GRAMMAR GUIDE - INGLES 3

CONTENTS

Prepositions of location (B.2) .............................................................................................................. 2

Modals of possibility May & Might (B.3) ......................................................................................... 5
Make vs Do (B.4) ........................................................................................................................... 6
Phrasal Verbs (B.4) ............................................................................................................................ 10
Gerunds (B.5) .................................................................................................................................... 12
Comparisons (C.2) ............................................................................................................................. 13
Relative pronouns & relative clauses (C.4) ....................................................................................... 17
Tag questions (C.4) .......................................................................................................................... 189
19
Present Perfect / Pretrito Perfecto (C.5) ......................................................................................... 21
The past simple (C.5) ......................................................................................................................... 24
key ................................................................................................................................................... 256
26

Para mayor ayuda, puedes usar el diccionario Cambridge online:

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/freesearch.html

Prepositions of location
In general, we use: En general se usa:
at for a POINT/ Para un lugar especfico.
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE/ Para un lugar cerrado.
on for a SURFACE/ Para una superficie.
at

in

on

POINT

ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE

at the corner

in the garden

on the wall

at the bus stop

in London

on the ceiling

at the door

in France

on the door

at the top of the page

in a box

on the cover

at the end of the road

in my pocket

on the floor

at the entrance

in my wallet

on the carpet

at the crossroads

in a building

on the menu

at the front desk

in a car

on a page

Look at these examples: Mire los ejemplos:

Mark is waiting for you at the coffee shop.

The shop is at the end of the street.
My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive at the office?
Do you work in an office?
I have a meeting in New York.
Do you live in Japan?
Jupiter is in the Solar System.
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
There are no prices on this menu.
You are standing on my foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
2

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions/
Vea el uso de las preposiciones de lugar at, in y on en stas expresiones:
at

in

on

at home

in a car

on a bus

at work

in a taxi

on a train

at school

in a helicopter

on a plane

at university

in a boat

on a ship

at college

in a lift (elevator)

on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top

in the newspaper

on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky

on the radio, on television

at the side

in a row

on the left, on the right

at reception

in Oxford Street

on the way

More prepositions!!

Position

Posicin

about

sobre, acerca de

above

por encima de, ms arriba de

against

contra

amid(st)

entre, en medio de

among(st)

entre (ms de 2 cosas o personas)

(a)round

alrededor

at

en

before

antes de

behind

detrs de

below

debajo de

beneath

bajo, debajo de

beside

al lado de
3

between

entre (2 cosas o personas)

in

en, dentro de

in front of

delante de, frente a

inside (UK)
inside of (US)

dentro de

near

cerca de

next to

al lado de, junto a

off

de, separado de

on

encima

opposite

enfrente de

underneath

debajo de (en la parte inferior)

upon

sobre (preposicin de uso "formal")

Exercises
Put the preposition that best suits the sentence / Escoja la preposicin que mejor se
ajuste a la oracin.
1.- I read about the pop festival .a magazine.
2.- My parents' flat is ................. the twenty-first floor.
3.- Melanie was holding a small bird .............. her hands.
4.- I'll meet you.................. the airport.
5.- Natasha now lives .............32 Johnson Avenue.
6.- I was standing..................the counter in the baker's shop, waiting to be served.
7.- London is ..............the Thames.
8.- There weren't many books ..................the shelves.
9.- The passengers had to stand ................. a queue.
10.- The woman sitting next to me left the train ..............Chesterfield.
4

Modals of possibility May & Might

May and might indicate present or future possibility / May y might indican una
posibilidad en presente o futuro.
Examples
He might arrive soon.
He may arrive soon.
Subject + modal + basic verb + ...
simple + . l podra llegar luego.

He might arrive soon. /Sujeto + verbo modal + verbo

May I? or May we? are used for polite requests, in the same way as Can I? or Can we? /
May I? or May we? Se usan como peticiones formales, de la misma manera que Can I o
Can we?
Examples
May I go to the bathroom?
Exercises
Rewrite these sentences using may or might. Where two answers are possible, write them
both / Reescriba estas oraciones usando may o might. Si cree que dos respuestas son
correctas, indquelo .
1.- Maybe there's some tea in the pot.
2.- Would you mind if I asked you how old you are?
3.- Visitors are not allowed to stay in the hospital after ten p.m. ..
4.- Do you think I could have one of these sandwiches? ..
5.- I think the car is in the station car park.
6.- Is it all right if I use your phone? .
7.- Guests are allowed to wear casual dress. .
8.- Maybe she'll move to London. ..
9.- There's a possibility that the show will be cancelled.
10.- Maybe she'll be elected. ..
5

Make vs Do
When do you use Do? / Cundo usamos Do?
Do is used as follows / Do se usa de la siguiente manera:
1. Do is used when talking about work, jobs or tasks / Usamos Do cuando nos referimos a
trabajo, empleos o tareas.

Have you done your homework?

I have guests visiting tonight so I should start doing the housework now.
I wouldn't like to do that job.

2. Do is used when we refer to activities in general without being specific. In these cases,
we normally use words like thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc. / Do se
usa cuando nos referimos a actividades en general, sin ser especficos. En estos casos,
generalmente usamos palabras como thing, something, nothing, anything, everything etc.

Hurry up! I've got things to do!

Don't just stand there do something!
Is there anything I can do to help you?

3. We sometimes use Do to replace a verb when the meaning is clear or obvious. This is
more common in informal spoken English / Algunas veces usamos Do para reemplazar al
verbo cuando el significado est claro. Es ms comn en ingls hablado e informal.

Do I need to do my hair? (do = brush or comb)

Have you done the dishes yet? (done = washed)
I'll do the kitchen if you do the lawns (do = clean, do = mow)

Remember Do can also be as an auxiliary verb (for making questions in the present tense Do you like chocolate?) Here we will be talking about Do as a normal verb / Recuerde que
Do tambin puede cumplir la funcin de verbo auxiliar (para hacer preguntas en el tiempo
presente Do you like chocolate?) Aqu estaremos hablando de Do como un verbo, no
como auxiliar .

When do you use MAKE? / Cundo usamos make?

Make is for producing, constructing, creating or building something new / Make es para
producir, construir o crear algo nuevo.
It is also used to indicate the origin of a product or the materials that are used to make
something / Tambin se usa para indicar el origen de un producto o los materiales que se
usan para hacer algo.

His wedding ring is made of gold.

The house was made of adobe.
Wine is made from grapes.
The watches were made in Switzerland

We also use make for producing an action or reaction / Tambin se usa make cuando se
produce una accin o una reaccin.

Onions make your eyes water.

You make me happy.
Its not my fault. My brother made me do it!

We use make after certain nouns about plans and decisions / Se usa make despus de
ciertos sustantivos acerca de planes y decisiones:

make arrangements
make a choice

We use make with nouns about speaking and certain sounds / Usamos make con
sustantivos relacionado con el hablar o producir sonidos.

make a comment
make a noise
make a speech

We use make with Food, Drink and Meals / Se usa make con alimentos, bebestibles y
comidas.

make a cake
make a cup of tea
make dinner
7

Here is a list of some common expressions with do and make. The best way to learn them
is through practice / Aqu hay una lista de las expresiones ms comunes con do y make. La
mejor forma de aprenderlas es practicarlas o usarlas en contexto.

Do
a test
a favor
a project
an exam
an assignment
badly
business
exercise
good
harm
homework
housework
nothing
research
something
the cleaning
the dishes
the shopping
your best
your hair
your job
work

Make
a call
a cake
a choice
a bed
a complaint
a comment
a decision
a fortune
a phone call
a presentation
a point
a profit
an excuse
friends
changes
corrections
plans
tea/coffee
lunch/dinner/breakfast
time
sure
progress

Exercises
Choose make or do in the correct tense. Use the table above. / Elija make o do en
el tiempo verbal apropiado. Usa la tabla de la pgina anterior.
1.- You have to __________ your bed.
2.- Ill ___________ a comment.
3.- She has to _____________ some work.
4.- What if we _____________ a cake?
5.- They have ____________ a fortune.
6.- He is ____________ research on wild animals at the moment.
7.- Charles normally ___________ dinner and I normally prepare breakfast.
8.- Im not happy with this product at all. Im going to _____________ a complaint.
9.- Have you ____________ your homework, George?
10.- I like your offer, Henry. Lets _______________ business.

Phrasal Verbs
1. A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different
from the original verb / Un phrasal verb es un verbo ms una preposicin o adverbio el
cual crea un significado distinto al del verbo original.
Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. RUN + INTO = MEET/ENCONTRARSE
He ran away when he was 15. RUN + AWAY = LEAVE HOME/IRSE DE UN LUGAR
More examples of phrasal verbs are / Algunos ejemplos de phrasal verbs:

English
add up
blow up
bring up
call off
carry on
come across
come up with
get along
get away
get up
give up
go on
hold on
look after
look forward to
look up
make out
pass out
pull over
put down
put off
put up with
turn up
watch out

Spanish
sumar, totalizar
explosionar
criar, educar, plantear
cancelar
continuar
encontrarse de casualidad
crear, inventar
llevarse bien
escaparse (viaje)
levantarse
dejar, rendirse
seguir, continuar
esperar
cuidar de
esperar (con ansia)
buscar
entender, comprender
desmayarse
Detenerse en la berma (en vehculo)
bajar, soltar
posponer
soportar
aparecer
tener cuidado

10

Exercises
Use the phrasal verb to complete the sentence using the table above / Use el phrasal verb
mas adecuado para completar la oracin. Use la tabla de la pgina anterior.
1.- Please _____________ my baby while Im out!
a) look up

b) turn up

c) look after

2.- I ___________ very early this morning.

a) blew out

b) got up

c) got down

3.- I dont know this word. Ill _____________ the word in the dictionary.
a) look up

b) look to

c) look after

4.- I cant meet this afternoon. Can you _____________ the meeting, please?
a) put out

b) cancel in

c) put off

5.- I need a break from the city. Lets ______________ this weekend.
a) get away

b) put away

c) get off

6.- The party was a disaster. Very few people ___________.

a) looked after

b) came up with

c) Turned up

7.- At school I have to _____________ childrens bad behavior every day.

a) put away

b) put up with

c) stand up

8.- That road is terrible. Youll have to _____________ for the big holes!
a) get out

b) get along

c) watch out

9.- I dont smoke anymore. I _______________ smoking last year.

a) gave up

b) gave out

c) get out

10.- Sorry to interrupt. ______________ with your work.

a) carry on

b) carry out

c) call off
11

Gerunds
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb
"read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of
a sentence / Al agregarle -ing a un verbo, estamos formando un gerundio. La forma
gerundio del verbo read es reading. Se puede usar el gerundio como el sujeto,
complemento o incluso como el objeto de una oracin.
Examples:

Reading helps you learn English. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE / COMO SUJETO

Her favorite hobby is reading. COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE / COMO COMPLEMENTO

I enjoy reading. OBJECT OF SENTENCE / COMO OBJETO

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Los gerundios pueden ser negativos slo
anteponindoles not.
Examples:

He enjoys not working.

The best thing for your health is not smoking.

Exercises
Fill the gaps with gerunds from the brackets / Completa las oraciones con gerundios de
los verbos en parntesis.
1 She is good at (cry) ________.
2 Mark is crazy about (sing) __________.
3 She doesnt like (play) __________ cards.
4 Theyre afraid of (swim) ______________ in the sea.
5 My father should give up (smoke) _____________.
6 I dream of (build) ___________ my own house.
7 You seem interested in (make) _____________ friends.
8 Do not insist on (bring) __________ your own beer.
9.- (Drive) __________ too fast is dangerous.
10.- (Save) _________ someone elses life is the most beautiful thing.
12

Comparisons
Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used when we want to compare two or more nouns. This
means that an adjective changes its form to be used in comparisons. These are the rules /
Los adjetivos comparativos se usan para hacer comparaciones entre dos o ms sutantivos.
Esto significa que un adjetivo cambia su forma para poder ser usado en una comparacin.
Estas son las reglas:
For one syllable adjectives, add er (Remember that it is sometimes necessary to double
the final consonant)
Examples: cold/colder, small/smaller, big/bigger
For adjectives that end in y, add ier
Examples: pretty/prettier, noisy/noisier, Funny/funnier
For adjectives with two or more syllables, use more before the adjective
Examples: beautiful/more beautiful, dangerous/more dangerous, modern/more modern
There are some irregular adjectives which change their form completely.
Examples: good/better, bad/worse, far/farther
We use a than with comparative adjectives / Se usa than con los adjetivos comparativos.
Examples
This restaurant is nicer than the Pizza House.
I had a bigger meal than you.
The steak is more expensive than the fish.

Superlative adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used when we want to compare three or more nouns. Using the
superlative form takes a comparison to the highest degree possible. These are the rules /
Los adjetivos superlativos se usan para hacer comparaciones entre tres o ms sustantivos.
Al usar la forma superlativa, se compara al mayor nivel posible: el ms caro, la ms
bonita, etc. Estas son las reglas:

13

For one syllable words add -est to the word (Remember that it is sometimes necessary to
double the final consonant).
Examples: strong/strongest, big/biggest.
For adjetives ending with a y, add iest
Examples: crazy/craziest, silly/silliest.
For adjectives with two or more syllables, use most or least.
Examples: most desirable, least expensive.
There are some irregular adjectives which change their form completely.
Examples: good/best, bad/worst
We normally use the before a superlative adjective / Generalmente usamos the antes de
un adjetivo superlativo.
Usain bolt is the fastest runner in the world.
Water is the most important element on earth.
Study the table below for further help / Estudia la tabla de abajo para mayor ayuda.
POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

long

longer (than)

(the) longest (of/in)

hot
nice

hotter (than)
nicer (than)

(the) hottest (of/in)

(the) nicest (of/in)
(the) happiest (of/in)

happy

happier (than)

beautiful

more beautiful (than)

(the) most beautiful (of/in)

good

better (than)

(the) best (of/in)

bad
far

worse (than)
farther/ further (than)

(the) worst (of/in)

(the) farthest / furthest (of/in)

Una slaba

Dos slabas
que terminan
en
consonante+Y
Dos o ms
slabas

Adjetivos
irregulares

You can find a list of comparative and superlative adjectives at this website / Puedes
encontrar una lista de adjectivos comparativos y superlativos en est pgina web:
http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/compar-lista.php
14

As... as
Another way to compare is to use as ... as. Here are some more examples / Otra forma de
hacer comparaciones es usando asas. Aqu hay ejemplos:
Our house is as big as yours. / Nuestra casa es tan grande como la tuya.
It isn't as cold as yesterday / No est tan fro como ayer.
The chair is not as expensive as the table / La silla no es tan cara como la mesa.
We arent as quick as you / No somo tan rpidos como ustedes.
There are also idiomatic expressions with asas / Tambin existen expresiones
idiomticas en ingls con asas:
As sick as a dog
As quiet as a mouse
As hungry as a bear
As happy as a clam
As clean as a whistle
Puedes visitor este sitio par aver ms ejemplos:
http://esl.about.com/od/vocabularyreference/a/as_expressions.htm

Exercises
Write sentences with a comparative adjective and than. Use the adjectives in brackets /
Escribe oraciones usando los adjetivos en parntesis en su forma comparativo y than.
Example: The film lasts two and a half hours, but the videotape is only two hours long.
The film is longer than the videotape.
The water-colour is 85, and the oil-painting is 100.
The oil-painting is more expensive than the water-colour.
1 The castle was built in 1878 and the library in 1925. (old)

2 Claus can lift 90 kilos, but Matthew can lift 120 kilos. (strong)

15

3 Guy is 1.7 metres tall, but Harriet is 1.8 metres. (tall)

4 Sayid hasn't many friends. Claire has lots of friends. (popular)

5 Mark's car has room for five people, but Sarah's has room for only four. (big)

Use the superlative form of the adjectives / Use la forma superlativa de los adjetivos.
Melanie / kind person /I know Melanie is the kindest person I know.
1 Friday / busy day / week .. of the week.
2 the Metropole / nice hotel / town
3 this watch / one / cheap / you can buy .
4 this Beatles album / good / they ever made .
5 Alan / successful salesman / company .

Traduce estas oraciones al ingls.

1. Mis hijas son tan altas como yo. ...
2. Chile no es tan grande como Brasil. .
3. La lasaa es tan difcil de hacer como la cazuela.
4. El japons no es tan fcil como el portugus.
5. Mis amigos son tan buenos como los tuyos. ..

16

Relative pronouns & relative clauses

Use defining relative clauses to identify the person, thing or place you are talking about /
Usa oraciones relativas para identificar la persona, cosa o lugar del cual ests hablando.
For example:
- A teacher is someone who socializes with people every day. (Identifies person)
- A tragedy is a film or a play which is sad. (Identifies thing)
- Arica is the place where you can visit El morro. (Identifies place)
- That is the song that I used to love. (identifies object)
Otros casos de non defining relative (agrega informacin sobre el sujeto) clauses son:
- My sister, who is from Arica, speaks Chinese.
- Paris, which is in France, is a beautiful city.
- Temuco, where I spent a year, is a beautiful city as well.
We do not use another pronoun like her or it with the relative pronoun / No usamos otro
pronombre como her o it con el pronombre relativo.
NOT: a woman who they met her NOT -the old castle that we visited it
Exercises
XI)
Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence, using who or
that. Write the second sentence as a defining relative clause / Junte cada par de
oraciones para hacer una, usando who o that. Escriba la segunda oracin como oracin
relativa.
1 This is the woman. She gave me my first job.
This is the woman who gave me my first job.
2 He picked up the book. It was on the desk.
_______________________________________________________
3 The meal was delicious. Tom cooked it.
_______________________________________________________
4 She's the woman. She telephoned the police.
_______________________________________________________
17

5 He's the person. He wanted to buy your house.

_______________________________________________________
6 We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
_______________________________________________________
7 This is the lion. It's been ill recently.
_______________________________________________________
8 The man was badly injured. He was driving the car.
_______________________________________________________
9 The children broke my window. They live in the next street.
_______________________________________________________
10 They sold the cat. It was afraid of mice.
_______________________________________________________

18

TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions are small phrases or questions at the end of an affirmative or negative sentence
whose general objective is to confirm or deny the contents of this same phrase / Los tag
questions son pequeas frases o preguntas que se colocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o
negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase
misma. Es el equivalente al cierto?
FORM
THREE BASIC RULES THAT YOU SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER /TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES
RECORDAR:
1. Tag questions always use auxilary verbs. The verb to be is considered to be an auxiliary
verb for itself and for present and past continuous tenses. /Los tag questions utilizan
siempre los verbos auxiliares. El verbo to be es considerado como el verbo auxiliar para s
mismo y los tiempos continuos del presente y pasado.
2. Afirmative sentences always use negative tag questions. /Con oraciones afirmativas
utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.
3. Negative sentences always use affirmative tag questions / Con oraciones negativas
utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO.
Consider the following examples /Considera los siguientes ejemplos:
Positive sentence +
Youre from Santiago,
You know how to cook,
Harry will come tonight,
You would do the same for me,

Negative tag
arent you?
dont you?

Negative sentence +
That wasnt very good,
You didnt do your homework,

wont he?
wouldnt you?

It hasnt been a nice

You cant speak French,

Positive tag
was it?
did you?
has it?
can you?

Note: After Im .. , the question tag is arent I?

Im in trouble, arent I?

USAGE
The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it /El significado de un tag question
depende de como lo digas:

If your voice goes down, you are not really asking a question, you are only inviting the
listener to agree with you. /Si el tono de voz baja, no es realmente una pregunta sino uno
est invitando al escuchador estar de acuerdo.
o
o

Its a nice day, isnt it?

Bill doesnt look very well today, does he?
19

If your voice goes up, it is a real question. /Si el tono de voz sube, entonces realmente es
una pregunta.
o You havent got a pen, have you?
o You dont know where Henry is, do you?

EXERCISES
Write the tag question at the end of the following sentences /Escribe el tag question al final de las
siguientes oraciones.

a. Youre tired, _______________?

b. Thats youre teacher over there, _______________?
c. There were a lot of people there, _______________?
d.

I shouldnt have done that, _______________?

e. We can come back tomorrow, _______________?

f.

Im supposed to be somewhere else, _______________?

g. I didnt pass the exam, _______________?

h. You wouldnt do that, , _______________?
i.

Max wont be coming to the party, _______________?

j.

You havent seen Jenny today, _______________?

20

Present Perfect / Pretrito Perfecto

Form
The present perfect is made with have/has + a past participle verb / El pretrito perfecto
se forma con have/has + un verbo en pasado participio.
Use
The present perfect is often used with since and for to talk about situations that began in
the past and continue up to now / El pretrito perfecto a menudo se usa con since y for
para referirse a situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continan hasta ahora.
When we use the present perfect, we see things as happening in the past but having a
result in the present / Cuando usamos el pretrito perfecto, vemos cosas como
sucediendo en el pasado pero teniendo una concecuencia en el presente.

I/you/we/they have washed OR I/you/we/they've washed

he/she/it has washed OR he/she/it's washed
NEGATIVE
I/you/we/they haven't washed
he/she/it hasn't washed

QUESTION
have I/you/we/they washed?
has he/she/it washed?

The past participle of regular verbs end in ed / El pasado participio de los verbos
regulares terminan en -ed.
The past participle of irregular verbs vary. (See table below) /El pasado participio de los
verbos irregulares varan. (Ver la tabla ms abajo).
Examples
washed, landed, finished. We've washed the dishes.
Have you opened your letter? The aircraft has landed safely.
How many points has Matthew scored? The students haven't finished their exams.

We've washed the dishes. (They're clean now.)

We've eaten all the eggs. (There aren't any left.)

The aircraft has landed. (It's on the

ground now.)
They've learnt the words. (They know
the words.)

You've broken this watch. (It isn't working.)

21

Most common irregular verbs

base
form

past
simple

past
participle

base
form

past
simple

past
participle

be
bear
beat
begin
bite
blow
broadcast
break
bring
build
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know

was/were
bore
beat
began
bit
blew
broadcast
broke
brought
built
burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew

been
born
beaten
begun
bitten
blown
broadcast
broken
brought
built
burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known

lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
set
shoot
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spend
stand
steal
stick
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
wake
wear
win
write

led
learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shot
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
smelt
spoke
spent
stood
stole
stuck
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
woke
wore
won
wrote

led
learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shot
shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
smelt
spoken
spent
stood
stolen
stuck
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
woken
worn
won
written

22

Exercises
XIII) Complete the questions/sentences with the verbs from the box below. Remember
to make use of the past participle form of the verbs / Complete las preguntas/oraciones
con los verbos de la tabla a continuacion. Recuerde usar el pasado participio de los verbos.

Tell

read
study -

play

take
-

be

talk
-

lose

drink

sleep

1.- Have you ever___________________ a book in English?

2.- Have you ever___________________ the guitar?
3.- Have you ever___________________ to England?
4.- You have __________________ an English course this semester.
5.- She has never_______________ a lie.
6.- I havent________________ coffee since I was a little kid.
7.- I have__________________ biology for two years.
8.- Have you ever_____________ in a tent before?
9.- I have never______________ to someone who doesnt speak my language.
10.- I have____________ my wallet.

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The past simple

Positive forms
A regular past form ends in ed / Un pasado regular lleva terminacin -ed.
It happened very quickly.
The van crashed into the cat.
I posted the letter yesterday.
We once owned a caravan.
Some verbs have an irregular past form / Algunos verbos tienen una forma irregular.
The car came out of a side road. Vicky rang earlier.
I won the game.
I had breakfast at six. The train left on time. We took some photos.
The past simple is the same in all persons except in the past tense of be / El pasado simple
es el mismo en todas las personas excepto en el pasado de Be.
I/he/she/it was I was ill last week,
you/we/they were Those cakes were nice.
Negatives and questions
We use did in negatives and questions / Usamos did en negaciones y en preguntas.
NEGATIVE
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not stop

QUESTION
did I/you/he/she/it/we/they stop?

OR didn't stop
The car did not stop. The driver didn't look to his right.
What did you tell the police? - Nothing. Did you ring home? - Yes, I did.
We do not use a past form such as stopped or rang in negatives and questions.
The car didn't stopped and NOT Did you rang?
We also use was and were in negatives and questions / Tambin usamos was o were en
oraciones negativas y en preguntas

24

NEGATIVE
I/he/she/it was not OR wasn't
you/we/they were OR weren't
QUESTION
was I/he/she/it?
were you/we/they?
I wasn't very well last week. The gates weren't open.
Where was your friend last night? Was your steak nice?
Use
We use the past simple for something in the past which is finished / Usamos el pasado
simple para referirnos a algo que finaliz en el pasado.
Emma passed her exam last year. We went to the theatre on Friday. Elvis Presley died in
1977.
I knew what the problem was. When did you buy this car? - About three years ago.

Exercises
XIV) Complete the newspaper story about a fire. Put in the past simple forms of the
verbs / Complete la noticia sobre un incendio. Use el pasado simple en los verbos en
parentesis.
Two people died (die) in a fire in Ellis Street, Oldport yesterday morning. They
(1)......................(be) Herbert and Molly Paynter, a couple in their seventies. The
fire (2).. (start) at 3.20 am. A neighbor, Mr Aziz, 3) (see)
the flames and (4) (call) the fire brigade. He also 5)......... (try) to
get into the house and rescue his neighbors, but the heat (6).. (be) too
great. The fire brigade (7) (arrive) in five minutes. Twenty fire-fighters
(8) .. (fight) the fire and finally (9). (bring) it under
control. Two fire-fighters (10)(enter) the burning building but
(11) (find) the couple dead.

25

KEY/ Respuestas
Prepositions
1.- in
2.- on
3.- in
4.- at
5.- at

6. at
7. on
8. on
9. in
10. at

May/Might
1.- There may/might be some tea in the pot.
2.- May I ask you how old you are?
3.- Visitors may not be in the hospital after ten p.m.
4.-May I have one of these sandwiches?
5.- The car may/might be in the station car park
6.- May I use your phone?
7.- Guests may wear casual dress.
8.- She may/might move to London.
9.- The show might be cancelled.
10.- She may/might be elected.

Make and Do
1.- make
2.- make
3.- do
4.- make
5.- made

Phrasal verbs
1.- C
2.- B
3.- A
4.-C
5.- A

6.- doing
7.- makes
8.- make
9.- done
10.- do

6.- C
7.- B
8.- C
9.- A
10.- A

26

Gerunds
1.- crying
2.- singing
3.- playing
4.- swimming
5.- smoking

6.- building
7.- making
8.- bringing
9.- driving
10.- saving

Comparatives
1.- The castle is older than the library
2.- Mathew is stronger than Claus
3.- Harriet is taller than Guy
4.- Claire is more popular than Sayid
5.- Marks car is bigger than Sarahs.

Superlatives
1.- Friday is the busiest day of the week
2.- The Metropole is the nicest hotel in town
3.- This watch is the cheapest one you can buy
4.- This Beatles album is the best they have ever made
5.- Alan is the most successful salesman in the company
As as
1. My daughters are as tall as me.
2. Chile is not as big as Brazil.
3. Lasagna is as hard to make as cazuela.
4. Japanese is not as hard as Portuguese.
5. My friends as as good as yours.

Relative pronouns
2.- He picked up the book that was on the bed.
3.- The meal Tom cooked was delicious.
4.- Shes the woman who telephoned the police.
5.- Hes the person who wanted to buy your house.
6.- We threw out the computer that never worked properly.
7.- This is the lion thats been ill recently.
8.- The man who was driving the car was badly injured.
9.- The children who live in the next street broke my window.
10.- They sold the cat that was afraid of mice.
27

Tag Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

Arent you.
Isnt it.
Werent there.
Should I.
Cant we.
Arent I.
Did I.
Would you.
Will he.
Have you.

Present perfect
1.- read
2.- played
3.- been
4.- taken
5.- told
6.- drunk
7.- studied
8.- slept
9.- talked
10.- lost

Past simple
1.- were
2.- started
3.- saw
4.- called
5.- tried
6.- was
7.- arrived
8.- fought
9.- brought
10.- entered
11.- found

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