the required strength of the connection shall
be obtained using the load combinations of the applicable building
code, not using the amplified seismic load.
For any other limit state, the required strength is the expected yield
strength in tension: = .
Note that the design of gusset plates shall include consideration of buckling.
Tip:
Limits states of OCBF systems are the same as for the SCBF systems. However
in OCBF systems there are no requirements for ductility at the hinge zone, on
the gusset plates. It is possible to design a connection for OCBF forces and
add some ductility requirements from SBCF systems.
4-7
4.2.c.
1.
, =
support ~0.
4-8
: distance from the external face of column flange (or web) to the centroid of
the gusset-beam connection.
: distance from the external face of beam flange to the centroid of the
gusset-column connection.
Figure 4.2-5: Column free body diagram and beam free body diagram.
Adapted from AISC Manual of Steel Construction 13th Ed.
Fig. 13-2(c) and Fig. 13-2(d)
From the figures above:
= = required strength at the end reaction of the beam.
= required transverse force from adjacent bay (girder drag force).
= horizontal component of (P is the axial force of the brace).
4-9
= vertical component of .
= required shear force on gusset to beam connection.
= required axial force on gusset to column connection.
= required axial force on gusset to beam connection.
= required shear force on gusset to column connection.
2.
3.
=
+ +
= , =
, =
, =
Note:
There are special cases listed on the AISC Manual of Steel Construction for
force transmission on bracing connections:
4-10
Note:
Make sure that when using the UFM method for designing the connections
between gusset and column or beam framing members, these connections
shall be centered or nearly centered on the corresponding gusset edge. Note
that it is not necessary to use all the gusset edge length for performing the
connection (for example a welded one); in practice welders generally weld all
the gusset edge length.
2.
For diagonal bracing connections, the available strength is calulated from the
applicable limit states of the bolts, welds and connecting elements; depending
on the specific case that we are analyzing.
3.
Desirable details that avoid sharing forces between bolts and welds
Reference:
Steel Tips: Seismic Design and Behavior of Gusset Plates. Abolhassan Astaneh.
1998.
According to Astaneh (1998), gusset plates, in general, have performed
satisfactorily during past earthquakes. However, a few cases of failure of
gusset plates have been reported. The observed common failure modes are:
Fracture of the net section of the gusset plate or the bracing member.
Most of these failures can be related to a non-ductile design and poor detailing
of the gusset plate connections. Therefore, design and detailing of gusset
plates must be made to prevent brittle modes of failure, and to ensure a
desirable ductile behavior.
4-11
Whitmore section:
As a recommendation, in order to obtain rational values for direct stresses in a
gusset plate on the areas at the end of the bracing members, the concept of
distribution of the force along 30 lines (made from the first part of the
connection), which is used to define width of the Whitmore section. The
following figures illustrate the concept:
30
30
30
lw
30
lw
Gusset or other
Connection elements
b) Welded Joint
< 0.75
4-12
Note that in the case of braces connected with bolts, they may require that the
end of the braces be reinforced to keep the failure out of the reduced section
created by the bolt holes (in the effective area). Also, if hollow structural
sections are used for braces, there is a discount in the net area when they
reach the gusset plates (called knife plates) and may require net section
reinforcement plates. In general, welded connections eliminate the effective
area problem.
For the connection between the gusset plate and the beam or column, note
that if flange welds are used, weld access holes shall be discounted.
If welds are used to join gusset plates to the framing members (column or
beam), according to the AISC Manual of Steel Construction 13th Ed., the
connection should be designed for the larger of the peak stress and 1.25 (weld
4-13
ductility factor) times the average stress. The weld size needs no to be larger
than to develop the strength of the gusset.
Seismic design recommendations for gusset plates:
According to Astaneh, the desirable order of failure modes is:
These critical sections can yield under a combination of axial load, bending and
shear. The following interaction equation can be used:
1.0
, , : Axial load, shear load, and bending moment on the critical section.
=yield axial capacity of the cross section ( ), = yield shear capacity of
the cross section (0.6 ), = plastic moment capacity, = .
There are some other options like the Von Mises yield criterion, which can be
used for gusset connected edges stresses:
+3
The gusset plate can buckle due to compression just beyond the end of the
bracing member. To compute the buckling capacity is permitted to use
Whitmores width.
4-14
4-15
4.3.
4.3.a.
1.
According to the Chilean code, the connections of the seismic braces shall be
designed to resist 100% of the tensile capacity of the braces, considering their
gross area. The Chilean code does not include the factor (that accounts for
material over strength) in this calulation (unlike the AISC 341-05 code). This
aspect could be discussed and stipulated on project specifications.
Note that there are some exceptions on AISC 341-05 Code for the
determination of the required strength of the connection relating to the
maximum force that can be developed by the system. It is important to check
that this force (and any other possible design force) is larger than the 100%
tensile capacity of the brace (Chilean code requirement) because otherwise the
design would not meet the NCh2369.Of2003 requirements.
4-16
For force transfer, the most used method is the Uniform Force Method (UFM)
described in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction 13th Ed. With the design
force of the brace connection and the application of UFM, it is possible to
obtain the forces on the gusset edges in order to design the respective
connections (bolted or welded) to the beam or column.
When more than one brace arrive to the beam-column connection, all the
forces of those braces must be taken into account, considering the possibility
of braces in tension and compression, and also the different directions of the
forces.
2.
The following limit states are related to a general case (SCBF or OCBF
systems). For a particular system, only the corresponding limit states apply.
At brace ends and at gusset to beam or column connections:
Note that column or beam web local buckling could be prevented choosing an
adequate thickness of their webs or adding stiffener plates.
3.
Figure 4.3-1: Pipe bracing connection with out of plane hinging details.
Steel Tips: Design of Special Concentric Braced Frames. Cochran & Honeck.
Fig. 6-1b.
4-18
Figure 4.3-2: H bracing connection with out of plane hinging details, and
without out of plane hinging details. Steel Tips: Design of Special Concentric
Braced Frames. Cochran & Honeck. Fig. 6-1c and 6-1d.
Typically, the difference is located at the connection of the brace with the
gusset plate. If HSS sections are used, the connection is commonly made
reducing the section of the brace and developing a welded connection with the
gusset plate (knife plate). When other sections are used, for example H
sections or L sections, the connection between the brace and the gusset plate
is generally made from a bolted and welded combination.
As noted from the figures above, the ductility details include the 2t offset on
the gusset plate.
Brace to Gusset connections:
- Hollow structural sections (HSS) to gusset plates
Typically, when HSS brace sections (for example pipes, square or rectangular
hollow sections) arrive to gusset plates (called knife plate on this cases), a
reduction on the brace section is developed in order to slot it into the knife
plate. If this section is left unreinforced, net section fracture will be the
governing limit state and brace ductility may be significantly reduced (see
requirements on section 13.2b of AISC 341-05 for SCBF systems).
A typical detail of the reduced section for HSS sections is shown in the figure
below (from Rafael Sabelli: AISC Seismic Braced Frames):
4-19
Figure 4.3-3: Typical Detailing of the reduced section at Knife Plate. Adapted
from AISC Seismic Braced Frames: Design Concepts and Connections. Rafael
Sabelli.
According to section 13.2b of AISC 341-05 Code, the expected tensile strength
of the reduced section needs to be greater than the required tensile strength
of the brace. In other words:
4-20
Note that in the same connection, it is not allowed to share the design forces
between bolts and welds since slip critical bolts may slip under earthquake
loading.
There are also many other possibilities of brace members to gusset
connections, for example an angle brace member bolted to a gusset.
Gusset to beam and columns connections:
-For gusset welding to beam or column flanges:
For calculating the average stress on the weld; for example if Uniform Force
Method is used, the weld is subjected to a combination of shear () and axial
force (). If double fillet welds are used (typical case), each one of length ;
the average shear force on the welded union can be conservatively evaluated
as:
For LRFD design, the requirement is that the design strength of the fillet weld
of unitary length be greater than (it is optional to take into account the angle
of the loading with respect to the weld axis). Also, the ductility factor
discussed in 4.2.d (1.25) shall be included for the design. Note also that,
according to the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, the weld size needs not be
larger than to develop the strength of the gusset (this is optional).
Note that the same approach shown before can be used on stresses or forces
format. If there is a bending moment acting on the gusset edge, the stress can
be obtained easily with the
stresses); and also
these formulas are not 100% correct for gusset plates, but they are used only
because there is seemingly no other alternative. Note that when there is no
moment on the interface; the peak stress is equal to the average stress.
-Prying action on clip angles (bolted connections only)
Double clip angles (L sections) are generally used in bolted gusset to column
(or beam) connections. Prying action occurs on the bolts when they are
subject to tensile forces. Forces within a connection which result from the
4-21
X Braces
4-22
Generally, both braces that arrive to an X-brace connection have the same
length and they have similar sectional and material properties. The design
forces are assumed to be the same obtained for bracing connections (as
described above for OCBF or SCBF systems) and it is supposed that one
diagonal is in compression and the other one in tension. Note that the UFM is
not used on this case, because there are only concentrically axial loads.
The problem is that the assumption of one tension diagonal and other
compression diagonal may be unconservative and not realistic for some cases.
According to section 8.3 of NCh2369.Of2003 Code (Braced Frames), the
diagonal elements in an X brace shall be connected at the point of intersection.
This point can be considered fixed in the out-of-plane direction, to calulate the
members out-of-plane buckling lengths when one of the diagonals is
continuous. The assumption made on the Chilean Code, limits the effective
length of the compression diagonal to 0.5 times the diagonal length for simply
supported boundary conditions (recommendations of Picard and Beaulieu).
This may be unconservative in some situations, when the assumption of one
diagonal in tension and the other in compression is not realistic.
For example, when there is a seismic load perpendicular to the plane of the
diagonals, there is the possibility that both braces may fall under compression,
and in that case, the transverse bracing provided by one diagonal to the other
is significantly reduced, and the buckling length should be considered to be
equal to total length of the diagonal. This situation must be considered in the
design of the X brace connection.
Some general recommendations made by authors that have studied this
theme are:
4-23
Limit states for this case are practically the same as the described for beamto-column bracing connections, but applicable to this specific case. The
following limit states are related to a general case (SCBF and OCBF systems).
For a particular system, only the corresponding limit states apply.
At brace unions with gusset and in the gusset:
4-24
3.
A special case of X Bracing Connection occurs when a continuous horizontal inplane beam element, that crosses trough the connecting point, has been
added. This connection could be designed in a same way as the V-inverted
(below the beam) and V (above the beam) brace to beam connections,
considering all the braces and forces present at the crossing point.
4-25
4-26
Lateral bracing requirements for both flanges of the beam at the connection
shall follow provisions of Appendix A of the AISC 360-05.
(Re AISC 341-05 14.3(2))
Beams must be continuous at bracing connections away from the beamcolumn connection.
(Re. AISC 341-05 14.5c)
For the brace connection, consider the following:
4-27
For the limit state of bolt slip, the required strength of the
connections shall be taken as the force calulated with the load
combinations stipulated by applicable the building code, not including
the amplified seismic load. On the other hand, for other limit states,
the required strength is the expected yield strength in tension of the
brace: . However the required strength for the connection does
not need to exceed the maximum force that the system can develop,
or a load effect that is based in the use of the amplified seismic load.
(Re. AISC 341-05 14.4)
Note: For V braces and inverted V braces, it is not recommended for the
braces to be designed as tension only members. (Re. AISC 341-05 14.2)
Braces in OCBF systems shall meet the requirements of section 8.2b of AISC
341-05, which refers to seismically compact shape requirements.
NCh2369.Of2003 Provisions:
Both bottom and top flanges of the beam shall be provided with
lateral support in order to resist a lateral load of 2% of the nominal
strength of the flange (0.02 ).
(Re NCh2369.Of2003 8.3.5)
2.
Force transfer mechanism for V brace connections is simpler than the case of
beam-column brace connection, in which the gusset plate of the connection is
4-28
adjacent to the beam and column. A reasonable method for transferring forces
shall be used.
For V braces and inverted V braces, the gusset plate has only one edge of
connection, so the force transfer is direct. Consider the following connection:
Tu
Pu
1
2
w.p.
2
Where 1 and 2 are the respective angles of the arriving braces with respect
to the beam center line, and is the depth of the beam. It is important to
notice that the calulation of these forces is totally independent of the
assumptions that are made in order to obtain and .
3.
For a general case, the following limit states verifications shall be done:
Brace Gusset Connection:
Gusset Verifications:
4.3.e.
1.
Introduction
Horizontal braces have the function of transfering forces between the frames
that are part of the horizontal forces resisting system, and/or to provide
structural redundancy. Struts are elements that resist only axial loads, and
they have the function of reducing the buckling length of columns, giving
lateral support to beams, and to transfer forces between frames.
2.
Horizontal Braces
4-30
Like all seismic diagonals, they shall be designed for 100% of their
gross section tensile capacity.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003 8.5.2)
Limit states used for the case of vertical braces also apply for the case of
horizontal braces.
3.
Struts
As the case of horizontal braces, the design of connections for struts does not
introduce any new limit state or provision, however, it is very important to
discuss what a strut is.
What is a strut?
The elements that are part of a floor system have different functions,
according to the structure of the system. There are elements that primarily
behave in a flexural, axial, or combined way. However there are elements that
were intended to work as a beam, but the analysis shows a combined flexural
and axial behavior. A problem may occur if the design is done focusing in the
flexural behavior, not considering the axial force to which the element is
subject to.
4-31
4-32
perpendicular to beam B), and therefore, it can develop important axial forces,
so it shall be considered as a strut while designing.
If the beam has an axial force, it is important to design the element both as a
strut and as beam. If the beam is designed as hinged at the ends (simply
supported condition), the end connections would be designed as shear
connections. But, for example, the shear connections showed in Figure 4.3-10
are not intended for axial loads.
a)
b)
4-33
4.4.
References
Steel Tips:
X-braces information:
4-34
A. Picard and D. Beaulieu, 3rd quarter of 1987 and 4th quarter of 1988,
Design of diagonal cross bracings (Discussion by Sayed Stoman).
Engineering Journal, AISC.
S. Stoman, 1989,Effective length spectra for cross bracings. Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE.
Ali Davaran, 2001, Effective Length Factor for Discontinuous XBracing Systems. Journal of Engineering Mechanics.
R. Shankar Nair, 1997 4th quarter, Practical Application of Energy
Methods to Structural Stability Problems. Engineering Journal, AISC.
Jiho Moon, Ki-Yong Yoon, Tong-Seok Han, Hak-Eun Lee , 2007, Out
of Plane Buckling and Design of X-Bracing Systems with
Discontinuous Diagonals. Journal of Constructional Steel Research.
Rafael Sabelli and Douglas Hohbach, 1999, Design of Cross Braced
Frames for Predictable Buckling Behavior. Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE.
4.5.
4.5.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). All welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements shown in the code.
(Re.NCh2369.Of2003, 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to 70% of the nominal tensile strength.
Always the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type
connection.
(Re. NCh2369 8.5.6.Of2003, 8.5.6)
2.
4-35
Compression case:
= 190 , = 400 , = 680 , = 0 , = 0
Tension case:
= 250 , = 460 , = 750 , = 0 , = 0
Suppose that brace, column, and beam sections are adequate to resist and
transfer the factored forces obtained from the structural analysis.
clip angle
Brace
gusset plate
Column
Beam
Figure 4.5-1: Connection to be designed. Frontal and plan view of column and
clip angles.
Gusset splice plate
Gusset
Brace
4-36
1.
Brace section:
H 350 x 350 x 144.9
= 350 , = 350 , = 22 , = 10 , = 6
= 18460 2 , = 2760000 3 , = 154 , = 92.3 , = 2590000 4
Column section:
H 450 x 450 x 193.7
= 450 , = 450 , = 22 , = 12 , = 6
= 24672 2 , = 4732000 3 , = 199 , = 116 , = 3340000 4
Beam section:
H 600 x 300 x 229.2
= 600 , = 300 , = 40 , = 10 , = 6
= 29200 2 , = 7396000 3 , = 262 , = 78.5 , = 12990000 4
Material properties:
Use for members, gusset, clip angles and splice plates A250 ESP
= 250 , = 400 .
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes
= 780 ,
= 414
WELDS: E70 electrode.
Width-thicknesses limitations:
According to AISC 341-05 requirements for OCBF systems, bracing members
shall meet the requirements of section 8.2b. According to this section, the
brace section must be seismically compact.
4-37
= 7.95 0.30
= 8.5
2
= 30.6 1.49
= 42.1
= 7.95 0.64
= 0.72 0.763
= 30.6 1.49
= 42.1
= 10.2 0.64
= 0.68 0.763
= 33.8 1.49
= 42.1
Both column and brace sections meet the most stringent requirements of both
codes.
According to the Chilean code the slenderness of the bracing elements must be
less than 1.5 / ~4.71 / .
Therefore, using = 6800 , and remembering that is more accurate to
use the actual brace length in lieu of the traditional work-point to work-point
length:
= 1.0 (in plane buckling)
= 1.0 (out-of-plane buckling)
Then:
4-38
OK
= 0.658 = 188 .
2.
Design forces
For bolt slip limit state in OCBF systems: the required strength of the
connection shall be obtained using the load combinations of the
applicable building code, not using the amplified seismic load (0
factor).
For any other limit state, check only in tension for the expected yield
strength of the brace: = . Note that this requirement is a
little more stringent than the NCh2369.2003 requirement.
The required strength of the connection does not require exceeding either the
maximum force that can be developed by the system, nor the load calculated
using the amplified seismic load on load combinations.
The design done here will be conservative, so the required strength of the
connection will be taken as the larger value between the required tensile and
compressive forces (except for slip-critical limit state). For the design forces,
the most stringent conditions between NCh2369.Of2003 and AISC 341-05 will
be chosen.
Note that the design of gusset plates shall include consideration of buckling
(the compressive force must be considered).
4-39
According to the previous comments, divide the design forces for tension and
compression cases on the brace.
Tensile design force:
As discussed above, for a conservative design:
= max
( , )
= 4615
Note:
Use = 1.0 instead of = 1.5 for A250 ESP steel (similar to ASTM A36),
according to AISC 341 table I-6-1. With this, the design is unconservative
respect to AISC 341-05 requirements but still meets the NCh2369.Of2003
code.
refers to the tensile factored load from analysis, conservatively
calculated with the seismic amplification 0 = 2.0 (instead of using = 1.1) on
the seismic terms of the NCh2369.Of2003 load combinations:
= 1.2 + 1.0 + 1.2 + 1.0 + 0 = 2260
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 4.5)
Note:
If using a design force as 1 equal to the maximum force that can be developed
by the system or load effect based upon using the amplified seismic load, in
order to comply with NCh2369.Of2003 requirements, check that 1 to be
greater than 2 which is the 100% of the brace tensile capacity. Always
discuss, in a previous design stage, with the seismic reviewer about the design
forces for brace connections.
Compressive design force:
Although there are no requirements for compressive force in OCBF braces,
conservatively use = max
( , )
= 1.2 + 1.0 + 1.2 + 1.0 + 0 = 1988
4-40
The connection is going to be a bolted one. First, distribute the brace force
proportionally to web and flange areas:
Force on the web: =
= 943 .
4-41
= 149
Shear check:
= 963 , = 0.75
= 1.2 2.4
Use =0.75 (LRFD), = clear distance in the direction of the force between
the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material,
try = (flange plate thickness), = 400 , =nominal bolt diameter
= 22 mm. Place the bolts on the flange plate (see Figure 4.5-3).
(N b -1)*e1
e3 e3
(N b -1)*e1
e3
h
b/2
b/2
bg
bf
i
Gusset
Brace
g
A
gap
4-42
e1 (mm)
70
e3 (mm)
40
g (mm)
182
h (mm)
34
i (mm)
30
Table 4.5-1
Note: in order to comply with the requirements of AISC 360-05 code for bolt
8
spacing between bolts and distance to the edges, use 1 > (preferably 3d).
3
Also note that the i dimension is measured from the fillet toe of the brace
web.
Bolts shall have a gage so that perforations do not enter into the zone of the
fillet toe of the brace web.
Assume trial values for plates dimensions (Figure 4.5-3).
= =
Note that this plate thickness is the same as the brace flange thickness.
Additional geometry checks:
+ + + 2 = 350 =
2 2
+ + + + = 175 =
2
2
OK
4-43
standard hole for M22 bolts (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M).
Considering all the bolts for the flange brace side (N of exterior bolts =2, N
of interior bolts =10-2=8):
= 3231 >
OK
= 963
Remember that the number of slip planes is 2 and the inner flange plates and
outer flange plates are the same thickness.
Web side:
= 375
Shear check:
= 383 , = 0.75
For ASTM A490 Bolts with threads included in the shear plane:
4-44
= 780 , = 414
Use = 4 , = 380 2 (M22 bolts) to obtain:
OK
= 1.2 2.4
Use =0.75 (LRFD), = clear distance in the direction of the force, between
the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material,
try = 10 (web plate thickness; note that this is equal to brace web
thickness), = 400 , = nominal bolt diameter = 22 mm.
Place the bolts on the web plate (see Figure 4.5-4Figure 4.5-4):
e3
e1*(Nb-1)
e3
e3
e1 *(Nb-1)
e3
web plate
e4
g
e4
Gusset plate
Brace
gap
Figure 4.5-4: Bolts positions scheme on web plate. Note: means the
number of bolts per row.
The values of the distances 1 , 3 , (gage), and 4 are shown:
e1 (mm)
80
e3 (mm)
50
g (mm)
90
e4 (mm)
60
Table 4.5-2
Assume trial values for plate dimensions (see Figure 4.5-4Figure 4.5-4):
4-45
The dimensions of each web plate must fit in the brace web height.
= =
With the above values:
2.4 = 211
Interior bolts:
1.2 = 269 211 , with = 1 and is 24 mm diameter,
from the standard hole for M22 bolts (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M).
Exterior bolts:
1.2 = 182 , with = 3
standard hole for M22 bolts. (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M)
Considering all the bolts for the flange brace side (N of exterior bolts =2, N
of interior bolts =4-2=2):
= 590 >
= 383
OK
The number of slip planes is 2 and both left and right web plates are the same
size.
Steel connecting plates:
Brace side:
Dimensions: = 100 , = 22
Compression
4-46
Check one of the two flange plates per side (i.e. take 1 of a total of 4 flange
= 325 . Use =
12
Therefore,
= = 0.9 = 0.9 = 495 >
= 325
OK
= 481
OK
= 481
OK
Block shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
= 0.6 + 0.6 +
= 0.75, = 1.0
4-47
10
2
=5
Then:
0.6
= 3 + 1 1 = 7040 2
= 0,5 = 4466 2
=
0,5 = 814 2
2
+ = 1397 > 0.6 + = 1382
= 1036 >
OK
= 481
Dimensions: = 210 , = 10
Compression
12
= 258 .
2
2
= 258
OK
= 383
OK
OK
= 383
Block shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
= 0.6 + 0.6 +
= 0.75, = 1.0
See the following figure:
4-49
= =2
2
Then:
= 2 3 + 1 1 = 2600 2
= 2 0,5 = 1820 2
= = 640 2
0.6 + = 693 > 0.6 + = 646
= 485 >
= 383
OK
Gusset side:
Determine the dimension for this splice plates (Figure 4.5-3Figure 4.5-3):
= (width of the both flange plates) > = 350
= (thickness of the gusset flange plates, first try to equal the brace
flange thickness so not adding filler plates)
The positions of the bolts are already known from the previous design on the
brace side.
4-50
= 1.2 2.4
(Re. AISC 360-05, Eq. J3-6a)
2.4 = 465
Interior bolts:
1.2 = 486 , with = 1 and is the 24 mm diameter of the
standard hole for M22 bolts. (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M)
Exterior bolts:
1.2 = 296 , with = 3
standard hole for M22 bolts. (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M)
Considering all the bolts for the flange brace side (N of exterior bolts =2, N
of interior bolts =10-2=8):
OK
Compression
12
OK
OK
4-51
Block shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
= 0.6 + 0.6 +
= 0.75, = 1.0
Figure 4.5-7: Block shear conservative scheme for gusset flange plate.
For this connection, the number of bolts per side is =
10
2
=5
0.6
2 3 + 1 1 = 14080 2
= 2 0.5 = 8932 2
2 /2 0.5 = 1628 2
+ = 2795 > 0.6 + = 2763
= 2072 > = 1925
4-52
OK
Therefore, filler plates will be required to perform the union between the web
of the brace and the gusset plate. The thickness of the filler plates will be
=
+ = . According to section J5 of AISC 360-05
Specification, there is a reduction on the shear strength of the bolts only if the
fillers have > 6 .
Bolts are already placed from the previous design (web splice plate).
Note that the gusset thickness is more than twice the thickness of the web
plates. The web plates were designed to resist /2 ; so the gusset can resist
.OK
Block shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
Figure 4.5-8: Block shear conservative scheme for the gusset plate.
From the figure above:
4-53
= =2
2
Then:
= 2 3 + 1 1 = 5720 2
= 2 0,5 = 4004 2
= = 1408 2
0.6 + = 1524 > 0.6 + = 1421
OK
Limit states of tension (yielding and rupture on the Whitmores section) and
buckling on the Whitmores section will be shown next.
4.
For OCBF systems, there are no specific requirements for checking the shear
lag of the brace bolted section, so there is no need to check this requirement.
Plus, there are splice plates that can act as reinforcement of the net area.
5.
Gusset plate
= 963
OK
Check the gusset and the flange plate rupture for the weld strength
The base metal of the gusset is on shear due to the development of the
strength of the welds for the connection designed above.
Rupture:
4-54
= 0.75 = 0.75
= 0.75 0.6 = 0.75 0.6 (2 ) = 3722 > = 1443
OK
Also check the same flange splice plate on shear rupture:
= 0.75 0.6 = 0.75 0.6 = 1861 > = 1443
OK
First, calculate the gusset dimensions and place the brace connections within
the gusset:
Lgs
L
Brace CL
Ly
A
db/2
dc/2
Lx
Lx1
Figure 4.5-9: Parameters for the definition of the gusset plates geometry.
The brace has an angle = with respect to the horizontal. Knowing that
the working point of the brace is located at the intersection of the working
lines of beam and column, the distance 1 , measured from the column flange
to the line of action of the brace, is known a priori:
1 =
1
tan
tan 2
2
= 64.7
4-55
Assume the following parameters for the distances 1 (from the end of the
brace to gusset connection to the beam flange), (horizontal distance for the
gusset dimension) and (vertical distance for the gusset dimension):
=
=
=
Note that the distances mentioned above must be defined in order to comply
with basic geometry relations:
+ cos
2
cos +
+ sin
2
1 + sin +
1 +
L gs
B
Brace CL
L1
30
Ly
30
L whit
db/2
dc/2
Lx
L x1
4-56
OK
As the connection at the end of the flange gusset splice plates is a welded one,
there is no need to do this check because it will not control.
Use as buckling length the distance 1 = 430 (note that this is not the
longest line from the end of the brace-gusset connection to the gusset edge;
but it is near to the average distance of the three lines option).
Use = 0.65 and =
12
= 6.35 to obtain
2
2
4-57
6.
OK
= 300 , =
= 225
2
2
(angle of the brace with respect to the vertical
+ +
= 1086
, =
4-58
And the directions of the forces over the gusset plate are shown in the
following figure:
H uc
H uc
V uc
V uc
H ub
V ub
V ub
H ub
+3
1.0
= or (Edge area)
= 0.9 , = 1.0 (strength reduction factors)
edge:
Tension case: = 0.75 < 1.0
Compression case: = 0.51 < 1.0
edge:
Tension case: = 0.79 < 1.0
Compression case: = 0.53 < 1.0
4-59
= 9.8 0.75
edge:
There are several possibilities for improving this edge stability, refer to the
general discussions of braces. A special design (stiffener, increasing the gusset
thickness or changing gusset dimensions) will not be made on this example,
but it is recommended to add a stiffener at the edge.
Gusset to beam connection
Welded connection design:
This connection is going to be fillet welded (double sided, E70 electrodes). Use
as effective length of the welds = 930 . Check that this connection is
within the distance and that there is an offset on the gusset corner:
+
= 995 = 1000
= =
= 65
2
2
OK
2
2
+
= 2589
4-60
It is important to also check the gusset rupture and the beam flange rupture
(base metals) due to the development of the welds strength:
Gusset rupture:
= 0.75 = 0.75 0.6
= 0.75 0.6 = 3683 > = 3427
OK
OK
This limit state must be checked for tension and compression forces. The
tension case controls. It is noted that the concentrated force to be resisted is
not applied at a distance from the beam end that is greater to the depth of the
beam ( = 580 < = 600 ).
Use = 10 , = + = 40 + 6 = 46 and = max , = 46 to
obtain:
So, there is the need of adding stiffeners (or increasing the beam web
thickness). That design will not be done on this example (refer to Chapter 6 of
Moment Connections and section J10 of AISC 360-05 Specification for more
information about the design of stiffeners for concentrated forces).
This limit state only applies for compression forces. The concentrated
compressive force to be resisted is applied at a distance from the beam end
that is greater than its half depth ( = 580 >
2
= 0.75 0.80
1+3
= 300 ).
1.5
4-61
= 873 >
= 861
OK
A-A
B
t
e3
Bolted side
t
B-B
e3
A
g
e3
e3
= = 43
= 93
OK
Place the bolts at the connection and calculate other required distances:
>
=
Calculate the length of the angle (or length of the connection)
= 23 + 1 (
1) = 700 + /2 = 830 = 850
OK
= = = 130
2
It is also noted that both clip angles fall within the column flange width and
that no interruption is made on the column fillet web toe area.
4-63
Bolts are subjected to shear and tension components for the tension case,
which controls the design.
For the slip critical limit state, as said on AISC 341-05 for OCBF systems, the
required strength of the connection is obtained using the load combinations of
the applicable building code, not considering the amplified seismic load (0
factor). Nevertheless, in this case, the design for all the slip critical limit states
has been made conservatively using a 0 = 2.0 factor. Therefore, the procedure
done with the UFM for the design forces, must be done equally with the design
forces for the slip-critical limit state (tensile case controls, = 2260 )
Applying the UFM to this force, the design forces for slip critical limit state on
the gusset to column connection are:
= 999
= 468
And the strength of one bolt is:
=
force =
= 500
OK
4-64
=
,
= 1.3
Use
= 0.75
and
= 244
= 114 > = 93
OK
Use = = 14
= 1.2 2.4 = 296
Interior bolts
1.2 = 242 , with = 1 and is 24 mm diameter, from
standard hole for M22 bolts (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M). Then =
0.75 = 182 > = 93 .
Exterior bolts:
1.2 = 255 , with = 3
hole for M22 bolts (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M). Then
191 > = 93
= 0.75 =
= 22
(bolt diameter)
= 24 (hole diameter, use standard hole)
= 1 , 4 = 40
= 400
= 780
= = 0.75 = 0.75 = 222
= 1 = 0.4
The number of bolt rows is = on each angle. Refer to the following figure:
4-65
T+q
b'
b
a'
a
T
b) prying forces in angle
= 4
= 33
2
= 54
=
= 22
2
= min + ; 1.25 +
= 52.25
2
2
Then calculate:
= = 0.42
1
=
1 = 9.8 > 1 = 1
Therefore, the required thickness for the angle in order to have adequate
fitting strength and stiffness and bolt strength is:
=
4.44
(1+ )
= 13.76 < = 14
OK
1
2
permitted) to obtain:
4-66
OK
OK
OK
= 1020
Shear Rupture
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.2)
= 0.75 0.6
0.75 0.6
= 1043 >
= 1020
OK
= + 2 = 26
Block Shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
Refer to the following figure:
= 3 +
1 1 = 9100 2
= 0,5 = 5278 2
= 54 0,5 = 574 2
4-67
= 1020
OK
This limit state must be checked for tension and compression forces. The
tension case controls. It is noted that the concentrated force to be resisted is
applied at a distance from the column end that is greater to the depth of the
column.
Use = 12 , = + = 22 + 6 = 28 , and = max , = 28 to
obtain
So, there is the need of adding stiffeners (or increasing the column web
thickness). That design will not be done in this example (refer to Chapter 6 of
Moment Connections and section J10 of AISC 360-05 Specification for more
information about the design of stiffeners for concentrated forces).
This limit state only applies for compression forces. It is noted that the
concentrated compressive force to be resisted is applied at a distance from the
column end that is greater than its half depth.
2
= 0.75 0.80
1+3
1.5
= 889 >
= 646
4-68
OK
7.
Beam-to-column connection
The controlling combination is when the brace is in tension; suppose that the
required end reaction on the beam is = 50 and the drag force on the beam
is = 0 . Therefore, forces present in the connection are the following
Axial force:
= cos 46 = 1570
= =
= 0 1103 1570 = 467
Shear force:
= =
= 50 861 = 811
Axial force:
= cos 46 = 3206
= = = 953
Shear force:
= = = 1225
Design of the connection
This connection consists of 2 clip angles welded to the beam web and bolted
to the column flange (one clip angle each side of the beam web).
Calculate trial dimensions for the angle shape (Figure 4.5-12Figure 4.5-12):
Choose angles with = and = = . The thickness of the
column flange is = .
Properties for bolts used:
ASTM A490 M22 bolts, STD hole diameter is 24 mm according to table J3.3M
of AISC 360-05 code.
4-69
Initial try:
= 68
= = 88
OK.
=
Calculate the length of the angle (or length of the connection):
= 23 + 1 (
1) = 460
Check that the clip angle falls within the beam height:
= 460 < 2 2 = 508
OK
It is also noted that both clip angles fall within the column flange width and
that no interruption is made on the column fillet web toe area.
= 405
OK
Use the design forces for all the other limit states.
=
,
= 1.3
Use
= 0.75
and
= 230
= 124 > = 88
OK
4-71
standard hole for M22 bolts (Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.3M). Then =
0.75 = 246 > = 88 .
= 1 = 0.52
Now, the number of bolt rows is = on each angle. Refer to Figure 4.5-13.
Then:
= 4 = 50
= 4
= 41
2
= 68
=
= 30
2
= min + ; 1.25 +
= 62.25
2
2
And calculate:
=
=
= 0.48
1
1 = 7 > 1 = 1
Therefore, the required thickness for the angle, so to have adequate fitting
strength and stiffness and bolt strength is:
=
4-72
4.44
(1+ )
= 17.26 < = 18
OK
OK
Shear Yielding
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.2)
= 1.0 0.6 = 1.0 0.6 = 1242 >
= 613
OK
Shear Rupture
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.2)
= 0.75 0.6
0.75 0.6
= 901 >
= 613
OK
Use = + 2 = 26
Block Shear
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4.3)
= 3 +
1 1 = 7380 2
= 0.5 = 4338 2
= 68 0.5 = 990 2
= 0.6 + = 1437 < 0.6 + = 1503
= 613
OK
4-73
Designed connection
10
Detail 1
10
Detail 3
Detail 2
Gusset plate: t = 22 mm
10
10
46
12
Detail 4
Notes:
- Stiffener and doubler plates for column and beam
are not designed
-Welds: E70 electrodes
4-74
12
Detail 1
PL t=22 mm
PL 725X100X22
Gusset
Brace
Detail 2
8 M22 ASTM A490
Note:
Add 2 Filler plates (PL 365x210x6)
A - A:
4-75
A - A:
4-76
4.6.
4.6.a.
Design requirements
Brace section
H300x300x135.8
4-77
Weld properties
70 ksi electrode, = 480
2.
According to section 8.2b of AISC 341, braces shall comply with the following:
<
Where is obtained from table I-8-1 of the seismic provisions.
For brace flanges (A345ESP):
< = 0.30
= 7.22
2
4-78
< = 1.12
2.33
1.49
= 35.87
0.9
limit.
In this example,
Brace web:
= . <
OK
= <
OK
Brace flange:
3.
Design forces
Where is taken from the table I-6-1 of AISC 341-05 (similar to ASTM
A572Gr50 steel), which in the case of A345 ESP, is = 1.1:
= 6564
Compression force
=
Where is calculated according to the provisions of chapter E of the AISC
360-05 specification:
The element slenderness is ( = 1):
If
< 4.71
= 56 < 4.0
= 113.4:
4-79
= 0.658
=
= 629
Therefore:
= 274
And:
= 4738
And for the slip critical failure, the design forces on braces shall be considered
as (from load combinations, since it is allowed for the slip critical limit state):
= 4500
= 4000
Forces acting on the edge of the gusset plate
The forces on the beam to gusset plate connection are:
= cos + cos
= sin sin
2
Then,
= 7992
= 1291
= 1598344
4.
4-80
The web and the flanges of the brace have to be connected to the gusset
plate. The calculation of the force distribution in the brace between the web
and flanges of the brace is:
= + 2
= 4096 2
= 6600 2
=
= 1554
= = 2505
For the slip critical type of failure, the distribution of forces is:
= 1066
= = 1717
6.
For the flange connection of the brace, we use a cover plates per each flange,
bolted to the brace and welded to the gusset.
4-81
=
= 0.85
4-82
Then:
= 140
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection is: > 17.83.
Then, = is OK.
Use two rows of ten bolts each one.
Tensile yielding of the plate
Consider that the flange is connected to the gusset plate with two plates (at
each side of the gusset plate). It is reasonable that cover plates do not have a
width greater than the width flange. The following relation shall be
accomplished:
2 + < = 300
Where is the thickness of the gusset plate.
The nominal strength for tensile yielding limit state is:
=
= 0.9
4-83
20 M24 A490
= > 2505
Tensile Rupture of the flange plate
The nominal strength for tensile rupture limit state is:
=
= 0.75
OK
= = > 2505
Bearing and tear out of the flange plate
For each plate:
Interior bolts
According to chapter J3.10 of the AISC 360-05, the bearing strength of the
plate is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 985 (Re. AISC 360-05, J3-6a)
= 0.75
Considering that for the internal bolts is:
= 64 27 = 37
Then,
= < =
Exterior bolts
Considering that for the exterior bolts is:
= 46
Then,
27
= 32.5
2
= < 933 =
Then, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + = >
2505
2
OK
4-85
= 0.75
Then, the nominal resistance of the connection is:
= = > 2505
OK
Then:
= < 5510 = >
OK
4-86
= 0.60
= 0.75
Then
=
= 2 0.707 = 17
= 438
= 7432 2
Therefore:
= >
OK
OK
OK
4-87
7.
For the web connection of the brace, use two cover plates bolted to the brace
and to the gusset. Since the thickness of the gusset plate is greater than the
thickness of the web of the brace, we have to use fillers in order of
accommodate the plates of the connection. The reduction factor for the use of
fillers is,
(Re. section J.5 AISC 360-05)
= 1 0.0154 6
Where is the total thickness of the fillers. Considering two fillers 7 mm thick
each one:
= 0.877
Check the bolts
Use M24 bolts (24 mm diameter, standard holes of 27 mm), ASTM A490
bolts, threads included in the shear plane. Even though NCh2369.Of2003 do
not require to verify the slip critical type of failure, in some projects
specifications require verification of this type of failure.
Slip Critical failure
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
=
= 0.75
Then:
= = 123
There are two shear planes:
= 246
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection is: > 6.31. Use =
8.
Use two rows of four bolts each one.
Tensile yielding of the plate
The nominal strength for tensile yielding limit state is:
=
= 0.9
4-89
16 M24 A490
1554
2
OK
=
= 0.75
The effective area subject to tensile rupture is:
= 2 = 2548 2
Then,
1554
OK
= >
4-90
27
= 32.5
2
Then,
= < 363 =
Then, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + = >
1554
2
OK
OK
4-91
1554
2
OK
The connection to the gusset plate is exactly the same, but for the limit state
of bearing, it has to be considered the thickness of the gusset plate. Since the
gusset plate is thicker than the brace web, by inspection that limit state does
not control the design.
8.
+
2
2 + 2
where is the inertia of the weld and is the effective area of the weld.
Use 26 mm fillet weld size; the height of the weld is equal to the length
of the base of the gusset on the beam. Then,
= = 1760
= 2 26 0.707 = 37
3
=
= 16702424405 4
12
= = 64705 2
= 104
= 124
= 162
the nominal strength for a weld is:
(Re. Table J2.5 AISC 360-05)
= 0.60
= 0.75
Then,
OK
= > 162
Also we have to verify the average tension in the weld:
1
2
+
2
= 150
And we have to verify for 1.25 , then:
= > 1.25 = 188
OK
4-93
OK
OK
+
2
And the length of the gusset base that is subject to tensile loads is given by:
=
+
= 104
2
= 64
2
=
4-94
Then,
= 1088
= 3.829 /
Then, the tensile force is:
1
= = 2084
2
And the nominal strength for web local yielding is (considering that the load is
applied at a distance greater than /2 from the end of the member)
= 5 +
= 1.00
Where is the distance between the face of the flange and the toe of the fillet
weld of the beam. is the distance in which the load is applied, then:
= 36
= = 1088
= > 2418
OK
= 2.362
2
4-95
= 0.802 1 + 3
1.5
= 0.75
=
Therefore,
= > 793
OK
Since the last two verifications have considered the beam, it has to be verified
a load combination that considers = 0.3 (Re AISC 341 14.3(1)), then, the
forces on the connection between the beam and the gusset are
= 5646
= 3636
= 1129289
And the stresses are:
+
= 116
2
= 3
2
=
4-96
Consider
= 300 + 2 = 376
= 438
= 881 2
Then:
= = 26453 2
And the nominal resistance is:
=
= 0.90
Then,
= > 6564
OK
1 cos 30
cos +
= 446
2
( + 30)
Furthermore,
=
12
= 8.66
Considering = 1.2, because is only one edge of the gusset restrained, the
slenderness is
= 61.8 > 25
< 4.71
= 113.4:
4-97
= 0.658
=
2
2
= 517
= 261
The nominal resistance is:
=
= 0.9
Then,
= > 4738
OK
1
=
= 674
2 ( 30)
1 =
2
Then, according to Astaneh, the maximum free edge length that does not
generates buckling is:
= 0.75
4-98
= 542
Then, the first free edge complies with the requirements. The second one
does not comply, so stiffeners have to be provided as shown in Figure 4.6-8.
STIFFENERS
(NOT DESIGNED)
PL1100X135X38
H300X300X135.8
12
12
TYP
t = 30 mm
M24
M24
M24
STIFFENERS
(NOT DESIGNED)
2 PL540X240X14
26
26
TYP
H400X400X219.0
4-99
4-100
5.
SHEAR CONNECTIONS
5.1.
Shear
tab
connection)
5.1.a.
Design requirements
beam-to-column
connection
(single
plate
1.
NCh2369.Of2003:
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements shown in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003, 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to 70% of the nominal tensile strength. Always
the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003, 8.5.6)
For field joints, see requirements of section 8.5.8.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003, 8.5.8)
5.1.b.
1.
General recommendations
Check applicable limit states for bolts (part 7 of the AISC Construction
Manual).
Check applicable limit states for welds (part 8 of the AISC Construction
Manual).
Check applicable limit states for the connecting elements (part 9 of the
AISC Construction Manual).
5-1
The thickness of the plate and the beam web must satisfy
+ 1.6
L ev
Leh
n - 1 @ 3" Lev
Figure 5.1-1: General provisions for the shear tab connection conventional
configuration. From AISC Manual of Steel Construction, 13th Ed, figure 10-1
5.1.c.
Example
5-2
= 120
H400X300X83.5
H300X300X87.3
PL HxBxt
H300x300x87.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 , = 300
= 10 , = 14
H400x300x83.5
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 400 , = 300
= 6 , = 14
A250ESP
= 400
5-3
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes.
WELDS: 70 ksi electrode, = 480 MPa
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 300
3.
Bolts
Use M20 bolts (20 mm of diameter, standard holes of 22 mm), ASTM A490
threads included in the shear plane. Even though NCh2369.Of2003 does not
require to verify the connection as slip critical, sometimes project
specifications do require it.
Tip:
It is important to notice that following the requirements for conventional shear
tab configurations, as defined on AISC Manual of Steel Construction 13th
edition, the thicknesses of the connecting plate and beam web are controlled
by the size of the bolt.
Slip Critical Connection
The nominal strength is:
=
= 0.85
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection considering slip critical
strength is: 4.98. Use = 5 bolts.
Shear bolt nominal strength
The nominal shear strength is:
=
= 0.75
Where is the nominal gross area of the bolt, and in this example the
threads are supposed to be not excluded from the shear plane, then:
= 314 2
= 414
= 97
The number of bolts required for the connection is: > 3.1.
Then, the slip critical strength controls the design, use = .
Bolt spacing and plate dimensions
Consider a minimum bolt spacing of 60 mm and a minimum distance to the
edge of 34 mm (refer to Bolted Connections section 2.4 on this Manual). The
minimum length and width of the shear plate are:
= 4 60 + 2 34 = 308
= 2 34 +
With the gap between the column and the beam, use = 12 mm, then:
= 2 34 + 12 = 80
In order to satisfy the conventional configuration requirements, use =
and = . These values satisfy the requirements for the conventional
configuration for shear tab connections:
= 40 2 = 40
= 50 < 88
OK
OK
5-5
Interior bolts
= 1.2 2.4 = 154
22
= 29
2
= < 154 =
The bearing strength of the connection is:
5-6
= + = > 300
Check the conventional configuration requirements:
= 8 <
5.
OK
OK
+ 1.6 = 11.6
The nominal strength for the shear yielding limit state is:
= 0.6
= 1.00
= > 300
6.
The nominal strength for the shear rupture limit state is:
= 0.6
= 0.75
Where is the net area of the plate, which considers the reduction of the
section due to bolt holes, the calculation diameter for M20 holes is:
= 22
(Nominal hole for M20 bolts)
= 22 + 2 = 24
= = 1600 2
= < 300
Try changing the length of the plate to 340 mm:
= = 1760 2
= > 300
7.
OK
The nominal strength for the block shear rupture limit state is given by:
= 0.6 + 0.6 + (Re. AISC360-05, J4-5)
5-7
= 0.75
Where Ubs = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary in AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05 C-J4.2). The values of , and are obtained
from the following figure:
OK
5-8
OK
Tip:
In this case it only has to be verified the bearing strength of the beam web
because there is no cope in the end of the beam; however if the beam is coped
in the end it has to be verified the tear out limit state.
9.
Weld shear
2 + 2
Where is the inertia of the weld and is the effective area of the weld.
Use 6 mm fillet welds , and the length of the weld, , is equal to the
length of the plate minus two times the thickness of the plate, = 324 ,
therefore:
= 6 0.707 = 4.24
3
= 2
= 24035304 4
12
= 2 = 2747 2
= 101
= 109
= 149
5-9
= 0.60
= 0.75
Then,
= > 149
6
6
H400X300X83.5
H300X300X87.3
PL 340x90x8
5-10
OK
5.1.d.
References
5-11
5.2.
5.2.a.
Design requirements:
1.
NCh2369. Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements of the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to a 70% of the nominal tensile strength.
Always the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type
connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.2.b.
General recommendations
1.
2.
Part 10 of the AISC construction manual requires the following verifications for
shear single angle connections:
Check applicable limit states for bolts, part 7 of the AISC Construction
Manual.
Check applicable limit states for the connecting elements, part 9 of the
AISC Construction Manual.
Furthermore, the AISC Construction Manual has the following verifications for
single angle connections:
Always consider the eccentricity for the bolts in the angle leg attached to
the support. For the calculation of the nominal resistance of bolts subject
to eccentric loads, use the provisions of part 7 of AISC manual of Steel
Construction.
Consider eccentricity when there are two rows of bolts or when the
eccentricity is greater than 3 in (76 mm).
5-12
5.2.c.
Example
Design a shear single angle all bolted connection between a column flange and
a beam as shown in Figure 5.2-1. Use A250ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamics loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The column and the beam are a Chilean H300x300x87.3 and an
H450x250x111.8 built-up section. Assume that the connection only transfers
shear forces and that the sections have been designed to resist those shear
actions.
The shear forces are
= 110
= 150
H450X250X111.8
H300X300X87.3
5-13
1.
H300x300x87.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 ,
= 10 ,
= 300
= 14
H450x250x111.8
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 450 ,
= 8 ,
= 250
= 22
A250ESP
= 400
BOLTS: ASTM A490 bolts, threads included in the shear plane, STD holes.
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 372
3.
Bolts
For the angle leg attached to the beam the verifications to be done will be bolt
shear, bolt bearing and the solicitation will be the design shear established on
the previous section, but for bolts attached to the column it is important to
consider the eccentricity of the connection and the design force will be
different.
Try M24 bolts (24 mm of diameter, standard holes of 27 mm, refer to Bolted
Connections section on this manual).
Slip Critical connection
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
5-14
Where is the nominal gross area of the bolt. Threads are not excluded from
shear plane:
= 452 2
= 414
=
The number of bolts required for the connection considering shear nominal
strength is: > 2.67.
The slip critical type of failure controls the design, use = .
5-15
A-A
Figure 5.2-2: Dimensions of bolts (equal to the connection of the leg attached
to the column).
5-16
Then, there is no need of consider the eccentricity of the bolts attached to the
beam.
4.
Interior bolt
Considering a angle thickness = , then the bearing strength of the plate
is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 184
(Re. AISC 360-05, J3-6a)
= 0.75
Considering that for the interior bolts is:
= 64 27 = 37
= < 138
Exterior bolt
Considering that for the exterior bolts is:
= 32
27
= 18.5
2
OK
5-17
5.
According to the AISC Construction Manual, part 7, there are two methods for
the calculation of the force in bolts with eccentricity, the instantaneous center
of rotation method and the elastic method. We use the elastic method, which
is more conservative than the instantaneous center of rotation since the first
does not consider the ductility of the bolts and the redistribution of stresses.
The elastic method is simpler.
Then,
+ +
= = 0 (There are only shear forces and there is no axial force in the
beam)
Where and are the polar moment of inertia with respect to the center of
gravity of the bolts and is the maximum distance of a bolt of the connection
with respect to the center of gravity of the system. Considering the disposition
shown in the Figure 5.2-3, we have:
(2 + 2 ) = 40960 2
=
=1
= 128
= 5
1 = 48
5-18
y
x
OK
Then,
= = 320 8 = 2560 2 , we have:
= > 372
7.
OK
= 0.6
= 0.75
OK
The nominal strength for the block shear rupture limit state is given by:
= 0.6 + 0.6 + (Re. Section J4-5 AISC 360-05)
= 0.75
Where = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary of the AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05, C-J4.2). The values of , and are
obtained from the following figure:
Then,
= 32 4.5 = 1890 2
= 32 = 3456 2
= 32 0.5 = 210 2
Then:
= < 452
= > 372
9.
OK
OK
Tip
In this case it has to be verified only the bearing strength of the beam web
because there is no cope in the end of the beam; however if the beam would
be coped in the ends then the tear out and the block shear limit states shall
also be verified.
10. Flexure of the support leg of the angle
The leg of the angle that is attached to the column is subjected to bending
with respect to the axis of the beam; therefore, the leg of the angle is subject
to a flexural solicitation given by:
= 1 = 48 372 = 17856
Flexural yielding
For the flexural yielding, the nominal strength is given by:
5-21
OK
Flexural rupture
For the flexural yielding, we have that the nominal strength is given by:
= (Re. Part 15 AISC Manual of Steel Construction)
= 0.75
Then,
=
= 173568 3
=1
Where is the position of the center of the bolts holes and is the hole
diameter. Then,
=
OK
Connection Designed:
H300X300X87.3
10 M24 A490
H450X250X111.8
H300X300X87.3
L80X80X12X320
5-22
L80X80X12X320
A-A
5.2.d.
References
5-23
5.3.
5.3.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369. Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements shown in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to 70% of the nominal tensile strength. Always
the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.3.b.
General recommendations
1.
2.
For double angle connections where the bolts are in one row through the
web of the supported beam, it is not necessary to consider the eccentricity
effects on the bolts; however, in welded connections, eccentricity shall be
always considered.
To provide for flexibility, the maximum angle thickness for use with
workable gages should be limited to 15 mm.
It is recommended that the minimum angle length must be greater than
one half of the beam T- dimension.
5-24
5.3.c.
Example
Design a shear double angle all bolted connection between a column flange
and a beam shown in Figure 5.3-1. Use A250 ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamics loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The column and the beam are Chilean H300x300x87.3 and an
H450x250x111.8 built-up sections. Suppose that the connection only transfers
shear forces and that the sections have been designed to resist those forces.
The shear forces for the design are:
= 110
= 150
H300X300X87.3
A
H450X250X111.8
A-A
H300X300X87.3
H300x300x87.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 ,
= 10 ,
= 300
= 14
H450x250x111.8
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 450 ,
= 250
5-25
= 8 ,
= 22
A250ESP
= 400
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear plane, STD holes.
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 372
3.
Bolts
For the angle legs attached to the column there will be twice the number of
bolts than in the angle legs attached to the beam. However for the bolts
attached to the beam there are two slip planes so whatever of both cases that
we will verify, the final design will lead to the same number of required bolts.
The verifications to be done will be bolt shear, bolt slip critical failure, bolt
bearing and the solicitation will be the design shear established in the previous
section.
Try M24 bolts (24 mm of diameter, standard holes of 27 mm).
Slip Critical Connection
The nominal strength is:
=
= 0.85
5-26
Since there is a double angle connection between the column flange and the
beam, we have two slips planes (and also the number of bolts in the
connection to the column is twice than the connection to the beam, so the
resistance for both connections will be the same), then = 2.0.
Therefore, the design slip strength for one bolt is:
=
The number of bolts required for the connection considering slip critical failure
is: > 2.16. Use = 3 bolts for the legs attached to the beam and = 6 for
the legs attached at the column.
Shear bolt nominal strength
The nominal shear strength is:
=
= 0.75
=
But it has to be considered that there are two bearing points between the
connecting angle and the bolts, therefore for one bolt:
=
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection considering shear
nominal strength is: > 1.55.
The slip critical limit state controls the design, therefore use = bolts for
the legs attached to the beam and = bolts for the legs attached at the
column.
5-27
4.
Interior bolts
Considering that the plate thickness is = , then:
= 1.2 2.4 = 184
= 0.75
for the interior bolts is:
5-28
= 64 27 = 37
Where the standard hole dimension for M24 bolts is 27 mm.
(Table J3.3M AISC 360-05)
Then,
OK
= < 138
Exterior bolts
for the exterior bolts is:
= 51
Then,
27
= 37.5
2
OK
=
Hence, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + =
Given that there are two angles at the connection, the total capacity of the
connection is:
= = >
6.
OK
7.
OK
The nominal strength for the block shear rupture limit state is given by:
= 0.6 + 0.6 + (Re. J4-5 AISC 360-05)
= 0.75
Where = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary in AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05, C-J4.2). The values of , and are
obtained from the following figure:
5-30
= 51 2.5 = 852 2
= 51 = 1432 2
= 32 0.5 = 210 2
Then:
= < 224
=
The total capacity of the connection is:
= = >
9.
OK
OK
Tip
In this case it only has to be verified the bearing strength of the beam web
because there is no cope in the end of the beam; however if the beam is coped
in the end it has to be verified the tear out limit state.
5-31
Designed connection
H300X300X87.3
A
A
9 M24 A490
H450X250X111.8
A-A
H300X300X87.3
2 L80X80X8X230
5-32
5.4.
5.4.a.
Design requirements:
1.
NCh2369. Of2003:
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements show in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to a 70% of the nominal tensile strength.
Always the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type
connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.4.b.
General recommendations
1.
2.
Check applicable limit states for bolts (part 7 of the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction).
Check applicable limit states for the connecting elements (part 9 of the
AISC Manual of Steel Construction).
Always consider the eccentricity for the bolts in the angle leg attached to
the support. For the calculation of the nominal resistance of bolts subject
to eccentrically loads, use the dispositions of part 7 of AISC Manual of
Steel Construction, 13th edition.
Consider eccentricity when there are two rows of bolts or when the
eccentricity, e, is greater than 3 in. (76 mm)
5-33
5.4.c.
Example
Design a shear single angle all bolted connection between a beam web and a
girder shown in the Figure 5.4-1. Use A250ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamics loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The beam and the girder are respectively Chilean H300 x 150 x54.8 and
H250x150x52.5 built-up sections. Suppose that the connection only transfers
shear forces and assume that the sections have been designed to resist those
forces.
The shear acting forces on the girder are:
= 40
= 60
H250X150X52.5
Girder
H300X150X54.8
Figure 5.4-1: General view of the connection.
1.
H300x150x54.8
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 , = 150
= 6 ,
= 18
5-34
H250x150x52.5
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 250 , = 150
= 6 ,
= 18
A250ESP
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads include in the shear plane, STD holes.
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 144
3.
Bolts
For the angle leg attached to the girder the verifications must include bolt
shear, bolt bearing; the solicitation will be the design shear, but for bolts
attached to the beam we have to consider the eccentricity of the connection
and the design force will be different.
Try M20 bolts (20 mm of diameter, standard holes of 22 mm).
Slip Critical failure
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
5-35
= 0.75
5-36
Beam web
A-A
5-37
4.
Interior bolt
Considering that the angle thickness is = 8 , the bearing strength of the
angle leg is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 153
= 0.75
22
= 29
2
Then,
=
Hence, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + = > 144
OK
According to the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, part 7, there are two
methods for the calculation of the force in bolts with eccentricity: the
5-38
+ +
= = 0
(There are only shear forces and no axial force is present on the girder)
Where and are the polar moment of inertia with respect to the center of
gravity of the bolts and the maximum distance of a bolt of the connection with
respect to the center of gravity of the system. Then, with the disposition
shown in Figure 5.4-3:
(2 + 2 ) = 7200 2
=
=1
= 60
= 3
= 46
y
x
5-39
Then:
= 48
= 55
= 73
The strength of the bolts is the minimum between the bearing of the holes and
the shear strength for bolts, then:
= = 97
= 0.75 2.4 = 115
= ( , ) = > 73
6.
OK
The nominal strength for the shear yielding limit state is:
= 0.6
= 1.00
Then,
= = 200 8 = 1600 2
= > 144
7.
OK
5-40
OK
8.
The nominal strength for the block shear rupture limit state is given by:
= 0.6 + 0.6 +
= 0.75
Where = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary of the AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05, C-J4.2). The values of , and are
obtained from the following figure:
9.
OK
In this example it is necessary to cope the top flange of the girder. First define
the dimensions of the cope:
5-41
+ 2 = 74
2
2
The 2 mm added is an arbitrary value for tolerance issues. According to
Figure 5.4-5:
= + 12 = 86
With the dimensions of the cope, proceed with the calculation of the tear out
and bearing nominal strengths.
The nominal strength of the tear out and bolt bearing limit states is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 115
= 0.75
5-42
22
60
= 34
2
2
= < 86
Then, for the whole connection:
= + = > 144
OK
OK
Flexural rupture
For the flexural rupture, the nominal strength is given by the expression
obtained from the chapter 15 of the AISC construction manual:
=
= 0.75
Where is calculated with the next expression:
= 58880 3
=1
OK
5-43
Where is the distance to the center of the connection to the center of the
bolt hole, and is the dimension of the bolt hole.
11. Flexural strength of coped girder
According to
Figure 5.4-5, the flexural required strength for the coped girder is:
= e = 12384
According to part 9 of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, the nominal
flexural resistance for coped beams is given by:
The rupture strength
=
= 0.75
The buckling strength
=
= 0.9
Where for the beam coped at the top end only:
2
12 1 2
=
= 2.2
if
1.65
1.0
if
= 0.3
1.0
= < =
= < . =
Additionally, :
= = 230
2 2
=
=
5-44
12
2
2
+
2
= 45.82
= 16199094 4
= 87952 3
= .
OK
= .
OK
= 14.29
= 0.592
=
Flexural rupture:
= > 12384
OK
= >
OK
Flexural buckling:
Where = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary of the AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05, C-J4.2). The values of , and are
obtained from the following figure:
5-45
OK
Tip
In this example the girder was coped at only the top end, but if the beam was
coped at both ends it shall be also verified the shear rupture and shear
yielding of the beam web.
Designed Connection
H250X150X52.5
L80X80X8X200
6 M20 A490
H300X150X54.8
Figure 5.4-7: Single angle connection. Connection to the beam is the same.
5-46
References
5-47
5.5.
5.5.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369. Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding shall
comply with the requirements shown in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to 70% of the nominal tensile strength. Always
the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.5.b.
General recommendations
1.
2.
For double angle connections where the bolts are in one row it is not
necessary to consider the eccentricity effects on the bolts; however, in
welded connections, eccentricity shall be always considered.
To provide for flexibility, the maximum angle thickness for use with
workable gages should be limited to 15 mm.
It is recommended that the minimum angle length must be greater than
one half of the beam T-dimension.
5-48
5.5.c.
Example
Design a shear double angle all bolted connection between a beam web and a
girder shown in the Figure 5.5-1. Use A250 ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamics loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The beam and the girder are a Chilean H300 x 150 x 54.8 and a H 250 x 150 x
52.5 built-up sections. Suppose that the connection only transfers shear forces
and assume that the sections have been designed to resist those forces.
The shear forces for the design are:
= 40
= 60
H250X150X52.5
H300X150X54.8
Figure 5.5-1: General view of the connection.
1.
5-49
= 400
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear plane, STD holes.
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 144
3.
Bolts
For the angle legs attached to the girder web there will be twice the number of
bolts than in the angle legs attached to the beam. However for the bolts
attached to the beam there are slip planes so whatever of both cases that we
will verify, the final design will lead to the same number of required bolts. The
verifications to be done will be bolt shear, bolt slip critical failure, bolt bearing
and the solicitation will be the design shear established in the previous section.
Try M20 bolts (20 mm of diameter, standard holes of 22 mm, refer to Bolted
Connections section 2.4 on this Manual)
Slip Critical failure
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
5-50
= 179
Since there are two slips planes, = 2.0.
= 0.75
=
Consider two shear planes. Therefore, for one bolt:
=
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection considering shear
nominal strength is: > 0.74.
The slip critical resistance controls the design; use = bolts for the legs
attached to the girder and = bolts for the legs attached to the beam.
4.
With the spacing between the column and the beam; use = 12 :
= 2 34 + 12 = 80
Try with an L 80 x 80 x 6 x 130 angle.
Interior bolts
Considering that the plate thickness is = , we have that the bearing
strength of the angle is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 114
= 0.75
for the interior bolts is:
= 60 22 = 38
Then:
= < 85
External bolts
for the exterior bolts is:
= 35
5-52
22
= 24
2
Then:
=
Hence, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + =
Given that the shear force is resisted by the two angles of the connection, the
total capacity of the connection is:
= = >
6.
OK
Given that the shear force is resisted by the two angles of the connection, the
total capacity of the connection is:
= = > 144
7.
OK
5-53
OK
The nominal strength for the block shear rupture limit state is given by:
= 0.6 + 0.6 + (Re. J4-5 AISC 360-05)
= 0.75
OK
In this it is necessary to cope the top flange of the girder. First define the
dimensions of the cope:
5-54
+ 2 = 74
2
2
The 2 mm added is an arbitrary value for tolerance issues. According to the
Figure 5.5-4:
= + 12 = 86
With the dimensions of the cope, proceed with the calculation of the tear out
and bearing nominal strengths.
The nominal strength of the tear out and bolt bearing limit states is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 115
= 0.75
22
30
= 64
2
2
= > 86
5-55
=
Then we have that for the whole connection:
= + = >
OK
2
12 1 2
=
= 2.2
if
1.65
if
= 0.3
1.0
1.0
OK
OK
=
=
12
2
2
+
2
= 45.82
= 87952 3
= 16199094 4
= .
OK
= .
OK
= 14.29
= 0.592
=
Then:
Flexural rupture:
=
OK
OK
Flexural buckling:
5-57
5.5-6: New Block Shear failure path for the new position of the angle.
= 165 1.5 = 774 2
= 165 = 990 2
5-58
= 34 0.5 = 132 2
= >
= > 144
OK
Tip
In this example the girder was coped at only the top end, but if the beam was
coped at both ends it should be also verified the shear rupture and shear
yielding of the girder web.
Designed Connection
H250X150X52.5
Beam web
6 M20 A490
A-A
H300X150X54.8
5-59
5.6.
5.6.a.
Design requirements:
1.
NCh2369. Of 2003:
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements show in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to a 70% of the nominal tensile strength.
Always the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type
connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.6.b.
1.
General recommendations
Check applicable limit states for bolts (part 7 of the AISC Construction
Manual).
Check applicable limit states for the connecting elements (part 9 of the
AISC Construction Manual)
5-60
2.
Example
Design a shear stiffened seated all bolted connection between a column flange
and a beam shown in the Figure 5.6-2. Use A250ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamics loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The column and the beam are Chilean H300x300x87.3 and an
H450x250x111.8 built-up section. Suppose that the connection only transfers
shear forces and assume that the sections have been designed to support
those forces.
The shear forces for the design are:
= 110
5-61
= 150
H300X300X87.5
H450X250X108.7
H300x300x87.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 ,
= 10 ,
= 300
= 14
H450x250x111.8
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 450 ,
= 8 ,
A250ESP
= 250
= 22
(Re. Table 3, NCh203. Of2006)
= 250 ,
= 400
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear plane, STD holes.
5-62
Design Force
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 372
3.
Bolts
The verifications to be done will be bolt shear and bolt slip critical failure. The
solicitation will be the design shear.
Try M22 bolts (22 mm of diameter, standard holes of 24 mm).
Slip Critical failure
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
5-63
= 0.75
Where is the nominal gross area of the bolt, and threads are supposed to be
not excluded from the shear planes:
= 380 2
= 414
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection considering shear
nominal strength is: > 3.17.
The slip critical failure controls the design, = .
4.
5-64
But it is convenient that the angles support all the base of the beam, so try
with an L 125 x 80 x 10 x 200 angle.
The stiffener width is W = 80 mm.
5.
For the seat plate we follow the recommendations of Section 13.9 from Steel
Structures of Vinnakota. The thickness of the plate generally is between the
9.5 and 12.7 mm. Then use a thickness = . For the length of the plate
use the width of the beams flange (250 mm); finally, for the width of the
plate use the same width of the angles, 80 mm, so consider a plate PL 250 x
80 x 10. Latter it will be necessary to verify if the width of the plate satisfies
the requirements for supporting the beam, since if the support is not large
enough failure of the connection due web crippling or local yielding of the
beam web can occur. For the connection between the plate and the angles
use the maximum fillet weld size permitted, which is the smaller thickness of
the elements connected minus 2 mm (Re. AISC 360-05, J2.2b). In this case
the thickness of the angles and the plate is 8 and 10 mm respectively, so use
= for the fillet weld. Welds are not permitted for the connection of the
plate and the flange of the beam (part 10 AISC Manual of Steel Construction).
Use two M22 bolts. See the following figure:
PL 250X80X10
= 1.00
Where is the distance from the edge of the beam flange to the toe of the
fillet, and is the length of bearing that support the beam. The value of
must be greater than for end beam reactions.
= + 5
= 27
= 80 = 68
= 8
Then:
= < 372
Then, the connection does not comply with the requirements, so change the
plate to PL 250 x 135 x10 and change the angles to L 125 x 135 x 10 x
200. Then,
= 135 = 123
= > 372
7.
OK
= . <
OK
5-66
Tip:
If a welded plate was used as stiffener it should also considered the effect of
the eccentricity of the load into the calculation of the bearing strength. The
eccentricity generates additional stresses on the stiffener.
9.
= 0.402 1 +
4
0.2
1.5
= 0.75
(Re. AISC 360-05, J10-5b)
= 450
= 8
= 22
= 135 = 123
Therefore:
= < 372
Then, the nominal strength does not comply with the requirements, so use a
pair of stiffeners
Stiffeners for the beam web
Stiffeners shall be designed for the following force:
= = 372 269 = 110
Try a pair of stiffeners PL 406 x 110 x 10, then:
5-67
110 103
= 9166 3
12
= 110 10 = 1100 2
= 2.88
= 140 > 25
Then, the design shall be done according the dispositions of the chapter E of
the AISC 360-05:
= 133, then:
= 0.877
2
=
2 = 101
= 89
The nominal strength of each stiffener is:
=
= 0.9
Then,
= 88
Then, the nominal strength of the two stiffener of the beam is:
= = > 110
The weld of the stiffeners shall be designed to develop .
5-68
OK
24
= 22
2
Then,
=
Hence, the nominal strength of the connection is:
= + = >
OK
5-69
=
Then for the whole connection:
= = > 372
OK
Tip:
By inspection it can be seen that tear out limit state does not control the
design.
12. Selection of the top angle
For the top angle selection use the recommendations of chapter 10 of the AISC
Manual of Steel Construction. Use an L 100 X 100 X 6 X 250 angle. This
angle is connected to the beam by two bolts M20. This requires a minimum
space between bolts of 60 mm and a minimum distance to the edge of 34 mm,
requirements that are accomplished with the angle selected.
Designed connection
4 M20 A490
L 100X100X6X250
2 STIFFENERS
PL 406X110X10
H300X300X87.5
H450X250X108.7
PL 250X135X10
6 M22 A490
2 L125x135X20X200
5-70
References
5-71
5.7.
5.7.a.
Design requirements:
1.
NCh2369. Of2003:
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements show in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.1)
Bolts must be prestressed to a 70% of the nominal tensile strength.
Always the nominal strength shall be verified as a bearing type
connection.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003 8.5.6)
5.7.b.
1.
General recommendations
Check applicable limit states for bolts (part 7 of the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction).
Check applicable limit states for the connecting elements (part 9 of the
AISC Manual of Steel Construction).
5-72
2.
According to section 13.3 of this book, bolts of the seat angle are
subject to shear and tension simultaneously, so their design shall be
made according to the provisions of the AISC 360 J3.7.
Example
Design a shear Unstiffened seated all bolted connection between the column
flange and the beam shown in the Figure 5.7-2. Use A250ESP steel, required
for constructions subject to dynamics loads, according NCh203.Of2006 code,
Table 3.
The column and the beam are Chilean H300x300x87.3 and an
H450x250x111.8 built-up section. Suppose that the connection only transfers
shear forces and that the sections have been designed to resist those forces.
The shear forces are:
= 100
= 150
5-73
H300X300X87.3
H450X250X111.8
H300x300x87.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 300 ,
= 10 ,
= 300
= 14
H450x250x111.8
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 450 ,
= 8 ,
A250ESP
= 250
= 22
(Re. Table 3, NCh203. Of2006)
= 250 ,
= 400
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads include in the shear plane, STD holes.
2.
Design Forces
= 1.2 + 1.6 = 360
5-74
3.
Bolts
The verifications to be done will be bolt shear and slip critical failure. Try M22
bolts (22 mm of diameter, standard holes of 24 mm).
Slip Critical
The nominal strength for slip critical failure is:
=
= 0.85
= 0.75
5-75
5-76
5.
Even though the design of the shear connection was done with a slip critical
failure approach, for the interaction of shear and tension in the bolts, produced
by the eccentricity of the shear force, it will be used the bearing type of failure
instead of slip critical.
For the calculation of the eccentricity, suppose that the shear force is
distributed uniformly in the seat angle in which is supported.
= 1
80 12
1 = 12 +
= 46
2
= 16560
Then the inertia of the connection is calculated in order to establish the
maximum bolt tensile stress of the connection and then verify the resistance of
that bolt (see Figure 5.7-4):
T1
T2
x
dp1
d p2
=1
= 250
= 380 2
1 = 200 34 = 166
2 = 200 34 66 = 100
3 = 200 34 2 66 = 34
Where the summation considers that there are two rows of bolts in tension.
Then,
5-77
= 34.6
Then the inertia is:
2
3 2
+ = 19824582 4
12
4
= 1 = 131.4
2
= 1 2 + 2 2 +
= 109
Where is the number of bolts that stands the tensile force, which in this
case corresponds to 1, since we calculate the tensile strength for one bolt.
= 0.831
And the shear solicitation for one bolt corresponds to:
=
= 60
6
OK
5-78
= 1.3
= 0.75
Where:
= 163
= 780
(Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.2)
= 414
(Re. AISC 360-05, Table J3.2)
Therefore:
= > 109
6.
OK
Where is the distance from the edge of the beam flange to the toe of the
fillet weld, and is the length of bearing that supports the beam. The value of
must be greater than .
= + 5
= 27
= 80 = 68
= 8
Then:
= < 360
Then, the nominal strength does not accomplish with the requirements, so use
a pair of stiffeners that will be designed later.
5-79
7.
by:
4
0.2
= 0.402 1 +
1.5
= 0.75
(Re. AISC 360-05, J10-5b)
= 450
= 8
= 22
= 80 = 68
Therefore:
=
Then, the nominal strength does not accomplish with the requirements, then
we require the use of stiffeners
Stiffeners for the beam web:
Stiffeners shall be designed for a compression force which is the difference
between the shear design force and the minimum nominal strength between
the limit states of web local yielding and web crippling.
= max( ,
) = 360 269 = 91
= 2.88
5-80
= 140 > 25
The design shall be done according to the provisions of the chapter E of the
AISC 360-05:
= 133, then:
= 0.877
2
=
2 = 101
= 89
The nominal strength of each stiffener is:
=
= 0.9
Then,
= 88
Then, the nominal strength of the two stiffeners of the beam is:
= 2 88 = 176 > 91
OK
8.
OK
5-81
9.
OK
Then, considering that the gross shear area of the angle is: = = 250 10 =
2500 2 :
= > 372
OK
11. Flexural yielding of the leg attached to the beam of the angle
The design moment corresponds to the design shear multiplied by the distance
between the point of application of the force and the critical section that is
going to be verified. AISC does not give any recommendation for the
determination of the point of application of the shear force and the critical
section.
For the critical section it is going to be used the recommendations of Salmon
(Steel Structures, Design and Behavior 5th edition), that indicate that the
critical section is located at 3/8 (9.52 mm) of the face of the angle (see
Figure 5.7-5).
5-82
Tip
The 3/8 distance is a conservative assumption for the measure of the fillet toe
of the angle.
Critical section
2.5 = 112
Web Crippling
=
0.42
1.5
+ 0.2
= 329
Then the maximum is 329 mm.
5-83
In this case, the effective bearing distance used in the design is less than
(This is because the use of stiffeners), do it is used = 80. Then, the
eccentricity is:
= +
+ 9.51 = 32.5
2
Then:
= = 11700
The nominal flexural resistance is:
=
= 0.9
For the leg of the angle is:
=
2
= 6250 3
4
And:
= 1406
Then we have to change the thickness of the angle. If = is used:
= +
+ 9.51 = 17.5
2
Then:
= = 6300
For the leg of the angle is:
=
2
= 39062 3
4
Then:
=
OK
5-84
L100X100X6X250
2 STIFFENERS
PL 406X110X10
H450X250X111.8
H300X300X87.3
L200X80X25X250
6 M22 A490
2 M20 A490
5-85
5-86
6.
MOMENT CONNECTIONS
6.1.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
6-1
2.
AISC 341-05
3.
Bolt Requirements:
Use only ASTM A325 or ASTM A490 bolts. They shall be pretensioned high
strength bolts.
(Re. AISC 358-05, 4.1)
6.1.b.
Example
Design a bolted extended and unstiffened end plate moment connection for
the beam to column border connection shown in Figure 6.1-1 and 6.1-2. Use
A250 ESP steel, required for constructions subjected to dynamical loading,
according to NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3.
The sections used are H 450 X 150 X 68.4 for the beam and H 450 x 250 x
149.8 for the column (both sections are Chilean Shapes). Use standard holes
6-3
for bolts. Suppose that the beams and columns have been properly designed
for resisting the forces given by the load combinations of the applicable
building code (including seismic load).
Follow the instructions given on AISC 358-05 Prequalified Connections (SMF
and IMF systems) for Seismic Applications document.
column
beam
end - plate
continuity
plates
Figure 6.1-2: Connection to be designed. Plan view
1.
6-4
A250ESP
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes.
6.1.c.
Prequalification limits
(Re. AISC 358, Supplement N1 (2009); Table 6.1)
The minimum and maximum values of the several parameters for the design
of these connections are shown now (the notation of AISC 358 is presented,
see Figure Figure 6.1-3):
13 = 57
178 = 273
102 = 152
38 , 114
=
=
349 = 1400
10 = 19
152 = 235
Note: the beam flange thickness is 150 mm, which is little lesser than the
minimum value of 152 mm. The difference of 2 mm is accepted.
6-5
bcf
t wc
twb
g
bbf
bp
dc
de
pfo
t fb
pfi
t fc
tp
d
Figure 6.1-3: Notation (used on AISC 358-05) for the extended end plate
beam-to-column moment connection. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Fig. 6.2
2.
Beam Limitations
(Re. AISC 358-05, section 6.4)
Section 6.4.5: Clear span to depth ratio for SMF systems is required to be
6-6
Section 6.4.6: Width-thickness ratios for the flanges and web of the beam
shall conform to the limits on AISC 341. On this case, on AISC 341 section
3.
9.4 requires that the beam must be seismically compact (flanges and
web) according to table I-8-1. The beam selected is seismically compact.
Note that abrupt changes of beam flange areas in plastic hinge regions are
not allowed.
Section 6.4.7 (Lateral Bracing): for SMF it should be provided lateral
bracing according to AISC 341 section 9.8
Section 6.4.8 (Protected Zone): for unstiffened case, the protected zone is
determined as the portion of the beam between the face of the column
and a distance equal to the depth of the beam or 3 times the width of
flange from the face of the column, whichever is less.
Column Limitations
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 6.5)
The end plate shall be connected to the flange of the column. The column
depth must be equal or lesser than the beam depth. The width-thickness
ratio for flanges and web of the column shall conform to the limits in table
I-8-1 of AISC 341. Assume that the column used is seismically compact.
4.
5.
Continuity Plates
See section 6.7 of AISC 358 for the requirements of continuity plates for
this type of connections.
6.
6-7
7.
8.
Welding Details
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 6.9.7)
The following design steps are taken from section 6.10 of AISC 358-05.
9.
= distance from the face of the column to the plastic hinge = min
( + 3 )
2
(for 4 bolt extended unstiffened connection type, is the depth of the beam)
(Re. AISC 358-05, Eq. 6.9-4). = 2 = distance between plastic hinges,
with = clear length of the beam.
6-8
Note: for the full explanation of the different terms, see section 6.10 of AISC
358-05.
In this case:
=
+
2
= 1.5 for A250 ESP steel (similar to ASTM A36), according to AISC 341 table
I-6-1.
Assume = 4000
3550
Assume the following gravitational loads:
= 0.025 /
= 0.016 /
Therefore: =
1.2 +1.0
2
= 82 and
and = 783498 .
Note: when using the NCh2369.Of2003 code, the moment connection shall
have at least a strength equal to the strength of the connected elements. It is
possible to use as design moment the value = and it is possible to
include also the effect of the shear .
10. Define preliminary values for the connection geometry and bolt grade
Use a 4 bolt unstiffened extended end plate moment connection. Try the
following dimensions (and meet also the prequalification limits already shown):
Parameter
Value (mm)
43
210
130
60
60
60
6-9
11. Calculate the required bolt diameter using the corresponding equation
=
1 + 0
Where: = 780 for ASTM A490 bolts, = 0.9, =distance from the
centerline of beam compression flange to the ith tension bolt row (see Figure
Figure 6.1-4). In this case, the connection is symmetric (because could be
positive or negative, according to the seismic loading). Therefore:
Then: = 28.7
1 = 1.5 = 363
0 = +
= 501
2
2Pt
2Pt
Mnp
h0
h1
1.11
Where: = 250 (minimum yield stress for the end plate), = 1.0.
For the determination of = end-plate yield mechanism parameter, see table
6.2 on AISC
connections.
6-10
358-05,
corresponding
to
bolt
unstiffened
end-plate
bp
g
de
pfo
t bf
pfi
s
t bw
h0
h1
Figure 6.1-5: Yield Line Pattern Model. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Table 6.2.
=
=
1
1
1
1
2
+
+ 0
+ 1 ( + )
2 1
1
2
= 75.5
Therefore, = 2393 = 38
Tip
It is prudent to check also the condition of prying effect. According to the
AISC Design Guide # 4, if the applied force is less than 90% of the end-plate
strength (determined using the yield line analysis), the end-plate is considered
to be thick and no prying forces are considered; when the applied load is
greater than ninety percent of the end plate strength, the end plate is
considered to be thin and the prying forces are assumed to be at a maximum.
For conservative plate thicknesses, assume that no prying force occurs,
therefore:
1.11
6-11
= no prying moment = 2 (0 + 1 )
= bolt tensile strength =
2
4
Calculations give:
= 551 = 952732
= 42.03
is OK.
= 1813
16. Check shear yielding resistance of the extended portion of the four-bolt
extended unstiffened end-plate (4E)
< = 0.6
OK
= 907
If the previous equation is not satisfied, increase the end plate thickness until
it is satisfied. In this case there is no need to increase . OK.
17. Check shear rupture resistance of the extended portion of the four-bolt
extended unstiffened end-plate (4E)
Where:
= 400
1
MPa
(minimum
= 2 + 25.4
8
< = 0.6
tensile
strength
of
the
end-plate).
Calculations give:
0.6 = 1009 >
6-12
= 907
OK
If the previous equation is not satisfied, increase the end plate thickness until
it is satisfied. In this case there is no need of increasing .
OK
18. The bolt shear rupture strength of the connection is provided by the bolts
at one (compression) flange
= < =
End-plate side:
Inner bolts:
Outer bolts:
=
33
= 43.5 = 1.2 = 897
2
OK
6-13
Note: The diameter of the standard hole for the bolt M30 is 33 mm. See AISC
360-05, table J3.3M.
Inner bolts:
Outer bolts:
=
33
= 43.5 = 1.2 = 668
2
OK
Note: The diameter of the standard hole for the bolt M30 is 33 mm. See AISC
360-05, table J3.3M.
20. Design the flange to end plate and web to end plate welds, using the
requirements of the section 6.9.7 of AISC 358-05 code
Beam flanges to end-plate weld:
Use CJP groove welds. The inside face of the flange shall have an 8-mm fillet
weld.
Beam web to end-plate weld:
Use fillet welds, E70 electrode. For 8 mm (material thickness of the thinner
part joined) thickness, the minimum weld size is 5 mm according to AISC 36005, table J2.4.
6-14
The required weld to develop the bending stress on the beam web near the
tension bolts is (according to AISC Design Guide # 4):
(For E70 electrodes, = 0.6 = 289.5 /2 ):
0.6
= 2.9
2 0.707
= 5.5
2 0.707
With the following effective length:
= min
,
2
2 + 2 = 207
Note: The applied shear is to be resisted by weld between the minimum of the
following distances: the distance between the mid-depth of the beam and the
compression flange or the distance between the inner row of tension bolts plus
two bolt diameters and the compression flange. (Re. AISC Design Guide # 4
and AISC Manual of Steel of Construction 13th Ed.).
Use a pair of fillet welds, with = .
21. Check the column flange for flexural yielding
1.11
6-15
bcf
s
c
s
h0
tbw
h1
g
tp
Figure 6.1-6: Column flange yield line mechanism parameter for four bolt
extended connection type. Adapted from AISC 358-05, table 6.5.
=
With: =
1
2
1
1
+ 0
2 1
2
3
1 +
+ 0 + +
+ = 3452
4
4
2
2
= 90 and = 0 1 = 138
Therefore,
= 31.7 < . So far, there is no need for continuity plates
(web stiffeners).
Note: If the previous equation is not satisfied, increase the column size or add
web stiffeners (continuity plates). If stiffeners are added, previous equation
must be checked using for the stiffened column flange from table 6.5 of
AISC 358-05 (for four bolt extended end plate connection).
22. If stiffeners are required for column flange flexural yielding, determine the
required stiffener force
The column flange flexural design strength is:
2
=
6-16
6-17
2
= 0.80
1+3
1.5
With = thickness of beam flange plus 2 times the groove weld reinforcement
leg size (in this case, = ). All the other terms have been already
explained.
Doing the calculations, the strength is:
= 735 = 551 < Continuity web plates are required
26. If stiffener plates are required for any of the column side limit states, the
required strength is
= = 1262
crippling controls).
6.1.d. Panel Zone / Continuity Plates / Column-Beam Moment Ratio /
Lateral Bracing
1.
6-18
Vus
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vu
Mu
Mu
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vus
Figure 6.1-7: Typical panel zones forces. Figure adapted from AISC Design
Guide N13, Fig. 2-3.
The total panel zone shear can be determined with the beam flange forces
( = /( )) and the story shear . According to Figure 6.1-7,
= 1 + 2 . On this case, neglect the story shear and compute:
= =
2
3
) = 796
Note: suppose that frame stability is considered in the analysis and that
< 0.75 .
Therefore, < , web doubler plates are required.
Tip
Generally, a better solution than using web doubler plates is to choose a
column with a thicker web, eliminating the need for the doubler plates which
have details that are expensive and difficult to fabricate.
3.
6-19
+
90
Welds to column flanges: use CJP or fillet welds that develop the available
shear strength of the full doubler plate thickness
When placed against column web: doubler plates shall be welded top and
bottom edge to develop the proportion of the total force that is transmitted to
the doubler plate.
When placed away from column web: doubler plates must be placed
symmetrically in pairs and welded to continuity plates to develop the
proportion of the total force that is transmitted to the doubler plate.
In this example, doubler plates are placed against the column web (with plug
welds).
Size the doubler plates:
Use A250 ESP for the doubler plates, for determining the thickness of the
doubler plates considering them acting on shear yielding and developing the
proportion of the total force transmitted to them:
2
6-20
0.6
= 17.6 .
Ddp
A
t fc
Section A - A
Bdp
t dp
t dp
sc
dc
See Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler Plates
for Chapter 6 on this Manual.
6.
In this case, continuity plates are needed. As said on AISC 358-05, Continuity
plates shall also conform to section J10.8 of AISC 360-05 Specification and the
welds shall be in accordance with section 6.7.3 of AISC 358-05.
6-21
From the limit states mentioned on the steps above calculate the
difference between the applied force and the minimum available strength
= = = 1262
Size the continuity plates: Use A250 ESP for continuity plates. Try
= (continuity plate thickness), = (continuity plate
width) and = = (continuity plate depth, use the column
height between flanges).
es
A
Section A - A
Ls
bs
tcw
bbf
+ = 109 = 50
2
= 35
1
2
15
= 9
OK
OK
6-22
bs
bs
es
12t w
es
tw
2 3
12
12 3
12
, =
OK
Notes:
For the compression check, it has been used instead of
because the section considered for resisting the compression takes into
account a portion of the column web. will be used for the welds for
continuity plates to column flanges unions.
No tension check is done, because the applicable limit states analyzed
(according to AISC 358-05) were all compression limit states.
For welded unions of the continuity plates, see Welded Connection
Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler Plates of Chapter 6 on this
Manual.
7.
Check the column beam moment ratio according to AISC 341-05 code.
(Assume that the factored axial force on the column is = 500 ) :
> 1.0
With:
6-23
= 2
= 1580067
And
+ +
= 887946 .
Therefore:
8.
OK
Lateral bracing
0.086
= 2346 . (Use = ).
Assume that with this lateral spacing, the beam can properly support the
loads.
Meet the provisions of Appendix 6 of AISC 360-05:
Required brace strength:
=
0.02
= 26 .
Use:
= , = 1.0, = ( ) .
Required brace stiffness ( = 0.75):
=
10
= 8.7 /
6-24
Panel zone
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.2)
As said on B.2.1, the analysis can be done with elastic or plastic methods. The
panel zone shall be retrofitted with doubler plates and/or diagonal stiffeners
(see Figures B.1 and B.2 of the code) if > = 0.75 .
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.2.2)
The determination of and is quite similar to AISC 341 code. Considering
an interior connection:
=
1
1
2
2
6-25
With =beam moments (not greater than plastic beam moments, on this
case use = = 377250 ) determined using the load combinations
of the code and the amplification of the earthquake term by 2; = 0.95 ,
=shear force in the column at the level of the union (neglect it as on the
previous design).
Assume that 0.75 , therefore the calculation of:
= 0.75 0.6 (1 +
2
3
Doubler plates shall be welded to the column flanges with fillet or CJP groove
welds designed to resist the shear required strength (on seismic frames, the
welds shall resist the total shear strength of the doubler plate). If they are
against the column web, they shall be welded on their bottom and top ends
(and the welds must resist the proportion of the force transmitted to the
doubler plates). If they are away from the column web, doubler plates shall be
placed symmetrically and welded to the continuity plates (and the welds must
resist the proportion of the force transmitted to the each one of the doubler
plates).
Note: As seen, the previous dispositions are quite similar to AISC dispositions.
Refer to Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler
Plates of Chapter 6 on this Manual.
4.
Continuity plates
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.3 to B.6)
1.5
According to B.3.4. (and note (1)), continuity plates shall be welded to the
web and the loaded flange so to transfer to the web the proportion of the force
carried by the stiffeners:
, = , = 438
And the minimum total stiffener area shall be =
6.
,
,
= 1948 2
+ = 109 = 83.3
OK
6-27
= 35 > max ,
250
OK
= 18
Compression check:
According to B.7.2, the section resisting the compression is the same as the
previous design (external stiffeners), therefore:
OK
> 1.2
for the columns and beams at the union analyzed. (See exceptions when is not
needed to meet the previous inequality at 8.4.4).
The code does not specify the calculation of the moments, so use the plastic
moments of the gross sections. Using this, / = 4.7 > 1.2 OK.
9.
Lateral bracing:
6-28
Designed connection:
Column: H 450 x 250 x 149.8
g
4 M30 ASTM A490
CJP
de
pfi
2PL 386 x 85 x 35 mm
CJP
4 M30 ASTM A490
10
10
Typ
PL 210x740x43 mm
Note:
Connections for doubler and web plates
are not designed
2PL 397 x 376 x 9 mm
Bolts positions
pfo= 60 mm
pfi = 60 mm
de = 60 mm
g= 140 mm
All bolts are tightened to a pretension not less than AISC requirement.
However, slip critical connections requirements are not needed in this
case.
Only are permitted ASTM A325 or ASTM A490 bolts.
All of the shear force is assumed to be resisted by the compression side
bolts.
Beam web to end plate welds in the vicinity of the tension bolts are
designed to develop the yield stress of the beam web. This weld strength
is recommended even if the full moment capacity of the beam is not
required for frame strength.
Only the web to end plate weld between the mid-depth of the beam and
the inside face of the beam compression flange may be used to resist the
beam shear (based on judgment).
Yield-line analysis is used for end-plate strength determination
Bolt prying forces are not a consideration, since the required end plate
thickness prevents their development.
6-29
6.1.f.
References
6-30
6.2.
6.2.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
AISC 341-05:
Example
Design a bolted extended and stiffened end plate moment connection for the
beam to column border connection shown in Figure 6.2-1. Sections used are H
450 x 150 x 68.4 for the beam and H 450 x 250 x 149.8 for the column (both
sections are Chilean Shapes). Use standard holes for bolts and A250 ESP steel,
required for constructions subjected to dynamical loading, according to
NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3. Suppose that beams and columns have been
properly designed for resisting the forces given by the load combinations of
the applicable building code (including seismic load).
Follow the instructions given on AISC 358-05 Prequalified Connections (SMF
and IMF systems) for Seismic Applications document.
Note that this connection has been already designed for the unstiffened case
on example 6.1. Therefore, the input data for this example is the same and
many steps of the design will be resumed. Assume the same gravitational
loads applied to the beam from example 6.1.
6-31
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes.
6.1.d.
6-32
1.
Prequalification limits
(Re. AISC 358, Supplement N1 (2009); Table 6.1)
The minimum and maximum values of the several parameters for the design
of these connections are shown now (the notation of AISC 358 is presented,
see Figure 6.2-2):
13 = 38
178 = 273
83 = 152
44 , 140
=
=
349 = 610
10 = 19
152 = 229
Note: the beam flange thickness is 150 mm, which is little lesser than the
minimum value of 152 mm. The difference of 2 mm is accepted
6-33
bp
twb
ts
twc
bcf
bbf
tfb
pfi
pfo
de
dc
tp
hst
tfc
Lst
6.2-2: Notation (used on AISC 358-05) for the extended end plate beam-tocolumn moment connection. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Fig. 6.3.
2.
Beam Limitations
Column Limitations
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 6.5)
6-34
5.
Continuity Plates
tan 30
With = height of the end-plate from the outside of the beam flange to the
end of the end-plate.
The stiffeners shall be terminated at beam flange at the end of the end-plate
with landings of approximately 25 mm long. The stiffener shall be clipped
where it meets the beam flange and end-plate to provide clearance between
the stiffener and the beam flange weld.
When the beam and end-plate stiffeners have the same material strengths,
the thickness of the stiffeners shall be greater than or equal to the beam web
thickness. If not, the thickness of the stiffeners shall be greater than or equal
to the beam web thickness multiplied by the ratio of beam-to-stiffener plate
material yield stress.
6-35
9.
Welding Details
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 6.9.7)
tan 30
6-36
Value (mm)
35
210
130
60
60
60
Notes:
12. Calculate the required bolt diameter using the corresponding equation
Procedure is same as the one on example 6.1, using:
1 = 1.5 = 363
0 = +
= 501
2
Then:
= 28.8
13. Select a bolt diameter
Same as example 6.1, use M30 bolts.
14. Calculate the required end plate-thickness
For the stiffened case, the term changes. From table 6.3 of AISC 358-05:
=
1
2
= 75.4
1
1
1
1
+
+ 0
+
2 1
2
2
+ + 0 +
1
1.11
= no prying moment = 2 (0 + 1 )
= bolt tensile strength =
2
4
is OK.
= 1837
17. For the 4 bolt extended stiffened end-plate, select the end plate stiffener
thickness and design the stiffener-to-beam flange and stiffener to-endplate welds
, =
6-38
0.56
In this case, with the following geometry for the stiffener, all the checks are
OK:
= 210 , = 120 , = 10
The stiffener-to beam flange and stiffener-to-end-plate welds shall be designed
to develop the stiffener plate in shear at the beam flange and in tension at the
end-plate. For the weld to beam flange, CJP groove or fillet welds can be
used. If the stiffener plate thickness is greater than 10 mm, CJP groove welds
shall be used for the stiffener-to-end-plate weld. Otherwise, double-sided fillet
welds are permitted to be used.
On this case, use CJP groove welds for both connections (stiffener-to-endplate and stiffener-to-beam-flange) since the stiffeners thickness is equal
to the critical value of 10 mm.
18. The bolt shear rupture strength of the connection is provided by the bolts
at one (compression) flange
The procedure is the same as the one on example 6.1, calculations give:
= 1054 > = 468
OK
19. Check the bolt-bearing/tear out of the end plate and column flange
The procedure is the same as on example 6.1, calculations give:
End-plate side:
= 3130 > = 468
OK
OK
20. Design the flange to end plate and web to end plate welds, using the
requirements of the section 6.9.7 of AISC 358-05 code
The procedure is the same as in example 6.1.
6-39
6-40
25. Check the unstiffened column web crippling strength at the beam
compression flange
Procedure is the same as example 6.1, calculations give:
= 551 < = 1837 Continuity web plates are required
26. If stiffener plates are required for any of the column side limit states, the
required strength is
= = 1337
(Compression force due column web crippling controls)
27. Continuity Plate / Panel Zone / Column-Beam Moment Ratio / Lateral
Bracing
Note that the section used on this example are the same as example 6.1 The
forces obtained ( and ) and the end-plate thickness on this example are
different than on the example 6.1; nevertheless, the procedure for the design
of the panel zone (doubler plates and transverse web stiffeners) and lateral
bracing is the same. No specific design or calculations will be done on this
example.
Column: H 450 x 250 x 149.8
4 M30 ASTM A490
CJP
de
pfo
pfi
CJP
10
10
Typ
Stiffener details
hst = 120 mm
Note:
Doubler and web plates and their
connections are not designed
Bolts positions
pfo= 60 mm
Lst = 210 mm
pfi = 60 mm
de = 60 mm
g= 140 mm
6-41
Notes
There are some assumptions inherent to the design procedure presented on
this example (See AISC Design Guide # 4). A summary of those assumptions
(not explicit in the document) follows:
All bolts are tightened to a pretension not less than AISC requirement.
However, slip critical connections requirements are not needed in this
case.
Only ASTM A325 or ASTM A490 bolts are permitted.
It is assumed that all the shear force is resisted by the compression side
bolts.
Beam web to end plate welds in the vicinity of the tension bolts are
designed to develop the yield stress of the beam web. This weld strength
is recommended even if the full moment capacity of the beam is not
required for frame strength.
Only the web to end plate weld between the mid-depth of the beam and
the inside face of the beam compression flange may be used to resist the
beam shear (based on judgment).
Yield-line analysis is used for end-plate strength calculation.
Bolt prying forces are not a consideration, since the required end plate
thickness prevents their development.
6-42
6.3.
6.3.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
Transverse sections of columns and beams in rigid earthquakeresistant frames shall qualify as compact, that is, their width to
thickness ratios shall be lesser than given on Table 8.1 of the code.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 8.4.2)
6-43
2.
AISC 341-05
3.
The required shear strength should be calculated taking into account the
flexural plastic hinges produced by the earthquake (E) load. For more
beam-to-column connections requirements, see section 9.2a
Unless otherwise defined by AISC 358, CJP groove welds of beam flanges,
shear plates, and beam webs to column shall be demand critical welds as
defined in section 7.3b (section 9.2c).
The protected zone is defined in AISC 358. In general, for unreinforced
connections, the protected zone will extend from the face of the column to
one half of the beam depth beyond the plastic hinge point (section 9.2d).
For the design requirements of panel zone of beam to - column
connections: see section 9.3.
For beam and column limitations, see section 9.4.
Continuity plates shall be consistent with the connection designed
according to AISC 358 (section 9.5).
In beam-to-column connections, check the column-beam moment ratio
(section 9.6) and the lateral bracing (section 9.7 and 9.8).
AISC 358 General Requirements (summary of important aspects)
6-44
Example
Design a reduced beam section (RBS) moment connection for the beam to
column exterior connection shown in Figure Figure 6.3-1. Use A345 ESP steel,
required for constructions subjected to dynamical loading, according to
NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3.
The sections used are H 600 x 300 x 229.2 for the beam and H 450 x 450 x
355.2 for the column (both are Chilean Shapes). Suppose that beams and
columns have been properly designed for resisting the forces produced by the
load combinations of the applicable building code (including seismic loads).
Follow the instructions given on AISC 358-05 Prequalified Connections (SMF
and IMF systems) for Seismic Applications.
6-45
column
reduced beam section
doubler plates
(if required)
continuity plates
(if required)
6-46
Both sections have seismically compact web and flanges, according to AISC
341-05 Table I-8-1.
6.3.c.
Prequalification limits
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 5.3)
Beam limitations:
Beam section must comply with the limitations of section 2.3 of AISC 35805. Beams shall be rolled wide-flange or built-up I members.
Depth of the beam is limited to W36 for rolled shapes. For built-up
shapes, use the maximum depth for wide flange rolled shapes. (OK)
Weight limited to 447 kg/m: Beam weight is 229.2 kgf/m < 447 kgf/m
(OK).
Flange thickness < 44.5 mm (OK)
Clear span to depth ratio: greater or equal to 7 for SMF systems.
Suppose the clear span to be OK with this.
Width thickness ratios for flanges and web of the beam shall conform to
the limits on AISC 341-05.(OK)
Lateral bracing: according to section 9.8 of AISC 341-05 (SMF systems).
For supplemental lateral bracing at the reduced section, also refer to the
same section. The location of this supplemental lateral bracing shall be
located no longer than d/2 beyond the end of the RBS farthest from the
face of the column (d=beam depth). No attachment shall be made to the
beam in the region extending from the face of the column to end of the
RBS farthest from the face of the column. (See also exception where the
beam supports an structural slab).
Protected zone: from the face of the column to the end of the RBS section
farthest from the column face
6-47
Column limitations:
Note: See also AISC 358-05, Supplement N1 corresponding section.
2.
3.
Panel zones: comply with the requirement of section 9.3 (SMF systems) of
AISC 341-05.
See 5.4.2a for column-beam moment ratio calculation at this RBS
connection.
Beam flange to column flange weld limitations
(Re. AISC 358-05, Section 5.5)
Beam flanges to column flange: use of CJP groove welds and conform to
the requirements for demand critical weld in section 7.3 and appendix W
of AISC 341-05.
Weld access holes: according to AISC 360-05 Specification, section J1.6
4.
Beam web shall be connected to the column flange using a CJP groove weld
extending between weld access holes. The single plate shear connection shall
be permitted to be used as backing for the CJP groove weld. Plate thickness
6-48
must be at least 10 mm. Weld tabs are not required at the end of the CJP
groove weld at the beam web. Bolt holes in the beam web for the purpose of
erection are permitted.
5.
Chose trial values for RBS dimensions , and (see Figure Figure 6.3-2):
0.5 0.75
0.65 0.85
0.1 0.25
= 190 , = 450 , = 60
R = Radius of Cut = (4c2 + b)/8c
c
c
a
b
Reduced Beam
Section
Protected Zone
Figure 6.3-2: Notation (used on AISC 358-05) for reduced beam section
moment connection. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Fig. 5.1.
6-49
2.
Compute the plastic section modulus at the center of the reduced beam
section
= 2 = 4708000 3
3.
Use =
+
2
= 1.15 and = 1.1 for A345 ESP steel (similar to ASTM A572 Gr.
Compute the shear force at the center of the RBSs at each end of the
beam
Use a free body diagram of the portion of the beam between the centers of the
RBS sections. Consider the moments acting at the center of each RBS
section and include gravity loads (use combination 1.2D+1.0L):
Figure 6.3-3: Example of calculation of shear at center of RBS cuts. The lower
image is the free body diagram of the portion of the beam between the RBSs.
Adapted from AISC 358-05 (Commentary), Fig.C-5.1.
From Figure 6.3-3:
6-50
=
And
2
+
2
Note: Consider = = factored uniform beam gravity load.
Assume that =distance between column flanges (nearest to beam ends)
equal to 6000 mm. and:
= + = 415
2
Then: = 2 = 5170 .
Assume as gravity loads:
= 0.03
, = 0.016
= 1.2 + 1.0 = 0.052
Therefore:
5.
= 931 ,
= 662
Use a free body diagram of the segment of the beam between the center of
the RBS and the face of the column (see the following figure). Therefore:
= + = 2444843
Use = max
( ,
) in Eq. 5.8-6 of AISC 358-05, the gravity load of the
mentioned segment was neglected (optionally this effect could be included).
Figure 6.3-4: Free body diagram between center of RBS and face of the
column. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Fig. 5.2.
6-51
6.
Compute the plastic moment of the beam based on the expected yield
stress
= = 2806782
+ = + +
= 952
Check the shear strength of the beam according to Chapter G of AISC 360-05
Specification. According to this chapter, for I members with:
= 52 2.24
= 53.93 = 1.0 0.6 = 1242 >
9.
6-52
Use for the beam web area, discounting the weld access holes height:
= 2 25 = 4700 2 = 973 > = 952
OK
Panel zone
Check the column panel zone according to AISC 358-05, Section 5.4. This
section refers to AISC 341-05, Section 9.3 (SMF Systems):
2.
6-53
Vus
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vu
Mu
Mu
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vus
2
3
) = 3074
Note: suppose that frame stability is considered in the analysis and that
< 0.75 .
Therefore, < , so web doubler plates are required.
Tip
Generally, a better solution than using web doubler plates is to choose a
column with a thicker web, eliminating the need for the doubler plates which
have details that are expensive and difficult to fabricate.
3.
6-54
+
90
4.
= 16.9
0.6
Use = = = OK.
6-55
Ddp
A
t fc
Section A - A
Bdp
t dp
t dp
sc
dc
Continuity plates
6-56
1.8
6.
7.
Calculate the concentrated force(s) acting on the beam flange, using the
moment projected at the column flange side ( ):
=
= 4366
Web crippling:
1.5
6-57
According to AISC 360-05 Commentary this limit state does not apply for
moment connections.
This section applies for forces applied at both flanges of a member at the same
location. On this case, the connection to be designed is an exterior one, so this
limit state does not apply.
From last limit states, calculate the difference between the applied force and
the minimum available strength (web local yielding on this case)
= min = 1692
From the first limit state, calculate the difference between the applied force
and the available strength (flange local bending on this case):
= = 1261
= .
= (continuity plate
match the beam flanges) and = = (continuity plate depth, use the
column height between flanges).
6-58
es
A
Section A - A
Ls
bs
tcw
bbf
+ = 150 = 100
2
1
2
15
= 20
OK
OK
OK
= 20 .
2
bs
es
es
12t w
tw
2 3 12
+
12
12
= 60
Use = 1.0.
According to AISC 360 J4.4 Section
According to Chapter D of AISC 360-05, for each stiffener the tension strength
is:
= 0.9 = 1280 >
= 630
OK
Note:
As it can be seen, the section for compression check is a cross (including a
portion of the column web) and it is checked for while the section for
tension check are the two separated stiffeners (no web portion) and they are
checked for
.
Welded unions of the continuity plates:
See Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler Plates
of Chapter 6 on this Manual.
8.
According to AISC 358-05, Section 5.4; for SMF systems the column-beam
moment ratio shall comply with (assume that the factored axial force on the
column is = 1000 ):
> 1.0
With:
6-60
= 2
= 5318817
And:
+ ( + + ) = 2654268 .
2 2
+ =
Therefore:
9.
OK
Lateral bracing
with
maximum spacing
of
0.086
= 3914 .
(Use =
). Assume that with this lateral spacing, the beam can properly
support the loads.
Meet the provisions of Appendix 6 of AISC 360-05:
Required brace strength:
=
0.02
= 100.2 .
Use = , = 1.0, = ( )
Required brace stiffness ( = 0.75):
=
10
= 22.3 /
6-61
Tip
The reduction of the beam flange can significantly reduce the stiffness (and
stability) of the beam cross section, creating a greater propensity for LTB
lateral torsional buckling of the beam in the reduced section. The addition of
lateral bracing near the RBS may be required if a structural slab is not present
or if above minimum acceptable performance is desired.
Column lateral bracing:
According to section 9.7 of AISC 341-05, column flanges require lateral
bracing only at the beam top flange level if it is shown that the column
remains elastic outside the panel zone. Then:
. And,
considering the user note in the same section; column lateral bracing can be
achieved by the use of braces, decks, slabs, and also with indirect lateral
bracing. Therefore, there is no need for designing a specific brace for column.
6.3.f. Panel Zone / Continuity Plate /Column-Beam Moment Ratio /
Lateral Bracing according to NCh2369.Of2003 Code
Refer to Chapter 8 and Appendix B (Beam-to-Column unions on rigid steel
frames) of NCh2369.Of2003 Code.
Note: According to Appendix B, the provisions of NCh2369.Of2003 code for
rigid unbraced frames are normative, and the designer does not have to take
account the additional obligatory requirements of AISC 341-1999 (SMF
systems and IMF systems). On this example, it has been made a design using
AISC 341 and AISC 358 codes, but it is going to be checked with the
NCh2369.Of2003 code.
1.
Panel zone
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.2)
As said on B.2.1, the analysis can be done with elastic or plastic methods. The
panel zone shall be retrofitted with doubler plates and/or diagonal stiffeners
(see Figures B.1 and B.2 of the code) if > = 0.75
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.2.2).
The calculation of and is quite similar to AISC 341 code. Considering an
internal connection:
6-62
1
1
2
2
With =beam moments (not greater than plastic beam moments, on this
case use = = 1624260 assuming that the plastic hinge is going
to be developed on the RBS section) calculated using the load combinations of
the code and the amplification of the earthquake term by 2; = 0.95 ,
=shear force in the column at the level of the union (neglect it as on the
previous design).
Assume that 0.75 , therefore the calculation of:
= 0.75 0.6 1 +
2
3
Doubler plates shall be welded to the column flanges with fillet or CJP groove
welds designed to resist the shear required strength (on seismic frames, the
welds shall resist the total shear strength of the doubler plate). If they are
against the column web, they shall be welded on their bottom and top ends
(and the welds must resist the proportion of the force transmitted to the
doubler plates). If they are away from the column web, doubler plates shall be
placed symmetrically and welded to the continuity plates (and the welds must
resist the proportion of the force transmitted to the each one of the doubler
plates).
Note:
As seen, the previous provisions are quite similar to AISC provisions. Refer to
Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler Plates of
Chapter 6 on this Manual.
6-63
3.
Continuity plates
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, B.3 to B.6)
= 2900
Web crippling
1.5
,
,
= 341 2 .
OK
+ = 150 = 150
= 30 < max ,
250
NOT OK
= 40
Use = and keep from the previous design and . The stiffener
area is = > , /
Compression check:
According to B.7.2, the section resisting the compression is the same as the
previous design (external stiffeners), therefore:
OK
> 1.2
for the columns and beams at the union analyzed. (See exceptions of not
meeting the previous inequality at 8.4.4).
The code does not specify the calculation of the moments, so use the plastic
moments of the gross sections. Then:
/
OK
6-65
5.
Lateral bracing
Designed connection:
R = (4c 2 + b)/8c = 30.9 mm
c=60mm
c
a=190mm
b=450mm
CJP
Beam : H 600 X 300 X 229.2
CJP
CJP
Notes:
1.- Weld access holes must comply with AISC360 requirements
2.- The connections for continuity plates and doubler plates are not designed
6-66
6.4.
6.4.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements show in the code.
(Re. NCh2369. Of 2003, 8.5.1)
AISC 341-05
1.
following
The beam web is connected to the columns using a bolted single plate
with bolts in short slotted holes.
The flange plates of the connection are welded to the flange of the column
with complete joint penetration groove welds and bolted to the beam
flanges with high strength bolts.
Top and bottom plates shall be identical.
Beam Limitations:
-
6-68
Width thickness ratios for the flanges and web of the beam
shall conform to the limits of section 9.4 of AISC 341-05.
Beam depth is limited to W36 for rolled shapes. Depth of built up
sections shall not exceed the depth permitted for rolled wideflange shapes.
The weight of the beam shall not exceed 224 kg/m.
Beam flange thickness is limited to 25 mm.
The clear span to depth ratio of the beam is limited to be greater
than 9 in SMF.
Lateral bracing shall be provided at the end of the protected zone
(See Figure 6.4-1) in both inferior and superior flanges of the
beam. The location of the lateral bracing can vary between and
1.5 (with the depth of the beam) from the farthest bolt with
respect to the face of the column. There is no need to provide
lateral bracing if the beam supports a concrete slab with welded
shear connectors spaced at a maximum of 300 mm. Lateral
bracing shall conform section 9.8 of AISC 341 Seismic Provisions.
Column Limitations:
-
6-69
Width thickness ratios for the flanges and web of the column shall
conform to the limits of section 9.4 or 10.4 of the AISC seismic
provisions.
The beam shall be connected to the flange of the column.
Lateral bracing of columns shall conform to section 9.7 of the AISC
Seismic Provisions.
Single plate connection can be made with groove weld CJP or two sided
fillets welds or two sided PJP welds.
6.4.b.
Example
Design a bolted flange plate moment connection (BFP) for the beam-to-column
connection shown in Figure 6.4-22. Use A345 ESP steel, required for
constructions subject to dynamic loads, according to NCh203.Of2006 , Table 3.
Use 70 ksi electrodes for welds.
The column and the beam are Chilean H 500 x 350 x 165.6 and H 500 x 300 x
132.3 built-up sections. The connection transfers shear and moment. The clear
span of the beam is 8000 mm.
The forces for the design are:
Beam:
= 40
= 20
Column:
= 426
6-70
Suppose that the beams and columns have been properly designed for
resisting the forces given by the load combinations of the applicable building
code (including seismic load).
Follow the instructions given on AISC 358-05 Prequalified Connections (SMF
and IMF systems) for Seismic Applications document and its supplement N1.
H 500X300X132.3
H 500X350X165.6
6.4-2: General view of the connection.
3.
H500x350x165.6
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 500 , = 350 , = 8
= 25 , = 4561000 3
H500x300x132.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 500 , = 300 , = 8
= 22 , = 3571000 3
A345 ESP
(Re. Table 3, NCh203.Of2006)
= 345 , = 450
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes.
WELDS: 70 ksi electrodes, = 480
6-71
< = 0.30
= 7.22
tw
< = 2.45
= 58.98
2
In this case, both column and beam comply with the maximum limits.
4.
Design Forces
of
AISC
358-05
= =
(more
stringent
than
Where is the ratio of expected yield strength to the minimum specified yield
stress. is the effective plastic modulus of the section and is a factor to
take account for the peak connection strength:
+
=
< 1.2
2
= 1.15 < 1.2 = 1.15
A345 ESP is similar to ASTM A572 Gr 50, according to the table I-6-1 of the
AISC 341 seismic specification, then = 1.1. Furthermore, considering that
the plastic modulus section is the corresponding to the beam, =
Therefore:
6-72
= 1558473
For the shear design force, consider the plastic hinges at the ends of the
beam:
2
= 1.2 + 1.0 +
= 458
For further discussion regarding the calculation of the design forces according
to the Chilean provisions and practice, see the section of additional comments
at the end of this example.
5.
Design the flange plates as plates subjected to tensile force. The force that
each plate shall resist is given by:
=
1.25
+
The additional 1.25 factor is due to the fact that the plastic hinge will not be
located in the face of the column, but at a distance that depends of the length
of the connection that will cause an increment of the plastic moment for the
contribution of the shear force. This factor shall be verified after the design
procedure of the bolted flange plates. Note that is the thickness of the
flange plates.
Try PL 500 x 300 x 20, therefore:
= 1.25
6.
1558473
= 3746
500 + 20
Bolts
Use M27 bolts (27 mm of diameter, standard holes of 30 mm). Even though
the NCh2369.Of2003 does not require to verify the connection as a slip critical
type, sometimes project specifications do require it.
Slip Critical Connection
The nominal strength is:
=
= 0.9
Then:
= 573 2
= 414
= 214
Then, the number of bolts required for the connection is: > 17.5.
Use = 18.
Even though the slip critical limit state controls the design, in this case, due
the excessively large amount of bolts required, it is decided to use the shear
6-74
nominal strength of the bolts. Furthermore, slip critical check is not needed by
AISC 358 or NCh2369.Of2003.
Then, use = 18 for each flange plate. Use rows of two bolts each one.
Considering the size of the bolts that are going to be used, the length of the
connection will be greater than the depth of the beam. This does not
accomplish the requirements of AISC 358 for the prequalified connection, but
it is preferred the use of rows of two bolts instead of limiting the length of the
connection.
7.
For the ductile behavior of the flange plates, following check shall be done:
(Re. Section 7.6, step 2, AISC 358-05)
>
With = 1.1 , = 1.1 according to the table I-6-1 of the AISC 341 (ASTM
A572 grade 50 for flange plates). Considering two rows of bolts, the effective
area is ( = 30 ):
= 300 20 2 20 = 4800 2
Then:
= > =
OK
Tip:
Since the effective area is controlled by the diameter and number of the bolts,
it is important that the bolts shall have reasonable diameters in order to
ensure a ductile behavior of the flange plates.
8.
OK
Then the plate PL 500 x 300 x 20 does not accomplish with the required
spacing. Try a PL 690 X 300 X 20 plate.
The length of the bolt group is:
= 72 8 = 576 > = 500
Then the connection does not accomplish with the maximum length
requirement from AISC 358-05, but as discussed above, this fact will not be
considered in the design.
Interior bolts
The bearing strength of each plate is:
= 1.2 2.4 = 583
= 0.9
for the interior bolts is:
= 72 30 = 42
6-76
OK
= 3646
+
6-77
Then the 1.25 factor used before was conservative, and the number of bolts
calculated on the previous steps is conservative.
The nominal strength for tensile yielding limit state is:
=
= 1.00
The gross tensile area of each flange plate is: = = 300 20 = 6000 2 :
= 2070 < 3646
Try PL 690 X 300 X 40 flange plates, then:
=
= 3511
+
= 4140 > 3511
Where is the net area of the plate, which considers the reduction of the
section because of bolt holes, the nominal dimension for the holes for a M27
bolt is = 30 , and taking into account the damage:
= 30 + 2 = 32
= 2 = 9440 2 < 0.85 = 10200 2
OK
6-78
Where = 1.0 in this case, according to the commentary in the AISC 360-05
specification (AISC 360-05 C-J4.2). The values of , and are obtained
from the following figure:
OK
3
= 1600000 4
12
= 12000 2
= 11.54
6-79
0.651
=
= 3.37
Since
OK
According to section 9.3 of AISC 341-05, the required minimum shear strength
of the panel zone shall be calculated from the summation of the shear
produced by the expected plastic hinge moments at the columns faces.
The shear strength (according to the limit state of shear yielding) is given by
the following:
(Re. Section J10.6 AISC 360-05)
If it is considered frame stability including plastic panel zone deformation, the
nominal strength is:
If 0.75 :
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
If > 0.75 :
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
1.9 1.2
Where,
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
The nominal strength is , with = 1.0 according to the AISC 341-05,
section 9.3a.
If the panel zone cannot comply with the above requirements, strength shall
be provided with doubler plates, that must be designed according to the
provisions of AISC 360-05, J10-9. Doubler plates must resist .
Calculation of :
For the calculation of the shear solicitation in the panel zone, consider the
following figure (for a general interior connection):
6-81
Vus
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vu
Mu
Mu
P uf 1
P uf 2
Vus
=
is the plastic moment of the beam. Then, for this example, in which there
is only one beam arriving to the column (exterior connection):
=
1909865
=
= 3995
500 22
Assuming that < 0.75 , the strength of the panel zone is:
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
= 1099 <
NOT OK
Doubler plates are required. Their design will follow provisions of AISC 360-05,
chapter G:
= 0.6
= 0.9
= 2
= 500 2 25 = 450
With the width of the panel zone of the column between column flanges.
6-82
Then:
2
= 31.08
0.6
> 15.54
( + )/90
Where is the depth of the panel zone between continuity plates, then:
= 500 2 22 = 456
456 + 450
= 10
90
Then the column web is not ok, but using doubler plates that are plug welded
to the column web, the thickness considered is the summation of the doubler
plates and the web of the column, so the panel zone thickness is OK.
17. Continuity plates
Continuity plates must be designed considering the provisions of chapter 2 of
AISC 358-05, which refers to section J10 of the AISC360-05. Continuity plates
are not required if the following criterions are met:
0.4 1.8
6-83
43.6
50
= 0.90
Then,
= 1347
Consider that the concentrated force is applied at a distance to the end of the
column greater than the depth of the element, the nominal resistance is given
by:
= 5 +
(Re. AISC 360-05. J10-2)
= 1.00
Considering that the column web is reinforced by the doubler plates, the
thickness is:
= + 2 = 40
Additionally, is the distance from the face of the flange to the web toe of the
fillet weld. Then, considering that for the column the value of is 30 mm, and
the value of N is the length of bearing, that in this case corresponds to the
thickness of the flange of the beam, = 22 . However, the value of N
cannot be less than k for beam end reactions, so use = = 30 , then:
= 2484
6-84
Web Crippling
1.5
= 0.75
Them considering = 30 , and the thickness of the column web including
doubler plates, we have:
= 8600
=
= 3966
= 2619
According to the AISC 358-05, thickness of the continuity plates must comply
with the following provisions:
For exterior connections:
1
6-85
Then, the required thickness, considering that the width of both continuity
plates is = 342 , then:
= 24.66
Use = .
Tensile fracture:
=
= 0.75
6-86
OK
If
25:
(Re. AISC 360-05, J4-6)
=
If
> 25: the design must be made according to chapter E of the AISC 360-05.
Section J10.8 of AISC 360-05 establishes that the effective length for the
buckling verification is 0.75, where is the length of the stiffener; the area of
the stiffener must be considered as a cross section, with the two continuity
plates and an orthogonal section corresponding to 25 for exterior stiffeners or
12 for interior stiffeners (see Figure 6.4-7).
12tw or 25tw
y
x
Stiffener
Stiffener
includes the
= + 122 = 27750 2
3
12 3
=
+
= 369085312 4
12
12
3
=
+ 4 = 85896850 4
12
= 2 = 450
= 0.75 = 337
= 55.63
6-87
= 6.05
= 3966
OK
+
+
= 175 >
= 175 >
= 100
= 100
OK
OK
The thickness of the continuity plate shall not be less than one half the
thickness of the flange or moment connection that transmits the force and
greater or equal than the width of the continuity plate divided by 15:
= 25 >
= 25 >
= 25 >
= 11
2
/2
15
OK
= 20
OK
= 11.4
OK
Finally the continuity plate shall extend at least one half of the column depth.
18. Lateral Bracing
Following section 7.3.1 of the AISC 358 supplement, lateral bracing must be
provided according to 9.8 for SMF of the AISC 341 Seismic Provisions. Thus,
lateral bracing must be provided at spacing not greater than = 0.086 /
and braces must meet the provisions of Appendix 6 of the AISC 360-05,
considering = and = 1.0:
Resistance required by the brace (nodal bracing):
= 0.02 /
6-88
10
= 0.75
Where is the distance between flange centroids.
Provide lateral bracing only in the inferior flange of the beam, because it is
supposed that the beam stand a slab that provides lateral bracing for the
superior flange. Furthermore, suppose that the inferior flange has lateral
bracing at both sides of the beam, so design the braces only for tensile force
solicitations.
= 1355194
= 500 22 = 478
= 56.7
Suppose that is the maximum value permitted, which is:
0.086
, = 76.7
= 3823
=
Then:
= 9.88
0.9
6-89
189 2
Try a tubular section D1 7/8, with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The area of this
section is 217 mm2.
NCh2369.Of2003 establishes that the lateral bracing must be designed to
withstand a force equal 0.02 , which in this example results 45.5 , that
is less than the requirements of AISC.
OK.
1.0
Then, we have:
2 2 /
=
1.1 +
Where = = 351392 , then:
OK
6-90
Designed connection:
18 M27 A490
PL 690X300X40
Continuity plate t = 25 mm
6
6
5 M27 A490
PL 450X110X10
Doubler plate t = 16 mm
H 500X300X132.3
H 500X350X165.6
6.4-8: Designed connection.
6.4.c.
2003
1.
Panel Zone
2
2
2
3
if 0.75
= 0.75
Where is the total thickness of the panel zone, including doubler plates,
then:
= 2 16 + = 40
= 3308 < 3460
6-91
OK
Continuity plates
= 0.90
Then,
= 1347
6-92
Web Crippling
1.5
= 0.75
Them considering = 22 (Thickness of the beam flange):
= 12255
The width of each continuity plate plus one half of the column web shall be
greater than one third of the width of the flange of the column or plate of
moment connection that delivers the concentrated load:
= 175 >
OK
= 116
The thickness of the continuity plate shall be greater than the thickness of the
flange of the beam or the flange that transmit the concentrated force and
greater than its own width multiplied by /250, with in MPa:
OK
= 25 > = 22
= 25 >
2 250
OK
= 12.7
Additionally, the thickness of the continuity plate shall be no lesser than the
thickness of the element of the moment connection that transmits the
concentrated force to the column:
NOT OK.
= 25 < = 40
PL 690X300X40
Continuity plate t = 40 mm
6
6
5 M27 A490
Doubler plate t = 20 mm
PL 450X110X10
H 500X300X132.3
H 500X350X165.6
6.4-9 Designed connection, with additional criteria from NCh2369Of.2003.
6-94
6.4.d.
The BFP moment connection is the most typical connection in the Chilean
practice; because of that, it is important to give some additional comments
regarding this connection.
The BFP connections present advantages for the Chilean construction practice.
Since the number of qualified professionals on steel construction is limited on
Chile, the most favorable connections are the ones that are simple and require
less constructive details to be executed at the construction site. The BFP
connection has the advantage of requiring that the welded parts, such as the
shear tab plate or the connection of the flange plates to the column, can be
done a the shop, which significantly reduces the amount of qualified
professionals required on site, to obtain a connection that has good behavior
under cyclic loads.
1.
Design Forces
6-95
which is approximately 25% smaller than the design moment obtained with
the AISC provisions.
The shear design force has to be calculated from the plastic moment that can
be developed at the ends of the beam (it is a capacity design), assuming that
plastic hinges develop at certain sections. Also, gravity loads are applied
simultaneously with the seismic loads.
NCh2369.Of2003 does not give any indication regarding the position where the
plastic hinges (neither establishes any criterion for designing a protected zone,
as the AISC provisions does). The only requirement is that the plastic hinge
must be located at a prudent distance from the face of the column (Re.
Section 8.4.1). Since there are no provisions regarding the exact location of
the plastic hinge, the use of the recommendations of the AISC 358-05 seems a
valid alternative. The indication for BFP connections is that the plastic hinge is
located at the end of the bolt group of the connection. Then, the shear design
force would be:
=
= 2
Where is the distance from the plastic hinge to the face of the column, and
is the length of the beam between column faces. The force
corresponds to the shear load calculated from load combinations that does not
include the seismic effect, such as self weight and live loads.
The location of the plastic hinge at a section far from the end of the beam will
induce a larger moment at the face of the column, which corresponds to the
shear design force multiplied by the distance from the face to the plastic
hinge.
Since the design moment according to the Chilean provisions is smaller than
the AISC moment, the required length of the connection will be smaller, and
then the design shear load will be smaller. Therefore, the amplification of the
required moment strength due to the distance between the plastic hinge and
the column will be lesser than the required moment strength obtained in the
case of the AISC provisions.
The use of the Chilean design provisions will result in smallest BFP
connections, mostly because these connections do not take into account the
6-96
Detailing requirements
For the BFP connections, AISC 358-05 establishes some detailing requirements
such as:
The first two requirements are not established in the Chilean code. The CJP
welding requirement is established in section 8.5.5 of NCh2369.Of2003, and
the limitations for width-thickness ratios are established in section 8.4.3 of
NCh2369.Of2003, which are slightly less demanding than AISC.
3.
Design verifications
General verifications
The Chilean provisions do not establish additional design verifications
compared to the verifications for this type of connection according to the AISC
provisions. The limit states that should be verified according to the Chilean
provisions are:
Flange plates:
Shear tab:
The main difference between the Chilean and AISC provisions is that the latter
considers, for prequalified BFP moment connections, an additional requirement
in order to ensure the ductile behavior of the connection. The additional
requirement is given by forcing that the tensile rupture limit state has to be
greater than the tensile yielding limit state, considering the factors and
for each limit state respectively, as seen on the solved example previously.
Panel Zone
For the design of the panel zone, the required verifications have to be done
according to the provisions of Appendix B of NCh2369Of.2003. These
provisions are, in general, the same as established in the AISC 341-05 Seismic
Provisions, and in AISC 358-05 Supplement N1.
However, some differences arise from the calculation of the design force that
the panel zone must resist. The design force according, to Appendix B of the
NCh2369Of.2003 is given by:
=
1
1
2
2
This design force is obtained from equilibrium of the free body diagram of the
beam-tocolumn connection. 1 and 2 correspond to the moments of the
beams that arrive to the connection, calculated from the load combinations
established in NCh2369Of.2003, considering that the seismic load is amplified
by 2.0, but the moments need not exceed the plastic moments of the beams.
The force corresponds to the shear force in the column.
Although AISC 341-05 considers the same free body diagram than the Chilean
provisions, AISC 341-05 establishes that this free body diagram must be done
6-98
considering the projected moments from the plastic hinges, whereas the
Chilean provisions use the moments provided by the load combinations.
The other difference in the calculation of the design force for the panel zone,
are the values of 1 and 2 , which are recommended to be 0.95 times the
depth of the beams arriving to the connection, whereas the AISC provisions
consider the distance between centers of the flange plates of the beams.
If the panel zone resistance is smaller than the design force , continuity
plates shall be provided. The value of is calculated from the same equations
for both Chilean and AISC provisions (see section 6.4.c and 6.4.d of this
chapter), but the reduction factor considered in the Chilean provision is:
= 0.75
Whereas the AISC provisions establish that = 1.00. Then, the Chilean
provisions use smaller design forces, but considers also a lesser panel zone
resistance.
For the continuity plate design, the limit states considered are the same for
both Chilean and AISC provisions:
6-99
4.
Additional requirements
Lateral bracing
NCh2369Of.2003 requires that the beam at the connection shall be provided
with lateral support on the beam flanges. The lateral support shall be capable
to resist 0.02 . Whereas the AISC provisions establish that the lateral
bracing for the beam shall be designed according to the Appendix 6 of the
AISC 360 (see 6.4.b of this chapter). Both requirements are very similar and
will lead to similar designs.
Column-beam ratios
NCh2369.Of2003 establishes in section 8.4.4 that the summation of the
moment capacities of the columns that arrive to the column-to-beam
connection shall be 1.2 times greater or equal than the summation of the
capacities of the beams arriving to the connection. However, the code does not
give indications for the calculation of these capacities. On the other hand, AISC
358-05 Supplement N1 establishes that the ratio between the capacities of
the columns and beams shall be greater or equal to 1.0, and gives an
expression to calculate those moment capacities (see 6.4.b.19 of this chapter).
6-100
6.5.
6.5.a.
Design requirements
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
Use high strength bolts (ASTM A325 or ASTM A490). Arc welding
electrodes shall comply with the requirements show in the code.
(Re. NCh2369, 8.5.1)
In column beams joints, both inferior and superior flange must have
lateral bracing designed for a force equal to 0.02 .
(Re. NCh2369, 8.5.4)
The design of the panel zone must be according to the provisions of the
appendix B of the NCh2369.Of2003 (Beam-column connection design on
rigid steel frames).
6-101
2.
AISC 341-05
3.
Beam Limitations:
-
6-102
The clear span to depth ratio of the beam is limited to be greater than
7 in SMF.
Lateral bracing shall be provided at the end of the protected zone
(see Figure 6.5-1) in both inferior and superior flanges of the beam.
The location of the lateral bracing can be vary between d and 1.5d
(with d the depth of the beam) from the face of the column. There is
no need to provided lateral bracing if the beam support a concrete
slab with welded shear connectors spaced at a maximum of 300 mm.
Lateral bracing shall conform section 9.8 of AISC 341 Seismic
Provisions.
Column Limitations:
-
Panel zones shall conform to the requirements of section 9.3 for SMF of
the AISC 341 Seismic Provisions.
6-103
The column beam ratios are limited by the requirements of section 9.6
section 8.7 of the AISC 358 supplement and is the additional moment
product of the shear amplification at the plastic hinge to the centerline of
the column.
The single plate shear connection shall be welded to the column flange
and the welds must stand a shear strength of at least 0.6 , where
is the height of the plate and is the thickness of the plate.
The single plate must be connected to the beam web with fillet welds. The
size of the fillet weld shall be the thickness of the single plate minus 2
mm. The fillets must extend along the sloped top and bottom portions of
the plate and along the full single plate heigth. The fillets must end at a
distance no greater than 25 mm but not less than 13 mm from the edge
of the access hole.
The beam web must be connected with the column flange with a CJP
groove weld. This welds shall be provided over the full length of the web
between the access holes and must comply with the requirements of the
section 7.3 and the appendix W of the AISC Seismic Provisions. Weld tabs
are not required.
6-104
single plate to
beam web weld
Example
6-105
H500X300X132.3
H500X350X165.6
6.5-3: General view of the connection.
3.
Section properties
H500x350x165.6
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 500 , = 350 , = 8
= 25 , = 4561000 3
H500x300x132.3
(Re. Table 2.1.1 ICHA Manual for the Design of Steel Structures)
= 500 , = 300 , = 8
= 22 , = 3571000 3
Width Thickness ratio limitations
The limitations of the width thickness ratios are given in table I-8-1 of AISC
341-05.
For beam and column flanges:
6-106
< = 0.30
= 7.22
2
< = 2.45
= 58.98
Column flange:
= 7.0 <
OK
= 56.3 <
OK
= 6.8 <
OK
= 57 <
OK
Column web:
Beam flange:
Beam web:
4.
Design forces
6-107
=
Considering that the plastic hinge is immediately adjacent to the face of the
column, the shear force is:
2
+
= 1.2 + 1.0 = 68
= 542
5.
According to section 8.4 of the AISC 358 supplement n1, the column - beam
ratio shall conform to the requirements of the section 9.6 of the AISC 341
Seismic Provision for SMF. The code establishes the following:
1.0
= ( + )
is permitted to be calculated according to section 8.4 of the AISC 358
supplement as /2, where is the depth of the column. Then:
6.5.c.
1.
2 2 /
1.4 + /2
OK
Design Force
According to the provisions of the section 8.6 of the AISC 358 supplement, the
shear strength of the single plate shear connection has to be greater than
(0.6 ). To calculate the value of (the height of the plate that resist
shear), we fix the dimension of the access holes.
According to section J1.6 of the Commentary of the AISC 360-05 Specification,
the dimensions of the access hole are given by:
Width: Greater than 1.5 or 38 mm.
Height: Greater than 1.5 or 25 mm, but less than 50 mm.
6-108
OK
6-109
3.
OK
Weld shear
The weld used for the connection between the plate and the column flange
consist one weld at each side of the plate connection. The eccentricity between
the weld and the line of application of the shear, is taken as a half of the width
of the single plate connection:
= 50
Then, the weld is subject to a shear force and a moment given by:
= 739 , = = 38950
Since there are shear and moment acting on the connection, use the elastic
method for the calculation of the maximum stress for the weld:
(Re. Part 8 AISC Manual of Steel Construction)
2
2 + 2
Where and are the inertia and the effective area of the weld. Use 10
mm fillet weld size, which complies with maximum fillet weld size; the
height of the weld is equal to the length of the plate minus two times the
thickness of the plate, = 382 mm.
= 2 8 0.707 = 14.14
6-110
= 65683797 4
12
= = 5401 2
= 113
= 144
= 183
According to the AISC 360-05, table J2.5, the nominal strength for a weld is:
= 0.60
= 0.75
Then,
= > 183
5.
OK
Panel Zone
The panel zone must be verified according to section 8.4 of AISC 358-05
Supplement N1, which refers to sections 9.3 or 10.3 of the AISC 341 Seismic
Provisions.
According to section 9.3 of AISC 341, the required shear strength of the panel
zone shall be calculated from the summation of the projected expected plastic
hinge moments at the column faces.
The shear strength (according to the limit state of shear yielding) is given by
the following:
(Re. Section J10.6 AISC 360-05)
If it is considered frame stability including plastic panel zone deformation, the
nominal strength is:
If 0.75 :
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
If > 0.75 :
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
1.9 1.2
6-111
Where,
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Finally, the nominal resistance is
341, section 9.3a.
If the shear strength is not enough, doubler plates shall be provided, which
must be designed according to AISC 360-05, J10-9, which refers to the
requirements of the chapter G of the AISC 360-05. The doubler plates must
resist .
6.
Calculation of
For the calculation of the shear forces in the panel zone, consider the following
figure.
Vus
(Puf )2
(Puf ) 1
Vu
(M u)2
(M u)1
(Puf ) 1
(Puf )2
Vus
6.5-4: Typical panel zones forces. Figure adapted from AISC Design Guide
N13, Fig. 2-3.
The shear forces in the columns can be estimated assuming that the inflection
point is located at the middle of the story height of the column. However, the
effect of the column shear is neglected, which is a conservative assumption.
The shear design force for the panel zone is:
6-112
= 1 + 2
= 0 (Assumption)
=
is the plastic moment of the beam. For this example, there is only one
beam at the column (exterior connection):
=
1897271
=
= 3969
500 22
Assuming that < 0.75 , the resistance of the panel zone is:
= 0.60 1 +
2
3
= 1099 <
Doubler plates are required; their design will follow the provisions of chapter G
of AISC 360-05:
= 0.6
= 0.9
= 2
= 500 2 25 = 450
Where is the width of the panel zone of the column between column
flanges.
Then,
= 30.81
0.6
> 15.4
See Welded Connection Commentary for Continuity Plates and Doubler Plates
for Chapter 6.
8.
( + )/90
Where is the depth of the panel zone between continuity plates, then:
= 500 2 22 = 456
456 + 450
= 10
90
Then the column web is not ok. But using doubler plates that are plug welded
to the column web, the thickness considered is the summation of the doubler
plates and the web of the column:
= 2 + = 40 > 10
9.
OK
Continuity plates
50
= 0.90
6-114
Then:
= 1347
Consider that the concentrated force is applied at a distance to the end of the
element greater than the depth of the element; the nominal resistance is given
by:
= 5 +
= 1.00
Web Crippling
1.5
= 0.9
Then, considering = 30 :
= 10321
6-115
=
= 3969
= 2622
According to the AISC 358-05, the thickness of the continuity plates must
accomplish with the following provisions:
For exterior connections:
1
Then, the required thickness, considering that the width of both continuity
plates is = 342 , then:
6-116
= 24.69
Use = .
Tensile fracture:
(Re. AISC 360-05, D2-2)
=
= 0.75
If
25 then =
> 25 then the design must be made according to the provisions of chapter
E of AISC 360-05.
Before proceeding with the verification for compressive forces, it has to be
considered that the section J10.8 of AISC 360-05 establish that the effective
length for the buckling verification is 0.75, where is the length of the
stiffener, and the area of the stiffener must be consider as a cross section,
with the two continuity plates and a orthogonal section corresponding to 25
for exterior stiffeners or 12 for interior stiffeners, of the section of the
column web, including doubler plates (see Figure 6.5-5).
12tw or 25tw
y
x
Stiffener
Stiffener
6-117
12 3
=
+
= 369085312 4
12
12
3
=
+ 4 = 85896850 4
12
= 2 = 450
= 0.75 = 337
Only the weak axis is verified, which corresponds to:
= 55.63
= 6.05
Then, design according to the provisions of the section J4 of the AISC 360-05
results in:
= = 9573
= 8616 > =
= 3969
OK
= 175 >
= 100
OK
The thickness of the continuity plate shall not be less than one half the
thickness of the flange or moment connection that transmits the force and
greater or equal than the width of the continuity plate divided by 15:
= 25 >
= 25 >
= 11
2
/2
15
= 11.4
OK
OK
Finally the continuity plate shall extend at least one half of the column depth,
which in this case is accomplished because the continuity plate extends in all
the depth of the column.
6-118
10
= 0.75
Where is the distance between flange centroids.
Provide lateral bracing only at the bottom flange of the beam. Furthermore,
suppose that the inferior flange has lateral bracing at both sides of the beam,
so design the braces only for tensile forces.
= 1355194
= 500 22 = 478
= 56.7
Assume that is the maximum value permitted, which is:
0.086
, = 76.7
= 3823
=
Then:
=
= 0.9
6-119
Then, the required area for the cross section of the brace in tension is (from
strength and stiffness requirements):
max
0.9
OK
Designed Connection
CJP
Contuinity plate t = 25 mm
PL t = 12 mm
10
10
Doubler plate t = 16 mm
H500X300X132,3
H500X350X165,6
6.5-6: General view of the designed connection.
6-120
6.5.d.
1.
Panel Zone
1
1
2
2
2
3
0.75
= 0.75
Where is the total thickness of the panel zone, including doubler plates,
then:
= 2 16 + = 40
= 3308 < 3994
Then considering the provisions of the NCh2369.Of2003, the thickness of the
doubler plates shall be increased. Use = , wich results in the
following verification:
= 4550 > 3994
2.
OK
Continuity plates
6-121
= 0.90
Then,
= 1347
Web Crippling
1.5
= 0.75
Then, considering = 22 ,
= 15064
6-122
= 200 >
= 166
OK
The thickness of the continuity plate shall be greater than the thickness of the
flange of the beam or the flange that transmit the concentrated force and
greater than its own width multiplied by /250, with in MPa:
= 25 > = 22
= 25 >
2 250
= 12.7
OK
OK
6-123
CJP
Contuinity plate t = 25 mm
PL t = 12 mm
10
10
Doubler plate t = 24 mm
H500X300X132,3
H500X350X165,6
6.5-7 Designed connection considering additional criteria of NCh2369Of.2003.
6-124
6.6.
6.6.a.
There are many solutions for the detailing of continuity plates welding. No
specific design will be shown; but some requirements and information tips are
listed down.
1.
Tension stiffeners
Compression stiffeners
6-125
6-126
a)
b)
c)
d)
The sum of the design strengths in tension of the contact areas of the
continuity plates to the column flanges that have attached beam
flanges.
The design strength in shear of the contact area of the plate with the
column web
The design strength in shear of the column panel zone
The sum of the expected yield strengths of the beam flanges
transmitting force to the continuity plates.
There are many solutions for the detailing of doubler plates welding. No
specific design will be shown; but some requirements and information tips are
listed down.
As said on the commentary of AISC341-05, when web doubler plates extend
between the continuity plates, they may be welded directly to the column
flanges and continuity plates. The welded joint between the doubler-plate and
the column web is required to be configured to transmit the proportionated
load from the continuity plate to each element of the panel zone.
For the doubler-plate to column flange connection, the commentary of
AISC341-05 says that it is anticipated that the panel zone will yield in a
seismic event, and the webs connecting the web doubler plate to the column
flanges are required to be sized to develop the shear strength of the full web
doubler plate thickness. The possible configurations (CJP groove welds of fillet
welds) are shown on the next figure. Note that the column fillet radius and the
plate thickness should be considered before selecting the fillet-welded joint.
6-127
6-128
7. COLUMN SPLICES
7.1.
7.1.a.
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
2.
AISC 341-05
General requirements:
(Re.8.4, AISC 341-05)
7-1
Example
Design an all bolted column splice for a special concentrically braced frame for
the connection shown in Figure 7.1-1 and Figure 7.1-2. Use A250 ESP steel,
required for constructions subjected to dynamic loading, according to
NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3.
The upper and the lower columns are Chilean H350X350X175.1 built-up
sections. Assume that the column clear height is =3700 mm. The columns
have been designed for resisting the forces given by the load combinations of
the applicable building code (including the seismic load) and the ends are not
prepared for full contact in bearing. Suppose that the loads on the columns
are:
= 290 , = 45 , = 200
= 50 , = 20 , = 60
= 50000 , = 30000 , = 60000
7-2
web plate
g
gap
Outter
flange
plate
Inner
flange
plate
tw
d
t1
t2
b3
tf
t3
b2
bf
7-3
1.
H350X350X175.1
= 350 , = 350 , = 25 , = 16 , = 8
= 22300 2 , = 3204000 3 , = 150 , = 89.5 , = 4090000 4
A250 ESP:
(Re. Table 3, NCh203.Of.2003)
= 250 , = 400 , = 200000
BOLTS: ASTM A490, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes
= 780 ,
= 414
2.
Design forces
ii.
of the amplified seismic load, the required axial and tensile strength should
take into account the 0 factor on the load combinations given by the
applicable building code. In this case, the NCh2369.Of2003, has mandatorily
7-4
ii.
7-5
Using AISC 341-05, the lower and the upper column are the same, hence:
2 2
=
= = 801000
V2 =
Note that =
3.
M
V
V
Compresion Case
Tension Case
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
T3
7-6
Suppose that the required shear force ( ) will be transferred entirely by the
web splice plate.
Compressive axial force case:
It is assumed that the moment is resisted entirely by the flange splices, and
that the axial load is distributed among the web and flange splices
proportionately to the relative areas.
1,2 =
3 =
With = the area of one flange of the column shape and the total area
of the column shape.
Tips:
i.
ii.
There are other ways of distributing forces. You can use any
reasonable way.
The maximum compression and tension cases on flanges and the
compression and tension cases on the web shall be checked.
7-7
1559
P2 REQ (kN)
-905
P3 REQ (kN)
179
5.b.-Tension case
T1 REQ (kN)
1162
T2 REQ (kN)
-1303
T3 REQ (Kn)
-39
7-8
4.
Web bolts:
Calculate the maximum force on a bolt for eccentric shear and axial force (see
Figure 7.1-4).
= 433 , max , = 179
Try M24 bolts, =8 bolts and = 2 rows. Number of bolts per row =4.
Place the bolts at = , = , = , = the web
plate section dimensions (both plates are equal) are:
3 = 24 + 2 = 200 , use 3 = 10
b3
e4
e2
e4
e3
e1
e1
y
x
e1
e3
g
Py
Px
Figure 7.1-4: Bolts positions on web splice plate. Bolt A has the larger load.
Use a gap = . Therefore, using the midline of the gap, the distance from
the line of action of to the gravity center of the bolts arrangement is
= + 3 + 1.51 = 152.5 . Use the classical elastic method for the analysis of
2
7-9
= number of bolts = 8.
=
= 90
2
= 217
2
F/2 F/2
F
V
Figure 7.1-5: Forces scheme on the web splice. Frontal and lateral view.
= = 33014
2 =
Considering the critical bolt:
2 + 2 = 69000 2
2
2
= 1.51
=
2
0
=
+
= 77
7-10
2
2
+
= 85
Bolts check:
For conservative calculations, use for slip-critical connection type check, class
A surface ( = 0.35), and for bearing type connections, consider threads
included on the shear plane.
(Per bolt)
> = 85
OK
Note:
It is not an obligation to do the slip critical connection check in bolted connections.
If it is desired to have a rigid connection, slip critical check is recommended. In
this example, we will follow the design with the number of bolts obtained from the
slip critical check.
=nominal bolt
OK
For single shear on the most loaded bolt, check the following:
7-11
, = 0.75
(Re. AISC 360-05, J3.6)
Use = 452 2 corresponding to M24 bolts to obtain:
OK
= 85 = 140
Web splice plate:
Dimensions from above:
Width = ,
Thickness
= ,
Length
= + 2 31 + 23 =
Compressive force:
= 179
3
3
3
12
3 3
= 2.89
2
2
= 1823 :
= 0.658 = 236
(Re. AISC 360-05, Eq. E7-2)
= 0.9 = 0.9 3 3 = 425 >
= 90
OK
39
2
= 20
OK
7-12
OK
= 20
e2
e3
e1
e1
e1
T
Figure 7.1-6: Block shear for web splice plate.
= 23 31 + 3 = 5600 2
= 7 3 = 3070 2
= 2 3 3 = 710 2
= 1020 1049 = 766 >
= 20
OK
= 217
OK
7-13
= 217
OK
/2
1.0
With
= 179 , = 433
= 0.9 = 0.9 3 3 = 450
= 0.6 = 300
Then:
5.
= 0.31 1.0
Flange bolts:
Split the forces according to the areas of inner and outer plates:
Try the following dimensions:
Outer Plate (1PL): 1 = 340, 1 = 12 . Therefore = =
Inner Plates (2PL): 2 = 150, 2 = 12 . Therefore = =
7-14
OK
Bolts design:
Verify the shear on connection for friction type and bearing type failure. Try
M20, ASTM A490 bolts.
(Per bolt)
(Re. AISC 360-05, Eq. J3-4)
Use =0.85 (LRFD, connection designed to prevent slip at required strengthlevel), =0.35 (class A surface), =1.13, =1.0 (standard holes), =179kN
(AISC 360-05, Table J3.1M for M20, ASTM A490 bolts) = Number of slip
planes = 1.0.
Therefore:
= 60
max ,
7-15
OK
Use = 0.75 (LRFD), = clear distance in the direction of the force, between
the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material,
= (1 , 2 , ) = 12 , = 400 , =nominal bolt diameter = 20 mm.
Place the bolts:
Try:
1 = 65 , 2 = 60 , 3 = 40 , 4 = 45 ,
5 = 1 22 24 = 130 .
7-16
bf
tw
b2
b2
e3
e1
e1
e1
e4
e4
e3
e4 e2
e5
e2 e4
b1
Edge bolts: = 3
22
2
= 29 = 1.2 = 167
= 230
Note: The diameter of the standard hole for the bolt M20 is 22mm. See AISC
360-05, table J3.3M.
Considering all the bolts:
= 0.75 4 167 + 12 230 = 2575 > max ,
OK
7-17
Flange plates:
Plates
(2PL):
= , = .
Therefore
= =
, = + + = .
Compressive force:
= 365
3
22
12
2 2
= 3.46
OK
Tensile force:
= 305
= 305
OK
OK
= 305
e2
e3
e1
e1
e1
T
Figure 7.1-8: Block shear for inner flange plates.
= 22 31 + 3
= 5640
= 7 2 = 3624
2
= 2 2 2 = 432
= 305
Plate
(1PL):
= , = .
Therefore
= =
, = = .
-
Compressive force:
= 828
7-19
3
11
12
1 1
= 3.46
Tensile force:
= 692
OK
7-20
e3
e1
e1
e1
T
2e 2 + e5
= 21 31 + 3 = 5640
= 7 1 = 3624
= 22 + 5 1 3 1 = 2136
OK
7-21
7.1.c.
Designed connection
Locate the center of the splice at 1.5 m from the top flange of the bottom
beam.
H 350x350x175.1
A
A-A Section
(gap)
PL 200x605x8mm
PL 340x425x12mm
2PL 150x425x12mm
Final tips:
i.
If the upper column and the lower column of the splice were of
different sizes (specially different heights), filler plates would be
needed for the correct positioning of the flange cover plates.
ii.
7-22
7.2.
7.2.a.
1.
NCh2369.Of2003:
2.
AISC 341-05:
General requirements:
(Re. 8.4, AISC 341-05)
7-23
/ (LRFD) or
7.2.b.
Example
The design procedure for this column splice is the same shown in example 7.1.
In this example, the difference is only in the design forces between SMF
systems (more stringent design moments in AISC 341-05) in comparison with
SCBF systems, because in SMF systems the columns resist bigger moments
especially due to earthquake action. Refer to example 7.1 for the design
procedure of a general column splice.
7-24
7.3.
7.3.a.
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
2.
AISC 341-05
General requirements:
(Re. 8.4, AISC 341-05)
7-25
The centerline of the splice for column splices made with fillet welds
or PJP groove welds shall be located 1200 mm or more away from the
beam-to-column connection. When the column clear height between
beam-to-column connections is less than 2400 mm, splices shall be
located at half the clear height.
Most stringent conditions between these two codes will be used for the
determination of the design forces (M, V and N).
7.3.b.
Example
Design a fully welded column splice for a special concentrically braced frame
for the connection shown in Figure 7.3-1. Use A250 ESP steel, required for
constructions subjected to dynamic loading, according to NCh203.Of2006
code, Table 3. Use E70 electrodes for welded connections.
The upper and the lower columns are Chilean H 350 X 350 X 175.1 built-up
sections. Assume that the clear height of the column is =3700 mm. The
columns have been designed for resisting the forces given by the load
combinations of the applicable building code (including the seismic load).
Suppose that the loads on the columns are:
= 290 , = 45 , = 200
= 50 , = 20 , = 60
7-26
tf
Design forces
7-27
i.
ii.
of the amplified seismic load, the required axial and tensile strength should
take into account the 0 factor on the load combinations given by the
applicable building code. In this case, the NCh2369.Of2003, has mandatorily
amplified the earthquake E term by a 2.0 factor, so it is not necessary to do
this check for determine the most stringent condition between these two codes.
Then:
= 833 (Compression)
= 179 (Tension)
Note that an axial net tensile load of one combination has been obtained,
considering the amplified seismic load. According to AISC 341-05 code, if
groove welds are used for the splice, the condition of having an available
strength of each flange splice at least of 0.5 (LRFD) is immediately OK.
Required flexural strength
From NCh2369.Of2003 load combinations (using absolute values):
M1 = max 1.2 + 1.0 + 2.2 ; 0.9 + 2.2 = 222000
In order to accomplish AISC 341-05, section 13.5; use 50% of the column
nominal strength . Suppose that the column reaches its plastic capacity
( = = = 801000 ).
7-28
Then
2 = 0.5 = 0.5 = 400500
Using as the required moment, the most stringent between NCh2369.Of2003
and AISC 341-05 conditions:
= max 1 , 2 = 400500
Tips:
iii.
iv.
= = 801000
V2 =
Note that =
7-29
3.
Welds used
As said before, try CJP groove welds for splice webs and flanges.
4.
Assume that the shear force is transferred completely by the web CJP weld
splice. Use weld access holes with a height of 2.0 =32 mm (comply with
recommendations of AISC 360-05, Section J1.6 and Chilean practice) and
depth equal to 25 mm.
For CJP groove welds subjected to shear force, according to AISC 360-05
Table J2.5, the strength of the joint is controlled by the base metal (web
metal). Therefore, according to AISC 360-05 section J4:
Shear yielding:
(Re. AISC 360-05, Eq. J4-3)
= 1.0 0.6 = 0.6 ( 2 64 ) = 566 > = 433
OK
Shear rupture:
(Re. AISC 360-05, Eq. J4-4)
= 0.75 0.6 = 0.6 2 64 = 680 > = 433
5.
OK
It has been assumed that the column sections are designed for the loads given
by NCh2369.Of2003 load combinations. Therefore the sections can resist
= 179 (tension) and also = 833
(compression). CJP
groove welds are capable of developing (). OK
6.
Assume that the moment is taken entirely by the flanges of the columns,
therefore the required force on each one will be:
=
= 1232
For CJP groove welds subjected to tension force normal to weld axis, according
to AISC 360-05 Table J2.5, the strength of the joint is controlled by the base
metal (flange metal). Therefore, according to AISC 360-05 section J4:
7-30
Tensile yielding:
= 0.9 = 0.9 = 1969 >
OK
OK
Tensile rupture:
7.
From AISC 360-05 J2.6 section, for A250 ESP steel (similar to ASTM A36) a 70
ksi electrode can be used. The complete information for matching filler metals
for CJP groove welds subjected to tension normal to weld axis is given in AWS
D1.1. The filler metal must also comply with AISC 341-05 Seismic Provisions,
section 7.3.
7.3.c.
Designed connection
Locate the center of the splice at 1.5 m from the top flange of the bottom
beam. The geometry of the access holes is shown on the following figure:
Upper Column
25mm
2,0 tw
Lower Column
CJP
Note: The radius must give a soft transition. Use R > 10mm
7-31
There are other (welded) solutions instead the one presented in this
example (CJP groove welds for web and flanges). For example, it is
possible to use a welded web plate for transferring the required
shear. Note that according to NCh2369.Of2003, if groove welds are
used; they shall be CJP type.
ii.
Note that this type of solution for the column splice is not very
popular in seismic areas because it is a field welded connection. It is
preferable to use a bolted connection or a shop welded connection.
7-32
7.4.
7.4.a.
1.
NCh2369.Of2003
2.
AISC 341-05
General requirements:
(Re. 8.4, AISC 341-05)
7-33
The centerline of the splice for column splices made with fillet welds
or PJP groove welds shall be located 1200 mm or more away from the
beam-to-column connection. When the column clear height between
beam-to-column connections is less than 2400 Mm, splices shall be
located at half the clear height.
For SMF systems: Column splices must comply with the requirements
of section 8.4a. Where groove welds are used to make the splice,
they shall be CJP type and must comply with the requirements of
section 7.3b. Weld tabs shall be removed. When column splices are
not made with CJP welds, they shall have a required flexural strength
of (LRFD) or /1.5 (ASD), as appropriate, of the smaller
column. The required shear strength of column web splices, shall be
at least equal to / (LRFD) or /1.5 (ASD), as appropriate,
where
7.4.b.
The design procedure for this column splice is the same shown in example 7.3.
In this example, the difference is only in the design forces between SMF
systems (more stringent design moments from AISC 341-05) in comparison
with SCBF systems, because in SMF systems the columns resist bigger
moments especially due to earthquake action. Refer to example 7.3 for the
design procedure of a general welded column splice.
7-34
8. BEAM SPLICES
8.1.
8.1.a.
Design requirements
1.
2.
NCh2369.Of2003
AISC 341
AISC 360
(Re. AISC360-05, J6)
Tip:
(Re. AISC Manual of Steel Construction, chapter 12).
It is convenient to design for a minimum value of the available strength of the
beam section. This is because, since load application and frequency of
application can change during the lifetime of the structure, it is prudent for the
designer to specify some minimum strength requirement at the splice. This
previous statement is also based on the fact that the inflection points (many
splices are located at or near inflection points, zero moment) can change
during an earthquake, and therefore, actual forces could differ significantly
from those assumed.
8-1
Some authors recommend design for at least 50% of the member capacity
(0.5 and 0.5 ), but always check that the design forces are larger than
and from load combinations.
8.1.b.
Example
Design the connection of the all bolted beam splice shown in Figures 8.1-1 and
8.1-2. Use A345 ESP steel, required for constructions subjected to dynamical
loading, according to NCh203.Of2006 code, Table 3.
Both beams are Chilean H450 x 200 x 112.7 built-up sections. Use standard
holes for bolts. Suppose that the beams have been properly designed for
resisting the forces given by the load combinations of the applicable building
code (including seismic load). These loads, at the location of the splice, are:
= 523000 ,
= 265 , = 0
Suppose that the splice location has been defined previously (many factors
affect the location of beam splices, such as the length of the members limited
by the transportation, or by the capacity of the assembly equipment).
8-2
b1
t1
t2
b2
b2
b3
t3
Design Forces
Use conservatively the total capacity of the beam for the shear force and
moment. Assume that the section reaches the plastic capacity. Therefore:
= = 1.0 0.6 = 1.0 0.6 = 745 >
= = 0.9 = 830277 >
Tip:
Note that these design forces are meeting the requirements of AISC360-05
code, J6 section. This is because always > and > . and are
8-3
obtained from the applicable building code load combination; in this case,
NCh2369.Of2003.
The choice of the percentage of the members capacity, in order to calculate
and could be discussed with a seismic reviewer. In a previous design
stage, where the final location of the splice is not well known, it is conservative
to use 100% of the member capacity for the design forces.
Forces transferred by the splice:
Assume that the shear is completely transferred by the web plates, and that
the moment is completely transferred by the flanges, with a couple of tension
and compression forces.
Then, the design forces for the splice are:
= 745
=
(Web splice)
= 1967
(Flange splices)
Tip:
If there is also axial force acting on the beam (neglected in this example), it
should be divided, according to a relative areas principle, among the flanges
and web. A common assumption is that flanges also carry the entire axial load.
3.
Tip:
It is always preferable the use of 2 identical web plates at each side of the
beams web, because with this, a symmetrical distribution of shear force in the
plane of the beam web is obtained, the bolts are subjected to double shear
and therefore it is possible to reduce the number of bolts in the connection and
the inherent eccentricity out of the plane.
= 745
Web bolts:
Try M24 bolts. Try = 9 bolts, and = 3 rows. Number of bolts per row:
= 3.Place the bolts:1 = 80 , 2 = 120 , 3 = 45 , 4 = 50 . Then, the
web plate dimensions are:
3 = 22 + 24 = 340 , use 3 = 8 .
8-4
e4
e2
y
V
b3
req
e2
e4
e3
e1
e1
e3
Figure 8.1-3: Bolts positions on the web plate. Bolt A has the larger load.
Suppose a gap between the two parts of the connected beam = . Using
the midline of the gap, the distance from the line of action of to the center
classical method (elastic) for the analysis of the eccentric shear bolted
connection.
= 0
=
= 373
2
Shear is analyzed in one of the web plates.
0 = = 47507
2 =
2 + 2 = 124800 2
0
+
= 46
0
+
= 72
2
2
+
= 85
8-5
Bolts check:
For conservative calculations, use for slip-critical connection type check, class
A surface ( = 0.35), and for bearing type connections, consider threads
included in the shear plane.
(Per bolt)
> = 84
OK
Note:
It is not an obligation to do the slip critical connection check in bolted connections.
If it is desired to have a rigid connection, slip critical check is recommended. In
this example, we will follow the design with the number of bolts obtained from the
slip critical check.
8-6
> 84
OK
For single shear on the most loaded bolt, check the following:
, = 0.75
(Re. AISC360-05, J3.6)
Use = for M24 bolts to obtain:
= 140 > = 85
OK
Thickness
= ,
Length = + 2(21 + 23 ) =
= 373
2
OK
OK
8-7
4.
Use inner and outer flange plates. The force will be divided according
to a relative area principle.
Try the following dimensions for the flange cover plates:
Outer plate: (1PL) 1 = 200 1 = 27
1 = 5400 2
2 = 1920 2
Tip:
In small beam sections, typically with one flange (outer) plate, it is possible to
transfer the required flexural strength. In this case, it has been decided to use
100% of the element capacity, leading to the use of two flange plates (outer
and inner plates). With this configuration, the number of bolts is reduced
because they are subjected to double shear.
1
1 +22
22
1 +22
= 818
= 1150
Note that the forces on the outer plate are greater than the forces on the inner
plate (therefore, use the force on the outer plate for the different checks).
Flange bolts
Check the shear on the connections as friction type and also bearing type
connections. Try M24, ASTM A490 bolts.
(Per bolt)
(Re. AISC360-05, Eq. J3.4)
8-8
Therefore:
= 86
For single shear on bolts, use the maximum shear force (between inner or
, = 0.75 (LRFD)
= 1967
= 1150
OK
8-9
b1
e2
e3
6 @ e1
e3
g
b2
b2
tw
e4
e4
OK
Edge bolts:
= 3
27
Interior bolts:
= 1 27 = 48 = 1.2 = 622
Note: The diameter of the standard hole for the bolt M24 is 27 mm. See
AISC360-05, table J3.3M.
Considering all bolts:
OK
Tensile force:
OK
= 0.85
(Re. AISC360-05, D3.2)
= 2
= 27 + 2 = 29
(Re. AISC360-05, D3.2)
= 1224 2 0.85 = 1632 2
OK
= 413 408
6 @ e1
8-11
= 2 61 + 3 = 11760 2
= 6.52 = 7236 2
= 4 2 0.52 = 612 2
= 2229 < 2710 = 1672 > 408
OK
Compressive force
/2 = 408
2 23
12
2 2
= 6.93
= 12.26 < 25 .
OK
Tensile force:
= 1150
OK
= 0.85
(Re. AISC360-05, D3.2)
= 21
8-12
= 27 + 2 = 29
(Re. AISC360-05, D3.2)
= 3834 2 0.85 = 4590 2
OK
= 1294 1150
6 @ e1
OK
Compressive force
= 1150
1 13
12
1 1
= 7.79
= 10.9 < 25 .
OK
8-13
8.1.c.
Designed Connection
Symmetrical connection
2 PL 340x505x8
18 M24
A - A section
Same connection
on the top flange
28 M24
2PL 80x1085x24
1PL 200x1085x27
8-14
8.2.
8.2.a.
Design requirements
1.
2.
NCh2369.Of2003
AISC 341
AISC 360
(Re. AISC360-05, J6)
Tip:
(Re. AISC Manual of Steel Construction, chapter 12).
It is convenient to design for a minimum value of the available strength of the
beam section. This is because, since load application and frequency of
application can change during the lifetime of the structure, it is prudent for the
designer to specify some minimum strength requirement at the splice. This
previous statement is also based on the fact that the inflection points (many
splices are located at or near inflection points, zero moment) can change
during an earthquake, and therefore, actual forces could differ significantly
from those assumed.
Some authors recommend design for at least 50% of the member capacity
(0.5 and 0.5 ), but always check that the design forces are larger than
and from load combinations.
8-15
Notes:
4.
For Extended End Plate Moment Connection (similar to beam-tocolumn moment connections, but without concerns about the column
part), it has been decided to follow the design procedure presented
on AISC358-05 code: Prequalified Connections for Special and
Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications (and its
supplement AISC358-05s1-09: Supplement No.1 to ANSI/AISC35005). This connection is presented on Chapter 6 of AISC358-05 code.
This beam splice is intended to be at a high seismic demand area,
then the requirements for special moment frames (SMF) will be
followed.
Example
Design a bolted extended and unstiffened end plate moment splice for the
beam connection shown in Figure 8.2-1. Use A345 ESP steel, required for
constructions subjected to dynamical loading, according to NCh203.Of2006
code, Table 3.
Both beams are Chilean H500 x 200 x 85.7 built-up sections. Use standard
holes for bolts. Suppose that the beams have been properly designed for
resisting the forces given by the load combinations of the applicable building
8-16
code (including seismic load) and that the sections are compatible with
AISC341 requirements. These loads, at the location of the splice, are:
= 513000 ,
= 550 , = 0
Suppose that the splice location has been previously defined. Many factors
affect the location of beam splices, such as the length of the members, limited
by transportation issues; or by the capacity of the assembly equipment).
8-17
A345 ESP:
(Re. Table 3, NCh203.Of.2003)
= 345 , = 450
BOLTS: ASTM A490 Bolts, threads included in the shear planes, STD holes.
= 780 ,
= 414
2.
Design Forces
Conservatively, use the total capacity of the beam for the shear force and
moment. Assume that the section can reach the plastic capacity.
= = 1.0 0.6 = 1.0 0.6 = 828 >
= = 0.9 = 672543 >
Tip:
Note that these design forces meet the requirements of AISC360-05 code, J6
section. This is because always > and > . and are obtained
from the applicable building code load combination; in this case,
NCh2369.Of2003. Even though both of the limit states for calculating the
design forces are ductile, the strength reduction factors are not related with
and shown above; they are related with the factors of AISC 360-05
Specification.
The choice of the percentage of the members capacity, in order to calculate
and could be discussed with the seismic reviewer. In an early design
stage, where the exact location of the splice is not well known, it is very
conservative to use 100% of the member capacity for the calculation of design
forces.
Forces transferred by the splice:
Assume that the shear is completely transferred by the bolts of the end plates,
and that the moment is completely transferred by the flanges, with a couple of
tension and compression forces.
Then, the design forces for the splice are:
= 828
8-18
= 1395
Tip:
If there is also axial force acting on the beam (neglected in this example), it
should be divided according a relative areas principle, among the flanges and
the web. A common assumption is that the flanges also carry the entire axial
load.
3.
Design procedure
8-19
bbf
bp
t wb
t fb
de Pfo
Pfi
tp
Figure 8.2-2: Notation (used on AISC 358-05) for the extended end plate
beam moment splice. Adapted from AISC358-05, Fig. 6.2.
Beam Limitations:
(Re. AISC358-05, section 6.4)
Beams shall be rolled or welded built-up sections. For built-up sections, at
moment connected ends, within at least the lesser of and 3 , the beam
web and flanges shall be connected using either CJP groove welds or a pair of
fillet welds, each one having a size of times the beam web thickness, but
not less than 6 mm. For the rest of the beam, the welds size shall not be less
than the size required to accomplish shear transfer from web to flanges.
See also 6.4.5 (Clear span to depth ratio), 6.4.7 (Lateral Bracing) and 6.4.8
(Protected Zone) on AISC358-05.
Pitch Distances:
(Re. AISC358-05, Section 6.9.2)
For the 4 Bolt Extended End Plate Moment Connection:
For bolts up to 25 mm of diameter, the minimum pitch distance is: +
For bolts larger than 25 mm of diameter, the minimum pitch distance
is: + .
Pitch distances are and as shown on Figure 8.2-2.
8-20
Design steps
(Re. AISC358-05 and supplement No.1, Section 6.10)
For this connection, do not follow the step (1) presented on AISC358 code.
Use the values calculated above.
= 828
= 672543
Select the option for the extended end plate moment connection and
establish preliminary values for the connection geometry and bolt
grade.
Calculate the
equation:
required
=
Value (mm)
30
225
140
60
60
60
bolt
diameter
using
the
corresponding
1 + 0
0 = +
= 551
2
Then: = 25.1
2Pt
2Pt
Mnp
h0
h1
8-22
1.11
(Re. AISC358, Eq. 6.9-8)
t bw
h0
h1
Figure 8.2-4: Yield Line Pattern Model. Adapted from AISC 358-05, Table 6.2.
=
=
1
2
= 89
1
1
1
1
2
+
+ 0
+ 1 ( + )
2 1
8-23
Tip:
It is prudent to check also the prying effect. According to the AISC Design
Guide N4, if the applied force is less than 90% of the end-plate strength
(calculated using the yield line analysis), the end-plate is considered to be
thick, and no prying forces are considered. When the applied load is greater
than ninety percent of the end plate strength, the end plate is considered to be
thin, and the prying forces are assumed to be at a maximum. For
conservative plate thickness design, assume that no prying force occurs,
therefore:
1.11
= no prying moment = 2 (0 + 1 )
= bolt tensile strength =
2
4
Calculations give:
= 447 = 861032
Therefore, =29.6 mm
= 1395
(Re. AISC 358, Eq. 6.9-9)
Check shear yielding resistance of the extended portion of the fourbolt extended unstiffened end-plate (4E):
< = 0.6
2
= 698
OK
If the previous equation is not satisfied, increase the end plate thickness until
it is satisfied. In this case, there is no need of increasing .
OK
Check shear rupture resistance of the extended portion of the fourbolt extended unstiffened end-plate (4E):
< = 0.6
2
Where:
= 450
1
MPa
(minimum
= 2 + 25.4
8
tensile
strength
of
the
end-plate).
Calculations give:
0.6 = 1200 >
OK
= 698
If the previous equation is not satisfied, increase the end plate thickness until
it is satisfied. In this case there is no need of increasing .
OK
OK
8-25
= 1.2 2. 4 for each inner bolt and = 1.2 2.4 for each
outer bolt. The upper limit is 2.4 = 875
Use = 27 , = 450 , = = 30 , and:
Inner bolts:
= + + 30 = 108 = 1.2 = 1750 = 875
Outer bolts:
=
30
= 45 = 1.2 = 729
2
Design the flange to end-plate and web to end-plate welds, using the
requirements of section 6.9.7 of the AISC358-05 code.
0.6
= 4.04
2 0.707
8-26
The weld size required for resisting the shear between the beam and the
end-plate is:
= 8.72
2 0.707
, 2 + 2 = 232 .
Designed Connection
A - A section
A
CJP
Web
Web
CJP
A
2PL 740x225x30
Bolts: M24 ASTM A490
Notes:
The following assumptions are inherent to the design procedure presented in
this example (see AISC Design Guide # 4). A summary of those assumptions
(not explicit on the document) are presented:
8-27
8.2.d.
8-28
9. STOPPERS
9.1.
Up-lift Clamps
9.1.a.
General Description
Up-lift clamps are intended for systems of mobile equipment over rails with
wheels (for example cranes), as in Figure 9.1-1. The objective of the up-lift
clamps is to prevent falling of the equipment produced by the lifting of it due
to the action of vertical seismic forces. The design of the up-lift clamp is done
only to stand the vertical seismic forces of the equipment or by the use of
minimum up-lift forces, which are provided by the project specifications. Either
case considered, there is no need to consider loads in any other direction.
Design Forces
For the design of the up-lift clamps there are no specific provisions in the
Chilean code nor in international codes, but, since up-lift clamps are intended
to avoid up-lift of equipment with wheels over rails, the design of these
devices shall be done according to the seismic vertical forces obtained for the
design of support of equipment (Refer to chapter 10, section 10.1 of this
Manual for the calculation of seismic forces on equipment).
According to the mentioned section, we have to distinguish between
equipment mounted on the structure and equipment attached directly to the
ground. For both cases, a seismic coefficient has to be considered to
calculate vertical seismic forces. The design force is:
=
9-1
Where is the weight of the equipment over the rail, including overloads. If
there are mobile loads acting over the equipment (the case of cranes), it is
important to consider the most adverse position of this load for the location of
the up-lift clamp in consideration. However, the probability of having an
earthquake at the maximum operation loads are acting is minimum, and
therefore a minimum operation load, provided by the project specifications
should be considered.
An elastic design of the up-lift clamp should be considered, not taking into
account the possible ductile behavior of the element. Therefore, for the
calculation of the vertical seismic coefficient, , the response modification
factor to obtain must be equal to 1.0.
It is also possible to use alternative analysis procedures to obtain the design
forces, (depending on the project requirements and specifications). One
alternative is to use a given value of , regardless of the peak ground
acceleration the structure location, and the structural properties of the
equipment and its attachments.
9.1.c.
As was said above, up-lift clamps must be designed only for vertical forces. To
consider this, it is required to take into account the general disposition of the
up-lift clamp. An example is shown in Figure 9.1-2:
9-2
equipment to which the rail is attached. Thus, the hook of the up-lift clamp is
subjected to a force equal to the lifting force of the equipment.
For the design, the interaction between the stresses produced by the axial load
(corresponding to the vertical seismic load) and the bending moment on
section A-A (see Figure 9.1-3) must be verified. The bending moment is
produced by the vertical seismic load that it is applied at a distance from the
center of the section A-A.
Figure 9.1-3: Specifications to obtain moment and axial force on the up-lift
clamp.
Then, if as the number of up-lift clamps used:
=
=
If is the area of the section A-A and the elastic modulus, the stresses are:
Bending Stress
=
Axial Stress
9-3
+
1.0
It is important to verify the possibility of buckling in bending of the uplift
clamp, if it is too slender. In order to avoid this, the slenderness of the uplift
clamp section has to be verified and if does not accomplish with the
slenderness requirements, stiffeners must be provided.
Finally, it is important to consider the only provision of NCh2369.Of2003
related to up-lift clamps, which recommends for cranes distance of 20 mm
between the hook of the up-lift clamp and the rail support (Re. Section 11.1.5
NCh2369.Of2003):
9-4
9.2.
Lateral Stoppers
9.2.a.
9-5
9-6
9-7
Figure 9.2-2: Typical details of kilns and rotatory dryers. Taken from
NCh2369.Of2003, Figure A.11.
9-8
9.2.c.
According to ASCE7-10 code, the transfer of the seismic inertial forces shall be
such that a continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffness between
the component and the supporting structure shall be provided. Local elements
of the structure, including connections, shall be designed and constructed for
the component forces that control the design of the elements or their
connections.
The idea is that if damage due to the control of large seismic displacements is
expected at the stoppers, then they shall be easily replaceable elements
(stoppers are seismic fuses). For example, for the February 27th earthquake,
some boiler stoppers were subjected to inelastic behavior and they dissipated
a large amount of energy, which is very good according to the seismic design
philosophy. If stoppers were not reparable or inspectable, their design should
be done considering larger seismic forces (for example using a smaller R
reduction factor than the value used for the design of steel members).
ASCE 7-10, summary of requirements:
It is important to note that requirements of MINVU NTM 001-2010 are
principally based on ASCE 7-10 provisions. According to section 13.4 of ASCE
7-10 (Nonstructural Component Anchorage), the nonstructural components
and their supports shall be attached or anchored to the supporting structure
using bolted connections, welded connections, or otherwise positively fastened
without consideration of frictional resistance produced by the effects of gravity.
The attachment of nonstructural components shall resist the design forces of
that code (or another design forces, for example,
the loads indicated on
Section 10.1 of this Manual) and anchors in concrete must satisfy the
requirements of Appendix D of ACI318.
For multiple attachments, the calculation of force distribution at one location
shall take into account the stiffness and ductility of the component, component
supports, attachments and structure, and the ability to redistribute loads to
other attachments in a group. Also, supports shall be designed for seismic
relative displacements shown on that code, and, if talking about seismic
stoppers, they shall control those seismic displacements and accommodate
thermal displacements of the equipment. Seismic supports shall be
constructed so that support engagement is maintained during a seismic event.
9-9
Other general requirements for support of equipment are listed on section 13.6
of ASCE 7-10 (Mechanical and Electrical Components).
FEMA E-74 document (2011):
This document has some examples of typical causes of damage and the
corresponding seismic protective measures for nonstructural components
(mechanical, electrical and plumbing components) on chapter 6, section 6.4. It
may be in the readers interest to study those examples of risk mitigation for
different equipment or piping.
9.2.c.1. Piping supports
In FEMA E-74 document, in the Pressure Piping Section (6.4.3), Floor Mounted
Supports Subsection (6.4.3.5), there are several examples of damage of
piping and adjacent supports due to poor seismic restraint. A picture is
presented below:
Figure 9.2-3: Damage to piping, stud wall and finishes due to movement of
poorly restrained floor-mounted piping in the 1994 magnitude-6.7 Northridge
Earthquake. Taken from FEMA E-74, Figure 6.4.3.5-2.
As seismic mitigation consideration, the document states that horizontal or
vertical pipe runs need vertical, lateral and longitudinal restraints (it is
important to have in mind the thermal expansion if it is present on the pipe).
For example, floor-mounted supports can be used to provide restraint for any
combination of vertical, lateral and longitudinal loads; and they can be used
with or without vibration isolation. Longitudinal supports require positive
support to the pipe with a pipe clamp or welded lug.
9-10
9-11
9-12
9-13
Figure 9.2-6: Seismic stoppers damage details. (a) General view, 2 levels. (b)
Detail of Damage at buckstay connection. Taken from EQCO Report: NVTS
Boiler System Damage Report.
9-14
all the other elements connected to the stoppers shall be at least capable to
transfer this load.
9.2.d.
References
Cruz, E. F., and Valdivia, D., (2011). Performance of industrial
facilities in the Chilean earthquake of 27 February 2010, Structural
Design Tall Special Buildings, 20, pg. 83101.
FEMA E-74, 2011, Reducing the Risk of Nonstructural Earthquake
Damage. A Practical Guide, 4th Edition. FEMA, Washington D.C.
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/
FEMA 412, 2002,Installing Seismic Restraints for Mechanical
Equipment. VISCMA, FEMA & ASCE.
FEMA 413, 2004, Installing Seismic Restraints for Electrical
Equipment. VISCMA, FEMA & ASCE.
FEMA P-414, 2004, Installing Seismic Restraints for Duct and Pipe.
VISCMA, FEMA & ASCE.
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (MINVU), 2010, Estructuras:
Diseo Ssmico de Componentes y Sistemas No Estructurales
(Anteproyecto de norma NTM 001-2010).
EQCO Earthquake Engineering Consultants, NVTS Boiler SystemDamage Report.
Posco E&C, Campiche Thermoelectrical Power Plant, DWG N:
WD380-EP146-HRS04 (Figure 9.2-5).
Posco E&C, Angamos Seismic Retrofit Report, 2011-03-04.
American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-2010). ASCE, Virginia.
9-15
9-16
In this section we will discuss the provisions for calculation of seismic forces
acting on equipment as defined in the Chilean Seismic Code for Industrial
Structures, NCh2369.Of2003.
The provisions for calculation of seismic forces on equipment can be found on
section 7 of NCh2369.Of2003. For additional provisions regarding seismic
forces and support requirements on equipment also see sections 5 and 11 of
the code. An overview of this provisions and a guide for their use is provided
as follows.
It is important to remark that the seismic analysis must be done in at least
two approximately perpendicular directions (Re. NCh2369.Of2003 section
5.1.1).
Additionally, it is important to consider that the design of the equipment must
be made considering the total horizontal seismic force in a given direction and
the simultaneous total vertical seismic force. The combination of horizontal
and vertical seismic effects must be done directly, and no modal superposition
method can be used (for example CQC).
10.1.a. Equipment mounted on the structure
Mounted equipment must comply with section 11.3.2 of NCh2369.Of2003,
which indicates that equipment on buildings extending more than one story
high, shall have a support system that does not increase the seismic stiffness
of the building. If this is not possible, equipment must be included in the
model of the seismic-resistant system.
For the calculation of the design force, the code establishes several
alternatives, according to the mathematical model of the structure.
<
10-1
Where:
:
Shear force in the base of the equipment or secondary structure,
according to the structural analysis of the building, including seismic
forces reduced by the R factor defined in NCh2369.Of2003.
1 :
if
1 =
if
1 = 0.5
if
<1
>1
< 0.5
is the shear force on the base of the structure and is the minimum
value for the base shear force, established in section 5.4.5 of the code.
:
Corresponds to the weight of the equipment.
:
1.5
- Storage Racks
- Secondary structures
10-2
For the case of elastic behavior, can be used as 1.0. The values of the table
7-1 of the NCh2369.Of2003 Chilean code are maximum values; some cases
may require lower values.
Also, the reason for including the factor 1 / is to change the response
modification factor for the design of the equipment from to .
The decision of considering or not the effect of the equipment on the structure
depends of the influence that the equipment produces on the response of the
building. There is influence of the equipment on the response if the stiffness or
the inertia of the equipment is determinant for the behavior of the whole
structure or for a local part of it. So, even if the stiffness and inertia of the
equipment are small in comparison with the whole structure, if they influence
locally in the structure, then they have to be included in the building model.
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003 section C5.3.1.5).
Unfortunately, the code does not give any guidance for this purpose and only
establishes the fact that it must be considered (Re. NCh2369.Of2003 section
5.3.1.5).
It is important to notice that the horizontal force acting on the equipment is
located at the center of gravity of the element, so accurate calculation of this
property must be done.
a)
obtained from a modal dynamic analysis of the building, including the response
modification factor of the structure, then:
= 3.0
<
Where and were defined in the previous section. Note that values for this
equation are different for each direction of analysis.
The value of can be calculated by two ways, depending if the information of
the fundamental periods of the equipment/secondary structure ( ) and the
main structure ( ) are available or not.
10-3
- If and are known, ( corresponds to the period that has the highest
equivalent translational mass in the direction of analysis) in which the
secondary element may enter in resonance. cannot be less than 0.06
seconds for the calculations shown:
= 0.5 +
0.5
1 2 + 0.3 2 2
Where:
if
=1
= 1.25
= 0.91
0.8 1.1
if
if
< 0.8
> 1.1
= 2.2
b) When a modal dynamic analysis of the building has not been done, the
horizontal seismic force can be calculated as:
= 0.7
<
1+3
10-4
the
equipment)
is
unknown
(Re.
The expressions of ASCE 7 could also be used to define the horizontal seismic
force for equipments.
The horizontal seismic force is given by:
=
0.4
1+2
Where is the component amplification factor, which varies from 1.0 to 2.5
(for the selection of this value, see tables 13.5-1 or 13.6-1 of ASCE 7); is
the short period spectral response acceleration, which is defined in section
11.4 of ASCE 7; is the importance factor, which varies from 1.0 to 1.5; is
the operating weight of the equipment; is the response modification factor
for the equipment, which varies from 1 to 12; is the height of the point of
attachment between the equipment and the structure; and is the height of
the structure with respect the base.
ASCE 7 considers the height of the structure as the average roof height with
respect to the base level.
The determination of the height of the structure is an important issue, which
seems obvious at first sight but it is not always simple, as the example shown
at the left of Figure 10.1.a-1. For example, if the equipment is located in a
substructure attached to the ground inside the main building (see right of the
Figure 10.1.a-1), the height for the calculation of the horizontal seismic force
is the height of the substructure and not the height of the main building.
10-5
0.80
If the structure and the equipment have been integrated in the same model,
which considers satisfactorily the interaction between the building and the
equipment and the dynamical properties of the equipment, there is no need of
using sections 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 of the NCh2369. Of2003.
10.1.b. Vertical Seismic Forces
According to the provisions of section 5.1.1 of NCh2369.Of2003, vertical
seismic accelerations must be considered in hanging bars of suspended
equipment (section 5.1.1a of the disposition) and in the case of foundations
and anchorage elements and support of structures and equipment (section
5.1.1c of the disposition). In section 5.5 it can be found provisions for the
calculation of the vertical seismic force.
According to the 5.5.1 of NCh2369.Of2003 the seismic vertical acceleration
can be considered as static, considering a seismic coefficient which depends of
the type of element to be designed. In the case of the elements that fall on the
category of section 5.1.1c, which is the case of interest, the seismic coefficient
is:
=
10-6
2 0
3
Then, the vertical seismic force for the support of the equipment is:
=
The seismic coefficient for the cases that fall on the category of the section
5.1.1a of the code is also of our interest since in those cases the suspension
bars and support elements for equipment (in the case of hanged equipment)
can be included. In those cases the seismic coefficient can be obtained from:
=
And the vertical seismic force must be calculated according to the following
expression:
=
Where is the sum of the permanent loads and live loads on the support and
is the importance coefficient which is defined according to the 4.3.1 and 4.3.2
of the NCh2369.Of2003.
As an alternative for the previous analysis, it is possible to use the same
procedure used for horizontal forces applied to the vertical direction. This is
more precise since considers the dynamical properties of the equipment for the
vertical direction.
Finally, the provisions of section 5.5 establish an alternative calculation
method for the vertical seismic loads, which consist in the development of a
vertical dynamic analysis using spectral accelerations obtained from expression
5-5 of the code, considering = 3 and = 0.03. The spectral acceleration does
not have to be greater than 0 . The problem with this option is that the code
does not consider how to use the accelerations or the forces obtained from this
type of analysis in order to obtain design forces for equipment.
10.1.c. Stiff and robust equipment directly supported to the ground
In the case of equipment directly supported to the ground, and also if the
equipment is sufficiently stiff and robust (this considers a fundamental period
for the equipment less than 0.06 seconds, including the effects of the
connection to the respective foundation), it is possible to design using a static
analysis, with forces obtained from the following seismic coefficients:
10-7
10-8
10.2.
Skid-mounted equipment
The design loads for the equipment can be calculated using section
10.1 of this Manual (or similar reasonable provisions). Note that it is
important to do a review of the equipment drawing (from vendor) and
define values of some important parameters like: plan dimension of
the equipment base frame; height of the equipment; location, size,
and embedment length of the anchor bolts; weight of the equipment
(distinguish between operating and non-operating conditions); and
location of the center of gravity of the equipment (where design
forces are applied). It is also important to take into account any other
forces due to the interaction with other components (for example,
with pipes attached to the equipment).
10-9
Design forces from load combinations shall be used to check the skid
beams, the anchorage of these skids and the supporting structural
element. Note that the skids for the equipment must have enough
strength and stiffness to resist those forces and minimize
deformations that could be dangerous for the mounted equipment. If
needed, stiffeners may be added to transfer large loads.
10-10
Figure 10.2.b-3: Example of exposed length for anchor bolt when ductility is
required.
When none of the details from Figure 10.2-3 (exposed length for the anchor
bolts or stiffeners on the channel skid beam) are present, the head of the
anchor is tightened to the top surface of the bottom flange of the skid beam.
When this occurs, force amplification has to be considered on the design
verification of flanges and anchor bolts due to prying effect and the lack of
exposed length required by section 8.6.2 of NCh2369.Of2003. These
10-11
amplifications of forces will directly affect the diameter of the bolts and the
detailing and anchoring of them, even more if ductile behavior is necessary.
For transferring the seismic shear, typically the friction force shall not be
considered to help the shear base resistance. If needed, shear keys (for
concrete foundation) must be designed, or seismic stoppers could be included.
Grout thickness shall not be considered on the bearing lateral resistance of a
concrete foundation.
10.2.c. References
10-12
10.3.
in
concrete
and
general
In this section the different possible failure modes will be presented but not
specific code requirements will be shown.
This chapter is not meant to explain in detail the different failure modes (and
their corresponding equations) of the anchor bolts and the concrete. The
reader is encouraged to study them with attention. According to ACI318-11,
Appendix D, the following failure modes (where applicable) shall be
considered:
(Re. ACI318-11, D.4.1)
10-14
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
10-15
The design of the anchors shall meet table D.4.1.1 of ACI318-11 and, for
earthquake loading, the design shall satisfy D.3.3. Note that when both tensile
and shear forces are present, proper tension-shear interaction must be
considered according to D.7. For more general provisions and strength
reduction factors for the different limit states, see section D.4 of the code.
For calculating the design tensile and shear strengths (considering the various
applicable limits states), see section D.5 and D.6 of Appendix D.
An additional reference that contains a summary of the limit states according
to the 2008 version of ACI318 code, properties for different types of HILTI
anchors and worked examples is the HILTI Manual (2011). Also HILTI Manual
(2009) has a brief description of some failure modes. See the references of
this chapter.
10.3.c. Seismic design philosophy for anchorages
The underlying seismic design philosophy in the design of anchors in concrete
is to ensure ductile failure modes of the anchor. If damage occurs, it should be
in an easily replaceable element. Note that any concrete failure is a brittle
mode of failure.
As said on NEHRP 2009 Recommended Seismic Provisions, anchors must be
designed to have ductile behavior (or to have a specified degree of over
strength). Depending on the specifics of the design condition, ductile design of
anchors in concrete may satisfy one or more of the following objectives:
1.
2.
3.
concrete fracture (a non-ductile failure mode) if the edge distance is small, the
anchor is placed in a group of tension-loaded anchors with reduced spacing, or
the anchor is loaded in shear instead of tension. In the common case where
anchors are subject primarily to shear, response governed by the steel
element may be non-ductile if the deformation of the anchor is constrained by
rigid elements on either side of the joint. Designing the attachment so that its
response is governed by a deformable link in the load path to the anchor is
encouraged. This approach provides ductility and over strength in the
connection while protecting the anchor from overload. Ductile bolts should only
be relied upon as the primary ductile mechanism of a system if the bolts are
designed to have adequate gauge length (unbonded strained length of the
bolt) to accommodate the anticipated nonlinear displacements of the system
at the design earthquake.
10.3.d. NCh2369.Of2003 code requirements for anchorage on concrete
Refer to section 8.6 of NCh2369.Of2003 code for anchorages (of steel
structures). A summary of the basic requirements is presented:
Section 8.6.2: When anchor bolts are subjected to tension, they must
meet some minimum lengths in order to make easier their inspection
and reparation, and the thread must have enough length to be able to
tighten the nuts. See the following figure:
When anchor bolts do not meet the previous requirement, they must
be designed to stand load combinations in which the seismic forces
have been amplified by the maximum value between 0.5R and 1.5
10-17
Note that the value of R mentioned above is the same value used for
the analysis and design of the structure or the design of an
equipment anchored by bolts. Also note that only seismic forces must
be amplified, not all the loads in the load combination. The mode of
failure of the each system must be of ductile type; if not, the R value
shall be reduced.
10-18
Force calculation
D.3.1: Anchors and anchor groups shall be designed for critical effects of
factored loads obtained from an elastic analysis. Plastic analysis approaches
are permitted where nominal strength is controlled by ductile steel elements,
provided that deformational compatibility is taken into account.
Note that if the strength of the anchorage is governed by breakage of the
concrete, the behavior is brittle and there is little ductility. In that case, the
code recommends use the theory of elasticity, and assume that the
attachment that distributes the loads to the anchors is very stiff.
On the other hand, if the anchor strength is governed by ductile yielding of the
anchor steel, the analysis based on the theory of elasticity is conservative.
Some references for plastic analysis approaches are shown in the Commentary
of the code.
See D.3 provisions for other general requirements.
Requirements for anchor bolts in seismic zones
(Re. ACI318-08 and ACI318-11, D.3.3)
Note that provisions of Appendix D do not apply at plastic hinge zones of
concrete structures (D.3.3.1).
One main objective of this chapter is to focus on the ductile design of the
anchorage to concrete. There were some changes between the 2008 and 2011
ACI 318 provisions. The most important provisions will be summarized. The
reader is encouraged to carefully study the provisions of Appendix D and its
commentary.
ACI318-08
Section D.3.3.3:
Anchor design strength related to concrete failure modes must take into
account an additional reduction factor of 0.75 (therefore, tensile resistance is
. and shear resistance is . ). The resistance must be calculated
assuming cracked concrete (unless proven otherwise).
10-19
Sections D.3.3.4, D.3.3.5 and D.3.3.6: In these provisions, the ductile failure
behavior is achieved designing in two ways:
Section D.3.3.4: Anchors shall be designed to be governed by the steel
strength of a ductile steel element (of the anchor itself) in accordance with
D.5.1 (tensile loading design requirements) and D.6.1 (shear loading design
requirements). Therefore, anchor rods must be ductile steel elements as
defined previously.
Section D.3.3.5: Instead of D.3.3.4, the attachment that the anchor is
connecting to the structure shall be designed so that the attachment will
undergo ductile yielding at a force level corresponding to anchor forces no
greater than the design strength of the anchors, as specified in D.3.3.3
Also, the code provides a third option when ductile behavior could not be
achieved (for example due to geometrical or material restrictions):
Section D.3.3.6: As an alternative to D.3.3.4 and D.3.3.5, it shall be permitted
to take the design strength of the anchors as 0.4 times the design strength
determined with D.3.3.3 (this reduced strength is made for minimize the
possibility of brittle failure).
ACI318-11
In this version of the code, the requirements are separated between tensile
and shear loading. The code requirements for ductile behavior are now clearly
specified and these provisions are more explicit than the ones presented on
2008 version. According to the seismic design philosophy, it is advisable to use
those provisions, because it is expected that they will lead to ductile behavior
of the connection.
D.3.3.4.-Requirements for Tensile Loading (summary):
ACI318-11, section D.3.3.4.2:
Where the tensile component of the strength-level earthquake force applied to
anchors exceeds 20% of the total factored anchor tensile force associated with
the same load combination (i.e. the earthquake seismic force is significant),
anchors and their attachments shall be designed in accordance with D.3.3.4.3
and the anchor design tensile strength shall be calculated in accordance with
D.3.3.4.4. When the previous condition is not met, see D.3.3.4.1 on the code.
10-20
b)
d)
10-21
Option (a) should be used only when the anchor yield behavior is well
defined and where the interaction of the yielding anchor with other
elements in the load path has been adequately addressed.
In option (b), the force associated with the steel attachment (for
example an angle, base plate or web tab), should be the expected
strength rather than the specified yield strength of the steel.
10-22
b)
c)
10.3.g. References
10-24
11.
EXPANSION JOINTS
Seismic Displacements
One of the most common mistakes in seismic design is to consider that the
seismic displacements are produced by seismic forces modified by the
response modification factor R. This common mistake leads to
underestimations of the actual displacements that the structure will undertake,
thus, when the expansion joint design is made, this design is for an smaller
level of displacement. It is important that the calculation of displacements
shall be done according to the provisions of the applicable code, in this case
the Chilean code.
According to the NCh2369.Of2003, displacements shall be calculated in the
following way when the analysis considers R-factor reduced seismic loads (Re.
Section 6.1 of the NCh2369.Of2003):
(Re. 6-1 on NCh2369.Of2003)
= 0 + 1
1 =
0.5
0.5 <
< 1.0
0.5
1.0
11-1
s
i
+ 1
+ 0 + 0
= 0.002 +
= 30
11-2
This above expression is considered in some codes like the New Zealand code.
The application of the rule
+ 1
Expansion Joint
If the two structures are connected, an expansion has to be considered for the
connection, which must be capable to withstand demand of seismic
deformations, but also the thermal expansion effects (and also deformations
from other sources, different from seismic origins).
Expansion joint
Connection
11-3
K ej
11-4
Tip:
The design of the expansion joint must be done for all seismic displacements
simultaneously; this is longitudinal, vertical and transverse displacement.
Also, consider that the calculated seismic displacement that is used for the
design does not have sign, so it has to be considered as positive or negative
(in all possible combinations between the calculated displacements). If it is
possible, more accurate analysis, like time-history analysis, is encouraged to
use in order to calculate more realistic displacements between the structures.
11.3.
Once the displacements are known, the design of the expansion joint will
depend on the properties of it. If the expansion joint is only a sliding support
between the structures, the design must be concentrated in calculating the
required dimensions of the support. If, for example, in a pipe that connects
two structures, the design will depend of the requirements established by the
pipe supplier.
For example, if a metallic bellow is used, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers
Association) use a design criterion of allowable expansion for the bellow.
11-5
Single system:
= 2 1
= 2 2
Where the difference between a single system and a double system is given by
the number of bellows used. is the diameter of the bellow, is the allowable
expansion amount per one corrugation of bellows; is the number of
corrugations of the bellow; is the length of the bellow; is the distance
between corrugations; 1 is the total length of bellows containing intermediate
pipe of double system; 2 is the distance between hinge pins of hinged type
and is the factor depending on the ratio of bellows length of double system
bellows to total on.
The expressions shown above correspond to allowable displacements in the
case of independent displacements, but if we have combined displacements
the design methodology that EJMA uses is:
+ +
11-6
Single system:
=
= 3
=
180
2
Double system:
= 1
2
32 3
= 2
3 6 + 4 2
=
11-7
11.4.
References
Expansion Joint manufacturers Association, EJMA, Introduction to
metallic Expansion Joints. Mega Flexon. Expansion Joint & Flexible
Products.
The document that presents the future provisions that will be used in Chile,
(based on the ASCE 7 code) is MINVU NTM 001-2010 for the seismic design of
nonstructural components. Additional tips for expansion joints and seismic
damage mitigation can be found on the FEMA E-74 document.
11-8
12.
CRANES
12.1.
Trolley and hoist, which traverse across the bridge crane and lift or
lower the load.
12-1
12.2.
Systems Classification
provision and they are recommended for use by the authors of the Design
Guide. A more detailed discussion about fatigue damage and crane runway
fatigue considerations is written on sections 12.1 and 12.2 of AISC Design
Guide 7.
12.3.
There are not specific requirements in Chilean codes for the design of crane
supporting structures. There are only some few related references on chapter
11 Specific Structures of NCh2369.Of2003.
12.3.a. Industrial Mill Buildings (summary of important aspects)
(Re. NCh2369.Of2003, 11.1)
12-3
12-4
12.4.
12-5
Crane type
Monorail cranes (powered)
Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge cranes (powered)
Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered)
Bridge cranes or cranes with hand-geared bridge, trolley, and hoist
Percentage
25
25
10
0
Table 12-1: Increase applied to the maximum wheel loads to obtain the
vertical impact force, according to ASCE 7-2010.
As defined on ASCE 7, maximum wheel loads shall be the ones produced by
the weight of the bridge crane, plus the sum of the rated capacity (or crane
live load as indicated on ASCE 7) and the weight of the trolley, with the trolley
positioned on its runway at the location where the resulting load results in
maximum effect.
AISE Technical Report N 13
(Re. AISE Technical Report N13, 3.4.2)
Vertical impact increase, according to table 3.2 of AISE Technical Report N13,
is 25% for all types of cranes; excluding motor room maintenance cranes,
etc.; with a 20% percentage.
12-6
12-7
12-8
12.6.
2.
3.
12.7.
Some basic information that has to be taken into account for the design
process is listed below:
Operating conditions.
Building type and the dimensions of the place where the bridge crane
is going to be installed in order to size the length of the principal
beam (bridge crane) and have some other required dimensions (for
example, the head-room clearance available above the specified
crane level).
Design aspects
12-10
Note that when fatigue is critical on any limit state (especially on higher
service levels for the crane, according to CMAA 70 classification), it must be
considered because this type of elements and their connections are subjected
to repeated cycles of loading during their life time. There are also serviceability
limit states, used to control relative and absolute lateral movements of the
runways that will be discussed later on this section.
Generally, crane runway girders are made from rolled or welded H sections (W
sections), and when required, a channel cap is added on the top flange to
increase the strength of the section. There are other options also for the cross
section of the runway girder, for example a plate or triangulated box girder.
Note that fatigue restrictions are more severe for built-up shapes. As indicated
on AISC Design Guide N7, the difference between a rolled shape vs. a builtup member using continuous fillet welds is a reduction in the allowable fatigue
stress.
Runway beam design procedure:
(Re. AISC Design Guide N7)
The basic steps will be shown according to the AISC Design Guide N7 but with
some additional information included. Internal forces and moments which
affect the crane runway girders must be taken into account. For additional
guidance and solved examples, see section 18.1 of the Design Guide.
1. - Serviceability limit states: calculate the required moments of inertia and
to satisfy deflection control criteria. Vertical deflection (due to wheel loads
without impact) is limited to L/600 to L/1000 , depending on the CMAA 70
crane class and the type of crane. Horizontal deflections are limited up to
L/400 for all cranes.
Other recommendations from other documents that limit vertical and
horizontal deflections on the runway beam can be found in ICHA Manual for
the Design of Steel Structures, table 15.3.1; and in Eurocode 3, Part 6 (ENV
1993-6), tables 7.1 and 7.2. It is recommended to discuss before the design,
all the limits that are going to be controlled.
12-11
2. - Obtain the worst load conditions (moving the crane to various positions)
for the runway beams and their connections.
3. - Calculate the bending moments ( and ) considering the effects of
impact. Note that the moment can be calculated applying the lateral cranes
forces on the top flange, but increased due to the fact that the force is applied
at the top of the rail, as indicated on AISE Technical Report N 13 .
4. - Check bending about the x-x axis ignoring , considering appropriate
support and bracing conditions. If needed, channel caps could be added to the
top flange. If desired, bending about the y-y axis ignoring could be also
evaluated. Note that chapter F of AISC 360-05 Specification can be used for
these verifications.
5.- Check the bi-axial-bending interaction on the top flange. Typically, axial
forces on the beam girder due to longitudinal force generate stress levels that
can be neglected (if desired, an additional check could be done for the
longitudinal stress, considering the full cross sectional area of the beam).
Chapter H of AISC 360-05 can be used to verify interaction. A typical design
assumption is that only the top flange resists the lateral crane loads.
6.- Check web sidesway buckling (see AISC 360-05, section J10.4) in order to
prevent buckling in the tension flange of a beam where the flanges are not
restrained by bracings or stiffeners and are subjected to concentrated loads.
This failure mode can be prevented by an adequate design of the lateral
bracing or stiffeners located at the load point.
7.- Additional checks (not specified in the Design Guide, but that could be
performed)
12-12
12-13
brackets shall not be used to support runway girders with total reactions at the
column larger than 50 kips (222 kN).
As said on AISC Design Guide N 7, the eccentric crane loads (the critical
bending case occurs generally when the crane is not centered over the column
but located just to one side) and lateral loads produce moments in the column.
The calculation of the moments in the columns requires a complete frame
analysis in order to obtain reliable results. Two parameters that have marked
effect on column moments are the base fixity and the amount of load sharing
with adjacent bents (discussed and exampled on the Design Guide).
According to Design Guide, a frame analysis to obtain an exact solution will
contain the following:
Some preliminary design methods and final design procedures for this type of
columns, including solved examples, are shown on sections 20.2 and 20.3 of
the AISC Design Guide N7.
12-14
12.9.
Additional information
12-15
12.10. References
12-16