Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
December 1997
POSI.VA OY
December 1997
~mm~~
~-
December 9, 1997
RAISE BORERS
Client:
Posiva Oy
Mikonkatu 15 A
00100 HELSINKI
Contact persons:
\!)
Authors:
~~ /./s/.7},
Arne Lislerud
9~
Pauli Vainonpaa
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TIIVISTELMA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO RAISEBORING
2.1
3.1
3.2
11
3.3
13
3.4
3.5
22
PERFORMANCE PROGNOSIS
35
38
REFERENCES
39
17
INTRODUCTION
Plans for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Finnish crystalline
bedrock were comprehensively reported in 1992. The technical plans are
presented in report YJT -92-31E (TVO 1992a); the results of preliminary
investigations at five candidate sites are contained in report YJT -92-32E
(TVO 1992b). In parallel with the development and assessment of the basic
concept, the suitability of alternative concepts for the disposal of spent fuel
in the Finnish bedrock were studied in 1989 - 1991. A more comprehensive
evaluation of alternative canister and repository designs was carried out in
SKB's PASS project between 1991 and 1992 (SKB 1992). Since 1993, the
focus of research and development on encapsulation and disposal
technologies has been on further development of the KBS-3 repository
designs, see Figure 1-1. The interim reports on encapsulation, disposal
technologies and repository designs for the basic KBS-3 concept are
presented in (Posiva 1996) and (Riekkola & Salo 1996).
Figure 1-1. KBS-3 type Basic Concept for the final repository for spent fuel
(TVO 1992a).
Bentonite
Canister
Deposition Tunnel
I
Side
'
Canister
Central
funnel
INTRODUCTION TO RAISEBORING
Raiseboring is a well established full face excavating method. In full face
methods the whole cross section of the hole is bored to the final diameter
with no use of explosives.
The Raiseboring Method consists of drilling a pilot hole first, followed by
reaming of the pilot hole to the final diameter. The pilot hole diameter is
somewhat larger than the drill rods; and the direction of drilling is generally
vertically down or inclined. The reaming to final diameter is generally made
in the opposite direction (back reaming).
2.1
In pilot hole drilling, flushing medium is used to bring the cuttings up from
the hole. The alternatives for flushing are the use of compressed air, water, a
mixture of air and water, or mud.
In normal conditions, water flushing gives the best boring efficiency. In
addition, no air borne dust is produced when water flushing is used. The
simplest way to organize water flushing is to have a closed circuit from a
dam built close to the machine. Water is pumped from the dam, through the
machine and the drill rods to the pilot bit, and the outgoing water and the
cuttings are lead (pumped) back to the the dam; where the debris can settle
and the clean water is reused.
Pilot Hole Break-Through - Reaming Preparation:
- When the pilot bit breaks through, the pilot bit and some stabilizers from
the drill string are removed.
- The rock face at the break-through point should be as close to 90 degrees
as possible. In most cases the rock face has to be trimmed straight and
made perpendicular to the pilot hole.
- The reamer head is attached to the drill string and the thread connection
between the stem and the stabilizer is made up with the correct torque.
Reaming:
Reaming is started with a low rotation speed and low reamer force until the
collaring is completed. When the machine is rotating the cutterhead and
pulling it against the face; the rock is broken by tungsten carbide inserts on
freely rotating cutters mounted on the reamer head. Most of the premature
cutter and stem failures are caused by poor collaring, i.e. too high feed force
and rotation speed have been utilized in this stage.
When the reamer head is boring with the whole diameter, net advance rates
can be brought to normal levels, i.e. 0.5 to 2.0 meters per hour depending on
diameter and rock mass conditions.
3.1
1:20
Figure 3-1. The power plant tunnels are shown on the sketch above.
Tunnel I
Tunnel 11
685m
1.06m
550m
1.35 m
- 10.5
3.5 months
- 60
4 months
Operational Data
Machine
Rods
Pilot Bits
Rhino 1000E
5'1 10"
Reed 11"
46
2.62 glcm 3
4.1
20 mg/5min
14 mglmin
8.6
42
821
28%
31%
37%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
1.0%
The pilot hole for the first tunnel was drilled from mid October till the
beginning of December. The pilot hole drilling was delayed due to two
wrecked pilot bits and remaining metal fragments from the bits on the holebottom. The last wreckage occurred only 15 m from break-through. During
the 7 remaining work days before the Christmas Holidays, 145 meters of
tunnel were reamed. The next tunnel section of 315 m was reamed in 10
days after which the cutters were changed from within the tunnel. The
remaining 225 m were reamed in 5 days.
The contractors' experience of reaming these two near-horizontal tunnels
was that the wear and tear of the drilling equipment was higher than for
traditional raise boring. Wear on peripheral cutters was about twice the
normal rate. Stabilizer wear was also higher than usual. The removal of
cuttings was done by water flushing. Desired flush flow rates for this kind of
work is approx. 1000 - 1500 1/min.
Pilot hole deviation was monitored in stages using a gyro for the first 200 m.
After this, a compressed air system was used for measuring bit altitude. Bit
feed force and rotary speed settings for the following pilot hole section were
determined by the bit altitude deviation. The vertical deviation of the pilot
hole was crucial (water levels), and on break-through totaled 0.60 m for
Tunnel I. The horizontal deviation was pronounced; but of no significance
to the power plant design. It totaled 25 m.
10
4.0
..c
......
E 3.5
a.
0 3.0
a:
s:::::
0
:;:::;
-cu
loo.
Cl,)
2.5
2.0
s:::::
Cl,)
a. 1.5
0
Cl,)
cu
a:
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
(X)
C\1
I"-lO
lO
(X)
C\1
.,.,-
..q.,-
(X)
<0
.,-
I"-0)
.,-
<0
C\1
C\1
..qlO
C\1
C')
(X)
.,-
.,-
0
..q-
C\1
C')
C')
0)
<0
C')
I"--
0)
C')
<0
C\1
..q-
lO
lO
..q-
C')
CO
..q-
C\1
.,-
lO
.,..qlO
Reaming - Tunnel 11
4.5
4.0
..c
......
E 3.5
a.
0
a:
3.0
s:::::
2.5
:;:::;
cu
loo.
(i)
2.0
s:::::
Cl,)
a. 1.5
Cl,)
cu 1.0
a:
0.5
0.0
0
C')
CO
lO
I"-CO
<0
.,.,-
lO
..q.,-
..qI"-.,-
C\1
0
C\1
.,-
0)
C')
lO
C\1
C\1
I"-CO
C\1
.,-
<0
lO
..q-
C')
C')
C')
I"--
C')
C\1
0
..q-
.,C')
..q-
CO
lO
..q-
<0
(X)
..q-
..q.,lO
C\1
..qlO
Figure 3-3. The overall performance of the pilot hole drilling and reaming
of Tunnel//.
11
Table 3-3. Net penetration rates for the reaming of Tunnel I and at Rod
#310.
3.2
Force on
Reamer
Force on
Row
ROP
Net
Penetration
(kN)
(kN/row)
(m/h)
(mm/rev)
460.0
515.0
660.0
480.0
20.19
23.24
31.30
21.30
1.84
1.52
0.91
2.22
1.80
2.54
4.11
2.06
Reamer Reamer
RPM
Torque
17.0
10.0
3.7
18.0
Cutter
Coeff.
(kNm)
6.0
6.25
10.0
7.0
0.0493
0.0446
0.0530
0.0545
Rhino 1000 E
Modified Tamrock/Smith 7ft, 16 + 4 (stab) cutters,
7 button rows/cutter
Reaming 16 RPM
Force on
Reamer
Force on
Row
Reamer
Torque
Cutter
Coeff.
(kN)
(kN/row)
(kNm)
41.20
51.01
58.86
64.75
76.52
78.48
785
981
1177
1373
1570
1668
7.01
8.76
10.51
12.26
14.02
14.89
Cutter
Constant
ROP
Specific
Energy
(m/h)
(kWh/m 3)
0.087
0.086
0.083
0.078
0.081
0.078
0.28
0.46
0.64
0.85
1.02
1.13
69
52
43
36
35
32
0.1014
0.0827
0.0787
0.0718
12
Table 3-5. Drilling data from the horizontal hole in the Tamrock Test
Mine. (Pilot drilling)
Granodiorite
150 MPa
no bedding, some
near vertical joints
1. Geology -
Formation
Unconfined Compressive Strength
Relation of Bedding Dip
to Pilot Hole
2. Pilot Hole -
0.4 downwards
12- 114 "
62m
3. Drill-
Rhino 1000 E
25- 30 tons
Circulating medium -
4. In-Hole Tools
Bit-
air
water
other
40RPM
Dresser
12-114 "
Stabilizers -
Drill Rods-
Type
Tamrock 6ft
10"
1-1;4 "
2.23 mJh
manual observation
with teodolite
and
Frequency of Survey
13
Figure 3-4. Principle of reaming and the cutterhead used at Tamrock test
mine.
3.3
37%
34%
29%
14
r - - - - K . / 0 4 ._
.5M _ _ _ _ I
4.0M
15
Contractor :
Tunnel Dia:
Tunnel Length:
Pilot Hole Dia :
Drill Rod Dia :
Rock Compr.Strength:
Reamer Type :
Machine Type :
4-4.5 m
35- 100 m
13 3/4"
12 7/8"
50- 150 MPa
SANDVIK CRH13 SP
ROBBINS 85R
Case:
Location:
3.4
16
width and could be grouted as they were encountered; assisting both further
drilling and the final stability of the tunnel.
The accuracy achieved in diamond drilling was half of the specified
tolerance of 0.3 %vertically, 0.5 %horizontally.
Raise boring
Once the pilot bit had broken through, a Tamrock Rhino 600 raiseboring rig
was set up to ream the hole in two passes. The first pass used a 12-1;4 "
raisebore pilot roller bit with a unique guidance section that followed the
0 56 mm directionally controlled core hole. It was run on standard 10" raisebore rods which were also used for the final back-reaming. For backreaming, a specially assembled cutterhead by Drill con was fitted to the 10 "
rods at the break-through reaming the 12114 " hole to its final 1.8 m diameter.
The two biggest problems to be overcome in directional raiseboring are:
- following the directionally controlled core hole
and removing the cuttings on the back ream.
An MSc thesis (Reitar 1992) at the University of Trondheim was made in
1992 regarding the use of guide holes, pilot holes and back reaming.
The finished tunnel required no further stabilization and has no final lining.
Sewage and drinking water are piped separately inside and the tunnel itself
carries storm water.
Total costs for the unlined Brerum tunnel were well under 1000/m. One
advantage identified, was the ability to have continuous cores taken
throughout the directionally controlled core-pilothole drilling.
17
3.5
Date
Location
Contractor
Rock Type
Machine
Torque
Rods
Pilot Bit
Reamer
Cutters
Inclination
Relative
Hole
Rod
Length
#
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lO
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
RPM
Torque
Force
Percentage on Bit
Bit
Net
Force
Cutter
Cutter
Torque
Penetration
T1
Coeff.
Constant
(m/h)
(%)
(kN)
(kNm)
(mm/rev)
(kN/bit)
40
46
46
45
45
46
45
46
50
45
45
45
51
50
50
50
49
49
49
49
50
48
44
34
34
33
36
2.20
1.25
1.85
1.80
1.95
2.90
1.50
1.60
1.95
1.95
1.70
1.40
2.05
2.48
2.80
2.10
2.85
2.70
2.10
2.23
2.50
2.50
2.25
2.35
2.50
1.87
0.90
62
62
70
68
70
70
72
70
72
72
75
76
48
50
50
50
50
52
52
52
52
52
53
60
62
64
60
183.9
145.4
222.5
222.5
222.5
214.8
145.4
161.0
145.4
145.4
145.4
137.7
183.9
175.8
175.8
175.8
136.8
175.8
156.5
156.5
152.7
183.9
183.9
214.8
191.4
164.2
138.0
16.1
16.1
18.2
17.7
18.2
18.2
18.7
18.2
18.7
18.7
19.5
19.8
12.5
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.5
13 .5
13.5
13 .5
13.5
13 .8
15.6
16.1
16.6
15.6
0.92
0.45
0.67
0.67
0.72
1.05
0.56
0.58
0.65
0.72
0.63
0.52
0.67
0.83
0.93
0.70
0.97
0.92
0.71
0.76
0.83
0.87
0.85
1.15
1.23
0.94
0.42
194.9
246.6
290.5
291.6
276.4
207.8
215.2
231.6
193.8
180.6
198.0
213.4
240.2
199.6
184.1
223.0
139.7
186.1
195.9
188.2
172.4
202.1
204.6
195.5
167.1
170.6
247.4
k
0.9960
1.2597
0.9294
0.9028
0.9294
0.9627
1.4628
1.2844
1.4628
1.4628
1.5238
1.6305
0.7711
0.8402
0.8402
0.8402
1.0797
0.8738
0.9816
0.9816
1.0060
0.8353
0.8514
0.8252
0.9569
1.1514
1.2844
1.0402
1.8718
1.1352
1.1057
1.0936
0.9392
1.9626
1.6869
1.8144
1.7213
1.9204
2.2643
0.9420
0.9241
0.8697
1.0042
1.0966
0.9118
1.1614
1.1270
1.1020
0.8966
0.9222
0.7688
0.8644
1.1848
1.9898
37
37
1.25
1.52
1.45
2.00
62
62
62
64
145.4
176.2
153.1
176.2
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.6
0.56
0.68
0.73
0.98
213.3
226.8
188.5
178.5
1.2597
1.0395
1.1963
1.0730
1.6787
1.2562
1.3980
1.0837
1.44
1.80
62
65
62
64
75
68
53
214.8
175.9
16.1
16.9
16.1
16.6
19.5
17.7
13.8
0.67
1.03
281.5
172.0
0.8527
1.0916
1.0443
1.0733
0.75
1.05
0.55
2.22
1.48
176.2
155.8
194.2
1.3003
1.3761
1.5429
1.5015
1.3430
2.0822
(m)
29 .0
30.5
32.0
33.6
35.1
36.6
38.1
39.7
41.2
42.7
44.2
45.8
47.3
48.8
50.3
51.9
53.4
54.9
56.4
58.0
59.5
61.0
62.5
64.1
65 .6
67.1
68 .6
70.2
71.7
73.2
74.7
76.3
77 .8
79.3
80.8
82.4
83 .9
85.4
86.9
88.5
90.0
ROP
33
34
36
29
34
30
20
34
9
9
1.35
1.26
1.12
1.20
0.80
145.4
161.0
130.2
18
---
. c 2,50
E
c..
2,00
n::
s:::::
1,50
.......ns
Cl)
s:::::
Cl)
c.. 1,00
,_
.....
0
....ns
Cl)
0,50
n::
0,00
---
4,0
n::
3,0
s:::::
2,5
.c
E 3,5
...
c..
0
...ns
....
Cl)
...
1-- t---
r-
r-
2,0
Cl)
I-
1-
f-
...
...
r-
r-
'----------
1-
1-
1-
r-
1-
... 1--
1-
...
s:::::
c.. 1,5
1 - - 1--
1-
1--
1--
I-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1--
1--
I-
1,0
1-
1--
1-
I-
I-
I-
1-
1-
i-
1--
1--
0,5
1-
1-
1-
1--
1--
.....
0
....ns
Cl)
a::
0,0
m
Hole Depth (m)
19
Date
Location
Contractor
Rock Type
Machine
Torque
Rods
Pilot Bit
Reamer
Cutters
Inclination
Relative Hole RPM ROP Force Reamer Net Force Force Force Cutter Cutter
on Torque Penetr. on
on
Tl
Coeff. Const.
Rod Depth
Reamer
Cutter Row
(m/h) (kN) (kNm) (mm/rev) (kN/c) (kN/row) (kN/row) k
(m)
#
c
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
99.1
97.6
96.1
94.6
93.0
91.5
90.0
88.5
86.9
85.4
83.9
82.4
80.8
79.3
77.8
76.3
74.7
73.2
71.7
70.2
68.6
67.1
65.6
64.1
10.0
18.0
18.0
17.5
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
21.0
18.0
18.0
40.0
18.0
24.0
30.0
3.5
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.2
3.3
2.2
2.8
3.5
4.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
3.4
2.2
3.4
2.7
3.3
2.2
2.1
4.5
2.4
3.0
4.2
412.9
393.6
354.2
392.7
302.9
354.2
393.2
470.7
470.7
432.2
392.7
392.7
392.7
470.7
451.4
470.7
392.7
431.7
431.7
490.5
392.7
494.0
494.0
494.0
36.0
36.0
31.5
29.3
31.5
29.3
29.3
31.5
31.5
31.5
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
27.0
22.5
36.0
22.5
22.5
40.5
22.5
31.5
18.0
5.83
1.57
1.67
1.90
2.04
3.06
2.04
2.59
3.24
3.89
2.04
2.04
2.22
3.15
2.04
3.15
2.50
2.62
2.04
1.94
1.88
2.22
2.08
2.33
206.5
196.8
177.1
196.4
151.5
177.1
196.6
235.4
235.4
216.1
196.4
196.4
196.4
235.4
225.7
235.4
196.4
215.9
215.9
245.3
196.4
247.0
247.0
247.0
45.9
43.7
39.4
43.6
33.7
39.4
43.7
52.3
52.3
48.0
43.6
43.6
43.6
52.3
50.2
52.3
43.6
48.0
48.0
54.5
43.6
54.9
54.9
54.9
14.1
32.3
28.0
28.4
20.9
18.7
27.2
27.7
23.9
19.4
27.1
27.1
25.6
24.3
31.2
24.3
23.7
25.2
29.8
35.0
28.7
32.2
33.6
31.2
0.4194
0.4399
0.4278
0.3589
0.5002
0.3979
0.3584
0.3219
0.3219
0.3506
0.3307
0.3307
0.3307
0.2759
0.2877
0.2759
0.2756
0.4011
0.2507
0.2206
0.4961
0.2191
0.3067
0.1753
0.1736
0.3507
0.3313
0.2600
0.3505
0.2276
0.2511
0.1999
0.1788
0.1778
0.2317
0.2317
0.2218
0.1555
0.2016
0.1555
0.1743
0.2479
0.1756
0.1582
0.3623
0.1470
0.2125
0.1147
20
21
Pilot hole drilling is started carefully and with low penetration rates. When
the first stabilizer is drilled in, then the drilling rate can be increased to
approx. 1 meter/hour. The "rope effect" of the drill string must be
understood in order to control the horizontal pilot hole drilling orientation
successfully. The assembly at the "hole-bottom" is larger in diameter than
the rest of the drill string. The weight of the rods therefore have a tendency
to force the "hole-bottom" assembly upwards. This phenomena can be used
to steer pilot hole drilling.
When the feed pressure is increased, the bit drills upwards. If the feed
pressure is decreased due to the weight of the stabilizers, the pilot bit drills
downwards. In long holes, even in the short 62 meter hole at the Tamrock
Test Mine, stabilizers were used also along the drill string in addition to the
ones straight after the pilot bit.
22
MACHINES- HORIZONTAL
RAISEBORING
The basic Rhino machine design is already suitable for horizontal operation:
- Machine mounting and support in horizontal position is built into Rhino
models. The concrete pad must be tilted according to machine model.
- Flushing through the machine during pilot hole drilling and in addition to
higher flushing volumes during reaming is required.
Rhino 418 H for boring horizontal deposition holes
The recommended machine for the 1.68 meter diameter deposition holes is
the Rhino 418 H with modified mounting and transportation equipment.
3160
23
LENGTH
WIDTH
HEIGHT
WEIGHT
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(kg)
BORER UNIT
- WHILE BORING
3 160
1 730
3 775
11 000
- IN TRANSPORT
3 685
1730
1 515
10 000
GEARBOX
1 365
1 590
1 430
4 000
FRAME
1 200
1 730
3 685
3 300
BASE FOOT
2000
1 444
395
570
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
1 9752 129
720
310
900
2 510
140
1 500
1 370
600
490
2000
1 370
830
1 000
2000
1 370
930
2 375
without hydraulic oil 1700
OPERATOR'S CONSOLE
TOOL BOX
900
800
1 000
760
76
1 230
120
870
110
with special tools 350
24
1.2- 1.8 m
2.1 m
4-6ft
7ft
RAISE LENGTH
(depending on rock type)
300m
984ft
ROD
-diameter
-length (net)
-thread DI-22
254mm
1.524 m
10 inch
5
8- 114 inch
STABILIZER
-diameter
- length (net)
280mm
1.424 m
11 inch
56 inch
PILOT HOLE
-diameter
280mm
11 inch
0- 240 bar
0- 135 RPM
total ratios
range
1: 2.23
1:7.76
0-32-46 RPM
0- 13- 17 RPM
90kNm
120 kNm
operating at 13 RPM
max (220 bar)
8- 114 inch
4000 kg
2000 kN
-up
-down
6m/h
12 m/h
RAPID TRAVERSE
- up
-down
3 m/min
5.7 m/min
55 to 90
23 to 90
11 000 kg
10 000 kg
380V
132kW
2 375 kg
+ 1 000 kg
50Hz
25
2.13- 6.10 m
7-20ft
600m
1968 ft
ROD
-diameter
- length (net)
-thread DI-22
327 mm
1.524 m
127/8inch
5ft
10-V2 inch
STABILIZER
-diameter
- length (net)
349mm
1.424 m
13-% inch
56 inch
PILOT HOLE
-diameter
349mm
13-%inch
2*145 kW
0-2600 RPM
total ratios
speed range
1: 60
1: 244
0-44 RPM
0- 11 RPM
- Piloting
- Reaming
-TORQUE operating at 11 RPM
max
411 kNm
700kNm
10-Y2 inch
12700 kg
6400 kN
-up
-down
RAP ID TRAVERSE - up
-down
3 m/h
5 m/h
1.8 m/min
3.6 m/min
63 to 90
15 to 90
BORER UNIT
25600 kg
23000 kg
-WEIGHT
- in transport
380-600V
400kVA
1600 kg
55 kW
575 V
2400 kg
26
S927. 4
Table 5-4. Dimensions and Weights of the Standard Rhino 2006 DC.
COMPONENT
LENGTH
WIDTH
HEIGHT
mm
mm
mm
WEIGHT
kg
BORER UNIT
- WHILE BORING
- IN TRANSPORT
2 600
3 755
2005
1935
3 805- 5 400
2050
25 600
23 000
GEARBOX
1900
1 870
2 650
12 700
FRAME
3 800
1900
1 800
6 700
265
500
2 600
2* 600
2 780
370
1000
865
150
115
2050
800
840
1400
5 800
720
550
2*3 350
2 200
1000
1 250
1 600
2 200
1 000
1500
2400
750
700
1 000
100
1 000
760
870
200
BASE FOOT
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
OPERATOR'S CONSOLE
TOOL BOX
CRAWLER incl. power pack
6100
27
Drill String
Drill rods, stabilizers and pilot sub are called with one name in raiseboring,
drill string.
Drill Rods
For different machine sizes there are different drill rod. The present standard
drill rod sizes are listed in the table below.
- - - - - ---.----.-- ....
A
mm
B
mm
mm
mm
E
mm
F
mm
mm
Weight
kg
6-3/4"
8-114"
9-1/4"
10-112"
203
254
286
327
1219
1524
1524
1524
140
149
162
203
125
125
125
135
70
70
76
100
41
41
41
63
175
203
229
267
170
320
460
620
Stabilizers
The stabilizer diameter is the same as the pilot bit diameter and for 10" rods
280 mm or 11" bit and stabilizers are selected due to the horizontal boring.
Standard raiseboring drill string are used also in horizontal applications.
However, spiral stabilizers are preferred to straight rib stabilizers.
28
c
8
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Weight
kg
6-3/4"
8-1/4"
8-1/4"
9-1/4"
10-1/2"
251
280
311
311
349
1120
1424
1424
1424
1424
270
300
320
320
420
203
254
286
286
327
70
70
70
76
100
41
41
41
41
63
175
203
203
229
267
300
400
600
600
700
Pilot sub
The pilot sub is the connecting piece between stabilizers and the pilot bit.
The male thread is standard DI-22 and size according to the stabilizer thread
and the female thread is standard API for pilot bit.
Also a check-valve is mounted inside the pilot sub. The valve prevents the
flushing media and the cuttings from going up the stabilizers during the
periods when the flow is off.
rock from the face falls on the head and goes through the openings in the
head and falls down the raise.
In horizontal boring mucking has to be handled in two stages:
1. Special care has to be taken to clean the boring face. The best way to
clean the face is to spray water from special nozzles on the head to the
rock face. This water is normally provided to the head through the drill
string.
29
30
Muck removal
The first part of mucking is already taken care by the cutterhead, which has
jet nozzles for flushing the face and scraping wings to transport the muck
behind the head.
Mucking arrangements after the reamer head depend on the circumstances:
Inclined holes:
If there is any inclination, water flow can be used for mucking. Water
brought to the head through the drill string will flush the cuttings out
from the hole. For large diameter holes or in more shallow angles
additional water can be pumped through the annulus between the pilot
hole and the drill rods or it can be provided with a separate hose which
follows the head.
Absolutely horizontal holes:
In absolutely horizontal holes, the "on the head" arrangements are same.
Flushing the rock face with spray nozzles and the wings on the head to
move the muck from the rock face to the back of the reamer.
1. In small diameter holes (limited space, relatively small amount of
muck/hour) a scraper/winch system is normally used.
An electric or pneumatic winch is used to tow a set of scrapers back and
forth in the bore to bring the cuttings out from the hole. Depending on the
situation there can be one scraper that travels from the head to the other
end of the hole or with shorter stroke there can be more scrapers working
for shorter distance.
In short holes I big wincing capacity; only one scraper is required.
2. Mucking with suction systems
Suction systems can be used for mucking as one alternative. Water and
the attashment wings first bring the muck behind the head. From there the
suction system takes over. The suction nozzle is formed to follow the
wall of the hole. It is attached to the head, so that it follows the head
where the scraper wings bring out the cuttings.
The suction pipe should be extendible while the head advances. Suction
pump and the settling arrangement is located outside the hole.
31
3. Screw conveyor
A screw conveyor attached to the head is another possibility to remove
the cuttings out behind the head. The water amount has to be adequate to
dilute the muck enough for the screw and the pipe transport.
4. Belt conveyor
The head can also be designed in such a way that the wings do not only
push the muck behind the head, but the lift it up and dump it from the
upper position. The dumping position is the start of the belt conveyor.
The whole belt system is towed by the head. Extension belts are used as
required as the head advances.
5. Water and pressurized air
This method is as follows; the reamer head tows a plug which seals the
hole. Down in the plug there is a hole and a hose out from the hole.
Flushing water is lead through the string and additional pressured air
added in the annulus between the pilot hole and the drill rods.
The water cleans the face, wings move the muck behind the head and
then the over-pressure drives the muck through the pipe.
6. Loader
When the hole is large enough, even a LHD can be used for mucking.
LHD 's were used in the Leister Mine.
32
Pilot drilling - Drilling accuracy
Water or mud is the recommended flushing media for pilot hole drilling.
Air, which can be used in vertical applications, would not transport the
cuttings very well: cuttings would fall to the bottom of the hole and the air
flow through the top part of the hole.
In traditional raiseboring operations the direction of the hole can be
controlled up or down by adjusting the feed pressure. The hole direction has
to be monitored in order to make these corrections. In sideways direction,
the pilot hole has a tendency to turn to the right due to the rotation.
Especially a sudden increase of the rotation has a tendency to boost the right
turn.
Traditional pilot drilling of short holes (50 to 100 meters) usually results in
1 to 2% accuracy. H improved accuracy is required, it can be achieved using
the steerable core drilling device.
The work begins with site preparation. The foundation has to be built so that
both rigs, core drilling machine and raiseboring machine, can drill with
same ax1s.
The drilling procedure begins with a 56-72 mm core drilled guide hole using
a VIC DRILL Head, that can be steered and a standard core drill. The small
core guide hole can be drilled with high accuracy. Normally the deviation of
horizontal holes is less than 0.5 %even when the holes are longer than 300
meters.
When guide hole has been drilled through with core drilling, the core drill is
replaced with a raiseborer. The raiseborer drills a 0 229-327 mm pilot hole.
The pilot bit is equipped with a guide bar which follows the small guide
hole. It is recommended to have guide rods (core drilling rods) in the whole
length of the hole. This prevents the guide hole from collapsing and guide
rod failures can be detected right away (potential deviation).
The learning curve is also one way to achieve accurate holes. It can be used
when the amount of holes to be drilled is substantial. The first hole is drilled
in a professional way recording all machine parameters (included in Rhino
machines) and also recording all other events and changes during drilling.
When in the same rock the next hole is drilled using exactly the same
procedure; the hole will make exactly the same path or the hole can be
turned to hit the target by compensating the deviation by adjusting machine
parameter settings.
33
Figure 5-8. Pilot bit with the core hole guide bar.
34
has to fit in and operate in the hole diameter. The benefits of the round,
uniform shape can be used. Accurate and fast positioning of the machine can
be done by supporting the boring station to the round tunnel walls with
hydraulic jacks. There is no need for using bolts to attachment the unit to the
rock. This will make production faster (set up time is minimized) and also
save money when bolts and concrete are not reguired.
If the deposition holes are made to a vertical position from the tunnel, then
less modifications to the machine is required. All the equipment needed for
downwards blind boring should be built into one integrated machine. To
solve the logistic problems, this machine should be self propelled and carry
everything onboard. Transportation of the muck by the vacuum process
should be a separate unit due to the large capacity requirement.
Space requirements of the raiseboring machine to bore deposition holes
using a standard unit are tunnel height min. 3.6 m and tunnel width min
5.3 m. Special tailored machine for deposition hole boring would need a
tunnel diameter of 4.5 m or 4.5 m x 4.5 m tunnel (height x width).
Special considerations
Using raiseboring for excavating horizontal tunnels is an extension of the
traditional raiseboring practice, but a proven method which has been used
several times in many countries since 1973.
All necessary equipment for horizontal raiseboring are commercially
available.
The success of the operation will mainly depend on aspects assisting
raiseboring operation, i.e.
Direction control has to be tn accordance of the design
requirements of the deposit plant.
Mucking during boring has to be effective enough to allow the
raise boring machine to be used to its full capacity.
35
PERFORMANCE PROGNOSIS
The performance estimates shown in Figures 6-1 and 6-2 and Tables 6-3 and
6-4 are made using the present machine models (Table 6-2) and Sandvik
reamer heads and cutters as the base for the calculations (Appendix 1). The
main rock types considered at the three investigation sites were Quartz
Diorite Gneiss, Quartz Diorite, Granodiorite and Micagneiss. The properties
of these are shown in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1. Properties of the main rock types at the three investigation
sites.
Compressive
Strength
Vickers
Hardness
(MP a)
(VHNR)
Rock
Information
Accurancy
244
796
30%
92
599
30%
Granodiorite
105
722
30%
Micagneiss
125
724
30%
Rock type
Machine Machine
Thrust
Torque
Drill Rod
diameter
Reamer
diameter
Number
of
(tons)
(kNm)
(inches)
(m)
Cutters
Rhino 2006D
640
450
12 7/8
4.44
24
Rhino 418 H
200
90
10
1.83
10
36
10,0
1
Rhino 41BH
I I I
I
--..:
I I
E
c:
'Q)
c:
Q)
y = 0.0003x 169
1\
0
:;:;
Granodiorite
Quartz Diorite
y = 0.0005x 161
1,0
1\
~J
,_
Hf
riTT
I) 7
a.
I/
v"
//
Q)
0:::
I--
I--
Micagneiss
"
""
y = 0.0001x 181
0,1
1000
100
10
QDG
QD
G
MG
Penetration
Rate
Cutter
Life
Cutter
Load
Rotation
Speed
Thrust
utilized
Torque
utilized
(m/h)
(m)
(tonnes)
(RPM)
(%/tonnes)
(%/kNm)
738
1469
1443
1243
15.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
5
5
5
5
77/154
571114
621124
62 I
89/80
81173
90/81
84 I
0.63
0.97
1.01
0.87
QD = Quartz Diorite
MG = Micagneiss
37
10,0
J Rhino
2006 DC :
l I
Quartz Diorite
Gneiss
y = 6E-07x 234
Quartz Diorite
y = 9E-05x 1.64
--.c
E
\.
c::
"\
+=a:s
loo
Cl)
c::
1,0
Cl)
0..
r----
r----- Granodiorite
r----r----- y = 6E-05x 1.71
I
I
Micagneiss
y = 2E-05x 184
a:s
a:
...
//.
I//
~I
r----
"\. ~ /
~J
1-t-
Cl)
ij
11
0 ,1
100
10
1000
QDG
QD
G
MG
Penetration
Rate
Cutter
Life
Cutter
Load
Rotation
Speed
Thrust
utilized
Torque
utilized
(m/h)
(m)
(tonnes)
(RPM)
(%/tonnes)
(% I kNm)
0.46
0.97
0.88
0.81
294
959
672
616
13.0
11.0
11.0
11.5
5
5
5
5
51 I 326
43 I 215
43 I 275
45 I
90 I 405
94 I 423
90 I 405
90 I
QD = Quartz Diorite
MG = Micagneiss
38
One of the main limitations of the method, which also reduces its flexibility
when compared to Drill and Blast is the need for access to both ends of the
tunnel. Although the performance of the method was estimated, overall field
performance is very dependent on the efficiency of the removal system for
cuttings, which could not be estimated reliably on the basis of the presented
case studies.
39
REFERENCES
Autio, J. 1992. Techni~al feasibility of horizontal disposal concepts for final
disposal of TVO's spent fuel. TVO/Spent Fuel-Safety and Technology,
work report 92-08. Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO), Helsinki, 50 p (In
Finnish).
Autio, J. & Kirkkomaki, T. 1996. Boring of full scale deposition holes
using a novel dry blind boring method. Report POSIV A-96-07, Posiva Oy,
Helsinki.
Autio, J., Saanio, T., Tolppanen, P., Raiko, H., Vieno, T. & Salo, J-P.
1996. Assessment of alternative disposal concepts. Report POSIV A-96-09,
Posiva Oy, Helsinki.
Riekkola, R. & Salo, J.-P. 1996. Final repository for spent nuclear fuel.
Technical research and development in the period 1993 - 1996. Work report
TEKA-96-09, Posiva Oy, Helsinki (In Finnish).
SKB 1992. Project on Alternative Systems Study (PASS) - Final report.
Stockholm, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB),
Technical Report 93-04 (In Swedish).
Posiva 1996. Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the Finnish bedrock,
Technical research and development in the period 1993- 1996. Report
POSIV A-96-14, Posiva Oy, Helsinki (In Finnish).
Reitar, R. 1996. Micro Tunnels. MSc Thesis, University of Trondhein.
168 p. (In Norwegian)
TVO 1992a. Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the Finnish bedrock.
Technical plans and safety assesment. Report YJT-92-31E. Nuclear Waste
Commission of Finnish Power Companies, Helsinki. 136 p.
TVO 1992b. Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in the Finnish bedrock.
Preliminary site investigations. Report YJT-92-32E. Nuclear Waste
Commission of Finnish Power Companies, Helsinki. 322 p.
1I 8
Appendix 1.
for:
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Intermediate
Quartz Diorite Gneiss
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
244 MPa
796 VHNR
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
30%
Massive
120 m
0 degrees
4,44 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 2006 DC
640 tonnes
450 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
12-7/8
10-1/2
= Horizontal
51 % Utilized
90 % Utilized
inches
88% Utilized
11
0 tonnes
4,44 m with
24 cutters
5 RPM
11
Sandvik 1
13 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,46 m/h
294 m
Muck Produced
7,1 m3/h
492 meters
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
(o/o]
3 RPM
[m/h]
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
15,0
15,5
16,0
43 /o
45 /o
47 /o
49%
51 /o
53 /o
55 /o
56 /o
58 /o
60 /o
62 o/o
76 /o
79 /o
83%
86%
90%
93 /o
97 /o
100%
104%
107 o/o
110/o
0,19
0,21
0,23
0,25
0,27
0,30
0,32
0,35
0,38
0,41
0,44
Penetration rate at
5 RPM
7 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,31
0,35
0,38
0,42
0,46
0,50
0,54
0,58
0,63
0,68
0,73
<<
0,44
0,49
0,53
0,59
0,64
0,70
0,76
0,82
0,88
0,95
1,02
<<<<<
2/8
Appendix 1.
POSIV A Oy
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Siliceous
Granodiorite
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
105 MPa
722 VHNR
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
30%
Massive
120 m
0 degrees
4,44 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 2006 DC
640 tonnes
450 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
12-7/8
10-1/2
= Horizontal
43 % Utilized
90% Utilized
inches
87% Utilized
11
0 tonnes
4,44 m with
24 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 1
11 tonnes
11
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,88 m/h
672 m
Muck Produced
13,6 m3/h
1035 meters
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[%]
3 RPM
[m/h)
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
36%
38 /o
40 /o
41%
43%
45%
47 /o
49 /o
51%
53%
55%
73%
77 /o
81%
85%
90 /o
94%
98 /o
102%
106%
110%
114%
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,49
0,53
0,57
0,61
0,65
0,69
0,74
0,78
Penetration rate at
5 RPM
7 RPM
[m/h)
[m/h)
>>
0,63
0,69
0,75
0,81
0,88
0,94
1,01
1,08
1'15
1,23
1,30
<<
0,88
0,96
1,05
1'14
1,23
1,32
1,42
1,52
1,62
1,72
1,83
<<<<<
3/8
Appendix 1.
for:
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Micagneiss
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
125 MPa
724 VHNR
UCS:
19.09.1997
5361-TRB
120 m
0 degrees
4,44 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 2006 DC
640 tonnes
450 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
12-7/8
10-1/2
= Horizontal
45% Utilized
90 % Utilized
inches
88 /o Utilized
11
0 tonnes
4,44 m with
24 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 1"
11,5 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,81 m/h
616 m
Muck Produced
12,5 m3/h
343 meters to
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[%]
3 RPM
[m/h]
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
38%
40%
41%
43%
45%
47 o/o
49 /o
51 /o
53 /o
55 /o
56 /o
74%
78%
82%
86%
90%
94%
98%
102%
106%
110%
113%
0,35
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,49
0,52
0,56
0,60
0,64
0,69
0,73
Penetration rate at
7RPM
5 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,58
0,63
0,69
0,75
0,81
0,87
0,94
1,00
1,07
1'14
1,22
<<
0,81
0,89
0,97
1,05
1'13
1,22
1,31
1,41
1,50
1,60
1,70
<<<<<
4/8
Appendix 1.
POSIVA Oy
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Intermediate
Quartz Diorite
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
30%
Massive
120 m
0 degrees
4,44 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 2006 DC
640 tonnes
450 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
12-7/8
10-1/2
= Horizontal
43% Utilized
94 /o Utilized
inches
91 % Utilized
11
0 tonnes
4,44 m with
24 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 111
11 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,97 m/h
959 m
1319 meters
15 m3/h
Muck Produced
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[o/o]
3 RPM
[m/h]
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
36 /o
38%
40%
41 /o
43 /o
45%
47%
49%
51 /o
53 /o
55%
77 o/o
81%
86 /o
90%
94%
99%
103%
107%
111 %
116%
120%
0,43
0,46
0,50
0,54
0,58
0,63
0,67
0,71
0,76
0,80
0,85
Penetration rate at
5 RPM
7 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,71
0,77
0,84
0,90
0,97
1,04
1'11
1'19
1,26
1,34
1,42
<<
0,99
1,08
1'17
1,27
1,36
1,46
1,56
1,66
1,77
1,88
1,99
<<<<<
5/8
Appendix 1.
for:
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Intermediate
Quartz Diorite Gneiss
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
244 MPa
796 VHNR
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
30%
Massive
120 m
0 degrees
1,83 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 418 H
200 tonnes
90 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
10
8-1/4 "
=Horizontal
77 % Utilized
98% Utilized
inches
41 /o Utilized
0 tonnes
1,83 m with
10 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 1"
15 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,63 m/h
738 m
1234 meters
1,7 m3/h
Muck Produced
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[%]
3 RPM
[m/h]
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
15,0
15,5
16,0
16,5
17,0
17,5
18,0
67%
69 /o
72%
74 /o
77 o/o
79 o/o
82 o/o
84 /o
87%
89%
92%
77%
80%
83%
86%
89%
92%
95%
98%
101%
104%
107%
0,27
0,30
0,32
0,35
0,38
0,41
0,44
0,47
0,50
0,54
0,57
Penetration rate at
5 RPM
7 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,46
0,50
0,54
0,58
0,63
0,68
0,73
0,78
0,84
0,89
0,95
<<
0,64
0,70
0,76
0,82
0,88
0,95
1,02
1'1 0
1'17
1,25
1,33
<<<<<
6/8
Appendix 1.
for:
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Siliceous
Granodiorite
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
105 MPa
722 VHNR
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
120 m
0 degrees
1,83 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 418 H
200 tonnes
90 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
10
8-1/4
= Horizontal
62% Utilized
99% Utilized
inches
41 /o Utilized
11
0 tonnes
1,83 m with
10 cutters
5 RPM
11
Sandvik 1
12 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
1,01 m/h
1443 m
640 meters to
2,7 m3/h
Muck Produced
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
15,0
52 /o
54%
57%
59 /o
62%
64%
67%
69 /o
72 /o
74 /o
77 /o
Torque
utilized
[o/o]
75%
79%
83%
86%
90%
94%
98%
101%
105 o/o
109%
113/o
3 RPM
[m/h]
0,45
0,49
0,53
0,57
0,61
0,65
0,69
0,74
0,78
0,83
0,88
Penetration rate at
7 RPM
5 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,75
0,81
0,88
0,94
1,01
1,08
1'15
1,23
1,30
1,38
1,46
<<
1,05
1,14
1,23
1,32
1,42
1,52
1,62
1,72
1,83
1,93
2,05
<<<<<
Appendix 1.
7/8
POSIV A Oy
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2 010/95
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Micagneiss
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
125 MPa
724 VHNR
UCS:
19.9.1997
5361-TRB
30%
Massive
120 m
0 degrees
1,83 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 418 H
200 tonnes
90 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
10
8-1/4
=Horizontal
62 /o Utilized
92 % Utilized
inches
38% Utilized
11
0 tonnes
1,83 m with
10 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 1"
12 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,87 m/h
1243 m
1918 meters
2,3 m3/h
Muck Produced
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[%]
3 RPM
[m/h)
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
15,0
52%
54%
57%
59%
62%
64%
67%
69%
72%
74%
77%
70%
73%
77%
80%
84%
87%
91 /o
94 /o
98%
101%
105%
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,49
0,52
0,56
0,60
0,64
0,69
0,73
0,78
Penetration rate at
5 RPM
7 RPM
[m/h)
[m/h)
>>
0,63
0,69
0,75
0,81
0,87
0,94
1,00
1,07
1'14
1,22
1,29
<<
0,89
0,98
1,05
1'13
1,22
1,31
1,41
1,50
1,60
1,70
1,81
<<<<<
8/8
Appendix 1.
for:
date
rei.
Quotation RB 2,010/95
Intermediate
Quartz Diorite
Rock Classification:
Rock type:
Selected values
Compressive Stregth
Vickers Hardness
92 MPa
599 VHNR
UCS:
17.3.1997
5361-TRB
120 m
0 degrees
1,83 m
Hole Length
Hole agnle from horizontal
Hole diameter
Raise Boring Machine
Machine Thrust
Machine Torque
Rhino 418 H
200 tonnes
90 kNm
Drill Rods
Drill Rod Thread Dl-22
10
8-1/4
= Horizontal
57% Utilized
89% Utilized
inches
36 /o Utilized
11
0 tonnes
1,83 m with
10 cutters
5 RPM
Sandvik 1"
11 tonnes
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION:
Penetration Rate
0,97 m/h
1469 m
799 meters to
2,6 m3/h
Muck Produced
>>>>
Cutter
load
[ton]
Thrust
utilized
[%]
Torque
utilized
[%]
3 RPM
[m/h]
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
47 /o
49%
52%
54%
57%
59%
62%
64%
67%
69%
72%
66 /o
70%
74%
77%
81%
85%
88 /o
92 /o
96%
99%
103%
0,43
0,46
0,50
0,54
0,58
0,63
0,67
0,71
0,76
0,80
0,85
Penetration rate at
?RPM
5 RPM
[m/h]
[m/h]
>>
0,71
0,77
0,84
0,90
0,97
1,04
1'11
1'19
1,26
1,34
1,42
<<
0,99
1,08
1'17
1,27
1,36
1,46
1,56
1,66
1,77
1,88
1,99
<<<<<