Gardening Encyclopedia

THE
ENCYCLOP/EDIA
OF
GARDENING.
DICTIONARY
GIVING
HOTHOUSE
TREES
THEIR
ANI"
TABLES,
VEGE-
SPECIFIC
NAMES.
COMMON
"AND
HARDY
GREENHOUSE
AND
INCLUDING
Etc.,
THE
FRUIT,
FERNS,
ORCHIDS,
PLANTS,
OF
PLANTS,
HALF-HARDY
SHRUBS,
ETC.,,
SEQUENCE
PROPAGATION
AND
AND
PLANTS,
ALPHABETICAL
IN
CULTURE
CULTIVATED
OF
BY
F.L.S.. F.R.H.S.
|ANDERS,
(Knight
Editor
"The
0/ Pip6t
Glass
0/
the
Royal
Gardening"and
of "Amateur
"
Ordee
Farm
Alphabet of Gardening," "Amateur's

and their Cultivation,"
"The
THIRTEENTH
LONDON
W.
148
H.
"
"
of Wasa,
and
Sweden),
Garden'
Author
of
Greenhouse." "Vegetables
Flower Cardan," Etc.
EDITION.
L. COLLINGRIDGE,
149/ AUersgate St.. E.G.
"
L.
COLLINGBIDGE,
H.
W.
Printers,
Street.
Aldersgate
E.C.
London,
FOREWORDS
Ix
issuing this,
has
which
thus
the
on
testified
culture
of all the
its value
ferns, hardy plants,hothouse

of
vegetables worthy
Author
desires
who
persons
point
he
that
an
out
have
errors
The
of
the
general
therein.
Reader
wiU
"
Therein
he
rotation
of
illustrated
volumes,
as
the
the
the
only
to
"
to
to
and
subjects
of
with
the
all that
at
diagrams.
reader
to
of
the
growth
garden
comparatively
and
Furnished
will, indeed,
pertains
adornment
food,
fully dealt with,
crops
and
small
possess
of
it
houses.
green-
latter
the
the
as
ments
improve-
add
Alphabet
the
find
information
and
needful
saj-
successful
the
to
for
tc
to
will
Reader
work
Anithor's
the
time
to
gardens
remarks
companion
find
many
here
that
ing
of Garden-
present
volume.
plant life, soils,
propagation, pruning, planting, training,
manures,
for the
find
will
of
It is
excellent
an
on
features
guide
in their
introductory
time
of this volume
refer
to
the
to
past editions, and
valued
grown
begs
his
made
and
from
the
gardens,
gratitude
in
purchaser
plants
Author
portion
the
omissions
acceptable, useful
British
him
to
reference
trees, shrubs, orchids,
in
his
written
every
of
place
work
greenhouse plants, and
and
express
or
trusts
cultivation
to
to
of
genera
of
work
as
of
editions, and
twelve
previously passed through
abundantly
edition
revised
thoroughly
in
all
freely
cases
these
with
and
concise
two
library
vegetation adapted
greenhouse
and
for
use
cost.
T.
W.
S.
"^ "^ ^
"8" "#*""^
INTRODUCTION.
The
of all
Great
of
gardening is unquestionablythe oldest

human
occupations.Holy Writ tells us that when the
Architect of the universe created Adam, the progenitor
earthlyparadise,
race, He placed him in that delightful
and
art
our
the
Garden
who
have
craft of
of
adopted
have
dress
to
the noble
to
reason
every
ancient and
honourable
recreative
grand
as
of
means
have
to
of
belonging to
share
but
art
so
have
adopted
and
craft
as
similarlygrateful
GARDENS.
AND
long vista of time that has passed since the first

gardener practisedthe art, first for pleasure,and
afterwards
failed
of existence
means
practisethe
who
GARDENERS
old
We, therefore,
its virtues.
PRIMEVAL
the
it.
keep
to
craft,while those who
pursuit,cannot
appreciationof
In
and
as
profession
justlyproud
feel
professions,and
other
a
Eden,
subsistence,gardening has
fascination
magic
rich. and
for
poor
never
of
all
told, experienceddelightin cultivating

in growing the vine,fig,and almond
; Solomon
in making gardens,orchards, and vineyards; and the ancient
Egyptians,Assyrians,Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, in the
Noah,
ages.
the vine ; Jacob
we
are
fashioning of gardens,or
In
and
art
King
to
craft has
Solomon
The
or
in them
water
been
ever
tells us
hedges
been
of fruits and
that
wood
period
-protect the
and
time, the
tables.
vegenoble
fascinatingpursuit.
that,
"
amateur
planted me
orchards,and I planted
made
me
pools of water,
that
were
all
enthusiastic
an
in Ecclesiastes
of fruits
the
to
popular
gardens and
me
of all kind
of
have
must
therewith
gardens
thick
cultivation
fact, throughout all ages and
gardener, since he
vineyards: I maê
trees
the
bringeth forth
enclosed
crops
from
trees."
by walls
prowling
INTROVUCTWX.
the vine, fig,pomebeasts,and the crops grown therein were

granate,,
walnut, aônd,medlar, and quince; lettuce,endive,
cucumbers, onionsi leeks, garlic, and meilons; and roses,
galore. In the hot, dry climate of Palestine watering was.
an
duits
indispensableoperation, and hence reservoirs and confor irrigating
the land had always to be provided.
In
ancient
Persia
maintained
on
an
great cities. Not
and
fashioned
and
Assyriagardens were
elaborate stylein the neighbourhoodof all
all the choicest of the native
only were
flora utilised in their

far-off
The
the wonder
were
of
climes.
and
famous
civilised world.
of
These
above
twenty plateaux,risingone
walls 22ft. in
restingon
obtained
Gardens
Hanging
of the then
less than
no
adornment, but others
fron"
Babyloa
consisted
the
other,
thickness,and each plantedwith
other
kept in constant growth by artificial

vegetation,
watering. In Egypt, too, gardenswere elaborately
fashioned,
sculptureand masonry
enteringlargelyinto their formation
and decoration.
In these they grew
of fruit,
every kind
trees
or
vegetables,and flowers,all
watered
from
by irrigation
of which
the
had
Nile, or
be
to
by
unceasingly
the hand
of th"
slave.
MEDIEVAL
The
Grecians
also
GARDENING.
famous
togardeners. They seem

have taken special
delightin having fine expanses of beautiful
with
nished
greensward, studded
statuary and pavilions,and fur-
with
shady
and
these
keen
the
the
Roman
gardens.
the
So far
that
manuring
brought
highestperfectionat
pastime with
we
as
own
the
owe
and
rich and
our
The
arts
in
and
orchards
grew
that
of
corn,
the
were-
and
forcing,
may
be
said
and
agriculturetohistory.
India, too, gardeningwas
a popular
poor
that
periodof the world's
long before
the Christian
era.
country is concerned, there is little doubt

earlyintroduction of horticulture,and its
to the Romans.
agriculture,
subjugatedthe ancient Britons, and
us
indeed,
popular vegetablesof
Moreover, they fully
of horticulture
sister art
tells
vated,
lavishlyculti-
Romans,
grew many
with great success.
China, Mexico,
were
roses
of the
the art of
have
trees
in profusion Id
grown
less magnificentand less regal in splendour
Not
present day
their
In
Fruit
gardeners,and
understood
to
groves.
lilies,
narcissi,and
gardens.
were
were
Roman
settlers
When
they had finally

prevailed,history
peace
planted vineyards and
apples,pears, figs,mulberries, etc., as well a?

not only for home
use, but also for exportation.
INTRODUCTION,.
4^
In the twelfth
in the
century it is recorded that vineyardsflourished

of Gloucester, apple
were
plentifulin,
orclyftrds
vale
the
fertile county of "Worcester,

marfcet
Fulham, and that gardens attached to
gardens
the
baron,
and
yeoman,,
England.
hind
fairlycommon'
wer.e
existed
homes
of
at
th"
throughout
But
these gardenswere
not of the neat
and symmetrical
order of those,of the present day. They were,
simple:
patches or enclosures
and
walls, planted with fruits,vegetables,

The monks
of the Middle Ages were
great,
superioreducation, peaceful calling,and.
herbs.
gardeners.
within
Their
general habits fitted them

in
in the
were
to undertake
habit
of
GENESIS
OF
in the
was
began
lay out
culture
of produce
Moreover, they^
travellinga- great deal, and had the-,
opportunityof securingnew
cultivate in their gardens.
It
the
the-cmtilageof their monasteries.
to be
their
reignof
gardenson
to cultivate
The
first,book
ENGLISH
plantsfor
produce to..
Britons
medicine
entitled
then
gardening,
began to"
plan than before,,
ornamental
and
gardening,
on
of
III. that the art of
in hand.
inore
use
forms
GARDENING.
Edward
taken
seriously
and
improved
or
"
extensively..
more
"
De
Yconomia
de-
Housbrandia," by Walter de Henley, appeared in the 16th

century, and others soon
followed, including the quaint
Thomas
of the garden and'
Tusser, who detailed the work
farm in pleasingrhyme. In Henry VIII. 's reignthe gardens o"'

Nonsuch, and Hampton Court were
laid out with regal splendour,
in
and
Queen Bess's time the potato, tobacco,tea, and ai
of
other
useful or ornamental
number
plants and trees wereintroduced
foreignclimes to enrich the gardens of theperiod. Evelyn, then a. great writer and traveller,did a
from
great deal to populariseand extend the art of gardeningy

and botanist,publishedhisand Gerard, the famous
surgeon
esteemed
Herbal, a work still highly valued at the present-
day.
John
Paradisus
Parkinson
later
on
"
published his
valuable
a
terestris,"
work, which
Paradisi
gave
sole
in-
great-
the art of gardeningat the time.

impetus to furthering
In the eighteenth
made
in"
century marvellous strides were
the progress of gardening. People of,wealth began to lay
out
scale, form parks, and plant
gardens oh; a- mag-nificent
for ornament
and use.
Botanic
trees
formed
gardens were
at Chelsea, Cambridge, and
Kew, and greenhouses glazed'
heated
first brought intO"
with glass and- artificially
were
"
INTRODUCTION.
practicaluse
18th
the
at
period.
was,
however, woefullylacking in skill and
century
the art
possess
ordinary crops, but failed

initiative of growing the choicer vegetables
Holland
from
be
had
to
these
imported
could
He
intelligence.
to
or
able
been
have
of
the art
understand
to
improved, and to
securingearlycrops
have
to
seems
ensuringsuccessional supplies.
and
It
the
most
the
improvement
varieties
the
of
did
much
so
hardy fruits;
our
designingand plantingof
of his remarkable
paedia
Encyclopublication
Loudon,
Claudius
in the
gardens and
of
Knight,who
Andrew
experts as Thomas
eminent
John
century that gardeningin all its phases

rapid strides,thanks to the efforts of such
in the last
was
made
CENTURY.
LAST
THE
IN
GARDENING
in
cultivate
fruit,hence
Flanders.
Later, he
and
and
gardener of
professional
The
that
in the
Gardening, and Trees and Shrubs, etc. both works

of personal
showing a unique mental capacityand an amount
Sir
the
Joseph
present time;
industryunequalledto
of
Paxton, the talented gardenerand designerof the gardensof

Chatsworth
rendered
the Crystal Palace; Charles

service to botany and
immeasurable
his researches
of
of
to
and
plantsby
Dr. Lindley,who did so
species;
plant physiologyand botany ; and
studies
much
the
to
as
for
ment
improvethe
in
us
records
of
"
greatnessthat
will
never
origin
regard
Masters, in
character, high ideals,
Dr.
Maxwell
all men
of noble
coniferse
and the widest scientific and practical
attainments, who
alas I gone to their well-earned
rest, and left behind
regard to
who
Darwin,
and
die out
so
long
as
have,
them
culture
horti-
exists.
a
would, indeed, be an impossibletask to mention even
tithe of those, livingor dead, who
have, during the past
for the art of horticulture,either
century, done so much
It
"
by pen or deed.
enjoyed,the more
The
the immense
rendered, and
subject,have
our
the
long period of peace which we have

widely diffused education which has prevailed,
which
the
help
plethoraof societies has
marvellous
conducive
of literature
on
the
culture
extendinga love of hortifar and wide throughoutthe kingdom.
It may
truly be said that there is hardly a house outside
congestedcities that does not possess a garden, and even
in towns
all been
increase
where
gardeningoften
garden
space
stimulates
the
to
does
not
exist, the
citizen to form
love
of
miniature
ISTHOD
garden
the
on
roof, or
UGTION.
to
flowers
grow
Commercially,
too, gardening has
Thousands of
fifty
years.
the last
the
on
window-sill.
made
rapid strides during
acres
are
devoted
to growing
produce
market, and hundreds of acres
covered
are
houses
to force early
glass
to
feed the eveicrops
ture
increasing
populationof this country. Commercial horticulfor
"with
is,indeed, a great industry,

and is likely
to
in years to come.
The latest new
the
intensive
industry
system of growing
more
so
"
frames,
tried
as
successfully
practised in
so
in this
country,
still
phase of
early crops
the
in
France
is now
being
if it should prove
a
practical
shall in due course
this island
see
"
and
and
financial success, we
converted
into a colonyof
TASTE
As
become
gardens.
IN
GARDENING.
in
gardening,a wonderful change has

taken
place in this respect during the last half century.
Our own
memories
carry us back to fortyyears ago, and
regardstaste
since that
only
not
of
time
have
we
in the
fashioningof
planting,and
our
earliest
witnessed
the kinds
of
remarkable
in the
plants grown.
For
experienceof flower
manner
example,
strictly
similarly
days the
the
gardening
plantingof beds in a
as
carpet bedding. In those
tricolored,bronze, golden,and
geometricalin
design,and
rigidfashion
^known
"
revolution,
gardens,but
was
the
zonal, and the

flaring
leaved pelargonium,the gaudy yellow calceolaria,
and
and
thrum,
brilliant blue
the
lobelia,were
the
silverpyre-
favoured
plantsfor bedding, and hardy herbaceous plantsand annuals

were
regardedas but of secondaryimportance. Every young
gardener in those days regarded a knowledge of geometry
and
of the essential accomplishmentsof his training,
one
as
many
mosaic
an
hour
spent in devisingintricate designsof
was
Plants
plantingthe beds the next season.
much
in demand
with beautiful or richly-coloured
were
foliage
of labour and expense
and no amount
in the designs,
for filling
was
character
incurred
in
for
endeavouringto produce elaborate
of carpet
the way
satiated the palateof the
designsin
or
mosaic
and
bedding.
ornate
This
style
wealthy,and then followed the

even
more
bedding,plantsof noble
costlyrage of subtropical
or
exquisiteblossoms from
stature, richly-ooloured
foliage,
tropicalclimes, being used extensivelyfor decoratingthe
flower garden. Eventually an
apostleof Nature came
upon
soon
the
scene,
in
the
person
of
Mr.
William
Robinson,
true
INTRODUCTION.
to
that
see
or
sequence,
However,
subject
every
fullyas
as
readers for the
by
form, and
in volume
text
acceded
we
tion
publica-
to
it, not
perfectas we could wish.

being called for, the necessityeventually
work to be reset in new
type, and then,
without
misgivingsthat
Edition
after edition
for the entire
arose
made
done.
have
otherwise
should
we
strong requestwas
of the
presentedin alphabetical
was
it
as
was
decided to
we
publishers,
the details
undertake
the laborious task of thoroughly
revising
weak
and nomenclature, and remedying the one
pointin the
volume, namely, adding lists of the speciesbelongingto each
with
the
full
genus.
This work
happilyfinished,and
have
we
the
of
concurrence
in its
self-conscious to believe that the work

be considered
could
care
We
possiblyexpect.
it is absolutelyfree
from
do
few, indeed, who
very
difficulties that
have
to
arrangingthe data,
the
proofs. Still,
from
knows
have
and
who
full well
task has been
heartilyby
not onlyin
to
say
had
any
there
are
the
immense
subsequent reading of the

pleasantone, as the Author
past experiencethat his efforts will be

thousands
will
collectingand
in
encountered
as
has
dictionary and
in the
far
so
go
"
^knows
"
be
not
Anyone
error.
experiencein the compilationof
present form
and
foresight,
diligence,
human
perfectas
as
sufficiently
are
we
.of enthusiastic
amateur
ciated
appre-
deners,
gar-
Britain,but beyond the seas.

It will be well, perhaps,to give a general idea of the
improvements that have been made in the present volume.
First of
all,we
of the text which
subjectinto
feature
have
broken
up
the
somewhat
existed in previouseditions
several
distinct.
the cultural
Great
paragraphs,so
in the
data, giving,
the main
especially,
of these crops.
Thirdly,we
hybrids in generalcultivation
case
as
have
with
each
cultural
added
of
considerablyto
vegetablesand fruit,
the
points about
more
by dividingthe
to make
have
Secondly, we
solid nature
added
their
market
culture
the
speciesand
respectivecolours,
height,and native countries,these being

flowering,
classified as hardy,half-hardy,
annuals, biennials,perennials,
and
trees
shrubs, green-houseor hot-house plants,so that
the reader may
perceiveat a glancethe sections under which
is classified. Fourthly,we have thoroughlyrevised
a species
of
time
of the genera,
botanists
modern
the nomenclature
Thus,
rhododendrons,
date.
the
so
as
to
bringthem
class the
up-to-
azaleas with
now
with the Oenotheras,the rhothe godetias
INTRODUCTION.
danthes
with
we
details
are
have
we
sequence,
facts he
the
the
the
This arrangement
helipterums, and so on.
followed, so far as placingthe speciesand cultural
concerned.
of cross
references,however,
By means
in their proper
placed the old familiar
names
that
the reader
so
can
easilyget a clue to the
have
requires. Fifthly,cultural details are given under

genericname
only, as the apple and pear under Pyrus;
and
plum
cherry under Prunus; the cabbage, broccoli,
etc., under
Brassica; carrot under Daucus; auricula t'.ndpolyanthus

under
and
have
included
on.
Primula,
so
Lastly,we
in
in general use.
names
alphabeticalorder all the common
As regards the genera
in the present volume, they
included
those in general cultivation
in gardens. Those
are
only of
botanical
interest,or little grown,
are
excluded, because
that the
we
are
desirous, in conjunctionwith the publishers,
volume
shall
be
issued
at
price within
the
all
of
means
classes of amateur
gardeners.
readers
that we
should
suggested by many
give the pronunciation of the generic and specificnames
included
in the work.
We
certainlydid entertain the idea,
but eventuallyfound the task an insuperable
Authorities
one.
in their ideas as to the correct
pronunciation,
vary so much
that had we
with the aid of a good
attempted the task, even
friend and
a
distinguishedclassical scholar, we should have
It has
been
laid ourselves
involved
to
open
criticism.
severe
in
the
settingup
the^work
being issued
LAST
Now
at
would
have
vented
pre-
popular price.
THE
READER.
introduction,embracing
brief,general
of the
survey
of gardening from the earliest to the

progress
period, and of the general features of the volume,
present
with
close this
we
accentuations
TO
WORD
Besides, the expense
sincere
of information
hope
in
that
small
the
busy
compass,
man,
who
fund
requiresa
will find this work
"
^the
ence,
fortyyears'practicaland scientific study and experiincludingtwenty-one years' specialacquaintance with
reflex of
the
needs
of amateur
"
"
real
appertains to the
greenhouse.
"
dening
Gargardeners as Editor of Amateur
friend, guide, and counsellor in all that
culture
of vegetationin the garden and
T. W.
S.
Brevity
the
is
short
saying
soul
of
oft
yf'A.^
Shakespeare.
much
contains
Sophocles.
wisdom.
"
It
is
with
with
words
the
sunbeams
condensed
ihe
they
more
as
daeper
they
bum.
Southey.
are
"
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
Aaron's
Beard
Aaron's
Rod
OF
GARDENING.
See
(Hypericum
calyciuum).
Hypericum.
See Verbascum.
Thapsua).
Hellebore
(Helleborua abchasicus)." See
"
(Verbascum
AbChasi^n
"
Helle-
borua.
Abele
Tree
Abelia.
Evergreen
walls
in
cold
outdoors.
Propagate
in
frame
Pot
in
freely
CULTURE
silver
"
Oct.
in
straggly growths
after
pink,
Abies
CULTURE
till Jan.
Give
little
Stand
flowering.
A.
valuable
after
rapidly
first
in
loam
moderately
Water
house.
March,
first,
at
during winter.
outdoors
during summer.
5
leaf-
peat,
cold
aunny,
Prune
ft.,
Mexico;
triflora, white
ft., China;
coniferous
Hardy
green
ever-
1603.
from
loam.
Position,
sea
high, dry, open
Silver
Fir
Deal
or
April. A. pectinata (Common
for
woods
shelter
as
species to plant in mixed
game.
for
floor
boards.
Tree
joists, rafters, and
grows
Oct.
good
Timber
in
water
florfbunda, rosy-purple,
introduced
Soil,
Plant,
Tree),
frame
pota
"
First
trees.
coast.
well-drained
(Syn. A. rupestris), pink, fragrai^t, Sept.,

Sept., 5 ft., Himalayas.
(Deal; Silver Fir). Ord. Couiferae.
Ohmensis
sandy
cold
growth.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
and
in
full
equal parts loam,
Compost,
Position,
sand.
Store
when
1842.
July.
GREENHOUSE
mould
introduced
ahrubs.
flowering
Poaition, warm,
equal parta peat, loam, sand.
Prune
Plant,
slightly after
April or Oct.
or
cuttings of firm shoots
by layers in March,
Compoat,
flowering.
Firat
deciduoua.
and
CDLTtrRE
sheltered
(Populua alba)." See Populus.

Caprifoliacese.
Half-hardy
Ord.
"
sandy
or
few
by
seeds
outdoors
in
Propagate
years.
55", March,
temp.
90
Fir),
(Balsam
70
A.
amabilis
80
|în. deep
sown
in
April.
Columbia;
(Ked Fir), 100 to 150 ft., British
120
America;
ft., N.
brachyphylla,
ft., Japan;
80
150
to
200
to 100
ft., G-reece;
ft., California;
cephalonlca,
concolor,
braoteata,
100
100
to
150
ft., Japan;
Fraseri, 60 to 80 ft., Carolina;
ft., California;
flrma,
lowiana
Silver
(Low's
Fir), 300 ft.,Carolina
g^randis, 200 ft., California;
; magnifica,
90
to
100
200
nobilis,
200
California;
ft., California;
Mariesi,
ft., Japan;
ft., N.
80
to
100
nordmanniana
Fir), 80 to 100 ft., Caucasus;
pectinata,
ft.,
(Nordman's
sachalin60
to
S.
religiosa, 60 to 70 ft., Mexico;
Finsapo,
80ft., Spain;
Europe;
SO
to
of
130
Saohalin;
Teitchi, 120 to 140
ft., Japan;
webbiana,
ft., Isle
ense,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
balsamea
to
or
also
Picea.
See
ft., Himalayas.
Abobra
(Scarlet-fruited).
Sept.
"
Oct.
SPECIES
"
store
loam
ing,
Half-hardy climbFruit,
let;
egg-shaped, scar-
wall.
Position, south
frost-proof place. Propagate
sand, temp. 65", March.
"
"
First
by
A. viridiflora, green,
fragrant,
summer,
Sterculiacese.
Stove-flowering
Ord.
introduced
Compost,
June
Plant,
in
CULTIVATED
Abroma.
CULTURE:
Cucurbitaceae.
Deciduous.
Soil, sandy.
leaf-mould,
Ord.
Oct.
CULTURE
tubers
"
perennial.
tuberous-rooted
seeds
lift
in
sown
ft., S. America,
green.
Ever-
plants.
1770.
equal parts loam,

1
peat,
sand.
Pot
"
prune,
B
oabdening.
of
enoyclopjEdia
Water
freely in summer,
moderately in winter. Temp., March
60" to 65".
Propagate by seeds
Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept. to March
March.
to
1-16 in.
sown
temp. 65"
deep, or
cuttings of
firm
shoots,
in fine
sandy soil,March,
to 75".
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
purple, June.
Abronia
(Sand Verbena)."
plants. First
8 to
angusta, purple, Aug.,
A.
introduced
Ord.
orbioularlB,
Nyctaginaceae. Half-hardy
Flowers
1823.
10 ft., Asia;
ing
trail-
fragrant.
Position, exposed rockery or elevated

Soil, sandy loam.
1-16 in. deep in
Plant, June.
Propagate by seeds sown
perennialsby cuttings of young
sandy soil, temp. 55" to 65", March;
A. umbellata, good greenhouse plant.
shoots in similar soil " temp.
CULTURE
border.
warm
SPECIES
white,
of
CULTIVATED:
I to 2 It.;
July,
A. arenaria, lomon-yellow, July, 9 to

umbellata, rosy-pink, June and July, 6
IS
ins.; fragrans,
to
18
in.
Katiyes
California,
Plant).
Abrus
(Paternoster;Eosary Pea; Crab's Eyes; Weather
First
climber.
Orn.
Ord.
foliage. Deciduous.
Leguminosse. Stove
16S0.
introduced
Pot "
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part peat " sand.
autumn
in
"
March.
Water
moderately
freely
spring
summer,
prune
60" to 65".
TO" to 80^ ; Sept. to March
" winter.
to Sept;.
Temp., March
"
Propagate by seeds
loam,
temp.
75"
to
sown
\ in.
deep, or cuttings of
firm
shoots
in
sandy
i-5",Feb.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
ficarlet and
black.
A.
preeatorius, pale purple. May,
9 to 12 ft., E. Indies,
S"eda
Abutilon
shrubs.
CULTUEE
(Indian Mallow).
"
Ord.
Malvacete.
Greenhouse
green
ever-
tion,
PosiCompost, two parts loam, one part peat " sand.
March
to
Pot
"
March.
greenhouse.
Sept.
Temp.,
sunny
prune
55" to 65"; Sept. to March
Water
50 to 55".
mer,
freelyin spring " sum" winter.
May be used for bedding in
moderately in autumn
summer.
J in. deep, or cuttings in light rich
:
soil, temp. 70", March.

A. aurantiacum,
3 to 6 ft.,
CULTIVATED:
spring and summer,
orange,
3 to 6ft., Brazil; esculentum,
bedfordianuni, red and yellow, autumn,
yellow,
5 ft. ; graveolens, orange3 to 6 ft.,Brazil ; floritnndum, orange-red, summer,
summer,
and
Granada;
carmine, Jan., 5ft., Kew
red, Asia; insigne, white
megapotamicum
Brazil ; poôniflorum, pink,
(Syn. vexiilarium),
yellow and scarlet,4 to 8 ft., summer,
Jan., 5 ft.,Brazil; pulchellum, white, May, 3 to 4 ft., N.S.Wales;
striatum, orangemottled
marmoratum,
foliage,
red, all year round, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil ; sellovianum
leaves; yenosum,
Brazil; Thompsoui, mottled
orange-red, July, 3 to 4 ft.; vitiBoule
de Neige, white;
folium, white, July, Chili, nearly hardy. Popular varieties:
Louis
Van
Delicatum, rose;
Houtte, purple; Queen of Tellows, yellow.
SPECIES
Brazil;
Banana
(Musa ensete). See Musa.
Primrose
See Primula.
(Primula verticillata)."
Orchidacese.
Acacallis.
Ord.
Stove
ture
Culepiphytal orchids.
and propagation as advised for Agansia.
A. oyanea,
CULTIVATED
1 ft., Brazil.
SPECIES
:
light bine, summer,
Acacia
Ord.
Gum;
house
Myrrh
trees).
(Wattle;
Leguminosae. GreenFirst
introduced
1656.
floweringplants. Evergreen.
CULTUEE:
Pot " prune,
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, sand.
Water
March.
in
Feb.
"
or
freely
spring
moderately in
summer,
" winter.
to Sept. 55" to 65";
autumn
Temp., March
Sept to March
50" to 55". Propagate by seeds sown
în. deep, or cuttings of firm
shoots, in sandy peat, well-drained pots, temp. 75" to 85", March.
CUL'riVATED:
A.
SPECIES
armata, yellow, spring, 6 to 10 ft., Australia;
cordata, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 ins., Australia;
dealbata
(Mimosa), yellow,
spring, 10 ft., Australia;
Drummondii,
yellow, April, 10 ft., Australia; leprosa,
yellow, April, C to 10 ft.,Australia; lougifolia angustifolia, yellow, March, 10 ft.|
Abyssinian
"
Abyssinian
"
"
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OAEDENING.
OF
Australia; pubescens, yellow, April, 6 to 12 ft., Australia; pulchella, yellow,

Marcli, 3 to 6 ft.,Australia; riceana, yellow. May, 20 ft., Tasmania;
verticillata,
and
Bobinia.
Albizzia
"e" also the genud
yellow, March, 6 to 20 ft., Australia.
Acaena,
(New Zealand
Bur). Ord. Eosacese.
Hardy herbaceous
trailing perennials. Evergreen. First introduced
1828.
CULTUKE
:
Position, moist, open, or shady
Soil, sandy loam.
1-16 in. deep
rockery. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown
in March, temp. Go"; cuttingsin cold frame
in
Aug. ; division of roots
in April; all in sandy soil.
"
SPECIES
CtTLTITATED
A.
Patagonia ; micro:
adsoendens, purple, summer,
phylla, orimson
Zealand;
spines. New
Zealand;
puloliella,bronzy foliage. New
sericea,greenish,-Ohili ; splendens, hairy foliage. Chili.
Acalygsha
biaceae.
Stove
Ord.
EuphorCopper-leaf}."
introduced
First
foliage. Evergreen.
(Three-sided Mercury;
plants.
Orn.
1866.
Leaves, orange, red, green, crimson.
CTJLTUEE
Pot
: Compost, equal parts leaf-mould,peat, loam, sand.
"
Feb.
March.
in
and
Water
or
freely
spring
summer,
prune,
" winter.
Temp., March
ding.
60" to 65".
Suitable for summer
or
Sept. to March
subtropicalbedFeb.
March.
in
or
Propagate by cuttings sandy soil,temp. 80",
SPECIES
CTTLTITATED':
A.
Guinea;
hispida, 6 to 10 ft.. New
musaioa,
6 to 10 ft., Polynesia; godsef"ana, 1 to 3 ft.. New
Guinea;
wilkesiana, 3 to 4 ft.,
Fiji; tricolor (see wilkesiana); Sander!
(see hispida).
Acantholimon
(PricklyThrift). Ord. Plumbaginaceae. Hardy
1851.
perennials. Evergreen. First introduced
CULTURE
;
Soil, sandy loam.
Position,sunny
rockery or warm
border.
Plant, Oct to April. Propagate by layeringshoots in Aug.,
similar to carnations
in Sept.
; cuttings in cold frame
SPECIES
A. aceroseum,
CULTIVATED:
Aug., 6 in., Asia Minor;
rose, July and
glumaceum, rose, July, 6 in., Armenia;
Kotschyi, white, July, Asia.
Araliaceae.
Ord.
ornamental-leaved
Acanthopanax.
Hardy
included
in
the
Aralia.
shrubs
formerly
evergreen
genus
CULTUEE
loam.
sheltered
Position, warm,
: Soil,rich, well drained
of
Plant
in
lawns.
Increased
shrubberies, or corners
Sept. or April.
in heat in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn
by seeds sown
;
at any
suckers
time.
rioinifolium
SPECIES
A.
.CULTIVATED:
(Syn. Aralia
Maximowiozii), leaves
castor-oil
like, elegant, Japan ;
sessiliflorum, leaves
wrinkled, large, Japan ;
spinosum
(Syn. Aralia
pentaphylla), elegant foliage, Japan;
spinosum variegata,
leaves edged with
creamy-white.
AcanthophCieniX
(PricklyDate Palm)." Ord. Palraaceae. Stove
1861.
plants. Orn. foliage. Evergreen. First introduced
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
parts peat, one part loam " sand. Eepot,
Feb.
Water
moderately other times.
Temp.,
freelyin summer,
60" to 65".
to 85" ; Sept to March
March
to Sept.70''^
Propagate by
1 in. deep in lightsoil,temp. 80", Feb. or March.
seeds sown
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. crinita, 6 to 10 ft., Seychelles; rubra, 6 to 12 ft.,
Madagascar.
Palmaceae.
Ord.
Stove
Acanthorhiza^
palms. Orn. foliage.
First introduced, 1864.
Evergreen.
CULTUEE:
" sand.
Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould
Water
little other times.
moderately in summer,
Eepot, Feb.
very
60" to 65". Proto Sept. 70" to 85"; Sept. to March
pagate
Temp., March
like Acanthophoenix.
A. aculeata. Central
CULTIVATED:
America.
SPECIES
Bear's
Acanthus
Acauthacese.
Foot). Ord.
(Bear's Breech;
Orn.
herbaceous
Deciduous.
First introduced
perennials.
foliage.
Hardy
"
"
"
"
1548.
b2
division
Position,
Soil, sandy loam.
CULTURE:
Plant, Oct.
to
April. Propagate by
of roots
in
GABDENING.
OF
ENOrCLOFMDIA
Oct.
seed
border.
sheltered
warm
^ in. deep in lightsoil ;
sown
March.
longifolius,rosy-purple, June,
or
3 to i ft., Dalmatia;
mollis,
ft.; hirsutus, rose, July, 2 to 3 ft.. Orient;
mollis
latifolius, a superior Tariety;
lilac, 3 to 4 ft., S. Europe;
white, rose,
spinosus spinosissimum, rosy-flesh,July,
spinosus, purplish, July, 2 to 4 ft.,Levant;
3 ft., Dalmatia.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
candelabrum,
Acer
A.
purple, July,
(Maple).
"
Sapindacese. Hardy
Ord.
trees.
Orn.
foliage.
ciduous.
De-
loam.
Position, shrubberies or open
in pots in cool greenhouse.
borders
or
Plant, Oct. to March.
J in. deep m sheltered
positionOct.; grafting March; budding Aug. for choice Japanese and
OULTUKE
spaces
:
SoO, well-drained
Japanese kinds in warm
variegatedkinds; layering Oct.

DATA
USEFUL
Common
:
Maple (Acer campestris)will grow to an
of 1,200 ft., and
altitude
the
Sycamore
(Acer pseudo-platanus) to
reaches
level.
Timber
1,500 ft. above sea
maturity at 40 years of age.
Average
life of trees, 500
to 700
years.
Timber
of
Sycamore,
used
for
making pattern moulds, stair rails, turnery, etc. ; that of common

speciesand Sugar or Bird's Eye Maple (A. sacchariuum) for cabinet
work.
Average weight of cubic foot of Sycamore wood, 41 lb. ; number
of cubic feet in a ton. 54.
Average weight of cubic foot of Maple
of cubic feet in a ton, 50.
Average value of
cubic
foot. Is. to Is. 6d. ; Maple, Is. to Is. 9d.
of seeds in a pound, 5,000. Number
of Maple seeds requiredto
of ground, 14 lb. ; Sycamore, 30 lb.
acre
Sycamore best tree
wood,
421b.; number
Sycamore wood
per
Number
plant an
for hilly exposed
SPECIES
positions.
A.
campestre
Japan;
argutum,
(Common
Maple),
and
campestre
variegatum, leaves white
yellow, Britain, 20 ft. ; oarpiniin
5 to
6 ft,, N.W.
folium, 50 ft., .Japan;
oiroinatum, leaves scarlet
autumn,
America;
dasyoarpum, 40 ft., N. America;
dasyoarpiuuaureo-marginatum, leaves
mottled
japonicum
yellow; japonicum, 20 ft. Japan;
golden leaved;
aureum,
japonicum
laciniatum, finely cut leaves;
japondcum rufinerve
albo-lineatum, leaves
white;
edged creamy
Negundo
(Box Elder), 20 to 40 ft., N. America;
Negundo
laciniatum,
crispum, curled leaves; Kegundo
finely cut leaves; Kegundo
variega10 to 20 ft., Japan ; palmatum
tum, silvery leaves ; palmatum,
yellow and
aureum,
Britain
CULTIVATED:
scarlet-tinted
leaves edged with

white
foliage; palmatum
albo-marginatum,
matum
; palbronzy-purple leaves; palmatum
leaves
rosea-marginatum,
edged with
rose;' palmatum
septemlobum
atropurpureum,
purple foliage; palmatum
bicolor, leaves carmine
septomlobum
tinted; palmatum
septemlobum
elegans,
leaves finely cut, red and
bronze
tinted; palmatum
septemlobum
fiavescens, leaves
yellow tinted; palmatum
disseotum
leaves
and
fern-like
ornatum,
bronzy purple
disseotum
tinted; palmatum
roseo-marginatum, leaves tinted with rose
and
white;
platanoides (Norway
Maple), 60 ft., Europe; platanoides, aureo-variegatum, leaves
blotched
with
yellow;
platanoides laciniatum, leaves
finely cut;
platanoides
with
white;
variegatum, leaves blotched
pseudo-platanus (Sycamore) 30 to 60 ft..
Central
Europe ; psuedo-platanus, albo-variegatum, leaves green
and
white ; rubruni
(Scarlet Maple), 20 ft., Canada, scarlet flowered; sacchariuum
(Bird's Eye or Sugar
Maple), 40 ft., N. America.
atropurpureum,
Aceras
(Green-man Orchis). Ord. Orchidacese.
tuberous-rooted
orchid.
Deciduous.
Nat. Britain.
CULTURE
:
Soil, chalky loam.
and
Position, open
Oct. to March.
Propagate bv division of tubers Oct. or
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
A.
An'throphora,
green,
June,
6 to
10
Hardy
trial
terres-
dry.
Plant,
March
ins.
Achillea
Sweet
Maudlin'."
(Milfoil;Yarrow;
Ord.
Compositie.
herbaceous
Hardy
perennials.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary. Position, dwarf
species on rockery,tall
ones
in open
borders.
Plant
Oct. to
4
April. Propagate by
seeds
sown
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
from
sun.
wards.
A^ply weak
Syi'inge daily,April to Sept. Shade
gling
stimulants
occasionally;May to Sept. Prune, Feb., shortening stragshoots only. Temp., April to Oct., 60" to 70"; Oct. to April 50"
bellto 55".
Propagate by cuttings inserted in light peaty soil under
glass in temp. 55", spring or

OtrLTIVATED
summer.
A. speotabilis
6 ft., S. Africa.
SPECIES
fragrant, winter, 4 to
Aconite
(Aconitum
(Syn. ToxioopWrea
white,
speotabilis),
Napelhis). See Aconitum.

Eanunculacese.
(Wolf's-bane; Monk's-hood). Ord.
Deciduous.
perennials.
borders.
CULTUEE:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, partiallyshaded
in
seeds
in.
warm
sown
deep
J
by
Propagate
in
soil
in
cold
frame
boxes
in
of
outdoors
or
light
April,
position
"
Aconitum
Hardy herbaceous
"
March.
flesh roots Nov.
or
augustiA. album, white, Aug., 4 to 5 ft., LeTant;
folium, blue, June, 2 to 3ft., Siberia; Anthora, yellow, July, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees;
barbatum, yellow, July, 2 to 4 ft., Siberia ; biflorum, blue, June, 6 in., Siberia :
Fortunel
(Syn. obinense), blue, July to Sept., 4 to 6 ft., China; eminens, blue, June,
2 to 4 ft., Europe;
Fisoheri
(Syn. antumnale), purple, July to Oct., Europe and
N. America;
Halleri, violet, June, 4 to 6 ft., Switzerland;
japonicum, flesh, July
to Sept., 3 to 6 ft., Japan;
lycootonum, creamy
yellow, July and Aug., 4 to 6 ft..
Napellus, blue, July to Sept., 3 to 4 ft., England;
variegatum, blue and
Europe;
white, July and Aug., 3 to 5 ft.,Europe.
Ord.
Araceae.
Acorus
Hardy
(Sweet Flag; Myrtle Grass).
First introduced
1796.
Leaves
and
roots
aquatics. Evergreen.
March;
division
SPECIES
of
CULTIVATED:
"
fragrant.
CULTUEE:
Soil, muddy.
Plant,
Position, margins of ponds.
March.
Propagate by division of roots March.
SPECIES
A. Calamus, 3 ft., N. Hemisphere;
CULTIVATED:
Calamus
variegatus,
leaves
striped, golden yellow; gramineus, 2 ft., Japan;
gramineus
yariegatus,
leaves variegated.
Acroclineum.
See Helipterum.
"
Acrophyllum.
shrub.
Evergreen.
Ord.
Saxifragacese.
Greenhouse
"
flowering
OULTUEE:
Pot
Compost, equal parts peat " loam, little sand.
"
other
freely spring
moderately
summer,
45" to 50".
Sept. 55"" to 60"; Sept to March
Arm
of
shoots
in
under
by
cuttings
Propagate
sandy peat
bell-glass
und
Water
Feb.
prune,
times.
to
Temp., March
in
cool house
SPECIES
in
summer.
CULTIVATED:
AcrostiChum
A.
venosum,
pink. May,
(Elephant's Ear). Ord.

Evergreen. First introduced
"
ft., Australia.
Filices.
Stove
and
greenhouse
fern.
CULTUEE
charcoal.
: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam, " leaf-mould, sand
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
freely spring " summer,
1793.
"

Temp., stove species,March, to Sept. 70" to
60" to 65"; greenhouse species,March
85", Sept. to March
to Sept.
45" to 50".
55" to 60", Sept to March
Propagate by division of roots
at potting time, or by spores in spring.
CULTIVATED:
1 to
(Stove kinds)" A. aonminatum,
2 ft., Braiil;
to 6 in., Philippine Inlands; appendiculatum,
6 to 13 in.; Aubertii,
1 ft., Natal, Guatemala,
1 to 2 ft., Tropics; auritum, 1 to 2 tl..
etc.; aureum,
2 to 4 ft., Tropical America;
cervinum,
Malaya;
confornie, 6 in.. Tropica; criniEar
tum
Fern), 4 to 18 in.. West Indies; deooratum, 1 ff., W. Indies;
drynarioides, 1 to 2 ft.,Penang;
flagelliferum, 1 ft., Tropica; Hermineri, 1 to 2 ft.
1 to 2 ft., British
W.
Indies; magnum,
6 to 12 in..
Guiana;
muscosum,
SPECIES
apiifolium,2
(Elephant's
Tropica!
uicotiansefolium, 1 to 2 ft., Cuba;

2 to 3 ft., Ecuador;
osmundaceum,
peltatum, 2 to 6 in., Tropical America;
scandens, 1 to 3 ft., China, Ceylon, eto.
scolopendrifolium, 1 ft.,Brazil; virens, 1 ft..Tropical Asia; viscosum, G to *12in*
Amerioa;
"
Cuba.
"*
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
A. blumeanum,
4 to 6 in., Assam;
oanalioulatum,
3 to 4 ft.,olimbing, Venezuela; Csenopteris, 2 to 3 ft. climbing, Mexico.
Actaea
(Toad-root;Bane-berry; Herb Christopher). Ord. EanunHardy herbaceous

perennials. Berries,red, white, or black,
"
culacese.
poisonous.
Soil, ordinary. Position,
CULTURE:
March.
roots
March.
Propagate by
to
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
spioata, white, May,
Actinella,
A.
ft., Britain
(Pigmy
or
seeds
sown
in
shady border.
Plant,
garden April;
Oct.
division
of
12 to
18 in., N.
America;
May,
alba, wUte,
; spicata rubra, red, N. America.
Ord.
Dwarf
.
Composita).
Sunflower).
"
herbaceous
perennial.
CULTURE
:
Soil, light sandy.
Hardy
Plant,
border.
March.
Oct
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Actinidia.
Deciduous.
CULTURE
Plant, Oct.
"
to
A.
Position, rockery
grandiflora, yellow,
Ternstroemiaceae.
Ord.
open
sunny
in
of roots
or
Propagate by division
March.
to
summer,
in.. Rocky
climbing
Hardy
Position, south or south-west

Soil,lightrich loam.
in pots in cold
March.
shoots
April; layering^
tains.
Moun-
shrubs.
wall.
frame
in Nov.
A.
white,
fragrant, sammer,
tlapan;
polygama,
Tolubilis,.white,,Tune, .Japan. A, polygama bears edible berries.
"
Filices.
Ord.
Stove
greenhouse ferns.
ActiniopteriSi
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
"
Evergreen
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, charcoal, potsherds,Sc
Good
silver sand.
drainage " clean pots essential.
Pot, F'eb. or Slarcn.
" keep atmosphere moist.
Water
Temp., March
moderately all seasons
60"
for
A.
to 70"
radiata; and 60"
to Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept. to March
australis.
March
radiata
for P.
to Sept., and 55" Sept. to
to 70" March
Propagate by spores similar to Adiantum.
A.
treatment;
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
radiata, 3 in., India, requires stOTe
radiata
Islands, greenhouse kind.
australis,6 in., Hascarene
Ord.
Sunflower).
Actinomeris
Com.positae.
(North American
1640.
introduced
First
herbaceous
perennial.
Hardy
Plant, Oct. to
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open border.
outdoors
seeds
sown
Jin. deep
April; division
April. Propagate by
"
March.
of roots
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
or
sqnarrosa,
"
half-hardyherbaceous
CULTURE
liberal addition of
Pot, March
INDOOR
Temp.,
afterwards.
to
A.
(Flannel Flower).^
ActinotUS
perennial.
Compos-t, equal parts
silver sand.
or
yellow, July, 3 ft.,N. America.

UmbelliferiE.
Ord.
Greenhouse
April.
March
to
Position, sunny
loam
part
"
peat,
of
cool
with
house.
green-
freelyMarch to Oct. ; moderately

45"
Water
55".
OUTDOOR
Sow seeds
CULTURE
: Soil,ordinary. Position, sunny.
off seedlingsgradually,
or
in temp, of 65" in March
April. Harden
in
a temp,
and plant out at the end of May.
in spring; or by division at the roots at potting time.
of 65
A. Helianthi, white, June, 2 ft., Australia.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
orchid.
Greenhouse
OrohidaceEB.
Ord.
Ada..
Evergreen. First
"
introduced
1S63.
Position,
Compost, equal parts peat " sphagnum moss.
freely during
growth begins. Water
Repot when new
Renting period, none.
growth, moderately afterwards.
CULTURE
pots in shade.
season
of
GAEDENING.
OF
ENOYOLOPMDIA
March
SPECilES
to
A.
CULTIVATED:
Lelinianni, red,
Adam's
45"
to March
Sept. 55" to 60"; Sept

by dividingplant at potting time.
Temp.,
aurantiaoa,
orange,
to
1
Jan.,
50".
gate
Propa-
ft., Colombia;
ft., Colombia.
Apple
coronaria). See
(Tabemaemontana
"
Tabernae-
montana.
Adam's
Adam's
Adder's
Laburnum
Needle
Fern
Adder's-tongûe
Adamii). See Laburnum.

(Laburnum
(Yucca gloriosa).See Yucca.
(Polypodium vulâre)." See Polypodium.
"
"
Fern
(Ophioglossum vulgatum).
"
See
Ophioglossum.
Adder's
Adenandra."
Evergreen.
CULTURE:
(Goodyera pubescens).See Goodyera.

Greenhouse
Kutaceae.
flowering shrubs.
Ord.
1720.
Nat. Cape of Good
Hope. First introduced
sand.
"
Pot, March.
loam,
peat,
equal
Compost,
Violet
"
parts
Temp., Sept. to
Water
moderately Sept. to April, freelyafterwards.
to Sept. 55" to 65".
50" to 55"';March
Propagate by cuttings
March
March; also by seeds
shoots in sandy peat under
bell-glass,
of young
time.
at
soil
similar
in
sown
any
A.
red, June, 2 ft., fragrana, pink, June,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
amcena,
18 in. ; marginata,
flesh, June, 18 in. ; umbellata,
2 ft. ; coriacoa, pink, Juno,
pink, June, 2 ft. ; uniflora, white and pink, June, 18 in.
Adenanthera
(Barbados Pride). Ord. Leguminosse. Stove
1759.
First introduced
shrubs.
flowering
evergreen
little silver
vdth
"
a
loam,
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts peat
March.
of
in
stove.
well-drained
sand.
light
Pot,
Position,
part
pots
"
in
winter.
"
"
autumn
in
Water
moderately
freely spring summer,
55" to 65".
Propagate
Temp., March to Oct. 65" to 85"; Oct. to March
with
base
of
old wood
side
removed
" inserted
of
shoots
a
by cuttings
in
in sand under
bell-glass spring.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
bioolor,yellow, July, Ceylon ; pavonina, yellow and
: A.
white, July, S ft., China.
Adenophora
(Gland Bell-flower).Ord. Campanulacese. Hardy
1783.
perennials. First introduced
well-drained
border.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny,
in March,
in pots or
Plant, Oct. to Nov.
Propagate hj seeds sown
pans, in cold frame ; division in spring.
A.
coionopifoiia,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
blue, July, 1 to 2 ft., Dahoria;
sylvania;
Lamarckii,
denticulata, blue^July, 18 in., Dahuria;
blue, June, 1 to 2 ft., Tranlatifoha, blue, July, 18 in., Dahuria;
lillfolia,whitish
blue, fragrant,
Aug., 18 in., Siberia: stylosa, blue. Hay, 1 ft., ". Europe; Terticillata,blue, June,
2 to 3 ft., Dahuria.
Adiantum
(Maidenhair Fern). Ord. Filices.
Stove, greenhouse,
and
hardy ferns.
Evergreen and deciduous.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts peat, one
part loam, silver sand,
March.
Water
charcoal.
Pot.
moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards.
Plant
Position, shady at all times.
hardy species in
April in equal parts peat " loam in shady position. Temp., stove
60" to 70", March
species,Sept.to March
house
green50" to 55", March
to Sept. 55 to 65"
species, Sept. to March
fine sandy peat kept moist
on
" shaded
Propagate by spores sown
"
"
"
under
bell-glass.
SPECIES:
A. temulum, 8 to 13 in., Brazil; sslhiopioum,
12 to 18 in.
Tropics; Bausei, 18 in. to 2 ft., hybrid; Birkenheadii, 18 in., hybrid; caudatnm!
Edgeworthii, 6 to 15 in. ; CollisiiTnybrid
6 to 15 in.,Tropios ; oaudatum
; oolpodes,
oonoinnum, 13 to 18 in., Tropioal Amerioa;
18 in.. Tropical America;
oonoinnumlatnm, 18 in.,E. Indies ; oristatum, 18 in. to 3 ft.,W. Indies ; cnneatum, 9 to 18 in.,
Tropioal Amerioa, and its varieties deSozum, dissectum,elegans, graoUlimum, granSTOVE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OABDENING.
OF
dicops, lawsoniaaum, luddemannianum, muudulum;

ourvatum, 12 to 18 in., Brazil;
cyolosorum, Brazil ; f arleyeuse (see tenerum); Fergusoni, 2 to 3 ft., Ceylon ; f ragrautissima, hybrid; (ulvum, 9 to 12 in., Fiji; Gliiesbreghtii,probably a biybrid;
hessloYianum, 13 to 18 in.,Peru ; Lathomii
(see tenerum); luoidum, 12 in.,W. Indies ;
lumulatum, 12 in..Tropics ; maorophyllum, 12 in.,W. Indies ; Moorei, 12 in., Peru ; pal10 in., Peru; peruvianum, 16 in..Pern;
matum,
rboaophyllum. 6 in.,hybrid ; rubellum,
6 in., Bolivia; Boemannii, 12 to 18 in., Brazil;
farW.
tenerum,
Indies; tenerum
tenerum
leyenae (Syn. farleyeuse),12 to 15 in., Barbados;
scutum, garden origin;
tenerum
Lathomii
Victoriaa
(Syn. A. Lathomii) ; tenerum
(Syn. A. Viotoriie);
tetraphyllum, 12 to 18 in., W. Indies ; tetraphyllnm aouminatum
; tetraphyllum
gracilis; tinctum, 6 to 12 in., Peru; trapezitorme, 9 to 18 in., W. Indies; trapeziforme
Sancta-Catherinee,
Brazil; v6itchianum, 12 in., Peru; Weigaudii, 6 to 10 in.,
garden origin; Williamsii, 12 in., Peru.
GREENHOUSE
A. ajmulum
SPECIES:
assimile, 8 in.,Australia; jemulum
chilenso,
8 in.. Chili;
6 in., California;
femulum
scabrum
"emulum
(Silver
emarginatum,
sulphureum (Golden Maidenhair), 6 in.. Chili;
Maidenhair), 6 in.. Chili; semulum
Zealand;
af"ne, 12 in.. New
ca^lillus-veneris
(Common
Maidenhair'), 6 in. Temperate
Zone, and its varieties, daphnites, elegantissimum, grande, imbricatum, Maresii,
6 in., Java;
obrionianum, and semi-lunulatum
exoisum, 3 to 6 in.,
; diaphanum,
12 in., Australia; hispidulum
Chili; exoisum
multifidum, garden form; formosum,
(Syn. A. pubesoens), 12 in.. New' Zealand;
reniforme, 6 in., Madeira.
A. pedatum,
1 to 3 ft., N. America.
HA'RDT
SPECIES:
Adiumia
Ord.
Papa(Climbing-Fumitory; Alleghany Vine).
1788.
biennial.
Climber.
First
introduced
veracese
Hardy
CULTURE
border
: Soil, light,rich.
Position, warm
against south
wall, or trellis in open garden. Plant, May.
J in. deep in border in April,or in pots in temp. 55 to 65", March.
cirrhosa, white, Aug., 10 to 15 ft.,N. America.
: A.
SPECIBS_ CULTIVATED
Adonis
(Pheasant's Eye; Ox-eye). Ord. Eanunculaceaj.
Hardy
annuals
and perennials.
"
"
CULTURE
Position, open border for annuals,
: Soil, ordinary,rich.
rockeries
for perennials. Plant, Oct.
Propagate annuals
by seeds
shallow
in borders
in March;
sown
perennialsby division of roots in
directed
Oct. " by seeds sown
for annuals.
as
SPECIES
CULTI'VATED:
A. sestivalis (Pheasant's Eye), crimson,
June, 1 ft.,
S. Europe
(annual) ; amureneis, yellow, Jan., 1 ft., China
(perennial); autumnalis
(Ked Chamomile), scarlet. May to Sept., 1 ft., Britain
(annual) ; distorta, yellow.
May, 12 in., Alps (perennial); pyrenaica, yellow, July, 1 ft., Pyrenees
(perennial);
to May,
vemalis
18 in., S. Europe (perennial).
(Ox-eye), yellow, March
Flower
Adonis
(Adonis autumnalis). See Adonis.
/Ecliniea,.
Ord. Bromeliacese.
Evergreen stove-flowering
plants.
"
"
"
First
introduced
CULTURE
mould.
1824.
of fibrous loam, rough peat, leafWater

freely always. Good drainage essential.
60" to 70"; March
to Sept.70" to 80".
Temp., Sept. to March
Propagate
inserted
in
small
at
offshoots
pots
by
any time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Barbei, purple, Aug. 2 to 3 ft., British Honduras;
bracteata, yellow, July, 2 ft., "W. Indies; ccelestis,blue, July, 18 in., Brazil;
fasciata, pink and
blue, Aug., 18 in., Brazil; fulgens, scarlet, Aug. and
Sept.,
18 in., French
Guiana; fulgens, discolor, scarlet and purple, June, 2 ft., Brazil;
Lindenii, scarlet and purple, Aug., 2 ft.,Brazil ; Marite-Reginffi,violet and crimson,
July, 18 in., Brazil; Veitchii, red,
Aug. to Dec, 2 ft., Costa Rica;
rosea,
rose,
July to Sept., 18 in., Colombia.
See Angrsecum.
"ErantllUS.
:
Compost, equal parts
Pot, March.
"
.brides
Ord.
(Air-jilant).
"
Evergreen.
First
CULTURE:
introduced
Orchidaceae.
Stove-floweringorchids.
1800.
Compost, sphagnum
moss,
charcoal, broken
potsherds.
Position, pots, hanging baskets, or piecesof wood.

ing.
Pot, after flowerWater
moderately in winter, freelyat other times.
Shade
from
sun.
Flowers
Temp., Sept
appear
in
March
axil of
to
65" to
third
or
9
75"; March
fourth
to
Sept. 75"
leaf from
top
of
85".
to
stem.
ENCrOLOPMDIA
Eestiug period, winter.
OP
GARDENING.
by division
Propagate
of
plant
with
roots
attached.
3 ft., Burma;
and June,
orassifolium, pui-ple,May
and
white
and
July, 4 ft., S. India;
expanfaUm,
and
June, 3 ft., India; Feildmgii,
faloatum, white
rose,
Luff and
houlletianum.
and
and
white, brown
June, 3 ft., Sikkim;
May
rose.
2 ft., Cochin
purple, July,
white, and
maffenta, May,
China;
japonicum,
green,
to 6 ft., Japan;
o
Lawrenoea;,
yellow, and purple, Sept., 3 ft., Philippines;
green,
Lawrence"e
Lohbii, white and purple,
sanderianum,
yellow and purple ; multiflorum
and
white
quinlilao, July, 2 ft., Trop. Asia;
July, 18 in., India; odoratum,
white
and
lilac, Aug.,
quevulnerum,
pink, July, 3 ft., Philippines; suavissimum,
2 ft., Malacca.
SPECIES
CTILTITATED
M.
June
and
crispum, white
rose,
purple, June, 2 ft.,Burma;
(Blush-wort). Ord. Gesneriaceae.

floweringplants. Evergreen. First introduced
.^schynanthus
and
CULTURE
Stove
"
ing
trail-
1838.
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum
moss,
coal.
char-
tree
or
Position, hanging baskets
pots, or on blocks of wood
March.
in
Water
moderately
freely
summer,
stumps. Plant,
fern
in winter.
60" to 70" ; March
to Sept. 70" to
80".
in pots
of
in.
firm
inserted
3
shoots,
long
of above
mixed
in
with
sand
Feb.
temp. 85",
compost
Ji.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
atrosangninea, red, July, 1 ft., Guatemala;
and
and
bracteata, scarlet
yellow, Aug., 18 in., India; fulgens, scarlet
yellow,
June, 1 ft., E. Indies; grandiflora, scarlet, Aug., 5 ft.,India; Hildebrandii, scarlet,
lobbiana, scarlet, June, 1 ft., Java;
Paztonii, scarlet,
Jul^, 10 in., Burma;
April, 2 ft., Ehasea;
purple and yellow, March, 1 ft., Java; tricolor,
purpurescens,
red and yellow, July, 1 ft.,Borneo.
.Asculus
Chestnut;
(Horse
Buck-eye). Ord.
Sapindaceae.
deciduous
The
Pavia
Hardy
flowering trees " shrubs.
genus
First introduced
1629.
merged in the present one.
(Buck-eye)is now
limber
not
value.
of much
Used
for
chiefly
making packing cases,
carving, etc. Deer are fond of the nuts.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary, deep.
Position, shrubberies, woods,
"
lawns, parks. Plant, Oct.
to March.
Propagate by seeds
3 in.
Feb. ;
sown
grafting,choice
Prune
deep in open
away
dead
wood
border, March
in
;
winter.
layering,
varieties
in March, or budding in July.

SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
JD. calif ornioa
calif ornioa), white, JuW,
(Syn. PaTia
20 ft., California; camea
(Red Horse
Chestnut), pink, June, 20 ft., hybrid (flor'ibunda, rubicunda, and spectabilis are
synonyms)
(Sweet Buok-eye), yellow.
; flaya
May, 20 ft., Georgia; glabra, yellow, May, 12 ft.. United
States; Hippocastanum
(Horse
Obestnut),white. May, 30 to 40 ft., S.E. Europe, and its varieties, crispum,
flore
pleno, foliis aureis
variegatis, laciniata and
pyramidalis ; parviflora (Syn.
Pavia
alba), white, May, 8 ft.. United
States; Pavia
(Red Buok-eye) (Syn. Pavia
States.
rubra), red, June, 10 to 20 ft., United
.^thlonema
(Candy Mustard; Lebanon
Candytuft.) Ord. Cruciferae.
Hardy perennials,biennials, and annuals.
Perennials
green.
everFirst introduced
1778.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary, light. Position, sunny
rockery, well
drained.
Plant, Oct. or March.
Propagate annuals
and biennials by
seed sown
1-16 in. deep in boxes, temp. 65", March,
in open border.
or
May; perennials by cuttingsof shoots inserted in pots of sandy soil in
"
cold
frame, Julv
SPECIES
or
Aug.
CULTIVATED:
M.
oappadocicum
(Syn. .35. Bnibaumii)
red
Jnne
(afinual); ooridifolium
(Lebanon candytuft); rose, June
3 in
Orient
6
(perennial); graoile, red, ,Tuno, in., Caruiola
grandifloru'm
(annual);
rose
Mav
1 ft., Persia
(perennial); heterooarpum, purple, July, 6 in., Armenia
(perennial] ""
purple, July, 6 in., Spain (biennial); saxatile, flesh. June
mouospermum,
6 in
*
*
S. Europe
(annual).
Blue
African
Lily (Agapanthus umbellatus)."
See
in.. Orient
Agapanthus
African
Corn
African
Corn
See Antholy7,a.
Flag."
Lily." See Ixia.
10
IBNGYGLOPMDIA
African
tonia.
Cypress
African
African
OF
GABDENINC.
(Widdringtonia Wliytei).
"
Sec
Widdring-
Hare-bell
See Eoella.
(Eoellaciliata)."
Hemp
(Sparmannia africana).^See Sparmannia.
Lily." See Agapanthus.
Marigôld
(Tagetes erecta)."See Tagetes.
Steel
Bush
(Diosma ericoides).See Diosroa.
"
African
African
African
"
African
Tulip."
African
Violet
See
the
Hsemanthus.
genus
(Saintpauliaionauthe). See SaintpauUa.

Stove
Agl'almyla
(Scarlet Eoot-blossom). Ord. Gesneriacese.
1846.
trailing plant. Evergreen. Mrst introduced
coal.
OULTUEE
:
Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, " charMarch
March.
Water
baskets.
Plant,
Position, hanging
freely
60" to
to Sept.,moderately Sept. to March.
of
firm
shoots
M
arch
70"
80".
to
to
70'-";
Sept
under
in
bell-glass, temp. 80", July or Aug.
"
"
SPECIES
CXJLTITATED:
6 in., Java.
A.
longistyla, crimson,
July,
ft., Ja-pa; staminea,
scarlet, June,
Ag;anlsia.
introduced
CtJLTUEE
drained,
"
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove
epiphytal orchids.
Pirst
1S36.
:
Compost, fibry peat,
Position, pots well
charcoal.
Water
Eequire exposure
freely
rest.
when
when
at
Eesting period, winter.
growing, moderately
at base
of new
Flowers
pseudo-bulb. Temp., Sept.to March
appear
65" to 70" ; March
to Sept.75" to 85".
Propagate by division of pseudobulbs when
new
growth begins.
A.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
red, Jan., 6 in., Guiana;
graminea, yellow and
ionoptera, white and purple, July, 1 ft., Peru; pulchella, cream,
June, 6 in., Deme1 ft., Amazon.
tricolor, blue and orange,
rara;
blocks
of
to
wood.
sun.
(African Lily). Ord. Liliaceae. Cool greenhouse

herbaceous
Evergreen. Nat.
plant. Hardy S. England, Ireland.
First
introdticed
1692.
Cape of Good Hope.
OULTUEE:
part leaf-mould, dried
Compost, two parts loam, one
river sand, pots or tubs, greenhouse; sunny.
Position,
cow
manure,
border
Pot
well-drained
or
or
plant, March.
rockery out-doors.
to Sept., moderately afterwards.
Water
Temp., greenfreelyMarch
house,
32" to 40" ; March
to Sept. 45" to 55"
gate
PropaSept. to March
by division of plant in March.
Ag'apanthus
"
OULTITATED
umbellatus, blue, April, 3 ft.,and its varieties,alba,
: A. v
3 ft. ; Leitchlinii,
Aug., 2 ft. ; flore pleno, double ; giganteus, blue eummer,
blue, June, 1 ft. ; maximus,
white, 3 ft. ; minor, blue, 2 ft. ; mooreanus,
blue,
Sept.,18 in.,hardy ; variegatus, leaves variegated, blue, April, 2 ft. ; eloboeus, dwarf.
"PEOIH9
white,
(Mushroom). Ord. Fungi. Hardy esculent vegetable.

Suitable
fresh horse droppings,
OULTUEE
: (1)Two-thirds
manures
:
unstained
straw.
third
stained
Place this
oneshort,
straw; remove
long
six
afterwards.
Turn
" turn
in a heap outdoors
over
days
again on
ding
four alternate
litter,after use as beddays, then use.
(2)Peat-moss
for
advised
horse
soil
Suitable
for horses.
:
manure.
Prepare as
loam.
Well-decayed turfy top-spit
(2)Old chrysanthemum mould.
) Ordinary garden soil enriched with IJlb. of bone meal or 1 oz. of
(4)Light sandy soil with \ lb.
superphosphate of lime to every bushel.
for beds:
In the open
Position
to every bushel.
salt added
of common
N.
"
from
E.
winds;
or
against walls facing south, sheltered
for
sheds, cellars, stables, cupboards, greenhouses. Period
forming
AgâriCUS
"
g)
11
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GABDENING.
OF
Outdoors, July, Aug., Oct., Dec, or Jan.; sheds, etc., July to

of
Temp, for indoor culture : Sept. to May, 55" to 65". Dimensions
at
beds:
apex;
Outdoors, 2i ft. wide at base, ajft. high, 6 in. wide
indoors, 3 to 4 ft. wide, 9 in. deep, no limit as to length. Tread or beat
manure
quite firm in beds.
Spawning : Insert portionsof spawn nearly
level with
and
side outwards
9 in. apart. Temp, for
surface, smooth
of spawn
insertion
80" 1 in. below
surface.
Quantities of spawn :
:
9 in. long, 6 in.
Divide
each brick into eight portions. Size of bricks:
beds:
Feb.
Period
for
consists of 16 bricks.
of spawn
Bushel
Depth
covering-beds with soil : Three days after insertion of spawn.
Make
2 in. if light or sandy.
of soil: lin. if heavy; lîu. if medium;
with 6 in.
soil firm.
Water
previouslyif dry. Cover beds afterwards
12 to 18 in. of similar material
of straw
litter in summer
or
or
autumn;
in winter. Complete darkness
essential. Apply tepid water
moderately
of common
salt
is dry only. Suitable
when
stimulants
surface
: 2 oz.
to 1 gallon; ôz. nitrate
of soda to 1 gallon; \oz. of nitrate of potash
to
to 1 gallon ; 1 oz. of sulphateof ammonia
to 4 gallonsof water, each
ing.
bearbe applied in a tepid state occasionally
after the beds commence
of
six weeks
after
Bearing commences
spawning. Duration
of
with
whole
Gather
mushrooms
bearing: Two to three months.
stem
attached; do not leave stump in bed.
Average cost of forming
outdoor
bed (2^ft. high, 2^ ft. wide at base, 6 in. wide at apex) 5s. per
lineal yard. Average value of produce per lineal yard, 15s.
Average
yield of bed 25 yards long, 350 to 450 lb.
Culture
Cold
Insert
Feames
1 in. deep " 9 in. apart in
;
in
spawn
bed in July. Keep frame
cucumber
melon
"
closed after cucumbers
or
melons
have ceased growth.
Water
occasionally. Apply one of above
stimulants
when
mushrooms
appear.
Culture
Sides op Hotbeds
2 in. deep " 9 in. apart
on
: Insert
spawn
in manure.
Cover with 1 or 2 in. of soil 10 days afterwards, " protect
with layer of straw
litter.
or
Boxes
Culture
Pots
advised
in
:
for beds,
ob
as
Prepare manure
rill 10 in. pots or
boxes (9 in. deep, 2 to 3 ft. wide
" long) to within
Beat
1 in. of top with manure.
this quite firm.
with
Spawn " cover
soil " litter as advised
for beds.
Place pots, etc., in cool cellar, cupboard,
or
greenhouse; protect from light. Keep soil moderately moist
with straw
", cover
always. Temp, in winter 55 to 65".
wide,
2 in.
Culture
deep.
Grass:
Cut
out
piecesof
turf
12 in. square,
lin.
it
three
four
or
press
lumps of spawn, about the middle of June.
sionally
Replace turf and water occaif dry. Best
results obtained
where
herbage is short, soil
loamy and dry, and positionsunny.
A. oamiiestris,Europe
SPBOIES
CULTIVATED:
(Britain).
in
thick, and
3 ft.
Agathaea
Greenhouse
CULTURE
below
to
into
(Blue Marguerite; Cape Aster).

perennial. First introduced
Ord.
1753.
"
herbaceous
:
Composite.
Compost, sandy loam two parts, leaf -mould, " sand one
beds outdoors. May
greenhouse, or warm
Sept. Pot,
March.
Water
freely in
Propagate by cuttingsof young

.soil,temp. 55*^to 65".
times.
SPECIES
Agave
"Ord.
and
Position, pots, sunny
part.
to
apart. Stir soil
CULTIVATED:
A.
summer,
shoots
ooelostis,
blue, June
to
((AiaericanAloe; Ceutury-plant;
Anifflimniaaceae.
Greemfcouse
Mf-Ttco.
JSTat,
^floweringvJEvfi3;greeu.
12
plants.
March
moderately other
or
Aug.,
to
18
Aug., 13
Mexican
Ornamental
First introduced
sandv"'
ins.,S. Africa.
Soap-plant)."
foliage "
1640.
Flowers,
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYOLOPJEDIA
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shady beds or
in April; divisio.i of roots
outdoors
borders.
March.
Oct. or
CULTITATED
geneveneis, bine, rose, and white, June, 6 to 13 ins.,
SPECIES
: A.
and
its
spikes ; orientalis, blue, June,
variety pyramidalis, with denser
Europe,
12
to
18
ins., B.
reptans, blue, white,
Europe;
or
June,
rose,
Atro-
in., Britain.
variety with purplish leaves.

Berberidaceae.
Akebia."
Ord.
Half-hardy climbing flowering
1845.
First
introduced
shrub.
Evergreen.
sand in equal parts. Position, south
CULTURE
: Soil,loam, peat, "
wall in S. England " Ireland; cool greenhouse other
parts. Plant,
pagate
Prune
Oct., Nov., in border.
straggling shoots after flowering. Proby division of roots in Oct.; cuttings, inserted in sandy soil
is
purpurea
in cold
SPECIES
8
to
10
in
frame
Sept.
CULTITATED;
and
ft., China
A.
Japan.
Snovw
Alabama
Neviusa.
Albizzia.
shrub.
IHrst
Acacia.
"
quinata, violet
or
and
purple, fragrant. May
June,
See
(Neviusa albamiensis).
Wreath
"
Greenhouse
Ord. Leguminosse.
1803.
introduced
evergreen
included
in
Formerly
flowering
the
genus
leaf-mould
" sand.
of
roof
shoots
or
a bed
Position, pots, or
greenhouse;
up
Water
Pot
in March.
in beds
outdoors
during summer.
Prune
other
at
seasons.
moderately
freelyduring spring and summer,
to
55"
March
to
in
March
to
Feb.
65";
straggly growths
Temp., Sept.
"
55"
65".
leaf-mould
seeds
in
to
sown
Sept.
Propagate by
sandy peat,
sand
in a temp, of 75-^ in spring.
SPECIES
OULTIVATED:
A. iophaiitha (Syn. Acacia
lophantha), 18 to 29 ft.,
yellow, spring, Australia, leaves tine, fern-like.
Albuca^
Ord.
Liliacese.
Half-hardy bulbous
plants. Nat. S.
CULTURE
Compost equal parts loam,

in
peat,
wall
trained
with
"
Africa.
INDOOR
First introduced
CULTURE:
1774.
Compost,
two
parts loam,
part
one
of
Position, cool
proportionsof peat, leaf-mould," silver sand.
Pot in 5fov.,
placingfive bulbs 3 in. deep in a ij in. pot.
equal
greenhouse.
Cover
with
cocoanut-fibre
refuse until growth begins, then expose to light.
time
bulbs
until flowers fade, after
begin to grow
which
keep dry until Nov.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
; Soil,lightordinary. Position, well-drained
pot
Water
freelyfrom
border
at
base
of south
hothouse
wall.
or
offsets in spring.
OOLTIVATED:
SPECIES
A.
yellow, June, 12 to
aurea,
Nelsonii, white and red, fragrant, June, 2 to 3 ft., l"tatal.
Alder
(Alnus glutiuosa). See Alnus.
in Oct.
Propagate by
Plant
greenhouse
seeds
6 in.
deep
or
18
in., S.
Africa;
"
Alder-Buckthorn
(Rhamnus
Alexanders
(Smyrnium
Alexandrian
Iris
Alg:erian
Algerian
Alisma
Frangula)."
See
Rhamnus.
Olusatruni). See Smyruium.

Laurel
(Ruscus racemosus)." See Ruscus.
See Iris.
(Irisstylosa)."
Wax-Bean
"
See Phaseolus.
(Phaseolus vulgaris)."
(Water Plantain;
Deil's
Spoons).
"
Ord.
Alismaceae.
Hardy
aquatic perennials.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, margins of
in a pan of sandy peat, plunged below
March
the surface
or
by division of roots in April.
ponds, ditches.
Plant,
March.
14
shallow
\ in.
of
the
lakes,
deep
in
water,
ENOYOLOPJEDIA
OF
OATIDBNING.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. natans
Elisma
as
(now known
natans), white and
yellow, Aug., Britain; Plantago (Water Plantain),pink or rose, enmmer,
Britain;
ranunculoides, purple. May to Sept., Britain.
Alkanet
(Anchusa tinctoria).See Anchusa.
"
Allamanda.
Ord. Apocynaoeae. Stove

First introduced 1785.
"
CULTURE
charcoal,"
Compost,
two
climbing plant.
parts fibry loam,
green.
Ever-
part leaf-mould,
one
sand.
Position, pot, tub, or planted in prepared
border; shoots to be trained close to roof.
Water
Pot, Feb.
freely
Aprilto Aug., then moderately. Temp., Sept. to March 60" to 70";
March
Prune
shoots, in Jan., to within one
joint
of main
branch.
Propagate, in Jan., by cuttings of shoots of previous
coarse
year'sgrov?th, 3 in. long,inserted
in pots of sandy soil,temp. 80".

oathartioa, yellow, July, 5 to 10 ft.,Trop. America;
Chelsoni, yellow, summer,
hybrid; g-randiflora,yellow, June, 6 to 10 ft., Brazil;
Sohottii, yellow, Sept., 8 to 10 ft., Brazil, and its varieties,Hendersoni
and
magnifica; Williamsii, yellow, summer,
hybrid.
Vine
Allegrhany
(Adlumia cirrhosa)."See Adlumia.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
Alljg'ator
Apple
(Anona palustris).See Anona.
Pear
Allig'atOr
(Perseagratissima). See Persea.
Allium
(Chives; Leek; Onion; Shallot). Ord. Liliacese. A genus
of hardy and greenhouse bulbous-rooted
perennials.
CULTURE
OF HARDY
FLOWERING
SPECIES:
Soil,sandy loam.
Plant
bulbs 3 in. deep and 4iu.
Position, sunny borders or rockeries.
Mulch
with rotten
in summer.
manure
apart in Oct. or Nov.
gate
Propa"
"
"
by
seeds
CULTURE
sown
in cold frame
in
spring;
offsets
after
flowering.
OF
GREENHOUSE
two parts loam,
SPECIES
: Coinpost,
one
six bulbs in a
Plant
part leaf-mould,and a little silver sand.
Cover
refuse or ashes in
4i in. pot in Oct.
pots with cocoanut-fibre
till growth begins,then remove
a cold frame
to a cool greenhouse. May
be flowered in a cold house, or forced into flower in a temp, of 55" to 65
Water
freelywhilst growing. After blooming graduallywithhold water
and keep dry and cool till new
growth begins. Repot annually in Oct.
Propagate by seeds in cold frame or cool house in spring; offsets at
potting time.
.
CULTURE
part
decayed, and
sunny
OF ONION
of garden.
Soil,light,rich, and deeply dug. Position,

Manures, fowl, pig, cow, or horse dung, well
:
applied liberallyin autumn;
also
lib.
kainit
71b.
above
time; or,
slag per square rod, applied same
cannot
be liberallygiven, 31b. superphosphateIJlb. soda
manures
rod, applied ten days before sowing and IJ lb. of nitrate
per square
rod when
of soda
plants are 3 in. high; or, lib. nitrate
per square
lb.
3
of soda, J
of guano,
oz.
kainit, and 3 oz. of sulphate of iron,
half the above to be appliedto a square
rod when
plantsare 3 in. high,
remainder
month
afterwards.
Sow
and
a
or
spring onions in March
end of Aug. or early in Sept. Depth to sow, about
ones
April; autumn
Jin. Distances apart for drills,8 in. Spring onions may also be sown
in April, and
in Feb., hardening off seedlingscold frames
in heat
Firm
soil
plantingout in May. Rows best to run from N. to S.
onions
into rich soil following
essential. Transplant autumn-sown
March.
the stems
Thin seedlingsout early to 8 in. apart. Bend
over
early in Aug. to promote ripeningof the bulbs. Lift, dry thoroughly,
of
"
to
basic
store
reach
at
in cool, airy place in Au^. or Sept. Crop takes

maturity. Seeds retain their germinating powers
away
15
and
where
24
weeks
for two
years
only.
to
Seeds
sow
Mabket
in
germinate
7 to
10
for
;
days.
a bed
long, i oz.
Soil, sandy, deeply dug
50 ft.
row
Culture:
Manures,
autumn.
OAEDENING.
OF
ENCTOLOPJEDIA
30
to
40
tons
farmyard
of
Quantity
yards,1
9 square
or
of seed
ploughed
manure
per
before
quired
re-
oz.
previous
acre
and
Just
sowing,
3 in.
when
are
and
plants
superphosphate per
apply
March
in
Sow spring onions
high, IJ cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre.
Lisbon
in drills 1 ft. apart ; White
onions, for selling youn^, in Aug.
Thin
out
spring-sown crops to 6 in. apart;
Keep crops well hoed.
pioklersto 2 in. Lift spring crop in Aug. or Sept. Quantity of seed
Lisbon
9 to 10 lb. ; White
to sow
an
variety,30 to 40 lb. Average
of
3 cwt.
kainit
of
per
applied
acre,
in
3 cwt.
autumn.
acre,
acre,
yield per
Cost
^650.
per
acre,
acre
dozen
per
bunches
in
300
to
bushels.
500
Average
returns
per
hand-
acre,
."40
to
weeding, 26s.
Hoeing, lOs. per acre;
onions, 3d. to 4d.
pulling,washing," bunching autumn-sown
bunches.
Market
spring-sown bulbs in bags; autumn-sown
of cultivation:
tied with withies.

in trenches
Grow
.15 in.
LEEK:
CXJLTUEE
OF
Soil, lightrich.
Bin.
and
of
of decayed manure
wide
" 18 in. deep, containing 6 in.
soil on top ; or in drills 6 in. deep and 1 ft. apart,without
manure,
any
except that previouslydug into the soil; or on the flat,holes 3J in. wide
1 ft. asunder, the leek roots
at top " 4 in. deep, " 9 in. apart in rows
with an
inch of soil,
and
covered
of
hole
to
bottom
just
beingpressed
in
in
for planting
soil.
seeds
heat
Feb.
free
of
Sow
leaving upper space
in July or
out
in March
for
outdoors
out in June;
or
April
planting
blanch
with
to
tha
Earth
soil,
as
plants grow,
Aug.
up gradually
should
be
quently
frein
weather.
Water
manure
stems.
freely
Liquid
dry
1 oz.
of
:
given prior to earthing up. Suitable liquidmanure
kainit, 1 oz. of superphosphate,and 1 oz. of nitrate of soda per gallon
of water.
Crop reaches maturity 165 days from time of sowing seeds.
Seeds germinate
for three years.
Seeds retain their germinating power
in
seven
to ten
days.
Cultuee:
12 tons
of decayed
Soil, light,rich. Manures:
in
kainit
in
"
autumn
of
2
cwt
manure
ploughed
; 4 cwt. of
per acre,
before
"
Icwt.
of nitrate
planting;
superphosphate per acre, applied
Sow
in
in Feb.,
month
after
seeds
heat
of soda per acre
a
planting.
Sin. asunder
in April,
and plant out the seedlings 6 in. apart in rows
in March
and again in May for successional
Sow outdoors
Keep
crops.
the roots
in flat bunches
and
watered.
Market
well hoed
of eight,
Sell by the dozen
bunches.
wash
clean, " trim off leaves.
Quantity
Mabket
of seed
bunches
to
of
sow
an
acre,
eight roots.
12
to
14 lb.
Average
returns
Average priceper doz. bunches.
Average yield per

(gross)per acre,
acre, 10,890
,"30 to ^640.
Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d.

OULTUEE
OF
SHALLOT
: Soil, light,rich.
Position, warm,
sunny
onion
Manure
for
Plant bulbs (cloves)
half their depth,
as
spot.
crop.
1ft. asunder, in Feb. or March.
9 in. apart in rows,
Draw
soil away
when
bulbs
from
base of
creased
InLift, dry, " store in Aug.
fullygrown.
in drills 8 ft. apart in March, thinningout seedlings
by seeds sown
to 8 in. apart ; also by division of the bulbs at planting time.
Soil as
Culture
above.
Mabket
:
Manures:
10
tons
of
rotten
in
in
3 cwt. of superphosphate
manure
autumn;
per acre, ploughed
per
before planting; " 1 cwt. of nitrate of Soda
acre, applied
per acre, six
alter
weeks
Lift, dry, " store in July or Aug.
in
Market
lb.
12
an
Quantity of seeds to sow
pecks of
acre, 8 to 10 lb.
Average
yieldper acre, 300 to 400 bushels.
planting.
16
BNGYOLOPMBIA
CULTUEE
Plant
OF
bulbs
required.
CULTUEE
in March.
"
GARDENING.
OF
GAELIC:
in.
Soil, light,rich.
Position, sunny
spot.
No
manure
deep and 6 in. apart in Feb.
store July or Aug.
Increase
by division of bulbs Feb.
CHIVES
6 in. apart each way
: Soil, ordinary. Plant
(cloves)2
Lift "
OF
Lift, divide, " replant
every
third
year.
Used
for
salads
seasoning.
CULTUEE
seeds
OP
in March
to
WELSH
or
ONION
OE
CIBOULE
Sow
Soil,ordinary.
lings
April in drills i in. deep " 1 ft. apart. Thin seedapart. May also be increased by division of plants
from
seed.
Leaves
used for seasoning.Eeady
grown
after sowing.
Sin.
or
but best
three months
to use
CULTUEE
OP
POTATO
ONION
Plant
bulbs half
: Soil, ordinary.
their depth 10 in. apart in rows
Lift " store
in March.
15 in. asunder
in Aug.
Increased
bulbs
Used
like ordinary onions.
by offsets at
planting time.
OULTUEE
TEEE
ONION:
OF
Soil, ordinary. Plant bulbs borne
1 in. deep and
4 in. apart, in rows
8 in. asunder
in
on
top of stems
root
12 in. apart each
bulbs
1 in. deep and
or
March;
Support
way.
bulbs when
stem
Gather
stems
fullygrown " store in cool,
by stakes.
dry place. Used for pickling.
cloves 6 in.
for garlic.Plant
EOCAMBOLE
CULTUEE
OP
: Soil as
in
"
to
each
similar
shallots,
Feb.,
or
March,
April.
apart
depth
way,
Bulbs
soil " on stem
used for similar purpofse
Lift " store in Aug.
m
soil bulbs only for planting.
Use
in flavour.
milder
to garlic,but
ELOWBaiNG
SPECIES:
A. aouminatuin,
HAK.DT
rose, July, 9 in., N. America;
oatrow2 ft., Europe;
ojeruleum, blue, June, 3 ft., Siberia; Moly, yellow, May,
June, 1 ft., S. Europe;
roseum,
July, 1 ft., Turkestan;
rose,
skianum,
rose,
Sohubertii, lilao,June, Orient.
triquetrum, white, June, 15 in., Europe;
GEEENHOtJSB
SPECIES:
A. neapolitanum
(DaffodilGarlic),white and green,
June, 1 ft.,S. Europe.
in
March,
SPECIES
BULBOTJS-ROOTED
EDIBLE
or
not
known;
Cepa
(Onion), Central
asoalonioum
: A.
Western
Asia;
(Shallot),Native
habitat
(Potato
(Welsh or Ciboul
Cepa proliferum ^Tree or Egyptian Onion) ; fistulosum
not
known;
Schoenoprasum
country
(Leek), native
Onion), Siberia; Porrum
Eativum
Soorodopraaum
(Rocambole;
(Garlic), S. Europe;
N. Hemisphere;
fChives),
Spanish Garlic; Sand Leek), flash,July, Denmark.
See Cryptogramme.
AllOSOrus.
See
Calycanthus and Pimenta.
Allspice.
Almond
(Prunus Amygdalis). See Prunus.
Orchid
Almond-scented
(Odontoglossum madrense). See
Onion)
Cepa
aggregatum
"
"
"
"
Odontoglossum.
Ainus
(Aar; Alder). Ord. Cupuliferse.Hardy trees and shrubs.
for
of little value, except for making charcoal
Timber
Deciduous.
gunpowder.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, damp placesfor A. glutinosa;
Plant, Nov.
drier spots for the others.
in
March, transplantingthe seedlingswhen
lin. deep in damp soil
springingfrom the roots in Nov.
year old ; or by suckers
"
a,
N.
A. glutinosa, 30 to 40 ft., Britain, Europe,
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
laoiniata
(out-leaved), and
its varieties, aurea
(golden-leaved),
and Asia, and
Zone, and its varieties
folia (oak-leaved); inoana, 10 to 20 ft., N. Temperate
of
no
others, but
they are
are
and
pinnatiflda. There
pendula nova
Alo'casia."
Ord.
Aroidese.
Stove
plants.
Orn.
foliage.
Africa
queroiaurea,
special
First
1854.
introduced
CULTURE
equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, fibry loam,
: Compost,
charcoal.
"
Pot, March, keeping base of plant
sand
with a little silver
essential.
Position, pots, shady.
of pot; good drainage
rim
above
17
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Sept., moderately
to Sept. 70" to
70"; March
Water
freelyMarch
March
60"
to
to
in March.
of rhizomes
afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to
80".
.
illnstris,
18 in., Borneo;
alia, 18 in., .lava; onprea,
Z ft.,
Lowu,
Guinea;
2 ft., India;
Lindenii, 2 ft., Kew
longiloba, 1 ft., Malaya;
Manila.
18
18
zebrina,
in.,
sanderiana,
ins., Philippines;
Borneo;
succulent
Greenhouse
Aloe
(Medicinal Aloes).^ Ord. Liliacese.
less prickly
or
Leaves
Orn. foliage. Evergreen.
fleshy" more
SPECIES
A.
CULTIVATED:
"
plants.
or
First
spiny.
introduced
1596.
part peat, old mortar,

rately
modePosition, pots or tubs, sniiny greenhouse. Water
Pot, March;
good drainage
April to Aug., little afterwards.
55" to 65".
gate
Propaindispensable.Temp., winter 50" to 55"; summer
CULTURE:
river sand.
in well-drained
pans of sandy soil, temp. 70".
A.
albispina, S. Africa;
abyssinioa, Abyssinia;
its Tarieties, echinata,
subincurva, and
humilis, and
arboresoens,
its varieties
flavispina and spinnlosa,
tubercnlata, S. Africa;
mitTEeformis, and
window
S. Africa;
striata, S. Africa; soccrotina, S. Africa; variegata, a favourite
more
species,
plant, S. Africa; vera, Mediterranean
Region. There arc very many
l3Ut the foregoing are
flowers
red or yellow, and
the moat
attractive
The
ones.
are
borne
slender
on
spikes.
Alonsoa.
(Mask-flower). Ord.
Scrophulariacese. Half-hardy
1790.
shrubby perennials. First introduced
CULTtJRE
two
" sand: Compost,
parts loam, one part leaf-mould
beds
Position, pots, greenhouse, windows, or sunny
outdoors. May to
by seeds
sown
OULTITATED:
S. Africa;
SPECIES
"
Sept.
moderately always. Pot, MarcJi. Plant, May.
Water
Sept.to
Temp.,
50" to 55".
May
1-16 in. deep, March,

in
of
gaudy .soil;cuttings,
pots
sandy soil,Aug-.
temp. 60", in
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. albiflora,white
and
1 ft., Mexico;
yellow, summer,
18 in.. Chili ; linearis, scarlet, summer,
1 to 2 ft.,
incisifolia,soarlet, summer,
1 to 2 ft., Mexico;
Peru;
linifolia,scarlet, summer,
its
myrtifolia, scarlet, and
variety, alba, white, 2 to 3 ft., Mexico; Warscewiczi, soarlet, summer,
18 in. to
2
ft.. Chili.
See
Azalea.
Aloysia.
Lippia.
(Loisftleuria
procumbens). See Loisleuria.
Bell-flower
(Campanula alpina). See Campanula.
Bladder
Fern
(Cystopterisalpina)."See Cystopteris.
Catch-fly
See Silene.
(Silenealpestris)."
EryngfO
(Eryngium alpinum). See Eryngium.
Forgêt-me-not
See Myosotis.
(Myosotis alpestris)."
Pink
(Dianthus alpinus)."See Dianthus.
Poppy
(Papaver alpinum). See Papaver.
Rose
See
(Ehododendron ferrugineum " R. hirsutura)."
"
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
"
"
"
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
"
Rhododendron.
Toad-flax
Alpine
(Linariaalpina). See Linaria.
Violet
Alpine
See Viola.
(Tiolamontana\"
Wallflower."
See Erysimum.
Alpine
Wind-flower
Alpine
(Anemone alpina)."See Anemone.
Ord. Scitaminacese.
Alpinia
(Indian Shell-flower)."
Stove
ceous
herbaperennials. First introduced 1792.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould
" loam.
tion,
Posilargepots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March.
Temp., March to Sept
70" to 80".
Water
to Aug.,
freelyMarch
Propa^-ateby division of roots in March
"
SPECIES
rod, and
CULTIVATED:
yellow, July
4 tp 6 ft.,India.
and
A. Allughas, reel, Feb., 2 ft., India;

mutioa, whiiu
Aug., 6 ft., Malaya;
nutans, pink and yoUow
May
^'
18
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GAllDENINO.
OF
Island
Alsophila
Fern)." Ord. Filiccs.
(Grove Fern; Norfolk
ferns.
1833.
First
introduced
tree
greenliouse
silver sand
"
: Compost, two
one
loam,
parts peat,
part
wards.
afterWater
March
to
Pot, March.
Sept.,moderately
freely
Position, pots or tubs, shady. Temp., stove 60" to 70" Sept to
March, 70-' to 80" March to Sept.; greenhouse 50" to 55" Sept. to March,
Stove and
CULTUKS
charcoal.
55" to 60" March
to
Sept. Propagate hy
spores,
similar
to
Adiantum.
SPECIES:
G to 8 in., W.
STOVE
A. aspera,
Indies; atroyirens, Brazil; infesta
Van
Gheortii, 3 to 4 ft., Trop. America.
GllEENHOUSB
SPECIES:
A.
Colensoi,
australis, 15 to 20 ft., Tasmania;
4 to 5 ft..New
Zealand; Cooperi, 3 to 5 ft.,Queensland; exoelsa, 6 to 8 ft.,Norfolk
Island; pruinata, 3 to 6 ft., W. Indies; ReljeooK, 8 ft., Queensland.
(Kerb Lily). Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Hardy " halfrooted

1754.
tuberous"
CULTURE
:
Compost, sandy loam, peat, leaf-mould, equal parts.
border ; or
well-drained
Position, sunny,
Plant, Oct.
pots in cool
in
winter.
in summer,
moderately
gate
Propafreely,
greenhouse. Water
| in. deep, in sandy soil, in pans in cold frame,
by seeds sown
Alstromeria
"
hardy
division
March
;
SPECIES
of roots,
April or
Oct.
carmine,
red, and
summer,
orange,
3 to
4 ft.,
brown,
brazilionsis, red, yellow, and
summer,
and
white
2 to 3 ft.. Chili; Errembaulti,
red, summer,
Brazil; chilensis, orange
2 to 3 ft.,
and
purple, summer,
hiemanthi, red, green,
crimson, 3 "ft.,Hybrid;
1 ft.. Chili, and
Chili; pelegrina (Lily of the Incas), lilac,red and purple, summer,
2 to_3 ft.,
and
brown, summer,
its variety alba, pure white; pulohella, red, green
2 ft.. Chili; Tersicolor,
pink, summer,
Brazil; pulohra, purple, white, yellow and
2 to 3 ft., Peru.
and
purple, maroon
summer,
green,
Primrose
Altaian
(Primula altaica). See Primula.
to
CULTIVATED
A.
aurantiaca,
ft., OMli;
"
Altaian
Violet
(Viola altaica).
"
See
See Telanthera.
Alternanthera."
Ord. Malvacea3.
Althaea
(Hollyhock)."
first introduced
1573.
HOLLYHOCK:
OULTOEE
OP
mould, not too light. Trench
Viola.
hock
Hardy perennials. Holly-
loam, or good ordinary

spitsdeep in Oct. " work
second " third spits. Plant
between
in groups
of three, 12 in. from
plant to
Soil, rich
the
soil three
plenty of decayed manure

singly3 ft. apart each way, or
plant, 4 ft. apart, in .4pril.Mulch
in
of soil to width
of 18 in.
surface
with stakes standing 6 ft. out
Apply liquid manure
of ground.
copiouslyin dry weather.
flowers directly
week
from
May until blooms expand. Remove
a
once
fine blooms
where
are
of
required for
off
Cut
fade.
spikes
tops
they
show
lower blooms
as
signsof expanding. Offshoots
exhibition as soon
from base of plantsin June if fine spikesare desired.
should be removed
down
Cut flower stems
Young plantsyieldfinest plants for exhibition.
nitrate
of
soda,
i oz.
6 in. of soil after flowering. Manures,
to within
to 2
ammonia
of
"
kainit,
sulphate
\ oz. each of superphosphate,
month
from
of
intervals
at
a
gallons of water, applied to the roots
manures,
or
to
liquiddrainings or solutions of animal
from
stem
to
stem.
Water
Sept.;
May
applied in a diluted
Support the
stems
Propagate by
occasionallyduring summer.
in drills 1 in. deep " 12 in. apart on a south border in June.
seeds sown
Thin seedlingsto 6 in. apart in July. Lift in Sept., and place in pots
in a compost of two
parts loam " one part peat Si,leaf -mould ; put m
state
On
warm
for the winter, or plant in similar soil in frame.
cold frame
m
into
direct
flowering
positions
be transplanted
soils seedlings may
Jan.
65"
in
Feb.,
55"
to
or
in
soil
temp.
seeds in good
Sow
Sept
also
Increased
and plant out in May.
in
off
harden
April,
in
pots,
grow
inserted
flower
stems
base
of
of
out
by cuttin"-s of young shoots growing
19
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
singlyin small pots plunged in a gentlehotbed in spring. Likewise by

leaves
lower
shoots
cuttings of young
consisting of two joints with
in Aug.
Lastly,
removed, inserted in small pots placed in a close frame
the division
by
old plants after flowering.

SPECIES
OTHEK
Soil, ordinary.
:
Increased
March.
Oct.
or
by seeds
of the
OP
CULTUEE
Plant,
borders.
Position, sunny
outdoors
sown
April.
in
iU
and
CULTIVATED;
A.
cannabina,
.Tnne, 6 ft., Europe,
rose,
nial
variety narbonenais, red; ficifolia {Fig-leaved llollyliook),yellow, June, 6 ft., bienChina.
(Hollyhock), rose, 5 to 6 ft., summer,
species, Siberia; rosea
See Hibiscus.
f rutex.
Althaea,
Alum-root.
See Heuohera.
Basket;
Gold-dust;
Golden-tuft; Gold
Alyssum
(Madwort;
annuals
and
Sweet
Ord.
Cruciferae.
perennials.
Alysson}.
Hardy
1710.
First introduced
border
CULTUKE:
or
Position, open
Soil, ordinary.
rockery.
SPEOIES
"
"
"
" perennial
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate annual
speciesby seeds
in.
outdoors
in
sown
deep
April; perennial speciesby cuttings of
J
shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
April " May.
young
ANNUAL
SPECIES
C to
10
A. maritimum,
white, fragrant, summer,
:
ina.,
is a dwarf
and
Compactum
variegatum a variegated variety.
is a perennial,
Strictly
species
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
A. alpestre, yellow, .Tune, 3 in., Europe;
gemonense,
2 to 4 ins.,
yellow, fragrant, summer,
yellow, spring, 1 ft., Europe;
montanum,
2 to 3 in., Greece:
Europe;
orientale, yellow, May,
olympicum, yellow, summer,
1 ft., Greece
8 to 10 ins. ; Pyrenees
white, summer,
; pyrenaicum,
; saxatile, yellow,
Sfay, 1 ft., E. Europe, and its varieties
compactum,
variegatum, sulphureum, flore
pleno (double), serpyllifolium, yellow, ,Tune, 3 in., S. Europe;
spinosum, white,
.lune, 4 to 6 in., S. Europe;
Wiersbeokii,
18 in., Asia
yellow, summer,
Minor;
3 in., E. Europe.
wulfeniana, golden yellow, summer,
Amaranth
Feathers
(Humea elegans). See Humea.
Britain
and
this
Europe.
"
AmaranthUS
flower). Ord.
"
Prince's
(Love-lies-Bleeding
;
Amarantacea!.
Half-hardy annuals.
Foliage, ovange-red, crimson, green.

Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
1-16 in. deep, in temp. 65"
to be placed in cool greenhouse a few
weeks
Velvetintroduced
Feather;
First
1596.
CULTUEE:
bed.
to
Plant,
75", March;
June.
lings
seed-
before planting out.

SPECIES
A. oaudatus
CULTIVATED:
(Love-lies-Bleeding),orimson-purple, summer,
2 to 3 ft., Tropics; hypochondriacus
(Prince's Feather), crimson,
summer,
4 to 5 ft., N.
crimson
America;
and
salicifolia,leaves, orange,
pui-ple and willow
with
shaped, 2 to 3 ft., Philippines ; Henderi, leaves tinted
rosy-carmine,
orangeyellow, and
sanguineus, leaves
blood-red, flowers
;
green
purple, 2 to 3 ft.,
carmine
and
E. Indies ; tricolor, leaves
yellow, India ; melancholicus
ruber, leaves
crimson.
Amaryllis
Hardy
Daffodil
Lily)."Ord. AmarylliDeciduous.
First
introduced
1712.
plant.
with leat-moiild " cow
:
Compost, sandy loam, enriched
foot
border
of south
manure.
Position, well-drained
wall.
Plant
bulbs
9 in. deep " 12 in. apart in June.
Water
freely in dry weather
whilst growing.
Mulch
with decayed manure
in spring.
Propagate
ofl'sets
June.
For
in
greenhouse amaryllis see Hippeastrum
by
dacece.
OULTUEE
SPECIES
Cape
appear
(Belladonna Lily;
bulbous
CULTIVATED
Colony.
before
Blanda,
the
new
A.
pale rose,
Belladonna,
and
rose,
fragrant, Aug.
pallida, flesh,are varieties
and
Sept., 18 in.
The'flowers
it.
of
loaves.
Amasonia.Ôrd.
Verbenaceae.
Stove evergreen
floweringperennial.
red
red
Inflorescence,
bracts,
calyx, " yellow corolla; autumn.
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts loam " leaf -mould, little silver
sand.
Pot, March.
Position, in small pots near
glass, well exposed
in summer.
to light; shade
Water
freely in spring and
summer,
2(1
OF
ENGYGLOP^DIA
GARDENING.
Gather
decoration.
heads
downwards
to dry in a cool place.
CULTURE
Position,
: Soil, light,rich.
6 in. apart.
I in.
"
drying
March;
is
winter
variety
alatum, white,
A.
CULTIVATED:
a
fully
wlieu
warm
deep
border.
in
"
hang
Plant,
May.
grown
lightsoil,lemp. 65",
early in May.
outdoors
or
SPECIES
florum
for
witli
summer,
ft., Australia.
Grandi-
larger flowers.
ous-flowering
Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy decidu1724.
introduced
mixed
CULTURE
shrubbery. Plant,
: Soil, ordinary. Position, in the
borne
that
have
Oct. to Feb.
Prune
after flowering,thinning shoots
in
in
blossoms.
autumn;
layering
summer;
(Bastard Indigo).
Amorpha
"
shrubs.
suckers
in winter
First
seeds
sown
in cold
SPECIES
frame.
CULTIVATED:
A. oanesoons
(Lead
frutcscens, bluish purple, July, 6 ft., Carolina.
Plant), blue, July,
ft.,Missouri;
tuberous-rooted
Aroideae.
Stove
Ord.
AlYlorphophallus.
perennials. Flowers with purple or white spathes and brown
spadices;
foetid ; appearing before leaves.
Leaves
less ornamental.
more
or
cayed
CULTURE
: Ctompost, equal parts turfy loam,
peat, leaf-mould, dein
shade.
" silver sand.
manure
pots
in Feb.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers
Water
to March, transfer
to larger pots in April or May.
moderately
Feb. to April " Sept. to Nov.;
freely April to Sept.; keep quite dry
Nov. to Feb.
to
Feb.
Sept. 70'^to 80"; Sept. to Nov. 65^ to 75";
Temp.,
Nov. to Feb. 55" to 65".
Propagate by dividingthe tubers in Feb. or
"
March.
A.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
or
:
campanulatus
-virosus,purple epathe, India ;
lUvieri, purple spathe. Cochin
China; Titanum, purple spathe, Sumatra.
See Yitis.
Ampelopsis."
Amur
Vine
(Vitisamurensis). See Vitis.
See Prunus.
AmygdaliS."
Ord.
Portulacaceae.
Greenhouse
succulentAnacampseros.
leaved plant. Nat. S. Africa.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part of equal proportions
of old mortar,
small brick rubble
" sand.
Position, in not
too large pots on
shelves near
the glass;'no shade.
Water
moderately
in spring " summer;
" winter.
sphere
keep nearly dry in autumn
Dry atmoneeded.
temp.,45 to 50" in winter; 50" to
Repot in March,
60" in summer.
in a mixture
of fine rubble
" sandy loam, in heat, in spring; by cuttings,exposed to the air for
few days after removal
from
the plant, then inserted
a
in fine sand in
"
"
gentle heat.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
pink, Sept., 1
AnagalliS
ft. j
A. araohnoides, pink, July, 12

:
1 ft,
telephiastrum, pink, summer,
Ord.
Primulacese.
(Pimpernel)."
to
18
ins.
Hardy
fllamentosa,
annuals
"
perennials. Trailing.
CULTURE
rich.
: Soil, light,
Position, sunny, well-drained borders
for annuals ; moist " boggy placesfor perennials.Propagate annuals
by
seeds sown
J in. deep in temp. 65" March, transplantingseedlings outdoors
in June;
perennials by division of roots in March, or by seeds
in April.
outdoors
sown
SPECIES
ANNUAL
A.
:
fruticosa, -vermilion, May
to Aug., 2 ft
Morocco
to Sept., 4 to
grandiflora, blue and
C in.; indioa
red, May
blue
July""
1 ft'
"
'
India.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES
A.
oollina
alba, white and yellow, April to June

6 in
it.'! varieties, Breweri' (redi'
ft., Europe, and
lilaoina
(lilao),Parksi
(red), and sanguinea (blood-red);tonella, rosy
July
and
Aug., Britain ; wobbiana, blue, July, i in., Portugal.
Europe;
linitolia, blue, July, 1
22
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
GAMDENIXG.
OF
Ananas
(Pme-apple)."Ord. Bromeliaceaj.
Stove pUiuts, bearing
well-kuowu
fruit" piue apples. Orn.
First
foliage. Evergreen.
introduced
1690.
CULTUKE:
Compost, two parts decomposed
loam, one
the
fibry
part
another
well-decayedmanure,
part Jiu. bones " pounded oyster shells.
Position,pots plunged in a tan hotbed in stove facing south.
Temp.,
65" to 75"; March
Sept.to March
to Sept.75" to 90".
Full exposure
to sun
essential.
Water
moderately m winter, freely in summer.
Moist atmospheremost
essential in spring and
and
a slightly
summer,
dry
in winter.
one
When
with liquid manure

"freely
bearing
inserted
when
in
two
small
begins to ripen
withhold
plants in fruitingpots.
old.
Propagate by suckers,
years
in
pots
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
leaves edged with
yellow
fruit
or
Supply
water.
Plants
into
come
of fruit
or
crowns
A.
sativus
temp. 80", spring.
A. sativus, 3
red.
ft.,Trop. America
variegatus,
Anaphalis
(PearlyEverlastingor Immortelle). Ord. Conipositas.
Hardy perennial. Flowers, white, useful for cutting in August and
"
drying
for
CULTUEE
winter
;
use.
Soil, ordinary.
March.
Increased
outdoors
in April.
or
N.
SPECIES
America.
by
CULTIVATED:
Position,sunny
division
A.
in
autumn
borders.
or
white,
margaritaoea,
Plant in Oct.
spring; seeds sown
July
and
Aug.,
ft.,
Anastatica
(Kose of Jericho; Eesurrection
Plant). Ord. Cruciferaa. Half-hardy annual.
Possesses the peculiarproperty in its native
rain comes
of
country of withering up in dry weather, and when
itself
out
alive.
as
spreading
again,
though
CULTUEE
Sow
seeds
in a cold frame
in spring
: Soil, ordinary.
" plant in sunny
border
in May.
A. Hieroohuntioa,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
1 ft.. Orient.
white, summer,
Anchor
Plant
See
CoUetia.
cruciata).
(Colletia
"
"
Anchusa
(Alkanet; Sea Bugloss). Ord. Boragiuaceas. Hardy
biennials " perennials.
borders.
CULTUEE;
Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
Plant, Oct.
in
March.
or
J in. deep in March
Propagate biennials by seeds sown
in
55"
outdoors
of
to
boxes
or
or
soil,
65",
April;
temp.
sandy
pans
perennialsby division in Oct.
aud
CULTIVATED:
A. Barrelieri, Mue
white, June, 2 ft., Europe,
SPECIES
perennial; capensis, blue, July, 12 to 18 in., S. Africa, biennial; italica, blue,
July, 3 to 4 ft., S. France, perennial; Esmpervirens, Llue, June, 2 it., Europe,
perennial.
nica.
Anderson's
Spsedvirell
(Veronica Andersoni). See Vero"
"
Andre's
(Anthurium
Flamingo-plant
andreanum).
"
See
Anthurium.
ceae.
Eosemary). Ord. EricaEosemary; Wild
Evergreen.
Hardy
or
CULTUEE
:
Soil, boggy peat. Position,moist, shady borders
dead
wood.
No pruning required except to cut away
beds.
Plant, Oct.
in peaty soil in a
Propagate by layering shoots in Sept.; seeds sown
Andromeda
(Marsh
"
flowering shrub.
cold
frame.
A.
Temperate
CULTIVATED:
polifolia, pink, .Tune, 1 ft.. North
varieties.
See
and
sandra,
Pieris, Casare
major
Angustifolia, roamarinifolia
in this genus.
for other
Zenobia
and
species formerly included
Leucothoe
Stove " hardy
(Lemon Grass). Ord. Gramiueae.
Andropogon
1786.
introduced
First
ornamental
flowering grasses.
SPECIES
Regions.
"
23
CULTURE
OF
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYCLOPMDIA
STOVE
two
(A. Sdioenanthus)-. Compost,
SPECIES
Pot,
in stove.
Position, pots
" sand.
one
part leaf-mould
Temp.,
March.
Water
to Oct., moderately afterwards.
freely March
Increased
65".
55"
to
by
March
75" to 85"; Oct. to March
to Oct.
division in March.
parts loam,
CULTURE
OF
Position, sunny
HARDY
occasionallyin
manure
STOVE
Lemon
HAIIDT
"
dry.
April. Apply liquid

(Syn.
oitratus),
A.
the
Androsa.ce
(Rock Jasmine). Ord.

1755.
alpineplants. First introduced
CULTURE
"
Sohocuanthus
A.
India.
ft., foliage lemon-scented,
A. fmoatus,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
GrasR,
ordinary, light,
Propagate by division.
summer.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Soil
SPECIES:
Plant, Oct., March,
border.
"
Position, sunny
Plant, March
18
America.
in., N.
Primulaceae.
Hardy
nial
peren-
Soil, sandy peat " loam, with small piecesof limestone.

rockeries, in fissures of stones or under ledges of rock.
1-16 in. deep, in

or
April. Propagate by seeds sown
in cold frame;
cuttingsin pots of sandy soil in frames in
Sept." Oct. ; division .if roots in April ; seeds in pots in cold frame.
CULTIVATED;
A.
SPECIES
pink, .Tuly, 3 in., Europe;
foliosa, flesh,
cavnea,
June, 4 in., W. Himalayas;
Laggeri, pink, Marcli, 3 in., Transylvania; lanuginosa,
3 in., Himalayas;
July, 8 to 9 in., Himalayas;
May,
rose,
sarmentosa,
rose.
villosa, rose. May, 3 in., Europe.
sempervivoides, purple. May, 3 in., Himalayas;
Anemia
"
(Flower-fern; Ash-leaf
Fern)." Ord. Filices. Stove
sandy peat
greenhouse
ferns.
First introduced
1793.
CULTURE;
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, sand, "
charcoal.
useful
for
wardian
Position, shady, moist;
cases.
Pot,
Water
"
Feb., March.
freelyspring
summer,
to Sept. 70"^to 85", Sept. to March
60" to 65";
Temp., stove, March
March
to
45" to 50".
pagate
Progreenhouse,
Sept. 55" to 60", Sept. to March
by spores similar to Adiantum.
SPECIES
STOVE
CULTIVATED:
A. adiantifolia, 12 to 18 in., Trop. America;
collina, 8 to 12 ins.,Brazil; dregeana, 9 in., Natal;
rotundifolia, 6 to 9 in., Brazil.
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
PhiUltidis, 1 ft., Cuba, Peru;
tomentosa
(Syn. chelianthoides, deltoides and flesuosa), 1 to 2 ft.,Mexico, etc.
Anemone
Ranunculacese.
(Wind-flower). Ord.
ceous
Hardy herba" tuberous-rooted
perennials.
CULTURE
HERBACEOUS
OF
SPECIES
:
Soil, good ordinary,well
enriched
with
decayed manure.
Position, sunny
or
partiallyshady
borders.
Plant, autumn
or
spring. Increased by seeds sown
m
sandy
soil in cold frame
in spring; division of roots in Oct. or March;
root
cuttingsin spring.
^"
CULTURE
OF
TUBEROUS-ROOTED
with
leaf-mould
light, liberally mixed
partiallyshaded
beds
Nov. ;
SPECIES:
"
decayed
borders.
Plant
tubers
in
Feb. " March.
or
Lift
dies, " store away in cool place till plantingtime.
in prepared beds of above soil in Jan. or Feb.
sown
apart in Oct.
or
or
Soil, moderately
Position,
Sin.
deep " 6 in'
manure.
tubers
when
Increased
foliage
by
seeds
in July
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. alpina, white. May, 1 ft
Europeangulosa (Syn. Hepatioa angulosa), blue, March, 1 ft., E. Europe; apennina
blue'
and
white, 6m., March, Europe; blanda, blue, Jau. to March, 6 in., Asia
rose,
March, 6 in., N. Hemisphere, and
its varieties
"*',*'""^,^^^"
^{.""^'v?/^*
a""J,
?i vl"""!?'??""lea.(bluo)oserulea plena (double blue), rubra (red), rubra plena
(double red), Barlowii
(blue) and rosea
(rose); japonioa (Japanese Wind-flower),
red, Sept., 2 ft., Japan, and numerous
varieties described
in trade
lists; nemerosa
(Wood
Anemone),
white, March, G in., Britain ; nemerosa
robinsoniana, blue
Pulsatilla
(Pasque Flower), blue, April, 1 ft., Britain; palmata, white
May
9 in., S. France;
rivularis,white, May, 2 to 3 ft..Himalayas;
sylvestris (Sniwdrop
-"""h
Anemone), white, April, 1 ft., Europe.
or
"
24
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
TOBBllOUS-ROOTED
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. ooronaria
(Poppy Anemone),
oolouvs, spring, 1 ft., S. Europe; liortonsis,-various colours, spring, 1 ft.,
S. Europe;
liortensis fulgons (Scarlet Wind-flowor), crimson, May, 1 ft., S. Europe;
hortensis
pavonina
stellata
or
(Peacock Anemone),
double-flowered, ranunculoides
(Yellow Wood
Anemone), golden yellow, March, 1 ft., Britain, etc.
Anemonopsis
(Yerba Mansa).^ Ord. Eanuiimilaceae.
Hardy
herbaceous
1869.
CULTURE:
Soil, deep rich loam.
Position,partiallyshaded border.
Plautj Oct., Nov., March.
Propagate by division of roots in Oct. or
March
in heat in March, planting seedliuss out in May.
; seeds sown
SPECIES
A.
and
0U1,TITATBD:
July,
macrophylla, lilao and
purple, June
2 to 3 ft., Japan.
Angel's-Tears
(Narcissustriandrus). See Narcissus.
"various
"
"
Angel's
Trumpet
(Datura suavolens)." See Datura.

Perennial
(iHolyGhost). Ord. Umbelliferae.
for flavouring confectionery" liqiiors.
Angelica
"
herb
CULTUEE
used
by
seeds
When
Soil,ordinary,deep,moist
March
3 in. high thin them
A. officinalis,
:
green,
|in.deep
sown
seedlingsare
in
loam.
where
to
ceous
herba-
pagate
Position, shady. Pro-
6 in.
plants are
to
remain.
apart.
July, i to 5 ft., Europe.

Aralia.
See
Tree
Angelica.
(Araliaspinosa).baceous
"
Stove
Ord.
greenhouse herScrophularineae.
Angelonia.
1818.
First
introduced
perennials.
"
CTJLTTIEE:
a
Compost, equal parts of loam, peat, leaf-mould
SPECIES
CULTITATBD
"
"
little sand.
Position, pots in sunny parts of stove or greenhouse. Pot,
Water
March.
Temp.,
freelyMarch
afterwards
65"
to
to
55". to 60" for stove species;
March
75",
Oct.,
45" to 55" for greenhouse kinds.
to Oct. 55" to 65", Oct. to March
March
shoots
division
in
roots
of
March;
cuttings of young
Propagate by
in
i
n
75"
sand
under
inserted in
bell-p-lass, temp.
April.
A.
CULTIVATED:
STOVE
SPECIES
oornigera, purple, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil;
floribunda, purple, Aug., 1 ft.,Brazil; salicarisefolia,blue, Aug., 2 ft., S. America.
CULTIVATED:
A.
S'PEOIES
angustafolia, violet, .lur.e,1 Jt.,
GREENHOUbB
grandiflora, purple,
Gardneri,
purplisb-white, May, 1 ft., Pernambuco;
Mexico;
Sept., July, 1 ft., Pernambuco.
Stove
Filices.
fern.
tree
Ord.
Angiopteris
(Turnip-fern).
"
Evergreen.
"
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, sand
in
in.
3
March.
Position, pots or tubs, standing
charcoal.
Pot, Feb.,
Water
in ."hade.
moderately other
of water
freelyin spring " summer,
45" to 50".
55"
March
to
to
to
60"; Sept
times.
Sept.
Temp., March
Propagate by offsets only.
A. eyecta, 10 to 16 ft..Tropics.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
See Sanseviera.
Hemp.
Angola
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
Stove
epiphytal orchids.
Angrsecum.
"
"
1815.
Flowers
fragrant. First introduced
potsherds, charcoal, "
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts broken
in
Position, shady
suspended baskets or well-drained
sphagnum moss.
wards.
afterto Oct., moderately
March
Water
March.
freely
pots. Pot,
80".
70"
to
to
60"
March
to
March
to
65";
Sept.
Temp., Sept.
axils
leaves
in
of
Flower
winter.
top
spikes appear
Resting period,
Propagate by division of plant in March.
when
growth is finished.
and
white. May
June, 8 to 13 in.,
A.
artioulatum,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
white, Aug., 12 to 15 in., Trop. Africa; oitratum, lemoneaudatum,
Madagascar;
1 to 2 ft., Maewhite, spring,
eburnum,
spring, 6 to 8 in., Madagascar;
yellow
falcatum, white, spring,
1ft., Madagascar;
carene'
Islands ; EUisii, white. May,
Islands; fasHumboldtii, white, spring, 8 to 10 in., Comoro
4 to 6 in., Japan;
soottianum,
white, spring, 1 ft., Comoro
spring, Madagascar;
white,
tuosum
25
ENCYCLOPyEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
sesquipedale, white,
Islands;
sanderianum, white, spring, 1 ft., Comoro
1 ft., Madagascar.
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
Cradle
Angûloa
Orchid).
(Bull's Head;
1842.
introduced
Warm
First
Flowers
greenhouse orchids.
fragrant.
Islands;
Jan.
to
June,
"
CULTlIItE
Compost,
fibrous
when
new
part
little
afterwards.
Sept., very
55" to G0".
to March
Besting
of
Pot
house.
peat
Position, pots, shady
charcoal.
"

Temp., April to Sept.
Flowers
period, winter.
freely May
60"
to
65"; Sept.
to
at base
appear
when
of
division
repotting.
pseudo-bulbs
growth. Propagate by
13 to
18 in., Colombia;
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
A. dowesii, yellow, May,
uniflora, cream.
May, 2 to 3 ft.,
Ruckeri, yellow and crimson. May, 18 in., Colombia;
in trade
lists.
of each
Colombia.
Seyeral
varieties
species will be found
succulent-stemmed
Anhaloniuin.
Greenhouse
Ord.
Cactaceae.
of
new
"
perennials.
Grown
milarias.
CULTURE
for
the
beauty
of
globose stems.
Allied
to
Mam-
Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar, "

Pot,
Position, sunny,
airy greenhouse or window.
accommodate
well-drained
to
March
in
or
April,
pots just large enough
Water
roots.
moderately
Eepot every third or fourth year only.
March
afterwards.
to Sept., once
to
a
Doc,
none
fortnight Sept.
to
days, June to Sept. Apply soot water
Syringe on evenings of warm
to
June
Ventilate
in
summer.
freely
healthy plants,
Sept.
Temp.,
bricks.
pounded
50" to 55".
to Sept.60" to 70"; Sept. to March
March
Propagate by
seeds sown
in
well-drained
m.
or
\
pots of sandy soil in temp.
pans
deep
75" in March,
keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of the tops
of tlie
inserted
plants
SPECIES
Mexico;
in small pots of
A. Engelmanni,
CULTIVATED:
Williamsii,
AnigÔZEinthOSi
perennials.
Nat.
CULTURE:
silver sand.
to
Ord.
Australia.
"
in
to
in., Mexico;
in
spring.
prismaticum,
in.,
in., Mexico.
Compost,
Pot
sandy, gritty compost

4
one
March.
Haemodoraceae.
First introduced
part loam,
two
Position, pots
Greenhouse
herbaceous
1802.
parts peat, " one

part
cool
greenhouse fully
summer,
moderately in
in
light. Water
freely in spring "
winter.
Temp., 40" to 50" in winter; no heat at other times.
Propagate W division of the roots in spring.
CULTIVATED:
A. bicolor, scarlet and
SPECIES
green.
May, 3 ft.; Manglesii,
and
red, July, 3 ft. ; pulcherrima, yellow and
green
white. May, 2 ft. ; rufa,
purple, June, 2 ft.
Animated
Oat
(Avena sterilis).See Avena.
Anise.
See Pimpiuella.
Aniseed
Tree
(lUicium floridanum)."See lUicium.
exposed
to
"
autumn
"
"
AncectOChilUS
orchids.
golden,
Orn.
(King-plant)."Ord. Orchidaceae.
Stove
trial
terresfoliage. Ht. 3 to Bin.
Leaves, bronze, olive,
green.
CULTURE
Compost, peat,sand,
Position, shady, well-drained
quite
close.
Water
pans
moderately at
"
sphagnum
under
moss
in
bell-glassnot
all times.
Pot, Feb.
Temp., Sept. to Feb. 55" to 65"; March
in Feb.
by inserting portions of stems in same
compost
for plants, " under
bell-glass.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
equal parts.
fixed
or
down
March.
Propagate
as
advised
A. argyroncnrus,
olive, veins silvery, Java; conoinnus
golden, Assam;
Heriotii, reddish, veins golden, India; hieroglyphicus'
veins
silvery, Assam;
Lansbergiaj, velvety green,
green,
veins
emerald-green'
veins
Malaya;
regalis, velvety green,
golden, Ceylon;
regalis. albo-marginatus
edêd with white; regalis oordatus, edged with gold; regalis granditolius golden
netted
Veitohii, velvety green,
with
veins;
gold. Kumerons
other
species mav
in specialists'catalogues.
be found
See Lapeyrousia.
Anomatlieca.
olive, veins
"
BNOYCLOPMDIA
Anona
(AlligatorApple;
Custard
sliruba.
First
Apple;
Sweet
Sop)." Ord. AnoLeaves
1690.
grant.
fraintroduced
edible.
reticulata, " A. squamosa
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part peat, " a little silver
March
or
Water
April. Position, light " sunny.
freely
Stove
Fruit
naceae.
GARDENING.
OF
evergreen
of A. muricata, A.
CULTURE
sand.
Pot,
March
Syringe daily April to Sept.
Shade
from bright sunshine.
to Oct. 65^ to 85"; Oct. to
Temp., March
March
55" to 65". Propagate
by seeds in spring, or by cuttings of
firm shoots in moist sand
under
75" in summer.
bell-glassin
temp.
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
A.
Cherimolia
(Cherimoyer), brown, Aug., 12 to 18 ft.,

10 ft., Trop.
Sop), yellow, summer,
America;
Trop. America;
murioata
(Sonr
palustria (Alligator Apple), yellow, summer,
10ft., Trop. America;
^Custard Apple), yellow and brown, summer,
15 to 18 ft., Trop. America;
15 to 20 ft., W.
(Sweet Sop), white, summer,
Indies.
Anopterus
(Tasmanian Laurel).
floweringshrub.
Evergreen. First
"
Ord.
reticulata
squamosa
Saxifragacae.
introduced
house
Green-
1823.
CULTURE
Pot "
: Compost, two
March.
March
Position,
to
prune,
sunny greenhouse. Temp., Sept.
45" to 50"; March
Water
moderately in winter,
other
times.
at
abundantly
Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots 3 in.
in
under
in temp. 65" in summer.
long, sandy peat
bell-glass
SPECIES
CDLTITATED:
A.
glandulosus, white
or
pink, April, 2 to 3 ft.,
Tasmania.
Antennaria
(Cat's-ear).Ord. Compositae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Leaves, silverywhite; useful for carpet bedding or
edgingsto borders, clothingdry spots.
CULTURE:
borders
rockeries.
or
Oct.
division
in
roots
of
March.
Plant, March
or
Propagate by
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: A.
dioica, pink, June, 3 in., Britain ; dioioa tomentosa,
Last-named
1 in., Britain.
is a good carpet bedding
wMte, summer,
plant. A
known
as
margaritacea is now
Anaphalis margaritacea, whicli see.
Ant'Tieinis
(Chamomile). Ord. Compositse. Hardy perennials.
for
Flowers
the
Chamomile
of
Common
(A. nobilis),used
making
Chamomile
Tea ; those of other speciesfor ordinary garden decoration.
CULTURE
Position, sunny borders for tall species
: Soil, ordinary.
;
rockeries for dwarf
Common
Chamomile
ones.
in April. Gather
to be planted 3 ft. apart in rows
30 in. asunder
flowers
division
in
Increased
seeds
when
March;
sown
fully expanded.
by
"
outdoors
SPECIES
in
April.
CTJLTITATED:
A.
biebersteiniana,'
white,
summer,
to
nobilis
macedonica,
white, June, 6 to 8 in., Macedonia;
(Common
white, Aug., 1ft., Europe; tinctoria
(Dyer's or Ox-eye Chamomile),
2 ft., Europe.
are
Kelwayi and Mrs. H. T. Brooks
pretty varieties
species.
Anthericum
(St.Bernard's
perennials.
CULTURE:
Soil, light,rich.
Lily).
"
Ord.
Liliaceae.
ft.,Orient;
Chamomile),
white, Aug.,
of
the
Hardy
latter
baceous
her-
borders.
in.
in
seeds
Nov.
sown
Plant, Oct.,
deep
light soil in
^
Propagate by
of
division
in
in
roots
March
Oct.
cold frame
Sept. or
;
A. Liliago (St. Bernard's
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Lily), white, July and Aug.,
June
to
white.
12 to 18 in., S. Europe;
Liliago major, a superior form; ramosum,
for
Paradisea, Pulyinella, and Chlorophytum
Aug., 2 ft., S. Europe. See the genus
in this genus.
other species formerly included
AnthOlyza
(African Corn-flag). Ord. Iridaceae. Hardy bulbous
"
perennials.
First
introduced.
1756.
Position, sunny
border, well
CULTURE:
Soil, light, sandy.
6 in. deep. Bin.
bulbs
drained; pots in cool greenhouse. Plant
apart
Bulbs to be lifted in Aug., dried,
in border, or six in a G in. pot, Oct.
27
"k stored
offsets at
place. Propagate by
spring.
till Oct. in cool
in slightheat
seeds
GARDENING.
OP
EnCYOLOP^DIA
in
OULTITATED:
SPECIES
paniculata, yellow
and
Natives
4 ft.
(Staphylea pinnata).
Anthony-nut
"
of
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
for
March.
or
odoratum,
March
in
or
Oct.
(Chervil), 6 in., Europe, Asia, et".

Stove
(Plamingo-plant; Tail-flower). Ord. Aroidese.
and
March
to
oru.
foliage. Flowering period,
Aiig.
Flowering
:
A.
cerefolium
Anthurium
"
First introduced
CULTUEE
;
1825.
Compost,
equal parts rough
Position, pots, well drained, shady.

Nov.,
to
March
seeds
to
sown
Pnelii, Bin., Europe.
1ft., Europe;
"
CULTIVATED
plants.
of
"
apart
SPECIES
odour
newly
bouquets.
Position, open
plants are to grow
Jin. deep where
has
the
herb
TJmbelliferse.
Hardy annual
1656.
flavouring. First introduced
der
borsouth
Soil, ordinary. Position, shady in summer,
Sow seeds broadcast
J in. deep, or similar depth in drills
garnishing
CULTURE
in winter.
6 in.
Gramineae.
"
(Chervil). Ord.
AnthriSCUS
used
A.
A.
Staphylea.
See
Inflorescence
Hardy perennial floweringgrass.
mown
hay, and is useful for drying for winter
OULTtJEE:
Soil,ordinary.
border.
in April; division of roots, Oct.
4ft.;
Africa.
S.
Vernal-grass;. Ord.
(Sweet
Anthoxanthum
yellow, .Tune, 3 to
red
"thiopioa,
A.
red, July, 3 to
and
planting time;
Pot,
peat,
March.
moss.
sphagnum
March
freely
Water
60" to 65";
moderately afterwards.
70"
8lJ".
division
to
of
in March;
roots
Sept.
Propagate by
of chopped sphagnum
in a mixture
moss,
charcoal," sand
in spring.
A.
ecarkt
and
CULTIVATED,
Flowering;
andreanum,
white,
Colombia
white
and
purple, -Venezuela
mala;
; ornatum,
scherzeriannm, scarlet, Guate;
and
Ornamental-leaved:
Williameii, white
cream.
bia;
ColomBrownii, green,
and
Peru;
orystallinum, green,
magniflcuni, green
white, Colombia; Veitohii,
and
and
Colombia;
green,
white, Colombia.
For varieties,
warrocqueanum,
green
in
temp,
of 80"
SPBOIBS
which
are
see
numerous,
AnthylliS
shrubs
Hardy
lists.
(Kidney Vetch;
and
Lady's Fingers). Ord.

"
Leguminosse.
perennials.
CULTUEE:
Soil,
border.
Plant, Oct.
shoots under
seeds sown
in Oct.
trade
ordinary. Position, open or partially shaded

Propagate shrubby kinds by cuttings of young
bell-glassin cold
Jin. deep in warm
frame
border
in March
; herbaceous
species by
in April or by division of root
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
(Shrubs): A. Barba-Jovis, pale yellow
March
4 ft
HermanniK,
yellow, April, 2 to 4ft., Corsica.
Perennial
species: A. montana, pink, June, S to 6 in., Alps; Vulaeraria
(Wound-wort
or
Lady's
Finffers)
to Aug., 6 to 12 in., Britain.
yellow, June
Spain;
Antirrhinum
herbaceous
CULTUEE
or
walls.
(Snapdragon).
"
Ord.
Scrophulariaceae. Hardy
perennials.
: Soil,ordinary.
Position, warm,
Plant,
dry borders, rockeries,
in temp. 70" in
April,transplanting
seedlingsin May ; cuttings
March
outdoors
or
in
of young
shoots in cold frame
in
fresh plants being raised
Best treated as annuals

nials,
bienor
every year
OtLTIVATED:
SPECIES
A.
Asarina, yellow, summer,
3
in., Italy; maius
(Coinmon
Snapdragon)
pink, July, 1 to 2 ft,,Mediterranean
Region, naturalised
in
Britain, and parent of the beautiful
forms
in gardens;
grown
Orontium
fCom\-^""ii
fleld Snapdragon),
flesh, Aug., 1ft., Britain.
Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse
AotUS."
flowering shrub.
green.
Ever-
Aug.
OF
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
GAIiDlilNING.
in bottom
" 2 in. top soil on
wide for double
Put 3 iji.manure
rows.
for
end of June
for early crop:
this.
in June
Plant
out
first week
in.
apart
main
Distance
apart for plants,8 in. for single row ; 9
crop.
from
Earth
in row
for double rows.
" 6 in. between
gradually
rows
up
in
light
only. Sow seeds 1-10 in. deep
Sept. to Nov. in fine weather
in March
in
" March
for early crop;
soil in temp. 65" to 75" in Feb.
in ^pril. Seedlings in
similar temp, for main
crop, or in cold frame
first two
to be transplanted2 in. apart in light soil in boxes, kept
cases
in temp. 55" to 65" for few weeks, then planted Bin. apart in shady
Water
till required for planting in trenches.
bed outdoors
liberally
solitt
hearts.
manure
to
until earthed
ensure
Liquid
crisp,
apply
up
at rate
of 1 oz.
from
week
a
once
planting till earthing up. Guano
Plants
suitable stimulant.
for seed bearing
most
to gallon of water
in
them
not
to be earthed
severe
weather;
transplant
protect
up;
followingspring; gather seed in Sept. Seeds germinate in 15 to 20
days, " retain
maturity in 24
1,000 plants.
their vitalityfrom
weeks from date seeds
eight to
are
ten
1
sown.
Crop reaches
years.
of seed will yield
oz.
30 to 40
Manures:
Soil,deep, light," rich.
in in autumn
20 tons
or
acre,
ploughed
;
per
" 4 cwt. superphosphate per
of farmyard manure
applied in autumn
acre
applied in spring. Plough out trenches 6 in. deep, 1 ft. wide, "
4 ft. apart in May, " plant direct into these ; or dig out trenches
1 ft.
tread
with
wide " 18 in. deep, put in 1 ft. of manure,
firmly," cover
4 in. of soil,then
plant. Sow for early crops in Feb., main crops in
out
in April. Plant
March, and late ones
early crops in May, mainin
moist.
in
late
Earth
ones
June,
fully
July.
Keep
crops
up when
in
this
in
three
bundles
Do
Market
taining
operations.
(rolls)congrown.
sticks.
8 washed
12 unwashed
or
1,200
Average yieldper acre,
rolls. Average returns
(gross)per acre, ^640 to ^660.
Culture
Maeket
tons
of
farmyard
CULTURE
OP
manure
TUBNIP-RODTED
OR
CELERY
CELERIAC:
Soil,
level border.
Plant in June
1 ft. apart in
Draw
18 in. asunder.
little mould
rows
Keep all side shoots removed.
around
base of each in Aug.
Water
in
weather.
Lift roots
freely
dry
in Oct. " store them
in sand
in shed
till required for use.
"
Sow
treat seedlingsas advised
for ordinary celery.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. graveolens (Celery),white, July, 3 ft., Britain;
graveolens rapaceum
white, July.
(Celeriao),
Aponogeton
(Cape Pond-weed; Winter Hawthorn)." Ord. Naiadaceae.
floatingaquatic. Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First
Ilalf-liardy
introduced 1788.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, shallow ponds or lakes, 1 ft.
deep where there is a stream of water, or in a cold greenhouse tank or
aquaria. Plant in pots, sinking the latter in the water during March.
Not hardy in the north.
Propagate by offsets.
CULTIVATED:
A. distaohyon, white, fragrant, summer.
BPEOIBS
See Pyrus.
Apple."
Rose
Apple-bearins
(Rosa villosa pomifera)."See Rosa.
rich,light. Position,sunny
of
Apple
Apricot.
Aqulleg:ia
Graceful
flowers for
CULTURE:
Peru
(Nicandra physaloides). See Nicandra.
See Prunus.
RanunculacesB.
(Columbine). Ord.
Hardy perennials.
plantsfor border or rockery culture " for yielding
"
"
"
cutting.
Soil, sandy loam, enriched

well-drained, partially
shady rockeries
30
"
with leaf-mould.
Position,
borders.
Plant, Oct. or
BNOYCLOP^DIA
GARDMNINO.
OF
March.
Propagateby seeds sown
in Aug., or
in
border
in
open
J in. deep in sandy soil in cold
April;
diyision
of
the
roots
in
frame
Oct.
or
April.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
alpina, blue and white, May to July, 13 to 18 in.,

yellow, April to June, 1 to 2ft., N. America;
cierulea, blue and
wbite. May, 12 to 18in., N.W.
ohrysantha, primroseAmerica;
yellow and
to Aug., 3ft., New
purple. May
red
and
yellow,
Mexico;
formosa,
3 ft., N. America;
summer,
glandulosa, blue and white, April to June, 8 to 12 in.,
Siberia; olympica, blue and
white, April and May, 18 in.. Orient; pyrenaica, lilao
blue, April to June, 9 to 13 in., Pyrenees;
and
white, June
sibirica, lilao and
.luly, Siberia; Skinneri, yellow and
to
2 to
3 ft., Mexico;
Aug.,
red, June
Stuartii, blue and
white, June, 9 in., hybrid;
TUlgaris (Common
Columbine),
various
colours, single and
A
of
number
double, 3 ft., Britain.
lovely hybrids
will be found
in lists.
exist, which
Arabian
vlaSEnane
(Jasminum Sambac). See Jasminum.
Alps;
canadensis,
scarlet
and
"
(Wall Cress; Hock
Arabis
Cruciferie.
Cress;." Ord.
perennial Alpine trailingplants.
OUETUEE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings
massing
or
bulbs,
well-drained
nual,
an-
ders
bor-
rockeries
of Spring-flowering
; carpeting beds
1-16 in. deep
Aprilj cuttingsinserted in shady border in Aug. ; division
on
sunny
Plant, Oct.
etc.
outdoors
to
Hardy
". Nov.
in
in Oct.
of roots
SPEOIES
A.
CULTIVATED:
albida, white, spring, 6 to
albida
alLida
flore-pleno; double-flowered
variegata, leaves
;
9 in., Tauria, etc.;

white ;
edged with
alpina, white, March, (iin., Europe ; arenosa,

May; 6 in., Europe ; -blepharorose.
phylla, purple, Feb., 6 in., California; lucida, or berbidifolia, variegata, yellow4 in., S.
annua]
edged leaves, 6 in., Europe;
purple. May,
verna,
Europe, an
species.
Arachis
Diinosae.
seed
pod
(Monkey Nut; Earth Nut; Ground

Nut)." Ord. LeguStove
annual.
After
Flowers, yellow; May.
flowering the
is gradually forced into the soil to ripen its seeds,which
are
edible.
OULTUEE
of 75"
to
"
Compost, loam, leaf-mould
spring; plant seedlings in
85"
in
lightposition.
SPECIES
Aralia
shrubs.
Water
moderately.
CULTIVATED:
A.
hypogKa,
Temp.
1
sand.
Sow
seeds in
small pots and
grow
75" to 8S"-
ft.. West
in
hardy plants
"
Indies.
Stove
(Angelica Tree). Ord. Araliaceae.
"
deciduous.
Orn.
foliage. Evergreen
"
temp,
First
introduced
1658.
SPEOIES
: Compost,
equal parts loam, peaty
Water
sand.
to March.
leaf-mould,
charcoal,
Pot, Feb.
freely
March
to
March
Temp.,
Sept. 70" to
80" ; Sept.to March
60" to 70"Propagate by grafting in heat in
in
roots
of
lightsoil in temp. 80" in April.
spring; insertingportions
CULTUllE
OF
STOVE
"
HAEDY
SPECIES:
loam.
Soil, rich, well-drained
for
borders
herbaceous
species,margins of lakes or
Position,shady
for shrubby kinds.
Plant, Sept.
ponds, or moist, sheltered shrubberies
" April. Increase
iu
" Oct. or in March
by division in Oct. or March
of herbaceous
case
species; suckers for shrubby species.
A. elegantissima, Polynesia;
STOVE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
kerchoveana,
Veitohii
filiclfoha,
Veitchii, New
Caledonia;
gracillima:
Polynesian Islands;
Pseudo-panax, EliBodendron,
Polynesia. See also Panax, Oreopanaz, Acanthopanax,
Aralias.
Fatsia
for
other
and
as
species formerly known
A. cachemirica, white,
HARDY
PERENNIALS
CULTIVATED:
HERBACEOUS
4 to 6ft., Japan;
cordata
6ft., Himalayas;
(syn. edulis),white, summer,
summer,
greenish white, June,
nudicaulis, greenish, June, 3 to 4ft., N. America;
raoemosa,
CULTURE
N.
OF
America.
HARDT
SHRUBBY
cus),
ohinonsis
mandschuriA.
SPECIES
(syn. Dimorphanthus
:
ohinensis
folius
gated
varieaureus-variegatus,
12ft., elegant foliage, China;
with yellow;
spinosa (Angelica Tree), white, autumn, 8 to 13ft., N. America.
31
fi to
(Monkey Puzzle;
Pine; Bunya-Bunya
Araucaria
Norfolk
Island
GABBMNING.
OF
MNCYOLOPMDIA
Chilian
Pine;
Pine)." Ord.
Bay Pme;
Cruciferae. Hardy
Moreton
"
Evergreen. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1796.

half-hardy trees.
Position, high, dry,
loam.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
: Soil, deep rich
Plant,
districts.
Sept. to Nov.
from
" sheltered outdoors
away
smoky
seeds
Propagateby
sown
1 in.
deep in light soil,temp. 65", Peb., March,
April.
,
parts loam,
SPECIES
GREENHOUSE
: Compost, two
Position, pots or tubs
one
part leaf-mould, and one part silver sand.
Water
freely during
in sunny
house.
well drained
Repot in March.
Avoid
ing;
overcrowdother
seasons.
at
and
moderately
summer,
spring
55"
to 65"; Oct. to
to Oct.
Temp., March
give plenty of room.
45" to 55".
Propagate by
March
Requires plenty of air in summer.
shoots inserted in sandy loam in a
of cuttings of ends of young
means
plants by stem-rooting
tali, overgrown
warm
greenhouse in autumn;
in spring.
A. imbrioata
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
(CHli Pine), 50 to 100ft., Chili;
HARDY
imbricata
golden-tinted foliage.
aurea,
OF
CULTURE
to
GREENHOUSE
150 ft.,
(Moreton
100
to
120
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
Bidwillii
(Bunya-Bunya
Tree), 100
Caledonia;
Cnnninghamii
Cookii, ISO to 200 ft.. New
Queensland;
excelsa
Pine),
(Norfolk Island
Bay Pine), 70 to 100ft., Queensland;
ft., Norfolk
Island; and its varieties glauoa (goldieana and robusta);
Uulei, 60 ft., New
Araujia.
Caledonia.
"
Nat. Brazil.
CULTURE:
Stove
Ord. Asclepiadaceae.
1837.
First introduced
floweringevergreen
climbers.
" sand.
Position,
Compost, equal parts peat, loam
trellis.
wire
round
trained
roof
shoots
or
Pot, Feb.
pots or beds;
up
afterwards.
March
to
March.
Water
or
Sept., moderately
freely
Prunj
shoots moderately annually
to Aug.
Syringe twice daily March
in Jan.
occasionally during May, June, " July.
Apply liquidmanure
55" to 65".
65"
75"
March
to
to
Oct.
Propagate
Temp.,
; Oct to March
in sandy soil under
inserted
4
of
shoots
in. long
by cuttings
young
Bflassin temp. 75" to 80" in spring.
propagatingSPECIES
CULTIVATED
grandiflora (Syn. A. grayeolens and Sobubertia
: A.
grandiflora),white, fragrant, Oct.; sericifera (Syn. Physianthus albens), white, Aug.
Arbor-vitse
(Thuya occidentalis). See Thuya.
Arbutus
(Strawberry-tree).Ord. Ericaceas.' Hardy orn. foliage
" fruit-bearing
trees.
berry-like;
Fruit, globular, scarlet,strawEvergreen.
in
after
Oct., year
ripe
flowering.
"
"
sheltered.
Plant,
Soil, sandy peat. Position, sunny,
seeds
in.
1
in
well-drained
sown
Propagate by
deep
pans
CULTURS:
Sept. to Dec.
in cold
in
April.
inarching
of
sandy peat
frame
in March
SPECIES
budding
in
July
or
Aug.
or
CULTIVATED:
A. Andraohne,
greenish
white, April, 12 to 14 ft..
hybrida, white. Sept.. 8 to 10ft., hybrid; Uenziesii, white, Sept., 10ft,
N. America
white, Sept., 10 to 20 ft.,S. Europe, including Ireland.
; Unedo,
Archansei
(Angelica officinalis).See Angelica.
Arctic
Bramble
See Rubus.
(Eubus arcticus)."
ArctotiS.
Ord. Compositaa. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennials,
adapted for cool greenhouseand outdoor culture.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil, loamy, enriched
with
leaf-mould.
but will do in shade.
Position, preferablysunny,
Plant
in April or
Protect
Best
May.
by handlights or frames in winter.
raised from
seed or cuttings annually," grown
outside in summer
only.
INDOOR
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts of loam " leaf-mould
with a little sand.
Position,well-drained pots in sunny part of greenhouse.
Water
from
March
to
liberally
Oct., moderately at other
Levant;
"
"
33
ENCYCLOPMDIA
seasons.
Avoid
in
OF
GARDENING.
in a temp, of 55" to 65" in March.

damp atmospliere. Also by cuttings of side shoots inserted
too
pots of sandy soil in
cold frame
in early summer.
18 in., 8. Africa;
aoaulis, red and yellow, summer,
yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., S. Africa.
aspera,
ArdiSia,
(Spear-flower).Ord. Myrsinaceae.
Stove-flowering"
1809.
berry-bearingplants. Evergreen. First introduced
CULTURE:
Oompost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, " sand.
Pot, Feb. to March.
Position, pots, in light,sunuy
part of stove.
Water
little in winter.
Prune
freelyin summer,
straggly shoots back
closelyin March.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
seeds
\ in. deep in above compost in
sown
by
Propagate
temp. 75" in spring; cuttings of side shoots in similar soil " temp.,
March.
SPECIES
in June, followed
CULTIVATED:
A. crenata, flowers
white, borne
by
alba, a white-berried
pretty red berries, 3 to 4 ft., China ; crenata
variety.
Orn.
Areca
Stove palms.
Palm). Ord. Palmaceae.
(Betel-nut
1690.
foliage. First introduced
CULTUEE
:
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, " sand.
Water
Position, shady, moist.
freelyat all times. Pot, Feb., March.
70"
85"
60" to 65". Propagate
March
to
to
Sept.
; Sept. to March
Temp.,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
"
"
by seeds.
^Betel.nut Palm), 20 to 30 ft., Trop. Asia.
Chrysalidocarpus, which
see.
Arenaria
(Sand-wort). Ord. Caryophyllaceae.Hardy herbaceous
1731.
perennialsor rockery plants. First introduced
Position, partially shaded
CULTUEE
Soil, ordinary, moist.
:
1-16 in.
rockeries.
under
bellMarch
in
in
cold
soil
boxes
in
frame,
cuttings
;
sandy
deep
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
is now
included
lutescens
A.
Catechu
A.
in
tlê genus
"
glass in open, April; division of plants in Oct.
or
March.
Isles;
balearioa. white. 2 to 3 in., June, Balearic
and
Shetland
2 in,, Orkney
Isles;
gothica {Syn. A. ciliata), white, summer,
6 in., Europe;
montana,
white, April, 3 in., Spain;
white, sunimer,
grWndiflora,
6 in., Pyrenees;
white, June, 2 in., Britain,
Terna,
purple, summer,
purpurascens,
A
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
etc.
Arethusa.
CULTUEE
Compost, sphagnum
Position, damp, shady border.
by covering
also be grown
SPECIES
of
leaves.
decayed
in
Half-hardy
Ord. Orchidaceae.
"
pots in cold
CULTIVATED
moss,
peat
Plant, Oct.
"
terrestrial
to Dec.
May
autumn.
purple, fragrant. May,
rosy
in winter
Protect
Propagate by offsets in
frames
or
greenhouses.
bulbosa,
orchid.
well-decayed manure.
in., Carolina.
(Mexican Poppy; Devil's Fig; Prickly Poppy). Ord.

Argfemone
1592.
" perennials. First introduced
Papaveracese. Hardy annuals
well
drained.
Position, sunny
borders,
CULTUEE
Soil, sandy.
:
Plant
in March.
Propagate both annuals " perennialsby seeds sown
J in. deep in sandy h.oiloutdoors in April or in heat in March, planting
"
ovftdoors in Mav.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
Perennials
will not
CULTIVATED:
A.
flower
till
followingyear.
albiflora, white, July
and
1ft.,
Aug.,
Sept., 2 ft., California; mexicana, yellow, June, 2 ft.,

ochroleuca,
Mexico;
yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Mexico.
2 to
CULTIVATED:
A.
SPECIES
grandiflora, white, summer,
PERENNIAL
3 ft., Mexico.
Best grown
half-hardy annual.
as
a
Ord. Aroidese.
Stove, greenhouse, " hardy tuberousArissema.
in
1759.
introduced
Flowers, arum-like
rooted perennials. First
Georgia;
white,
hirsuta,
"
CULTUEE
new
OP
HAEDY
SPECIES
March.
Soil, ordinary.
Position,
Top-dresswith decayed manure

manure
occasionallyin summer.
liquid
Apply
growth begins.
borders.
Plant,
Oct.
or
3S
sunny
after
GARDSNINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
SPECIES:
Compost,
GREENHOUSE
stove
or
m
Position,
sand.
"
pots
equal parts peat, leaf-mould,
wards.
afterto
dry
Water
March
March.
Oct.,
keep
freely
greenhouse. Pot,
to March
" 60" to 65". Oct.
to Oct.
Temp. 70" to 80" March
to Oct.
" 55 to 60" March
for stove species; 40" to 50" Oct. to March
CULTUEE
OF
AND
STOVE
loam
STOVE
SPECIES
A.
CULTIVATED:
layas; galeatum,
white, July,
of tubers.
white. June, 1 to 2ft., Himar
white, April, 4 ft.,
tortuosum,
division
greenhouse species. Propagate by
for
coaoinnum,
ft., Himalayas;
Himalayas.
GREENHOUSE
America.
HARDY
12
to
18
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
triphyllum
Himalayas;
SPECIES
or
atrorubens,
A.
green
speoiosum, white, March,

and
purple, Juife, 1 to
1 to
2ft.,
ft., N.
A. Grifithii, brown,
violet, and green.
May,
and
April, 2 ft.,Japan.
riugens, white
green,
Iridaceae.
Greenhouse
floweringshrub.
evergreen
CULTIVATED:
in., Himalayas;
Aristea.
Ord.
First introduced
1803.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts good peat, one part sandy loam "Sc
little sand.
pots in light, airy greenhouse.
wards.
Feb.
March.
Water
or
Pot,
copiously,April to Oct., moderately after50"
60".
4X)"
to
to
March
March
Oct.
50^;
to
to
Oct.
Temp.,
An abundance
moderate
other times.
amount
of air requiredin summer,
in sandy loam
" peat in temp. 55" to 65" in
"
spring;
SPECIES
summer,
by
offsets removed
CULTIVATED:
3 ft.,S. Africa.
from
A.
parent plant March
corymbosa
or
(Syn. Witsenia
April.
purple,
corymbosa),
AristOlochia,
Pipe). Ord. Aristolo(Birth-wort; Dutchman's
chiaceaa.
Stove " hardyclimbing or herbaceous
plants. Evergreen "
1727.
deciduous.
First introduced
CULTURE
AND
OF
STOVE
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
:
Compost,
two-thirds
leaf-mould
" sand.
loam, one-third
ders;
Position, pots or bortrained
shoots
close to roof of stove.
Pot
in March.
Water
little in winter.
to Sept. 70" to 80",
freelyin summer,
Temp., March
Prune
60"
65".
to
to
March
shoots
Sept.
straggly
only. Propagateby
in light,rich soil in temp. 75
seeds sown
in March
similar
; cuttingsin
soil " temp., Feb.
OF
CULTURE
HARDY
SPECIES:
Soil, good ordinary, well
drained.
Position, sunny borders for herbaceous
species; south, west,
east walls,or pergolas,trellises,
Plant
in
etc., for climbing kinds.
or
Increased
autumn
of
in
shoots
inserted
or
by cuttings
spring;
ripe
soil
in
heat
in
slislit
summer.
sandy
A.
STOVE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
braziliensis, purple, ,TnIy, 15 to SO ft.,
Brazil; Duchartrei, yellow and
brown, July, 2ft., Brazil; gigas, purple, June,
8 to 10 ft., Guatemala;
and
goldieana, green
yellow, July, 10 ft.. Old Calabar;
elegans, green, white, and red, 8 to 10 ft.,Srazil.
SPECIES:
HARDT
HERBACEOUS
A. Clematitis, yellow, June
to Sept.. 2 to
3 ft., Europe.
CLIMBING
SPECIES:
A. Sipho (Dutchman's
HARDT
Pipe), yellowish brown.
and June, 15 to 30 ft., N. America;
May
tomentosa, purple, July and Aug.. 10 to
"
15
ft., N.
America.
Armaria
(Thrift; Sea-pink; Lady's Pincushion
Ord. Plumbaginacese. Hardy perennial.
Cushion-pink)."
loam.
Position, edgings to or massing on
rcokeries.
or
Propagate by
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in
seeds sown
in
cold
frame,"
pans
April;
division of plants in Oct. or March.
A. ooespitosa, rose,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
.Tune, 2 in., Spain and Portuiral ;
latifolia (Syn. A. Cephalotes). crimson. June, 6 to 12 in., Portugal; maritima
(Syn
and .Tune, 4 in., Europe (Britain): maritima
A. irulâris), pink, May
alba (white):
maritima
lauoheana
(crimson) ; mnuritanioa, rose,
July, 18 in. to 2 ft. ' and
plantaginea splendens, rose. June, 18 in., Europe.
CULTURE:
borders
sunny
Soil,sandy
"
'
34
ENOYOLOPMDIA
OF
"
ArnattO
Arnebia.
OULTUEE:
GARDENING.
."
(Bixia orellano). See Bixia.

Ord. Boragiuaceae. Hardy
."
"
annuals
" perennials
rockery, well drained.
Sow
seeds of annual
speciesin light soil in gentle heat in March, "
plant out seedlingsin May. Plant perennialspeciesin Oct. or March
" increase by cuttings or seeds.
"
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
A.
oornuta, yellow, spotted with pnrple, BOmmer,
18 in.
to 2 ft., Tnrkestan;
Grifatliii,yellow, Jnly, 9 in., N.W.
India.
PBBENNIAL
SPECIES:
A. maorothyrsa,
1 ft., N. Kurdistan.
yellow, summer,
A. eohioides
included
(Prophet Flower) now
in genus
Macrotomia, whioh
see.
Arpopnyllum.
Ord.
"
Orchidacese.
Warm
introduced
1838.
orchids.
greenhouse terrestrial
Evergreen. First
CULTURE
:
Compost, good fibry peat
" charcoal.
Pot, Feb.
or
March.
Position, well-drained pots in sunny
part of house.
Temp.,
Oct. to Feb. 45" to 55" ; other times 55" to 65"'. Water
moderately in
Flowers
winter, freelyin summer.
at
Eesting period,winter.
appear
base of new
after
division
of
resting.
Propagate
by
pseudo-bulb
plants
when
repotting.
1 ft.,New
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. oardinale, rose, summer,
Grenada; pgantenm, purplish roso, April, 2 ft., Mexico ; spicatum, purple, April, 1 ft., Uezico
and
Guatemala.
Arrow
Arum
(Peltandra virginica). See Peltandra.

See Sagittaria.
(Sagittariasagittifolia).
Plant
(Marauta arundinacea). See Maranta.
Old Woman;
Lad's
Love; Wormwood;
(Old Man;
Ord.
Tarragon; Southernwood).
Compositse. Hardy shrubs, herba^
ceous
green
perennialsand annuals, with hoary and fragrant foliage. Ever"
Arrow-head
Arrow-root
Artemisia
"
"
"
"
"
CULTURE
deciduous.
OP
SHRUBBY
AND
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES:
Soil,
borders
rookeries.
Oct.
March.
or
or
ordinary. Position, sunny
Plant,
Increased
for shrubby
by cuttingsinserted in open ground in summer
for herbaceous
kinds; division in Oct. or March
species;seeds sown
outdoors
in April for annual
" other
species.
CULTURE
OF
TARRAGON:
tion,
Soil,light,dryish, ordinary. Posiborder.
Plant
roots
2 to 3 in. deep, 8 in. apart in rows
sunny
18 in. asunder, March
or
April. Replant annually. Cut foliage off
in Sept.," dry it for use
in winter.
Place a few roots in ordinarysoil
"
this
in
box
in
or
warm
greenhouse in Oct. to supply
large pot,
put
shoots
winter.
Propagate by cuttingsof shoots inserted
during
young
in ordinary soil in temp. 55" in March
or
April, or under hand-light
in July ; division of the roots in March
outdoors
or
April.
SHEUBBT
SPECIES
A.
HAUDT
PERENNIAL
(Southernwood,
Abrotannm
yellow, Aug., leaves fragrant,

silky white, 2 ft., S. Europe.
2 to
SPECIES
ft., Europe
CULTIVATED
Lad's
Love, or Old Man),
oserulesoens, blue, Aug., leaves
A.
alpina, yellow, summer,
6 in.,
Caucasus;
yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft.,
argentea, yellow, July, IS in.; Madeira;
cana,
N.
dranunouloides
America;
lanata, silvery leaved, prettj.,6 in., Europe;
gon),
(TarraAhsinthum
2ft., N. America;
pontica, grey foliage,2ft,, Austria;
(Worm*
wood), yellow, Aug., 18 in., Europe.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
ArthropOdium.
A.
annua,
"
Ord.
5 to 6ft., E. Europe.
yellow, summer,
Liliacese.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
nials.
peren-
First introduced
1800.
CULTURE:
part peat, " a
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one
well-drained
silver
sand.
liberal quantity of
Position,
pots in sunny
Water
March
or
April.
freelyspring "
part of greenhouse. Pot,
40" to
to
winter.
Oct.
March
"
Temp.,
summer,
moderately autumn
seeds
in
mixture
65"to Oct. 55" to
a
sown
45" ; March
Propagate by
35
c2
GARDENINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
equal parts sandy loam, peat, leaf-mould

65"' in spring; also by off-sets or suckers
of
to
tjULU'IFATED
SPECIES
white. May,
oaledonioum,
removed
white,
oirrhatum,
A.
:
Caledonia;
18 in., Kew
in
temp, of 55"
spring.
in
Zea^nd,
dii.,
May,
neo-
ft., New
paniottlatum,white,
3
May,
Wales.
South
New
sand,
"
See
Plant
Artichoke.
"
Artillery
Artocarpus
(Bread-fruitor Jack-tree)."
Orn.
trees.
evergreen
crimson
or
Cynara, Helianthus, " Stachys.

(Pileamuscosa)." See Pilea.
foliage.
First
htove
Urticaceae.
Ord.
large,
Leaves,
1793.
introduced
green.
" sand.
leaf-mould
into
Prune
shape, Feb.
Pot, Feb., March.
to
winter.
Temp., March
Water
moderately in
freely in summer,
stem60".
55= to
Propagate by
rooting firm shoots in Feb., March ; suckers at any time.
mtegriA.
SPECSeS CULTIVATED:
inoisa (Bread Fruit
Tree), 50ft., Malaya;
aud
Malaya.
folia (Jack Tree), 50 ft., India
Italian
"
Arum).-" Ord.
Ladies;
Arum
(Cuckoo-pint; Lords
tuberous-rooted
perennials. Grown
Aroidea;.
Hardy or half-hardy
and
flowers
tor their curiously formed
showy red, poisonous
more
CULTURE
parts loam, one

Position, shady " moist.
Compost,
two
part
their beauty.
Soil, ordinary. Position,parSPECIES:
HARDY
tially
or
spots. Plant, autumn
shady shrubbery borders or grassy
offsets
in autumn.
spring. Increased by
two
SPECIES
OF
HALF-HARDY
: Compost,
CULTURE
parts loam,
sand.
well-drained
" one
Position,
one
part
part decayed manure,
of south
or
at base
border
wall, or pots in a cool greenhouse. Plant
Water
freely whilst growing in pots; keep dry when
pot in autumn.
foliagedies. Protect those outdoors with a covering of leaves in winter.
CULTIVATED:
white,
HAIIDT
SPECIES
A. italioum
(Italian Arum),
creamy
italicum
leaves marbled
with
yellow;
marmoralum,
spring, 12 to 18 in,, S, Europe;
maculatum
(Cuckoo-pint), yellowish green,
spotted purple, 6 in,, Britain.
CULTIVATED;
A,
HALF-HARDT
SPECIES
palarstinum (Syn. A. sanctnm),
and
2 ft,, Syria,
For
other
as
yellow
species formerly known
purple. May,
berries than
CULTURE
Arums
for
OF
shrubby
Dracunculus.
Helicodiceros,
Arisaema,
see
and
lliehardia.
Richardia.
(Bamboo). Ord. Graminese.
furnished
stems
with
slender
with
(Richardiaafricana),
Arum
Lily
Arundinaria
See
"
"
plants
Hardy
Japanese
graceful grassy
foliage.
CliLTURE;
isolated groups
Soil,loam,
or
masses
leaf-mould
lawns
on
"
or
sand.
Position, sheltered,in
shrubberies; not hardy N. of
Plant, April. Propagate by division
England,
of roots
in April,
CULTIVATED:
A,
6 to 8 ft,, .Tapan ; aristata, 6 to 10
SPECIES
anoeps,
ft.,
Himalayas:
auricoma
(Syn, A, Fortunei
chrvsantha
aurea), 3 to 4 ft., .Tanan:
faloata
ohrysantha), 3 to 4ft,, Japan;
(Syn, Bambusa
(Syn. Bambusa
falcatat,
7 to 10 ft., Himalayas ; Falooueri, 7 to 8 ft,,Himalayas
2 to 4 ft,, Japan ;
; Fortunei,
Fortunei
variegata, leaves striped with white ; 12 to 18 in. ; Fortunei
leaves
aurea,
striped yellow; Hindsii
(Syn. Bambusa
ereota), 6 to 13ft,, Japan;
japonioa (Syn.
Bambusa
Metake), 10 to 15 ft., Japan;
Laydeokeri
(Syn. Bambusa
Laydeokeri),
3
ft,, Japan;
nitida, 6 to 12 ft,, China;

nobilis, 12 to 24 ft,,China; palmata (Syn.
6 to 10 ft,, Japan;
pumila (Syn, Bambusa
pumila), 12 to 18 in
(Syn, Bambusa
Japan; pygmsea
pygmaja), 3 to 4 in,,Japan; Simoni
(Syn. Bambusa
Simoni), 20 to 25ft., China;
Toitchii, 2 to 3ft., Japan,
Bambusa
ArundO
palmata),
(Heed-grass),
"
Flowering
"
Ord.
Graminese.
foliage.
grasses.
CULTURE:
Soil, well-drained sandy loam.
in isolated groups
lawns
on
: margins of
Plant, April. Protect

Hardy
perennial
orn.
crowns
of roots
Position, moist
water
with covering of tree

in spring.
36
for
"
tered
shel-
A. Phragmites.
leaves in winter!
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
stems
Top-dress
Cut down
early in Nov.
with
in Nov.. previouslylightlyforking up surface,
decayed manure
surface,
" cover
with
sprinklingof soil. In March, lightlyfork over
Solid
"
neat.
smooth
leave
"
rake
off rough particlesinto alley,
Keep
beds
free
light soils;
top-dressingin
once
month,
appliedat
Liquid
mixed
seaweed
Nov.
May
Sept.;
to
with
above
salt,
common
heavy soils;
for
manure
Peruvian
oz.
or
cow
"
manures
to
guano
square
oz.
to
pig manures
applied as a
yard, applied
yard,
square
salt, 1^ lb. supera month,

April to Sept. ; 3 lb. common
phosphate,
mixed
of
1
nitrate
lb.
kainit,
together, and
li lb.
soda,
applied once
rate
manures
of ammonia
2 oz. to each
J oz. to each
from
horse
Decayed
manures:
for
weeds.
of
manure
of 2
oz.
per
square
2
and
"
superphosphate, 1
yard
in
April
oz.
in
July.
oz.
sulphate
potash,
to each
salt,
gallon of water, applied in June; common
gallonof water, appliedin May and July; nitrate of soda,
gallonof water applied in May, July, " Aug. ; drainings
heap appliedfrequentlyin April to Sept.
2 oz.
oz.
shoots not less than three years old

Cover
with
of mould.
inches
crowns
a
deep loxes coiitaiuiug
Place
in temp, of 65" to 75" any
time
of mould.
boxes
four inches
"
between
Nov.
March.
Cover
When
shoots
closely " keep moist.
of
to
moisten
with
salt
each
water
2
show,
containing oz.
gallon.
tepid
PoEciNQ
IN
Boxes
Place
in
strong
few
in usual way.
FoBCiNO
Fbames
of manure
Cover
IN
: Prepare hotbed
with 3 in. of lightsoil. Place roots on this and
to depth of 5 in.
cover
Keep soil moist " frame closed until shoots appear, when admit a little
air.
Temp., 60" to 75"- Boots of no use after forcing.
Peopagation
Edible
Asparagus.
Propagate by seeds
in
four
of
three
holes
in.
1
or
deep " 15 in. apart
groups
in rows
advised
formed
for planting; or in drills 1 in. deep " 12 in.
as
or
apart in ordinary soil both in March
April. Thin seedlingsraised
in
the
method
to
first
each
one
by
group in May; those by the second
to a foot apart when
method
3 in. high.
Transplant latter into permanent
beds
when
three years
two
old.
or
Seedlings ready to cut
fourth year after sowing. Seeds take 20 days to germinate. A quarterpint of seed will sow a row 50 ft. long. Five pounds of seed required
op
"
in
sown
"
to
sow
an
Maeket
acre,
or
Culture
yield14,000 plants.
Edible
Asparagus
:
Soil, rich loam
or
sandy
trenched.
Manures:
40
tons
of farmyard
and 3 cwt. of kainit per acre
manure
applied in autumn.
Apply
annually in April 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda or 1 cwt. Peruvian
guano
to established
beds; or 40 bushels of soot per acre
per acre
appliedin
of soda
March.
Nitrate
seeds in drills 2 in.
preferable to salt. Sow
deep and 12 in. apart in March.
or
Following March
April dig out
10 in. deep and
trenches
4 ft. apart, plantseedling crowns
2 ft. apart
in these, and
with
2 in. of soil.
Leave
cover
remainder
of trench
unfilled.
Horse-hoe
land
between
will
frequently; the trenches
off foliagein autumn.
In autumn
gradually fill up. Mow
of second
Third
acre.
apply 20 tons of manure
to
year
commence
per
year
off just beneath
Break, not cut, them
gather the shoots.
surface.
Gather
when
6 to 7 in. long. Grade
into -sizes,
" marl-et in bundles
and 7 in. long. Average yield per acre, 3 to 10 cwt.,
4 in. in diameter
200 to 600 bundles
of 100 shoots.
or
Quantity of seed to sow an acre,
6 lb. ; plants or
crowns,
14,000. Prices for forced, 2s. 6d. to 10s.
door.
out-
loam,
or
deeply ploughed
or
Is. to 2s. 6d, per
bundle,
33
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
GREENHOTJSE
SPECIES:
A. tethiopious, 10 ft., S. Africa; medeolioideB
(Syn.
Myrsiphyllam
Medoola
or
6 to 10 ft.,
called
Smilax,"
asparagoides), commonly
S. Africa; plumosua, 4 to 10 ft., S. Africa, and its varieties,nanus
and
tennissimns;
soandens, S. Africa; Sprengeri, 1 to 3 ft.. Natal; verticillatus,
10 ft., S. Africa.
HAEDT
SPECIES:
A.
Bronssonettii, 10 ft., red
berried, Canary
Islands;
of"oinalis
(Edible Asparagus), Europe.
Aspen
(Populus tremula). See Populus.
"
"
Asperula
herbaceous
(Woodruff; Squinanoy-wort). Ord. KubiaceaB.

Hardy
perennials " annuals.
Foliage fragrant when
dry.
"
OTJLTUllE:
rockeries or
the shade
of trees or
Soil, light,rich. Position under
in open
borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov.
Propagate perennial
speciesby division of roots in March ; perennials" annuals by seeds
in April
sown
J in. deep in open border
PERENNIAL
A.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
arcadiensis, pink, April, 3 in.,
Greece; cyananohica
(Squinancy-wort), white, June, 9 in., Europe
(Britain);
odorata
(Sweet Woodruff), May, 6 in., Europe (Britain).
.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
10 in., Syria.
A.
CULTIVATED:
blue, summer,
azurea,
fragrant,
to
Asphodel
(Asphodelus lutens). See Asphodelus.
Ord.
Liliaceas.
baceous
Asphodeline
(Yellow Asphodel
Hardy her1596.
CTJLTtlBE
Position, open or shady borders.
: Soil, ordinary, rich.
Propagate by division of i-oots,Oct. or March.
"
"
CULTITATED:
A. imperialis, pink, July and

Aug., G to 8 in., Cilicia;
Aug., 3 to 4 ft., Mediterranean
Region; lutea flore-pleno,
flowers double;
taurica
(Syn Asphodelus taurica), wlkite July, 1 to 2 ft.. Orient.
Asphodelus
(Asphodel; King's Spear; Silver Rod)." Ord.
Liliacese.
herbaceous
1596.
Hardy
CULTUEE
Plant
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, shady or open borders.
in autumn
or
spring. Propagate by division of roots Oct. or April;
SPECIES
lutea, yellow, July
and
seeds
cold
in
sown
SPECIES
frame
in
March.
18 in., N. Africa; albus,

ft., S. Europe.
Greenhouse
or
Aspidistra.
(Parlour Palm). Ord. Liliaceae.
Orn. foliage. First introduced
dwelling-room plants. Evergreen.
1822.
Leaves, large,green, or variegatedwith white.
CULTUEE:
" sand.
Water
Eepot in March.
freely in summer,
moderately in winter.
Eoom
by immersing pot for quarter of an hour in
plants best watered
50" to
tepid water.
Temp., March
55".
Propagate by division of roots in March.
CULTIVATED:
A.
SPECIES
elatior
elatior, 1 to 2 ft., Japan, leaves green;
1 to 2 ft., China;
lurida varieTariegata, leaves variegated; lurida, leaves green,
gata, leaves
striped yellow. Last two those generally grown.
Aspidium
Fern). Ord. Filices. Stove,
(Buckler,Shield or Wood
white. May,
CULTIVATED:
2
ft., Europe;
A.
acanlis, pink. May,
ramosus,
white.
May,
12
to
to
"
"
ferns.
Ht., 1 to 3 ft.
AND
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES:
CULTUEE
OF
STOVE
Compost,
two
Pot, March.
parts peat, one part loam, silver sand, " charcoal.
from
Shade
Water
sun.
freely in summer,
70"
60"
70"
March
to
March
to
to
stove
for
Sept.
Sept.
;
Temp,
species,
50" to 55", March
to Sept. 55"
to 80"; greenhouse, Sept. to March
in sandy peat at any time ; division
to 65".
greenhouse,
"
hardy
in March.
SPECIES:
CULTUEE
OF HAEDT
Compost, equal parts loam, peat,
silver sand.
" coarse
leaf-mould
Position, shady or partiallyshady
freely in dry weather.
Propagite
spots. Plant in April. Water
io cold frame.
in April,also by spores sown
bv division of crowns
39
enoyolopjEdia
STOVE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Ceylon ; auriculatum, India

Indies.
Tiviparum, West
oardening.
of
A.
amabile,
Jamaica
muoronatum,
India
;
anomalnm,
and
Japan;
Indies
trif oliatnra, West
CULTIVATED
Hope, Tropical
Cape of Good
: A. oapense,
falcatum), Japan, Cliina, etc. ; falcatum
(Syn. Cyrtomium
; f rondosnm,
caryotideum,
]?ortunei, Japan ; f alcinellum, Madeira
Japan ; falcatum
lipidicaulon, Japan;
Staudishii), Japan;
lâdeira; laserpitiifolium
(Syn. Lastrea
Zealand,
pu'ngens. Cape Colony; triangularum ilicifolium,N. India; vestitum. New
l"Uili, etc.
GUEBNHOUSE
America,
-HARDT
SPECIES
etc. ;
falcatum
SPECIES
A.
CULTIVATED:
tichoides),N. America,
and
its varieties
acrostiohoides
grandiceps
and
(Syn. Polysticlium
iucisum;
aculeatnm
acros-
(Syn.
Polysticlium aculeatum), the Prickly Shield Fern, Britain, etc., and its ^rieties,
prbliferum
setosum, etc. ; Lonchitis
angulare (Soft Shield Fern), lobatum,
(Syn.
^tjlystichum Lonchitis), the Holly Fern, Britain, etc. ; munitum
(Syn. Polystichum
of varieties.
See hardy fern
opccialists'lists for names
munitum), N. America.
Bird's-nest
Fern;
Asplenium
Fern; Wall(Spleenwort; Lady
rue
Fern; Scale Fern, etc.) Ord. Filices. Stove greenhouse " hardy
ferns.
Ht. 6 in. to 4 ft.
CULTTJEE
OF
AND
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
STOVE
:
Compost,
" sand.
Water
Pot, March.
equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould
freely
in summer,
Stove
to
March
S
ept.
species,
Temp.,
60" to 70", March
to Sept. 70" to 80"; greenhouse, Sept.to March
50"
to 55"; March
to Sept. 55" to 65"in
sown
by
Propagate
sandy
spores
peat at any time.
CULTURE
OF HARDY
SPECIES."
Compost, equal parts peat, loam,
rubbish.
leaf-mould, sand " old mortar
Position, old walls for Scale,
Wallrue
" Maidenhair
Spleenworts; moist, shady borders for Ljidy
Fern
for other kinds.
Plant in April. Increased
; rockeries
by spores
when
ripe " division in April.
"
STOVE
SPECIES
A.
CULTIVATED:
N.S.
attenuatum,
Wales, etc.; Baptistii,
Islands; Belangeri, Java, Borneo, etc.; caudatum, India, Brazil, etc.;
Trop. America
Java, etc. ; lunulatum. Tropics ; Nidus
; longissimum,
{Bird's-nest Fern), Tropics; and
its Tarieties, australasioum
and
mussefolium;
New
obtusilobum.
rutiefolium
Hebrides;
S.
prolongatum,
India;
Tiviparum,
S. Sea
f ormosum,
Mauritius.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
and
Fabianum
Zealand
bulbiterum. New
tralia,
and AusColensoi, New
Zealand;
dimorphum,
Norfolk
Island ; ebenum,
Cape Colony ; flaccidum, Australia, etc. ; Goringianum
piotum
(Syn. Athyrium
Goringianum
tricolor), Japan, hardy in warm
districts;
Hemionitis
(Syn. A. palmatum),
Madeira;
obtusatum
incisum, Japan;
Inoidum
(Syn. A. luoidum). New
Zealand; monanthemum.
Temperate
Zone, prtemorsum
West
Indies, etc.; Sandersonii, Natal.
HARDY
SPECIES
A. Adiantum
CULTIVATED:
nigrum (Black Maiden-hair
Spleenwort
"French
Fern"
of the markets), Northern
or
and
Southern
Temperate Zones,
including Britain; Ceteraoh
(Syn. Ceteroch
the Scale Fern, a British
oilicinarium),
ahd
Filix-foemina
species;
European
(Syn.
Athyrium
Filix-fcemina), -the
and
Lady
Pern,
its
Britain,
numerous
varieties
Frizelli:p
as
mstatnm,
plumosum,
Victoriie, etc.; fontanum
(Rock
Spleenwort), Britain
marinum
Europe;
(Sea
Spleenwort), Europe,
Britain:
man
(Gergermanicum
Spleenwort), Europe, Britain; lanoeolatum, Europe, Britain; Ruta-muraria
(Wall-ruo Fern), Britain;
septrionalo (Forked Spleenwort), Britain; Trichomanes
(Maidenhair
Spleenwort), Europe, Britain;
thelypteroides (Syn. Athyrium
thelypterioides, N. America; virido
(Green Spleenwort), Europe, Britain.
varietal
Many
forms
of the foregoing species will be found
in lists in works
British
on
ferns
Aster
(Starwort; Michaelmas
Daisy; Perennial
Aster)."Ord.
and
its varieties
A.
laxum;
Compositae. Hardy herbaceous
perennials,floweringfreelyin autumn
and yielding an abundance
of flowers for cutting.
CULTURE:
Soil, gfoodordinary. Position,
borders or wild
sunny
gardens for tall species; rockeries for dwarf
Plant in Oct
ones.
or
spring. Lift, divide, " replant every third year.
Propagate by seeds
heat or in a cold frame
sown
in
in spring; cuttingsof
shoots in
young
heat or cold frame
in spring or summer
of roots 'inautumn
; division
See Callistephus
or
for China
Aster.
spring.
40
MNGYCLOFMBIA
OF
GARDENING.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. aoris, lilao-purple,Aug., 3 ft., S. Europe;
alpinuff,
pnrpie, July. 6 in., Europe; Amellue
(Italian Starwort), purple, Aug., 2 ft.. Europe,
and its variety bossarabious ; BolUdiastrum, white, July, 1 ft., Europe;
cordifolius,
mauve,
July, 2 ft., N. America;
and
its
dllflsbus, white, Oct., 2 ft., jN. America,
variety horizontalis ; dumosas, mauve,
Oct., 18 in., N. America;
erfboides, white,
Oct., 2 to 3 ft., N. America;
grandiflorus, violet, Nov. 2 to 3 ft., 'Vfrginia; Isevis,
blue, .Sept., 2 ft., N. America;
Linosyris (Syn. Glirysocoma Linosyrra), the Cioldilocks, yellow, Aug., 1 ft., Europe;
Kovse-AngliK, purple, Sept., 5 to 6 ft., N.
and its numerous
America,
varieties; ôvi-Belgii, blue, Sept., 4 ft,. North America,
and its numerous
forms;
ptarmicoides, white, Aug., 18 in., W. America;
puniceus,
blue, Sept.. 6 ft., N. America;
TradesStates;
Shortii, blush, 3 ft., Sept., United
cantea, white,
Oct., 4 ft. (True Michaelmas
turbinellus,
Daisy), N. America;
Aug., 3 ft., N. America;
mauve,
versicolor, pink and
white, Sept., 3 ft., N.
America;
Scores
of varieties
of many
vimineus, white, Sept., 3 ft., N. America.
of the foregoing species will be found
in trade
lists.
Astiibe
ceous
(False Goat's-beard). Ord. Saxifragaceae. Hardy herbaand
for
for
Used
also
flowering
shrubby perennials.
forcing
early in greenhouses.
CULTURE
ders,
OUTDOORS;
Soil, loamy. Position, moist, shady bor"
of lakes or ponds. Plant

in Oct. or spring. Require
in dry weather
INDOOR
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts loam, one part of wellrotted manure
Pot roots in Sept.
or
leaf-mould, " one of silver sand.
with
cocoanut-fibre
refuse
Place
"
Oct.
or
cover
pots in cold frame
till Dec, 'when
fer
transintroduce
to a temp, of 45" for a week
or
so, then
to temp, of 55" to CiO^. Water
freelywhen growth begins. Apply
when
flower
After
weak
flowering harden
liquid manure
spikesshow.
till May, then plant out in garden. Lift, divide, "
off in cold frame
roots will
Retarded
replant followingApril," lift " repot in autumn.
in six weeks
Increased
flower
from
by division.
potting in cold house.
CULTIVATED:
astilboides
A.
SPECIES
(Syn. Spirsea astilboides),white. May,
and
its variety floribuuda;
and
3 ft., Japan;
cliiuensis, white, July, 2 ft., China
Japan;
japonica (Syn. Spirrea japonica), white, May, 2 ft., Japan, and its varieties,
and
reticulata
fcliis-purpureis (purple leaves
stems) ;
(variegated leaves) and
1 to 2 ft., Japan
a
Thunbergii, white. May,
rivularis, white, July, Himalayas;
shrubby species. A. astilboides and A. japonica and varieties are the kinds used
for forcing.
or
margins
plenty of water
CULTURE
rockery
seeds
kinds
"
herbs.
Evergreen
1570.
Introduced
Levant.
America,
"
Leguminosae.
deciduous.
Hardy
nial
peren-
Siberia, Persia, N.
for
border
Position, open
tall, "
Soil, ordinary.
March.
dwarf
Propagate by
species. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
shrubby
Jin. deep in light Soil in cold frame in March;
:
for
sown
by cuttings
autumn
Ord.
(Milk Vetch).
Astragalus
or
shrubby
in
cold
frame
in
summer;
division
of
roots
in
spring.
or
A. adsurgens, purple, June, 1 ft., Siberia; alopecuCULTITTATED

:
(Syn. A. hypoglottis),blue, .Tune,
roides, yellow, June, 3 to 5 ft., Siberia; danicus
danicus
albus, white;
maximus,
yellow, .Tune, 2 to 3 ft.,
3 to 4 ft., Europe;
lilac
and
white, June,
trailing, S. Europe;
Armenia:
monspessulanus,
rosy
onobrychioidee, purple, July, 9 to 12 in., Persia j Tragacantha, violet, June. 2 to
vimineus,
3 ft., an
purple, rose, and
white,
shrubby
species, Levant;
everffreen
June, 6 to 13 in., Siberia; vulpinus, pale yellow, June, 2 to 3 ft., Caucasus.
SPECIES
(Master Wort).
Astrantia
perennials. First
CULTURE
woodland
sandy
loam
SPECIES
introduced
"
Ord.
Umbelliferae.
Hardy
herbaceous
1596.
or
margins
Soil, ordinary. Position, shady borders
March.
walks.
Plant, Oct. or
:
in cold
frame
CULTIVATED:
1 ft., E.
niolica, white, May,
major, 2 ft., Europe.
of
in
April ; division of roots in Oct. or March.

Biebersteinii, white. May, 2 ft., Caucasus;
carhelleboritolia,pink, July, 2 ft., Caucasus;
Europe;
in
A.
41
BNOtCLOPMDIA
Athyrium.
"
See
OABDMNINO.
OF
Aspidium.
A.
Hardy annuals.
Chenopodiaceje.
stitute
subhortensis (Oracne, or Mountain
Spinach) occasionally grown as a
for Spinach. A. hortensis
rubra
(Eed Orache) used for border
Atriplex
Ord.
Ôrache).
"
decoration.
ORACHE
Sow seeds at intervals of a
OF
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
few
March
onwards
weeks
from
in drills an
inch deep " 2 ft. apart.
When
to 18 in. apart. Gather
seedlings are 3 in. high, thin them
youngest
and
most
succulent
for
leaves
cooking
as
required.
CULTURE
EED
OF
ORACHE:
Position, sunny
Soil, ordinary.
in wild garden. Sow
where
borders
seeds broadcast
required to grow
in March
seeds.
or
April. Usually reproduces itself freely from
CULTIVATED:
3 to
5 ft., Tartary;
SPECIES
A.
hortensis, green,
summer,
liortensis rubra, foliage red.
Aubergîne
(Solauum melongana). See Solanum.
Aubrietia
ing
(Purple Rock-cress). Ord. Cruciferae.
Hardy trail1710.
perennial. Evergreen. First introduced
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
rockery or border.
Oct.
in
dibbled
in shady border
or
Plant,
spring.Propagate by slips
in shady border
June, transplanting them
in Nov. ; seeds sown
in April.
This plant may
be grown
old walls if seeds are
in mossy
on
sown
chinks in March;
useful for edgings to borders
" for spring bedding.
in closely after
flowering.
Stragglyplants best trimmed
SPBCIBS
CULTIVATED;
A.
deltoidea, purple, spring, 3 to 3 ins., 8. Europe.
The" following are
varieties of the foregoing species : Bougainvillea, Tiolet-purpfe
;
Campbellii, violet; grseca, purple; Eyroi, violet-purple; grandiflora, purple; Leitchlinii,red ; Leitchlinii rosea, rose ; purpurea,
purple ; and violaoea, violet- purple.
Aucuba
Cornaceae.
fSpotted Laurel; Variegated Laurel)."Ord.
Hardy everfrreeu shrub.
1783.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open or in shade; grand town
shrub.
Plant, Oct., Nov., April. Propagate by seeds sown
J in. deep
in cold frame
in Oct. ; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in sheltered
cold
border
frame
in Sept., Oct., Nov.
or
Female
aucubus
bear red
berries freely iu winter
if a male
plant be planted close to them, or
if a, branch
of male
blossom
be placed on female
plant when in bloom.
Aucubas
useful forpot culture in cool greenhouses or windows
in winter
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
A. japonioa, 6 to 10 ft., Japan;
and its varieties, albovariegata, aurea, fruoto-alba, limbata, maculata, vera
viridis
etc
nana,
Auricula
(Primula auricula). See Primula.
Australian
Bee-flower
See Ken(Kenuedya
"
"
"
coccinea).
"
nedya.
Australian
Blue-bell
Creeper
See
(Sollyaheterophylla)."
SoUya.
Australian
Australian
Australian
Currant
(Leucopogon Reichi)." See Leucopogou.

See Helipterum.
Feather-palm
See
(Ptychosperma elegans).
Everlasting:."
"
Ptychosperma.
Australian
Flea-bane
(Erigeron
mucronatus).
See
"
Erigpron.
Australian
Australian
authes.
Australian
Australian
~
Australian
Australian
Fuclisia
Giant
Heath."
"
See Correa.
Lily
See
(Doryauthes excelsa)."See
Dorv-
Epacris.
Honeysuckle"
See Banksia.
Hop
(Daviesia alta)."See Daviesia.
Ivy (Muhlenbeckia adpressa)."
See MuhlenbecHa.
42
""
MNOTCLOPMDIA
Australian
OF
Lllac.-See
GARDENING.
Hardentergia.
3errulata).-See Boronia.
Aultralit"miJXf^"**?"(2""^""'^
(Cephalotus follicularia
CephaTotu?P'tcher-plant
Sofia
"*'"^""*"
Austrian
^''""
''"''"
(îo^sonia antarGtica).-SeeDick-
Briar
(Eosa lutea)."See Rosa.

Leopard's
Bane
(Doronicum au8triacum).-See
Dor"foum.^"
Austrian
Autumn
Catch-fly
Autumn
Crocus
Pine
(Piuus Laricio nigra)."See Pinus.
(Silene Schaft4).-See
Silene.
(Colchicum autumnale)." See Colcliicum.

Squill
(Scillaautumnalis).-See Scilla.
AJiiJ!II2IJ"l**'^"'''"S:
Autumn
Sneeze-wort
(Helenium autumnalis)."See HeleAvena
grass.
(Animated Oat)." Ord. Gramineae.

Hardy
susceptibleto change of weather
and
flowering
orn.
Awns
animated.
CULTUEE
^îSSH^'^^^
Sow
seeds
outdoors
in
^"'a developedand dry
OULTlfATED:.
more
April in ordinarysoil
Avens.
Avocado
less
in borders
for winter decoration.

ft., Barbary.
A. aterilis,2
See the genus
Geum.
Pear
See Persea.
(Persea gratissima)."
Rose
Ayrshire
(Rosa arvenis)."See Eosa..
Azalea.
See Rhododendron
" Loiseluria.
Azara.
Ord.
Bixineaj.
shrub.
Orn.
Hardy evergreen
First
introduced
1873.
Flowers
unattractive
but
very
Foliage,dark green, finelydivided, drooping, graceful.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, against south
SPECIES
or
"
"
"
foliage.
fragrant.
wall;
warm
by
shrubberies in mild districts. Plant, Oct. or April.

cuttingsinserted in sandy soil in temp. 65" in March.
or
in
Propagate
SPBOIES
CULTIVATED:
A.
dentata, yellow, Jane, 10 to 12 ft.. ChiliGilliesii,yellow. May, 12 to 15 ft..Chili; microphylla, greenish-white.May, 10 to
12 ft., berries orange-red, Chili.
Ord.
Azolla.
Ehizocarpese. Hardy floatingaquatic perennials
with delicate fern-like foliage.
CULTURE:
Grow
in shallow
ponds or in indoor aquaria. Eequires
soil, merely to float on
slirface of water.
no
Increased by division
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: A.
oaroliniana, Carolina.
Azorean
Forgêt-me-not
See Myosotis.
(Myosotisassorica).Azorean
Thyme
See Thymus.
(Thymus azoricus)."
Babiana
Iridaceae.
(Baboon-root). Ord.
Half-hardy bulbous
1752.
Flowers
plants. Nat. Cape of Good
Hope. First introduced
"
"
fragrant.
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
Soil, light sandy. Position, sunny, welldrained
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep and
2 in. apart. Lift and
replant bulbs annually.
INDOOR
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy soil " one
part
leaf-mould
Pots, 4^ in. in diameter, well
manure.
or
decayed cow
drained.
Place five bulbs 3 in. deep in each pot in Nov., " cover
pots
until growth
with
cocoanut-fibre refuse
begins. Water
moderately
until flowers fade, then gradually withtime bulbs begin to grow
from
hold
bulbs
from
dry
Sept. to Jan.
it, keeping
Temp., Sept. to Feb.
40" to 50"; other times 50" to 60"
Propagate by offsets,treated as
for
g,dvised
bulbs.
43
ENOYCL0P.EDIA
GARDENING.
OF
B.
CULTIVATED:
disticha, bliio, June, 6 in.; plioata, blue, June,
and
blue, May, 6 to 8 in.
in.; ringens, scarlet, June, 6 to S in.; stricta, white
lists.
There
also a number
of pretty Tarioties mentioned
in trade
are
SPECIES
Babylonian
Centaury
babylonica).
(Centaurea
"
Cen-
See
taurea.
Bachelor's
Button.
See Sileue " Banuuculus.
Bactrjs
Palm;
Tobago
Cane;. Ord. Palmaoese,
(Marajah
Ht. 20 to 50 ft.
1825.
palms. Orn. foliage. First introduced
"
Stove
"
" sand.
OULTUEE
Pot,
:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould
Water
Feb., March.
moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
60" to
Position, shady " moist in summer.
70"; March
removing
plants
by
Propagate
young
in March, " placing these in small pots ; also by
from
base of old one
seeds,
SPECIES
Guiana.
CULTIYATED:
Bseria.
CULTURE
seeds sown
SPECIES
B.
1835.
Ord. Compositae. Hardy annual.
First introduced
border.
Propagate by
^ in. deep in April where
plants are to flower.
OULTITATED
: B.
ohrysostoma, yellow. May, 8 to 12 in., California.
(Woolly Bahia). Ord. Compositae. Hardy perennialherb.
:
"
Soil,
ordinary. Position,
April. Propagate by
old
Brazil; pallidispina,
"
Bahia
Leaves
grey.
CULTUKE
of
oaryotasfolia,Brazil; Maraja,
plants
SPECIES
America.
seeds
border.
sunny
in
outdoors
deep
Plant,
April or
Oct.
to
division
in March.
CULTIVATED:
B.
Cypress
Baldmoney
Balearic
lanata, yellow. May
(Taxodium distichum).
Bald
"
(Meum
Box
Balm
Balm
Balsam.
Balsam
Balsam
Balsam
I in.
sown
12
to
in., N.
18
Taxodium.
"
Tree
"
"
See
See Meum.
athamanticum).
See
(Buxus balearica)."
(Melissa officinalis).
of
Aug.,
to
Buxus.
Melissa.
See
See Cedronclla.
triphylla)."
Gilead
(Cedronella
See Impatiens.
balsamineaV
See Momordica.
(Momordica
Apple
(Abies bal.samea). Sfee Abies.
Poplar
(Populus balsamifera). See Populus.
Balsam-scented
Geranium
(Pelargonium radula).
"
Fir
"
"
See
"
Pelargonium.
Bamboo."
See Bambusa,
Arundinaria
" Phyllostachys.
Bambusa
Ord.
Gramiueae.
(Bamboo).
Hardy evergreen
plants
with slender, graceful stems
and
duced
elegant grassy foliage. First intro1730.
Grown
in groups
in the garden, also in pots or tubs for
greenhouse decoration.
CULTURE;
OUTDOOR
Soil, deep, rich loam.
Position,
warm,
sheltered
nook
dell in garden.
Plant
or
Protect
in
May or June.
winter
with covering of leaves at base.
Mulch
with
in
cow
manure
spring. Water
CULTURE:
INDOOR
"
"
Position, large pots
sand.
40"|to 45"). Water

Increased
by seeds
rhizomes in heat in
6
nana,
Arundinaria
Banana
Baneberry
and
to
in
sown
ft. ;
B.
sandy soil
arundinaoea,
3
marmoroa,
for
greenhouse (winter temp.
summer,
spring; division
Phyllostachys
(Musa
in cool
freely
:
tubs
spring "
SP|;CIESCULTIVATED
or
or
to
in heat
in
10
April
to
50

in spring; cuttings of
May
or
ft.
aurea
ft. ; tessellata, 3
species of Bamboos.
other
sapientum).
See Musa.
(Actseaspioata). See Actsea.
"
"
44
to
'to4
10 ft
tich^
disft. See'also
"
in
offsets
in the
removed
SPECIES
as
Soilla
occasionally in
Water
summer.
"
autumn,
Propagate by
weather.
time.
at same
dry
very
replant
soilloides,blue, autumn,
B.
CULTI7ATED:
GARDENING.
OF
ENOTOLOP^DIA
in., Cmna.
Also
chinensis.
-v
,.
c"
Barrelieri)."bee
(Campanula
Bellfiower
Barrelier's
See
Barren
Strawberry
(Waldsteinia fragarioides)."
steinia.
See Epimedium.
Barren-vwort.
J a.
See Mentzelia.
Bart
on
Barton's
Flovwer
(Mentzeliaaurea). See Mentzelia.
",
Known
.^
/-"
panula
Cam-
Wa,ld-
"
"
"
Basil.
Basil
Basket
"
See
Ocimum.
(Calamintha Acinos). See Calamintha.

(Nephrodium Filix-mas). See Nephrodium.
(Fuchsia procumbens). See Fuchsia.
Thyme
Basket
Bastard
Bastard
Bastard
Bastard
Bastard
Batatas.
"
Fern
Fuchsia
"
"
(Ageratum mexicanum).
Agrimony
Balm
Cedar
(Cedrelasinensis).See
"
Indigo.
See
"
Jasmine.
See Ageratum.
Melittis.
Cedrela.
Amorpha.
See
"
Oestrum.
Ipomeea.
See
"
"
(Melittismelissophyllum).See
"
Batemannia.
"
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
orchids.
Evergreen.
introduced
1834.
CULTUEE;
Compost, equal parts fibry peat " sphagnum moss.
Water
Eepot, March.
Position, shallow basket or on blocks of wood.
week
other
times.
three
times
Temp.,
a
weekly April to Aug. ; once
55" to 65"; March
Propagate by
Sept. to March
division of old plants at potting time.
B. CoUeyi, purple and green,
SPECIES
CULTITATED
Aug., 6 to 8 in., British
;
First
Guiana.
Bat
WIIIOVNf
Bauhinia.
Shy
(Salix
alba
caerulea).
"
See
Salix.
green.
EverOrd.
Legumin'osae.
flowering shrubs.
1690.
of
v-alue.
First
introduced
bloomers
no
great
Pot
: Compost,
equal parts peat " loam, one-sixth sand.
Stove
"
CULTURE
Water
moist
in summer.
Position, light, sunny,
firmly in March.
March
to
to Sept.,moderately other times.
Temp., Sept.
freely March
60" to 70"; March
Propaarateby cuttings inserted
in temp. 75" in July.
in well-drained
nots of sandy peat under
bell-glass
CULTIVATED:
B. (Jalpinii,-white, July, 6 ft., S. Africa; grandiflora,
SPECIES
white, July, 6 ft., Peru; natalensis, white, Sept., Natal.
Plant
Bayonet
(Aciphyllasquarrosa). See Aeiphylla.
Bay-tree
(Laurus nobilis).^See Laurus.
Bead-tree
(Melia Azedarach). Sec Melia.
Beal's
Barberry
(Berberis Beali)."See Berberis.
Tree
Beam
(Pyrus Aria). See Pyrus.
Bean
Tree
(Ceratoniasiliqua). See Ceratonia.
See Fentstemon.
Beard
Tongue.
Grass
Bear
(Camassia esculentea). See Camassia.
Bear'S-breech
(Acanthus mollis). See Acanthus.
Ear
Bear's
(Primula auricula). See Primula.
Bear's
Foot.
See Acanthus.
Fern
OOt
Bear's-f
(DavalliaTyermannia)." See Davallia.
Pavw
Fern
Bear's
See Poly(Polypodium meyenianum).
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
podium.
Beaucarnea.
"
Ord.
Liliaceae.
46
Greenhouse
ornamental-leaved
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OV
GARDENING.
plants. Evergreen. First introduced,

green.
CTJLTUEE
Compost,
Leaves, long,
1845.
narrow,
parts fibrous loam, one part silver sand.

rately
pots. Water
freely March, to Sept.,modetimes.
March
to Sept.
Temp., Sept. to March 45*^ to 50";
in temp. 65" in
in sandy loam
:
two
Pot, March, in well-drained

55"
to
Feb.
other
65".
March.
or
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: B.
glanoa, loaves
broader
tlian those
Mexico.
glaucous
glauca latifolia, leaves

recurved.
Natives
of
Beaufortia
flowering shrubs.
Australia.
CULTTJHE
sixth sand.
(Beaufort Myrtle). Ord.

First
Greenhouse
Natives
of
Myrtaceae.
"
Evergreen.
milky-wMte, 3 to 5 ft. ;
species: recurvata, leaves
or
tlie
introduced
1803.
Compost, equal parts loaf-inould,loam, " peat, one" prune,

make
soil quite firm " drain
March;
pots
freely May to Aug., moderately at other times.
Temp.,
45'^to 50" ; March
Propagate by
well.
of
Pot
Water
March
Sept. to
shoots
cuttings of firm
inserted
sandy
in
soil in
temp.
55" to 65"
in
summer.
SPECIES
June, 3
CULTIVATED:
ft. ; purpurea,
Beaumontia
Stove climber.
CULTUBE:
B.
docussata, scarlet, May, 3 ft.; oarinata, scarlet,
purple, July, 2 to 3 ft. ; sparsa,
red, June, 2 to 3 ft.
Ord.
(Nepaul Trumpet-flower).
"
Nat.
E. Indies.
First
introduced
Compost, equal parts peat
Position, large tub
or
border,
well
drained.
Apocynacese.
1820.
"
loam
one-sixth
sand.
Pot
Shoots to climb roof.
wards.
Water
plant, March.
abundantly May to Aug., moderately after60" to 70"; March
70" to 80".
to Sejjt.
Temp., Sept.to March
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp. 75" in March.
or
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
B.
grandiflora,white, ,Tnly to Aug.,
15
to
20
ft.
(Monarda didyma). See Monarda.

See Fagus.
Beech-fern
(Polypodium phegopteris). See Polypodium.
Tree
Beef-suet
(Shepherdia argentea). See Shepherdia.
Orchis
Bee
(Ophrys apifera). See Ophrys.
Bee
Balm
Beech."
"
"
"
"
Beet.
Bee-tree
See
"
Begonia."
tuberous-rooted
Beta.
(Tiliaheterophylla).^SeeTilia.
Ord.
greenhouse fibrous
Begoniaceae. Warm
" flowering.
perennials. Ornamental-leaved
and
TYPE.
TTJBEEOTJS-EOOTED
OP
Compost, equal
" one
leaf-mould
part of equal proportionsof dried cow
March
in Feb. or
to grow
tubers
silver sand.
Start
"
by
manure
70".
When
placingthem in leaf-mould in shallow boxes in temp. 65" to
transfer to large ones.
Water
rooted plant in small pots " afterwards
Feed
with weak
liquidmanure
moderately at first,fully afterwards.
CULTTJEE
"
parts loam
"
After
from
Shade
sun.
floweringgradually
their sides in
till Feb.
Store in pots on
tubers
in March,
culture start
For outdoor
temp. 50" to 55" in winter.
and when
rooting begins transplant into boxes, grow in heat till May,
Lift tubers
in rich soil in partialshade.
then plant out early in June
for pot
advised
store
to ripen off, then
as
in Sept.,place in boxes
surface
of fine sandy compost in
on
tubers.
temp. 65" to 75" in Feb. and grow seedlingson as advised for tubers ;
shoots in spring.
also by cuttingsof young
SPECIES:
FIBEOTJS-EOOTED
as
OP
CULTTJEE
Compost, same
when
growth is
withhold water
advised
for
active.
"
keep dry
tuberous-rooted
species. Sow
47
seeds in Jan.
or
Feb, in
ENCYCLOPEDIA
65"
temp, of
spring.
Shade
end
from
of
loam
65".
weak
Fresh
stock
similar temp, in
small " then
cuttings on
moderately.
Syringe daily.
Water
when
liquid
May be planted
reared
annually
manure
best
first in
rooted
flower.
in
in
cuttings in pots
or
to
Apply
when
flowers
tilate
Ven-
form.
in beds
seed
from
in
out
or
garden
cuttings.
SPECIES:
Compost, two
of equal proportionsof leaf-mould, dried cow
manure,
WINTER-FLOWEEING
CULTUEE-OF
parts
55"
temp.
sun.
freely
May.
insert
or
seedlings
the
in
larger pots
75",
to
Grow
GARDENING.
OF
"
one
saji'd.Insert cuttings in sandy compost in temp. 65" to 70"

in small pots, then gradually
rooted grow
in Feb. or'March.
When
on
transfer
to larger ones.
Nip off points of shoots occasionallyto induce
moderately. Keep moist during earlier stages
sturdy growth. Water
In autumn
of growth.
keep air drier " maintain
temp, of 55". Feed
After flowering gradually withhold
occasionally with liquid manure.
"
water, " keep rather
begin to give water
dry till March, when
also by seeds.
" make
larger plants. Increased
repot to grow
silver
"
CULTURE
in
advised
Water
45"
ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED
OF
in
Pot
previous case.
55" ;
to
temp. 55"
summer
Increased
in summer.
bv
spring.
moderately
65".
leaf cuttines
to
KINDS:
in
in winter.
with weak
Grow
Feed
in spring or
Compost
as
shady position.
Winter
temp.
liquidmanure
summer.
TUBEEOUS-IIOOTED
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. b'olivensis,
scarlet, BoliTia;
Bavisii, red, Peru;
Clarkii, rod, Peru; Pearceii, red, Bolivia; roaseflora,rose,
The
the
Peru;
Veitchii, carmine, Peru.
foregroing were
original parents of the
of
double-flowered
tuberous-rooted
jirefient race
single and
begonias grown
in
gardens.
For
names
FIBROUS-ROOTED
of
varieties
SPECIES
of latter
CULTIVATUD:
see
ft.; Dreigei, white, July, 2 ft., S.

and
soarlet, .Tuly, 2 ft,, Ecuador;
semporflorens
other
numerous
hybrids and varieties mentioned
Aug.,
trade
B.
lists.
asootioneis
Froebellii
Africa;
its varieties rosea
in trade
lists.
(hybrid), white,
incomparabilis,
and
rubra,
and
WINTER-FLOWERING
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. nlbo-coccinca, scarlet
and
coccinoa, scarlet, April, 3 ft,, Braxil ; evansiana,
white, winter, 18 in., India;
pink, Sept., China;
fuchaioides, scarlet, winter, 4 to C ft., Mexico;
incamata,
pink, Sept., 2 ft,, Mexico;
4 ft,, Brazil; manicata, pink,
haagcana, rose, autumn,
April,3 ft,, Mexico; nitida, pink. Sept,, 18 in,, .Jamaica; soeotrana, rose, Nov,,
1 ft,, Socotra;
18
in, (hybrid), and
weltoniensis,
pink, Dec,
other
numerous
de Lorraine,
Gloire
etc,
hybrids and varieties
as
ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED
Himalayas, and a
Belamacanda
bulbous plant.
OUTDOOR
well-drained
2
in. apart.
March
with
number
of
SPECIES
varieties
CULTIVATED:
to be found
B.
trade
in
Hex,
native
of
the
lists,
Ord.
Iridaceae.
(Leopard-flower)."
Half-hardj
First introduced
182.3.
CULTURE:
Soil, light, rich, sandy. Position, sunny,
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing tubers 4 in, deep "
Lift " replant tubers annually. Mulch
surface of bed in
cow
manure.
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandv
loam, one
part leafinould or decayed cow
manure.
Pots, 4^ in. in diameter, well drained.
Place five tubers 3 in. deep in each pot in Nov., "
with cocoanutcover
fibre refuse in cold frame
under
cool greenhouse
or
stage until growth
Water
begins
time
moderately from
growth
begins until flowers
fade, then
gradually cease,
keeping dry
Temo
Sent
tn
^ till Jan.
March.40"to 50"; otliertimes 50"
Propagate by
j
advised
for tubers.
as
tol30".
Xetstreated
""
^^
""""*"*'' ""^- ^"''-""rel''Smi,'2^f'i"c\1na'=."=

Belladonna
Lily
Bellflower."
Bell
Heather
See
---)"
fellow
(Amaryllis belladonna),_SeeAmaryllis
'uiiyms.
Campanula.
(Erica tetralix),"See Erica.
43
and
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bellidastruni
Bel
lis
herbaceous
See
(Daisy;
Hen
"
OF
GARDENING.
Aster.
Chickens
Daisy). Ord. Compositae. Hardy
varieties
Double-flowered
only cultivated
"
perennials.
Neat
" pretty spring-flowering
plants.
CULTCJEE:
or
shady. Plant, Oct.
sunny
March.
or
sions
Propagate by division of old plant in June^ inserting divi3 in. apart in shady border
boxes
of
in.
seeds
m
light
sown
deep
;
J
soil in cold frame
in March,
transplanting seedlings in open border
in July.
SPECIES
Native
of
CULTIVATED
B.
perennis
flore-pleno, and
its
yarietitib.
numerous
Britain, etc.
Belljsle
Belllum
Cress
(Barbarea praecox). See Barbarea.

(False Daisy). Ord.
Compositae. Hardy
"
annuals
"
"
perennials. First introduced 1772.

CULTUKE
: Soil,sandy loam.
]?osition,rockery or border sheltered
from
north-east
winds.
Plant, April. Propagate by division of plants
in March;
annuals
similar
to Bellis.
by seeds sown
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
white, July, 3 in., Mediterranean
: B. bellidioides,
Begion,
crassifolium, yellow, June, 6 in., Sardinia, perennial; minutum,
white,
Aug., 3 in., Greece, perennial.
Bellvtfort."
", Codonopsis.
See TJvularia
Stove
Ord.
Acanthaceae.
Beloperone.
flowering shrubs.
Brazil.
First introduced
1832.
Evergreen. Nat. New
Grenada,
CULTUE.E:
" sand.
Pot,
Compost, equal parts leaf -mould, loam
March,
Temp., Sept. to
moderately firm. Position, shady, moist.
March
60" to 70"; March
Water
to Sept. 70" to 80"freely May to
Remove
Sept.,moderately afterwards.
points of shoots occasionally
in summer
to induce
dwarf
growth. Propagate by cuttings inserted
singly in small pots of light sandy soil in temp. 75" in Feb., March,
annual;
"
April.
or
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. atropurpurea,purple, Sept., 3 tt., Brazil; ohlonpurple, 3 ft., Aug., Brazil; violacea, violet, Aug., 3 ft., Brazil.
Rose
S'ee Rosa.
Beng'a.l
(Rosa bengalensis).
Bush
Benjamin
(Liudera Benzoin). See Lindera.
Benthamia."
See Cbrnus.
Berberidaceae.
BerberidopsiS
(Ooral-berry).Ord.
Hardy
and
climbing shrub in S. of England; half-hardy only in Midlands
North.
1862.
Evergreen. Flowering. Nat. Chili. First introduced
CULTURE:
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, against south or west wall;
wall shrub
winter
with straw
mats.
Good
for cool
or
protect in severe
greenhouse. Plant, Oct. or April. Prune stragglyshoots only in April.
| in. deep in well-drained
pots of sandy soil,
in temp. 55" in March;
shoots
in similar
soil "
cuttings of young
temp. ; layeringof shoots in the open in Sept.,Oct., or Nov.
B. corallina, crimson, summer,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
6 to 10 ft.,Chili.
Ord. Berberidaceae.
Berberis
(Barberry; Jaundice-berry; Jaundice-tree
shrubs.
Hardy flowering " ornamental-leaved
Evergreen
" deciduous.
CULTURE
:
part peat " sand for
choice
soil
for
common
ones.
or
Position, sunny
ordinary
species;
pagate
shady. Plant, Sept., Oct., March.
April. No pruning required. Proborder
in Oct. or
1 in. deep in sheltered
Nov. ;
by seeds sown
in
in
soil
in
cold
firm
shoots
frame
of
sandy
cuttings
Sept.; layering
Berries of Common
shoots in Oct.
Barberry (Berberis vulgaris)make
excellent
candy, or pickle. Inner bark forms a yellow dye
preserves,
gata,
rosy
"
"
"
"
for
tanning leather.
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
canadensis,
6 ft.,Himalayas;
vnlgans,
3
Japan;
ft.,
April,
yellow,
Thunbergii,
yellow. May,
ft., Canada;
(Britain),fmit, black, white, purple, or yellow;
yellow, April, ID to 12 ft., Europe
vulgaris foliis purpureia, leaves purple.
aquifolmm), yellow, April,
Si'EOIES:
B. aquifolium (Syn. Mahonia
KVEllGltEEtN
5 to 6 ft., N.
buxifolia, yellow, March, 6 to 8 ft.. Chili; Darwmii,
America;
May, 8 to 10 ft.. Chili; empetrifolia, yellow. May, 2 ft.. Chili; Fortune!,
orange.
ilicifolia,
yellow. May, 3 to 4 ft., China;
glumacea, yellow. May, 1 ft., N. America;
of Magellan;
stenophjlla, yellow. May, 3 ft., hybrid;
yellow, July, 3 ft.. Straits
nepalensis (Syn. B. japonica), yellow
wallichiana, yellow. May, 6 ft., Himalayas;
DEOIDTJOUS
SPECIES:
B.
aristata, yollow, May,
June,
,.
,,
.,
ft., Kashmir.
Ord. Ehamnaceae.
Hardy and greenhouse
First introduced
Deciduous.
1714.
HARDY
SPECIES:
Position,
CULTURE
OF
Soil, sandy loam.
border.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune,
against south wall, well-drained
Feb., cutting off soft points of strong shoots " removing weak shoots
altogether. Propagate hardy speciesby cuttings of shoots 6 in. long
in Oct.;
half their depth " 3 in. apart in sheltered
border
inserted
greenhouse speciesby cutting at any time.
OF
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE
SPECIES:
loam
" peat, with a little sand.
Position,pots or beds in cool greenhouse,
shoots trained
Pot or plant in March.
Water
rately
modeup roof.
in winter, freelyat other seasons.
Prune
straggly growths in
autumn.
Temp. 45" to 55" Oct. to March
; 55" to 65" afterwards.
HARDY
CULTIVATED
B. volnbilis,white, July, 10 to 12 ft.. United
SPEOIES
:
(Supple Jack).
Berchemia,
"
climbing
States.
GREENHOUSE
Nepaul
shrubs.
SPECIES
lineata, green,
Bergamot
CULTIVATED
June,
10
B.
floribunda, white, Jnly, 8
to
10
ft.,
ft., China.
(Monarda didyma)." See Monarda.

(Juniperus bermudiana). See Juniperus.
Lily (Lilium longiflorum eximium). See Lilium.
Satin-flower
(Sisyrinchium bermudianum)." See
Bermuda
Cedar
Bermuda
Bermuda
"
"
Sisyrinohium.
BertOloniai
foliage. First
Ord. Melastomaceae.
Stove trailingplants. Orn.
introduced
sides dark
1850.
Leaves, upper
green,
under
sides
white, purple;'
pink, purple.
CULTURE
" sand.
tion,
Posi: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf -mould,
with
well-drained
covered
in
Pot, Feb.
bell-glass shade.
pans
March.
60" to 70" ; March
to Sept. 75" to
or
Temp., Sejit.to March
85". Water
twice a week
at other times.
or
daily April to Sept., once
Propagate by cuttingsinserted in light soil in pots or pans under bellglassin temp. 75" in spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. hontteana, leaves green
and
carmine, 6 in.; macnlata, leaves
pink and purple, 6 in., marmorata,
leaves
silvery white and purple,
6
in.
Natives
Bessera
plant. First
CULTURE
silver _sand.
Oct. or Nov.
of
"
Brazil.
(Coral Drops). Ord.

"
introduced
Liliaceae.
Half-hardy
bulbous
1850.
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, " coarse

Position,
well-drained
pots in cold greenhouse. Pot,
Water
freely during active growth. Keep more
less
or
dry after foliagedies down until new
growth begins. Requires plenty
of sun.
in well-drained
border
May be grown
outdoors
at foot of a
south wall.
and
Propagate by offsets removed
treated
old bulbs at
as
potting time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: B.
elegans, scarlet, summer,
18 in. to 3 ft
Mexico
Beta
(Beet-root; Sicilian Beet; Spinach-beet)."
Ord. CheuopodiaEsculent
reae.
vegetables " orn. foliage
First
:
plants.
1548.
Leaves, crimson,
green,
or
white.
50
introduced
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CULTURE
OF
GARDENING.
OF
Sow
seeds liin. deep in drills 15 in.
in
June
to Sin. apart in row.
apart
Sandy
May.
seedlings
soil manured
for previous crop best.
Beet
not succeed
must
spinach or
root crops;
follow cabbage tribe, potatoes, onions, beans, or peas.
may
Lift roots in Nov.
" store in cool shed.
for
artificial manure
Suitable
beet:
Common
of soda, IJlb.; superphosphate,
salt, 31b.; nitrate
18
Oct.
to April. Crop takes
for use,
IJ lb. ; saltpetre,1 lb. Season
weeks
from
their
time
Seeds
retain
of sowing till ready for use.
50 ft.
of seed will sow
row
a
vitalityup to 10 years old. Two ounces
in
BEET-EOOT:
Thin
long.
Maeket
CuiiTUHE
Beet:
OP
Soil, etc., as above.
Requires 121b.
bushels.
Cost
400
seed to sow
300
to
an
acre.
acre,
Average yield per
of drillingseed. Is. 6d.; thinning out, 14s.; and
hoeing, 8s. to 10s.
per
acre.
18 in.
SPINACH-BEET
seeds 1* in. deep in rows
: Sow
in.
in
Use
to
9
Thin
in
row.
seedlings
May
apart
April.
for beet-root.
leaves of this only, similar to spinach. Soil " manure
as
BEET
seeds J in. deep in boxes
OP
ORNAMENTAL
CULTURE
: Sow
transfer
of light soil in temp. 60" to 70" in March;
seedlingsto cold
in April " plant in beds in flower garden in May.
frame
SPECIES
B. Cicla (SilverBeet) ; B. -vulgarisparent of edible beetroots ; native
:
of S. Europe.
Betel-nut
Palm
(Areca catechu). See Areca.
CULTURE
apart in
OP
"
Betula,
(Birch-tree; Queen of the Woods).
" shrubs.
Deciduous.
ornamental
trees
Hardy
" bobbins.
fish
casks,
making
veneering purposes;
fish
nets.
tanning
CULTURE
or
: Soil,ordinary. Position, sheltered
"
mountain
Cupuliferae.
used, for
used
for
Bark
exposed in valleys,
Plant, Oct.
the
of
seeds
surface
on
sown
sandy soil on
Propagate by
be
seeds
to
not covered.
in March
borders
in,
simply pressed
;
when
old.
Dwarf
birches
one
propagated
Transplant seedlings
year
of seed
will produce 16,000
One
bushel
by layering shoots in Oct.
25 years
of seeds in
old.
Number
plants. Tree begins to seed when
hills, or
slopes; good
seaside
Ord.
Timber
"
town
trees.
March.
sheltered
to
Average
pound, 800,000.
life, 100
years.
(Common
Birch), 50 to 60
ft., Northern
(CutHemisphere ; alba pendula Tounffii (Weeping Birch) ; alba laciniata pendula
leaved
Birch) ; alba f oliis variegatis (Tariegated Birch) ; alba purpurea
Weeping
(Purple Birch); alba urticsefolia (Nettle-leaved Birch); lenta (Cherry Birch), 60
HDwarf
nana
Birch), 2 to 3 ft., Northern
to
70 ft., N.
America;
Hemisphere;
populifolia (Gray Birch), 20 to
papyrifera (Paper Birch), 60 to 70 ft., N. America;
30
ft., N.
B.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
alba
America.
(Pinus excelsa). See

(Bur Marigold). Ord. Oompositae.
Pine
Bhotan
Bidens
Tree
"
"
Pinus.
Hardy
annual
"
perennial herbs.
CULTURE
or
Soil,
April. Propagate
annuals
seed
by
sown
ordinary.Position,
Jin. deep
transplantingseedlings outdoors
SPECIES
CULTIYATED:
humilis, yellow, July,
in
May.
yellow, July,
^randiflora,
ft., Mexico,
"
"
or
Compost,
March.
ft., Mexico,
annual;
perennial.
(Cross Tine; Trumpet-flower).

hardy climbing plants. Deciduous.
Bisnonia
Greenhouse
1710.
CULTURE
Pot, Feb.
B.
2
border.
Plant, Oct.
sunny
division
of old plants in April;
in sandy soil in temp. 70" in March,
perennialsby
parts loam, one

Position, light sunny
two
51
Ord.
Bignoniaeese.
Pirst introduced
part peat
for
"
silver
sand.
greenhouse species;
BNOYCLOpMDtA
south
wall
weak
not
must
border
or
for one
deep.
plant "
"
one-third
of strong shoots
Prune
firm.
away
to
Water
shoots
in Feb.
Sept., very
freely April
times.
Shade
must
be
not
given
45" to 55" Oct.

species,
be
than
more
good drainage
Provide
18 in.
ft. square
soil
Bed
kind.
hardy
for
GAttVMtNG.
OF
" make
of
two-thirds
little at other
Temp, for
to greenhouse kinds.
March
to Oct.
65"
55"
to
to March
;
in well3 in. long, inserted
shoots
greenhouse
Propagate by cuttings of young
drained
pots of sandy soil in teiup. 65"
HARDY
12
to 70" in April.
oapreolata (Cross Vine), scarlet, snmmer,
oapreolata atrosanguinea, red and purple.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
ft., United
B.
States
to 15
;
B.
CULTIVATED
G-EEENHOUSB
SPECIES
:
15 ft., S. America;
tweediana, yellow, summer,
Bilberry
See
(Vaccinium myrtillus).
"
Ord.
introduced
Billberg'ia..
"
Tenusta,
15
Bromeliaceae.
orange,
ft., Buenos
Vaccinium.
20
to
Stove
10
autumn,
to
Ayres.
green.
Ever-
plants.
flowering
Flowering season,
spring.
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leafGood
Water
mould
" silver sand.
Pot, March.
freely always.
75"
to
to
65"
March
to
essential.
March
Sept.
;
drainage
Temp., Sept.
70" to 80".
Propagate by large-sizedoffshoots inserted singlyin small
pots of sandy peat in temp. 85" in April.
First
CULTURE
1826.
and
B. Bakeri, green
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
violet, 18 in.,Brazil; iridifolia,
18
scarlet, yellow, and
crimson,
in., Brazil;
Lietzei, rosy-pink, 1 ft., Brazil;
1 ft., Brazil; vittata, red and
Moreli, blue, pink, and
violet, 18 in. to 2 ft.,
rose,
Brazil ; zebrina, 1 ft., Brazil,
Bindweed.
See Calystegia.
See Thuya.
Biota."
Birch."
See Betnla.
Bird
Cherry
(Prunus padus)." See Prunus.
of
Bird
Paradise
Fiovwer
(StrelitziaEegince).
Strelitzia.
Bird's
Eye
Maple
(Acer saccharinum). See Acer.
Bird's
Primrose
Eye
(Primula farinosa)." See Primula.
OOt
Fern
Bird'S-f
(Pellsea
Ornithopus)."See Pellaea.
"
See
"
"
Bird's-foot
Bird'S-f
OOt
Bird's-foot
Bird's-nest
Bird'S-nest
Bird's-nest
Birth-wort
Bishop's
Bishop's
Bitter
Stonecrop
(Sedum pulchellum)."See Sedum.
Trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus).See Lotus.
Violet
pedata)." See Yiola.
^Viola
Fern
(Asplenium Nidus). See Asplenium.
Orchis
(NeottiaNidus-avis)."See Neottia.
Trefoil."
See Lotus.
"
"
(Aristolochiasipho). See Aristolochia.

Cap
(Mitella diphylla)."See Mitella.
Hat
(Epimedium alpinum). See Epimedium.
Almond
Tree
(Prunus Amygdalus
amara).
"
"
"
See
Prunus.
Bitter
Root
(Lewisiarediviva).-See Lewisia.
Bitter
Vetch
(Lathyrus vernus). See Lathyrus.
Bitter-wort
(Gentiana acaulis). See Gentiana.
Bixia
Stove
green.
Ever(Arnatto). Ord. Bixinese.
flowering tree.
Nat.
Indies.
W.
First introduced
1690.
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts loam, one part peat " silver sand.
Pot,
March.
Water
to Sept.,moderately other
freely March
times.
60^ to 70"; March
gate
Propaby cuttings of shoots six to 12 months
old, inserted in small pots
to Aug.
of sandy soil in temp. 85", June
SPECliSS CULTIVATED
: B.
orellano, pink, summer.
West
Indies.
See Eubus.
Blackberry,"
"
"
"
"
52
Eesting period winter

GABDENING.
OF
ENOYOLOPJEDIA
Flowers
appear
of
base
at
pseudo-bulb.
new
pseudo-bufbsafter
flowering.
SPECIES
CULTUEE
OP HARDY
: Compost,
equal parts leaf-mould,
sheltered
loam, " sand.
Position, sunny,
rockery in S. of England
only; in otber
parts in cool greenhouse (winter temp. 40" to 50").
March.
Water
Plant
or
freelywhilst growing. Keep dry when
pot,
at
of
rest.
STOVE
Sherrattiana, rosy red and purple and yellow,

:
Indies.
purple, March, West
CULTIVATED:
B. hyaointhina, rosy crimson, April, 1 ft.;
SPECIES
spring, Colombia
HABDT
CTJLTITATED
Terecnnda,
SPECIES
ilapan.
Blood
Berry
Blood
Elder
Blood
Flovwer
Blood
Root
(Eivina humilis). See Eivina.

(Sambucus ebulus). See Sambucus.
(Heemanthus cocoineus). See Hsemanthus.
(Sanguinaria canadensis). See Sanguiuaria.
Ord. Liliacese.
Half-hardy bulbous
plant.
"
"
"
"
Bloomeria.
introduced
1869.
"
First
Ht., 12 in. Flowers, golden-yellow.

border
: Soil, light, sandy.
or
Position, warm
rockery.
2 to 3 in. deep, " 3 in. apart, Sept. to Nov.
Propagate by
CULTUEE
Plant
bulbs
offsets planted
SPECIES
1 ft.
as
CULTIVATED:
directed
B.
Clevelandii, yellow, July,
for
anrea
bulbs.
(Syn. Nothosoordnm
1 ft.
Natives
of
aureum), yelloir, July,
California.
Blooming:
Blue
Blue
Blue
Sally
(Epilobium angustifolium)."See Epilobium.
Lily (Igapanthus umbellatus)."See Agapanthus.
Alpine
Daisy
(Aster alpinus)."See Aster.
Amaryllis
(Griffinia
hyacinthina)."See Griffinia.
African
Bell
Blue
festalis " Campanula rotundifolia). See Scilla
(Scilla
and
Campanula.
Blue
Cowslip
(Pulmonaria angustifolia).See Pulmonaria.
Blue
Cupidone
(Catananohe caerulea).See Catananche.
Blue
Daisy
(Aster tripolium)."See Aster.
"
"
"
Peacock
Iris (Iris
pavonia)." See Iris.
Blue-flowered
Bindweed
See Ipomsea.
(Ipomseacssrulea)."
Blue-flowered
Fleabane
(Erigeron acris)."See Erigeron.
Blue-flowered
Red-root
See
(Ceanothus azureus).
Ceanothus.
Blue
Gum-tree
(Eucalyptus globulus)."See Eucalyptus.
Blue
Marguerite
See Agathaea.
(Agathsea coelestis)."
Blue
Moonwort
(Soldanellaalpina)." See Soldanella.
Blue
Rock
Bindweed
(Convolvulus mauritauicus)."
See Convolvulus.
Blue-eyed
"
Blue
Spider-wort
See Commelina.
(Commelina coelestis)."
Blue
Spruce
(Picea pungens)." See Picea.
Blue
Tliroat-wort
(Trachelium oseruleum). See Trachelium.
Bluets
(Houstonia cserulea). See Houstonia.
Blumenbachia."
Ord. Loasaceae.
Half-hardyannual " perennial
twiners
" trailers. First
introduced
1826.
CULTUEE:
Soil,ordinary. Position, south bed, border, or wall.
Plant
perennialsin April. Propagate annuals
1-16 in
by seeds sown
deep in shallow boxes of light soil in temp. 65" March, transplanting
seedlingsoutdoors in June ; perennialsby seed as advised for annuals
'
division of roots in April.
or
"
"
SPECIES
OULTIVATED:
B
insignia, white,
lateritia (Syn. Loasa
lateritia
red, May,
,
July, annual, Buenos
Ayres.
Video;
red,
54
July, trailing annual, Monte

perennial, TucumanT
mul^flda,
-","u
miuvmua,
,
ENCYCLOPJSDIA
OF
OAItDBNING.
Blush
See ^schynanthus.
Wort."
Bobartia;
(Bobart's Iris). Ord. Iridaceae.
Half-hardy bulbous
Mt.
1 ft.
introduced
1810.
Hope.
CULTUEE
drained,
on
bed
border
well
or
:
Position, south
or
rookery. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep " 3 in. apart in Oct. Lift bulbs after
flowering,dry " store away till planting time in cool place. Propagate
by offsets planted " treated as large bulbs.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B.
and
flllformis,
aphylla, wliite
purple, summer;
purple, summer;
gladiata, yellow, summer;
spathaoea, yellow, summer.
Bocconia.
(Plume Poppy; Tree CalandineJ. Ord. Papaveracese.
1795.
Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Orn. foliage. I'irst introduced
Leaves, finelycut, greyish.
CULTUEE
Position, open, sunny,
: Soil, rich
loamy, well manured.
flower
sheltered from cold winds.
after
stems
Plant, April. Cut down
"
plants.
Cê
Nat.
of Good
Krst
"
shoots
growing out of
blooming. Propagate by cuttings of young
axils of leaves, inserted
in small pots of sandy soil,temp. 55" under
from
June to Aug. ; by suckers removed
root, placed in pots
bell-glass,
in cool greenhouse
in July. Good
for
culture
in cold frame
plant
pot
leaf-mould
" sand.
window.
two
one
loam,
or
part
Compost,
parts
times.
other
"
March.
Water
Pot,
moderately
freelyspring summer,
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
ocrdata, buff or whitish, July, 6 to 8 ft., China.
: B.
Bog; Arum
(Callapalustris).See Calla.
See Menyanthes.
Bog; Bean
(Menyanthes trifoliata).Vaccinium.
See
Berry
Bog;
(Vaccinium oxycoccus).
"
"
"
Bog;
Bog;
Bog;
Bog;
(Myrica Gale).
Myrtle
"
Pimpernel
Trefoil
Violet
Boltonia
See
"
"
"
Plant, Oct.
SPECIES
First
loam.
N.
introduced
1758.
Position, sunny
shady
or
April.
Propagate by division of roots in April.

B. asteroidee, white, pink, July, 4 to 5 ft. ; asteroides
or
CULTIVATED
violet, 4
Bomarea.
ceous
herba-
"
America.
perennials.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary moist
deourrens,
Anagallis.
(Menyanthes trifoliata).See Menyanthes.

(Pinguicula vulgaris). See Pinguicula.
(False Clhamomile). Ord. Compositae. Kardy
Nat.
borders.
Myrica.
(Anagallis
tenella). See
ft.
Amaryllidaceae.
Ord.
"
introduced
Firat
Flowering.
CULTURE
equal
: Compost,
Greenhouse
climbing
nials.
peren-
1806.
partspeat,
leaf
-mould, loam,
"
sand.
Position, large pots, tubs, or beds, well drained.

Pot or plant,March.
to
Water
freely April
Sept.,moderately other times. Temp., Sept.
45" to 50" ; March
Propagate by seeds
to March
sion
in
soil
of
in
temp. 65" in March; divisown
lightsandy
pots
Jin. deep
of roots
March.
in
5 to
autumn,
B.
aoutifolia, red, yellow, and green,
:
6 to 8 ft., Colombia;
edulis, crimson, July,
Carderi, rose, autumn,
patacoen"i" (Syn. B. oonferta) carmine-rose, Aug.
6 to 6 ft., Trop.
America;
6 to 8 ft., Colombia.
Bona-Nox
(Ipomaea Bona-nox). See Ipomaea.
tuberous-rooted
Berberidaceas.
Ord.
Hardy
Bong;ardia.
introduced
1740.
First
Nat.
Persia,
perennial. Flowering.
Syria.
well
south
bed
or
border,
Position,
CULTUEE
: Soil, light,sandy.
weather
Protect
in
severe
covering
by
drained.
Oct.
or
April.
Plant,
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
6 ft., Mexico;
"
"
with
handlight
of tubers
temp.
Oct.
55"
SPECIES
Borag;e.
or
or
layer of cinder
April, by seeds sown
thick
or
to 65", in
CULTIVATED
"
See
ashes.
Propagate
in shallow
boxes
March.
:
B.
Kawolfli, yellow, spring,
Borago.
55
6 to
12
in.
by division
of
lightsoil,
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OABDENING.
OF
" perennial
Boraginaceso. Hardy annual
for
used
flavouringclaretspecies(B. officinalis)
Boragro
plants.
Ord.
(Borage).
"
Common
cup and as a bee food.
CULTURE
rockeries, dry banks.
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position,sunny
where
in
March
of
Sow
seeds
common
required to
borage annually
in.
afterwards
apart.
thinning seedlings to 8
Propagate annuals
grow,
of roots
division
biennials
in
"
as
above; perennialsby
by seed sown
April.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
officinalis
(Common
Borecole.
charcoal.
long
Pot
to
afterwards.
Place
rose,
CULTIVATED:
May, 2 to 3 ft.
June, 2 to 3 ft.
Boss
Fern
Greenhouse
Ord.
Rutacese.
Australia.
First introduced
fibrous
peat, one part silver sand "

flowering. Drain the pots well
off points of young
shoots when 3 in.
Water
rately
freely April to Sept., mode-
in semi-shady positionoutdoors
June
45" to 50"; March
shoots inserted in sandy soil, in
young
bell-glass.
elatior, rosy
megastigma,
carmine. May,
and
maroon
yellow,
3 to
Compost, equal parts sandy loam

in grass.
Plant, April.
Propagate by division of
during summer.
"
CULTIVATED:
6
ternatnm,
to
serrulata,
Ord.
Filices.
Deciduous.
moist, shady, rockery, or

SPECIES
in. ;
"
Botrychium
weather
4 ft., hcterophylla,
April, 18
(Nephrodium moUe). See Nephrodium.

(Moon Fern;
Flowering Fern)."
Hardy ferns.
CULTURE
B.
;
"
in., Corsica, perennial;
ft., Britain, annual.
nlauts
Aug. Temp., Sept. to March

Propagate by cuttings of firm
temp. 55", June to Aug., under
SPECIES
Aug.,
3
directlyafter
to
rose.
Rose;.
Nat. W.
Cut
compost quite firm.
promote bushy growth.
make
1 to
Evergreen.
fragrant.
Compost, two parts
Flowers
CULTURE
"
"
shrubs.
flowering
pounded
laxifloriv,blue,
(AustralianNative
Boronia.
1794.
B.
Borag-e),blue, summer,
See Brassica.
12
B.
in.. New
Luuaria
Zealand;
(Common
roots
Moonwort),
yirginianum,
16
to
13
Position,
peat.
"Water
4
freely in dry
in April.
to
in., Britain;
in.. North
Temperate
Zone.
Bottle
Gourd
(Lagenaria vulgaris). See Lagenana.

Ord.
Stove
Nyctaginea?.
climbing plants.
"
Bousainvillea."
Flowering.
Deciduous.
First introduced
Coloured
1829.
bracts chief
floral attraction; flowers small and
unattractive.
CULTURE:
Compost, two-thirds
turfy loam, oue-third
leaf-mould
" sand.
Pot
or
Position : B. glabra in pots with shoots
plant, Feb.
trained
round
wire trellis; B. speciosa in bed 3 ft. wide " 18 in.
deep,
.branches " shoots
shoots
being trained up roof. Prune
of previous
year's growth to within 1 in. of base annually in Feb.
dantly
abunWater
March
to Sept., moderately Sept. to Nov., none

afterwards.
to
Feb.
Temp.,
May 55" to 60"; May to Sept. 65" to 75"; Sept. to Feb.
50" to 55".
Propagate by cuttingsof young shoots 3 in. long, removed
with small portion of branch
attached, inserted in 2 in.
of
SPECIES
sanaeriana,
bell-glass in temp. 70"

CULTIVATED:
noli
Buperba, deep
Bourbon
Bourbon
Bourbon
Boursault
sandy
pots
soil,under
rose;
to
80", March,
B.
frlabra, rose,
summer,
speotabilis, lilac-rose,summer,
April
5
15
rose.
or
May
to
8 ft., BraEil
elabra
ft., Brajil
snectabilis
^
"
"
Lily (Lilium candidiim)."See Lilium.

Palm
(Livistoniasinensis)."
See Livistonia.
Rose
(Rosa bourboniana)." See Rosa.
Rose
(Rosa alpina)."See
50
Rosa.
ENGYOLOPJEDIA
Boussingraultia
hardy tuberous-rooted
OF
GARDENING.
(Madeira Vine)." Ord

climber.
First
Chenopodiacese. Half-
introduced
1835.
Flowers
fragrant.
CULTUEE:
Soil, light,sandy. Position, back wall of greenhouse
south wall or fence outdoors
Plant tubers in small
during summer.
in
55"
in
for
outdoors
in June, or in
pots
temp.
March,
transplanting
bed in Feb. for greenhouse culture.
Lift outdoor
tubers in Oct. and
in sand
store
turbed.
during winter; those in greenhouse bed leave undisor
Water
tubercles
in spring
SPECIES
or
freely in
removed
autumn.
CULTIVATED
summer,
none
from
the
stems
serting
in winter.
Propagate by inin sandy soil in temp. 55"
basoUoides, white, autumn, 6 to 8 ft., Ecuador.

Rubiacese.
Greenhou.'rs
flowering shrubs.
1794.
Evergreen. Flowers, fragrant. First introduced
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf -mould, peat, "
silver sand.
Pot, March.
Prune, Feb., shortening shoots of previous
Water
year's growth to within 1 in. of their base.
moderately Feb.
to May " Aug. to Nov., freelyMay to Aug., little Nov. to Feb.
Temp.,
Place
Feb. to Sept. 55" to 75"; Sept. to Feb. 55" to 60".
plants in
shoots
to Sept. Propagate by cuttings of young
cold frame
from June
in temp. 65" ;
in pots of sandy compost in March
2 in. long, inserted
cuttingsof roots inserted in similar soil in spring; division at potting
Bouvardiai
"
B.
Ord.
time.
B. anguatifolia, red, Sept., 2 ft.,Mexico;
flaâ, yellow,
corymbiiiora,
Humboldtii, white, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,Humboldtii
white;
triphylla, scarlet, winter,
jasminifiora, white, winter, 2 ft., S. America;
2 ft., Mexico;
and
numerous
Neuuer,
pink; Hogarth fiore-pleno,
hybrids as, Alfred
scarlet; President
Garfield, double pink; and Vrielandii, white.
Root
Bowman's
(Gilleuia trifoliata).See Gillenia.
Box
Elder
(Acer Negundo). See Acer.
Box
Holly (Buscus aculeatus). See Buscus.
Box
Thorn
(Lycium barbarum). See Lycium.
Box-tree
See Buxus.
(Buxus sempervirens).
Love
Boy's
(Artemisiaabrotanum). See Artemisia.
Brachyconie
(Swan Biver Daisy). Ord. Compositas. HalfFirst introduced
hardy annual.
Flowering. Nat. W. Australia.
SPECIES
March,
18
CULTIVATED:
in., Mexico;
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
1843.
CULTURE:
by seeds
55" in March,
in April where
SPECIES
Soil,ordinary. Position,sunny
sown
Jin. deep in shallow boxes
transplanting seedlings outdoors
B.
CULTIVATED:
iberidifolia,blue
or
border.
gate
Propalight soil in temp.
in May;
outdoors
or
bed
or
of
white,
summer,
1 ft.
Hardy
Grass). Ord. Gramineae.
Inflorescence, suitable for drying for winter
(False Brome
Brachypodium
"
annual
floweringgrass.
decorations.
borders.
seeds
Sow
CULTURE
:
in full flower.
outdoors
in April. Cut inflorescence when
9 in., Europe.
B. distaohyon, summer,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse
climbing plants.
Brachysema.
First introduced
1803.
Flowering. Evergreen. Nat. Australia.
" silver
CULTURE
loam,
leaf-mould,
:
peat,
well-drained
beds
3 ft.
or
sand.
Feb.
or
Position,
tubs,
Pot,
pots
round
wire trellis or up the
wide " 18 in. deep ; shoots to be trained
"
roof
other
65"-
"
fully exposed to sun.

Temp., Sept. to
times.
Water
March
freely April
to
Aug., moderately
45" to 50"; March

tp Sept. 55" to
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55"
57
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
bellin similar soil " temp, under

in
shoots
Sept.
June, July, or Aug. ; layering
and
scarlet, April, 8 to 10 ft. ;
CULTIVATED
B. latifolium, crimson
SPECIES
:
violet, March,
white, spring, 3 ft.; nndulatum,
lanoeolatum, scarlet, yellow and
iu March;
cuttings of shoots
inserted
glass in
to
6 ft.
Bracken
(Pteris aquilina). See Pteris.
Orn.
Brahea.
Greenhouse
foliage.
Ord. Falmacese.
palm.
Krst
introduced
1865.
Pot, Feb.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, " sand.
times.
Water
in
other
Temp., Sept to
freely
summer,
moderately
55"
65"
75".
to 60"; March
March
to Sept.
to
March.
Jin. deep in lightsoil in temp. 85" in
CULTITATED:
B. dulcis, 3 ft., Mexico.
SPECIES
Brake
Fern
(Pterisaquilina). See Pteris.
Bramble
See Eubus.
(Rubus fruticosus)."
Bramble-leaved
Rose
(Rosa rubifolia). See Rosa.
"
"
"
"
Bramble
Rose
(Rosa polyantha). See Rosa.
Brassavola.
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove,
epiphytal orchids.
First introduced
1837.
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE
Position, blocks of wood,
: Compost,
sphagnum moss.
March
from
Water
to Sept., moderately
roof.
abundantly
suspended
55"
50"
to
to Oct. 60" to 70".
other times.
Oct.
Feb.
Feb.
to
;
Temp.,
winter.
Flowers
of
new
growth after resting.
Resting period,
top
division
time.
of
at
plant
potting
Propagate by
CULTIVATED
B.
white
and
SPECIES
:
aoaulis, creamy
spring, Central
rose,
and
America;
cacullata, cream
red, spring, S. America;
lineata, white, spring,
fragrant, S. America;
white, spring, Honduras.
venosa,
Brassia.
Orchidacese.
Ord.
Stove
green.
Everepiphytal orchids.
CULTURE
:
Pot, Feb.
Compost, rough fibrous peat " charcoal.
well-drained
in
Water
shade.
Position,
partial
pots
freely April to
Aug., moderately other times.
Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50" to 60"; Feb.
to Oct. 65" to 85".
Flowers
at base of
Resting period, none.
appear
last growth when
division
of plants at
completed.
Propagate by
time.
potting'
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B.
antherotes, yellow, May
and
June, Colomlia;
and
braohiata, yellow, white
July to Sept., Guatemala;
orange,
gireoudiana,
red, Aug., Costa
yellow and
Rica; lanceana, yellow, brown
to
and
red, Jan.
and
lawrenoiana, yellow, cinnamon
Sept., Surinam;
green,
spring,Brazil; macnwhite
lata, yellow, red and brown. May, Trop. America;
and
purple.
Torruoosa,
May and June, Guatemala.
"
"
"
Brassica
(Borecole; Broccoli; Brussels
Sprouts; Cabbage;
Cauliflower; Colewort; Couve
tard;
Tronchuda; Kale; Kohl
Rabi; Muswith
Rape; Savoy; Turnip). Ord. Crucifera.
biennials
Hardy
esculent
roots
or
foliage. Nat. Europe (Britain).Flowers, yellow;
May to Aug.
CULTURE
OF
BORECOLE
OR
KALE."
Sow
seeds Jin. deep in
drills 6 in. ajjart in Ajjrilor May.
third
Transplant seedlingswhen
"
leaf
forms
apart in
to April.
4 in.
rows
apart in nursery
2 ft. asunder
in
bed.
June
CULTURE
OF
shallow
boxes of
Plant
or
out
July.
permanently
Season
of
use,
18 in.
Nov.
BROCCOLI."
For autumn
use
seeds J in. deep in
sow
light soil in temp. 65" iu Feb., or in cold frame in
April; transplant seedlings3 in. apart in cold frame, light soil, in
For
Aprilor May; plant out 2 ft. apart in rows 2 ft. asunder in June.
seeds Jin. deep in drills 6 in.
winter
use
sow
apart in open garden
in April;transplant seedlings6 in. apart each way
in June; plant
68
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
permanently
end
of
BOW
seeds
April
2 ft.
end
CULTURE
apart
winter
for
as
of
OF
GARDENING.
all ways
in July.
kinds ; plant out
May; plant
out
BRUSSELS
in
SPROUTS
For
in
spring use
July.
For
sow
summer
seeds
use
Aug.
:
For
65-^
early crop
sow
seeds in
third leaf
off in cold
in
March, transplant seedlings when
harden
forms into boxes, keep in heat for a week
or
so, then
" plant 4 in. apart on
frame
till May, when
sheltered
border
plant
a
plant
out in permanent
position. Sow also outdoors
early in April. Transseedlingsas advised for Broccoli," plant out permanently 30 in.
to April. Cut, not
of use, Nov.
3 ft. asunder.
Season
apart in rows
till sprouts
heads
break, off sprouts when
gathering. Do not remove
temp,
are
of
55
to
finished.
CULTURE
OF.CABBAGE
seeds J in. deep in boxes
sow
use
COLEWOP.T
summer
: For
Feb.
in
65"
in
soil
transplant
;
light
temp.
seedlings3 in. apart in boxes of light soil " put in cold frame for few
For
in April.
18 in. asunder
weeks; plant out 12 in. apart in rows
autumn
seeds i in. deep in drills 6 in. apart in open positionin
sow
use
March; transplant seedlings6 in. apart in May; plant out 12 in. apart
in rows
in open
IS in.
seeds
J in. deep
spring use sow
6
in.
apart in
July; transplant seedlings
in Sept. Sow
18 in. asunder
in. apart in rows
plant out 12 in. apart each way in Sept.
asunder
garden middle
Aug. ; plant out

in July
Colewort
12
and
AND
of
in June.
For
of
seeds
as
sow
use
in.
seeds
For
autumn
sow
deep in
advised
i
use
for early cabbage.
in
in.
May,
drills 6 in. apart in April; transplant seedlings6
apart
For
in June.
2 ft. asunder
spring
" plant out
18 in. apart in rows
in last
outdoors in Aug. ; transplant seedlingsin cold
as
use
CULTURE
OF
For
CAULIFLOWER:
summer
case,
sow,
hearts
When
begin to
for the winter, " plant out in April.
frame
frost.
and
from
flowers
sun
them
to protect tender
form
snap leaf over
March.
in
outdoors
seeds thinly
EOHL-EABI
CULTURE
OF
: Sow
Thin
seedlings to 3 in. apart in May, and plant out permanently
for
stems
swollen
Gather
in June.
3 ft. asunder
2 ft. apart in rows
when
the size of a turnip.
use
for early crop
in March
seeds outdoors
SAVOY
OP
: Sow
CULTURE
seedlings as advised for
" at the end of April for maincrop. Treat
15 in. asunder;
in.
apart in rows
cabbage. Plant dwarf varieties 12
after
for use
Gather
in rows
2 ft. asunder.
tall kinds
18 in.
apart
frost.
autumn
seeds in Feb., March, April, May,

Sow
TURNIP:
OP
drills ^ in. deep
supply. Make
June, " July to furnish a continuous
soot to keep
lime
with
or
" 1 ft.
apart. Dust seedlingsoccasionally
in.
6
to
when
Thin
apart. Turnips
off Turnip Flea.
rough leaf forms
Sow seeds broadcast
in Feb. or March.
forced on hotbed
be
easily
may
with
fine soil.
" lightlycover
Turnips ready to gather
Keep moist.
CULTURE
after sowing.
borders.
MUSTARD
: Soil, ordinary. Position,open
OF
till
boards
with
mats
or
"
of soil, water,
cover
surface
on
first
Make
in.
and
6
apart.
they germinate; or in drills Jin. deep,
with successional
follow
sowings
every five days
of
March,
end
sowing
in.
1
when
for
Gather
high. Two
salading
cease.
then
until
eight weeks
CULTURE
Sow
seeds
Sept..
off one
pieceof ground.
crops sufficient
boxes,
seed on surface of lightsoil in shallow
Sow
:
Cultuee
Indooe
"
slate
or
sheet
of
with
board,
cover
paper,
with tepid water,
moisten
succession
for
Sow
in
or
room.
greenhouse
in warm
position
place
59
ENOYCLOP^mA
OF-
GABDENINO.
soil. Seeds may

in same
days. Two crops may be grown
of year.
time
in
moist
at any
a
warm
kept
room,
Maeket
the
Cultuke
follows
beds
: Prepare
on
ground or on the
as
under
Place
2
of
in.
manure
on
base, 2 in.
staging
glass:
rough decayed
of sifted manure
refuse on
and
in
cocoanut-fibre
1
fine
of
soil
on
or
top,
this. Soak the seeds for 12 hours in water
before sowing. Sow thickly
on
with soil, but moisten
surface, do not cover
thoroughlywith tepid
Cover
water.
bed
with mats
till seedlings are
IJin. high. Cut when
3 in. high " market
in punnets.
to
cut about
after
a week
Crop ready
sowing. Average yield, two punnets per square foot. Average price
per doz. punnets, Is. 6d. to 2.'!. Temp, for early crops 65". Will grow
cold frames
in summer.
in
Eape seed (Brassica napus) used instead of
White
Mustard
because
it is much
(Brassicaalba) by market
growers
three
every
be
sown
flannel
on
cheaper.
CULTUEE
OF
COUVE
TEONCHUDA
tion,
Posi: Soil, ordinary, rich.
seeds
in April. Transplant seedSow
lings
thinly outdoors
3 in. high, 6 in. apart in a
bed.
Plant
out finally
nursery
in June.
3 ft. apart each way
Gather
ribs,
outer
leaves first for their midand hearts last of all.
sunny.
when
Details:
Miscellaneous
Soil to be deeply dug and well manured
meal
for all foregoing crops. Fork
in bone
for
or
superphosphate
Best artificial manure
for cabbage tribe : Kainit, 2J lb. ;
turnip crop.
sulphate of ammonia, 2 lb. ; sulphate of soda, 1\ lb. ; " superphosphate
of lime, 2Jlb.
ApP ^ above quantity to each square rod a month
from
after planting. Turnips take
time
of sowing to
eight weeks
arrive at maturity; Brussels
sprouts. 30 to 40 weeks; other crops, 18
to 20 weeks.
Seeds take eight to ten days to germinate, and
retain
for six to eight years.
their germinating powers
of seeds
One
ounce
will yield 2,000 plants.
Market
Soil, deep
Culture:
3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre

of soda per acre
applied a month
of
decayed
planting, with
are
"
manure
1 cwt.
developing;
for
"
rich.
For
Borecole,
J cwt. of nitrate
planting; for Broccoli, 12 tons
applied
after
Manures:
in
spring,"
of superphosphate per acre

applied before
of nitrate of soda per acre
hearts
applied when
Brussels
Sprouts, 20 tons of farmyard manure
4 cwt.
applied in winter,
of superphosphate per*acre applied

4 cwt.
spring, " 4 cwt, of nitrate of soda per acre
applied when sprouts
begin to form; for Cabbage, 30 to 40 tons of farmyard manure
per
acre
applied just before planting, and 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda per
after planting; for Cauliflower,
acre
30 to 40 tons
applied six weeks
of rotten
in
3
of
kainit
manure
acre
winter,
cwt.
applied
per
per acre
appliedin winter, 3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre added in spring,
" IJcwt. of nitrate of sod.i per acre
applied six weeks after planting;
for Cabbage ; for Turnips, 10 tons of rotten
for Savoy, same
as
manure
appliedin winter, 1 cwt. of kainit per acre applied in winter,
per acre
5 cwt. of basic slag applied iu winter
3 cwt. of superphosphate per
or
acre
applied in spring,and 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre
applied
per
acre
in
after
is thinned.
Sow
seeds
of Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels
crop
Sprouts, Colewort, Cauliflowers, " Savoys in April outdoors; Cabbage
in March, April, " July; Turnip, in March, April,July, Aug., " Sept.
Plant in June
or
July. Cabbage again iu Sept. Distances for planting
Borecole, 30 in. each way;

:
Broccoli, 2 ft. apart in rows
30 in.
asunder; Brussels Sprouts, 30 in. apart iu rows
3 ft. asunder; Cabbage,
18 in.
apait each
v.ay
for
early crops,
GO
"
2 ft.
apart
for
late
or
main
ENOYOLOPJSDIA
OF
GABDBNING.
B. grenioulata,1 ft.,S. Africa;

CULTIVATED:
maxima
(PearlGrass),
minor
oi
Region; media
ft., Mediterranean
(Quaking Crrass), 1 ft., Britain;
rotundata, 1 ft., Mexico;
minima, 6 in., Europe;
spicata, 9 in. Flon-ering in
June
and July.
Broad
Bean
(Vicia faba). See Yicia.
Broad-leaved
Bell-flower
(Campanula latifolia). See
SPECIES
"
"
Campanula.
Holly
Broad-leaved
Broad-leaved
(Ilex latifolia).
"
Spindle-tree
See
Hex.
(Euonymus
See
latifolius).
"
Euonymus.
Prickly-toothed
Broad
Fern
See
(Kephrodium dilatata)."
Nephrodium.
Broccoli.
plants.
Brassica.
See
"
Liliaceae.
(Missouri Hyacinth). Ord.
Brodisea
"
Deciduous.
California, "S. America.
Kat.
Hardy
First
bulbous
introduced
1806.
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
Soil,
Plant bulbs
well-drained
border.
Lift " replantbulbs annually
rich, sandy loam.

Position, warm,
Sept." Oct.,4 in. deep " 3 in. apart.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy loam " one
part
in 4^ in. pots, placing
Grow
equal proportionsof leaf -mould " sand.
bulbs
surface
of mould.
Cover
1 in apart " just below
Pot, Oct.
ashes in cold frame
till growth begins, then
to a temp.
with
remove
Water
45" to 55"
freely whilst growing. Keep dry when
foliagefades.
in
J in. deep in sandy soil in cold frame
March;
by offsets treated as advised for bulbs.
B.
OTTLTIVATPED
SPECIES
:
Bridgesii, purple, blue, June, li ft., California;
calif ornioa, rosy-purple, June, li ft., California; congesta, blue, June, 1 ft., N.W.
America; congesta alba, ^bite; capitata, blue, May, 2 ft.,N.W. America; capitata
alba, white; grandifiora, blue and purple, June, 1\ ft., N.W.
America;
ixioides,
Howellii
Howellii, blue, July, 2 ft., Oregon;
yellow, June, 9 in., California;
lilaoina,lilac; byaointhina lactea, wbite, July, 2 ft., California; laza, blue, June,
Ik ft., California
(Syn. Milla laxa) ; uniflora (Syn. Tritelia uuiflora violaoea, pale
blue.
See Brevoortia
for B. ooocinea.) There
are
others, but above are the best.
Brodie's
Lily (Brevoortia Ida-Maia). See Bretoortia.
Brome
Grass."
See Bromus.
Ord.
Bromeliaceae.
Bromelia.
Stove
herbaceous
perennials.
leaved plants.
Flowering and ornamental
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leafWater
mould, " silver sand.
Pot, Mlarch.
Good
freely always.
65" to 75
March
to
drainage essential.
Sept.
,
70" to 80". Propagate by large-sized
offshoots inserted singlyin small
pots of sandy peat in temp. 85" in April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. fastnosa, purple, Aug., i ft.,Bratil; Pinguin, red,
March, 3 ft.,Trop. America;
sylvestris,crimson, July, 3 ft., Trop. America.
Stock
Brompton
(Matthiolaincana)."See Matthiola.
INDOOR
'
"
"
Bromus
(Black Grass; Brome
Grass). Ord. Gramineae.
Hardy
Biennial.
ornamental
Inflorescence
suitable for mixing with
grasses.
decoration.
cut flowers or drying for winter
CULTURE
Position, open borders.
: Soil, ordinary.
Propagate by
seeds sown
-Jin. deep in Sept or April where
plants are required to
useful
for drying for winter
Flowers
decoration; cut them
grow.
"
when
fullydeveloped.
SPECIES
Broom.
CULTIVATED
"
See
Broushtonla.
First
introduced
B.
2 ft., Caucasus.
brizffiformis,
Cytisus.
"
Ord.
Orchidaoeae.
Stove
orchid.
EverTeen.
"
1793.
62
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GAltDENING.
OF
CULTUEE
:
Position, blocks of wood,
Compost, sphagnum moss.
shade.
Water
partial
freelyApril to Aug., moderately other times.
Feb.
50"
Oct.,to
to
Temp.,
60; Feb. to Oct. 65" to 85". Growing period,
"
summer.
at apex
Flowers
spring
EjCstingperiod,winter.
appear
in
of
pseudo-bulb after resting.
new
CULTIVATED":
SPECIES
guinea, crimson,
Aug.,
B.
18
in.,
lilaoina, rosy
lilac, summer,
San
Domingo;
ean-
Jamaica.
Broussonetia
duous
(Paper Mulberry)." Ord. TJrticaceae. Hardy deci1751.
Nat.
China.
First
introduced
Leaves,
foliage.
large, lobed, mulberrjr-shaped.
Orn.
tree.
CULTUEE
in
Soil, rich loamy. Position, sheltered shrubberies
March.
to
Oct.
Engjlandonly. Plant,
in Oct. or Nov.
in sandy soil in cold frame
iu Oct., or suckers
of
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Browallia.
papjrifera, 12 ft., Japan.

Solauaceae.
Greenhouse
annuals.
S.
serted
in-
B.
Ord.
"
Flowering.
First introduced
1735.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts loam " leaf-mould, with little
sand.
in temp. 55"
Sow
seeds 1-16 iu. deep in fine light soil in March
When
to 65".
seedlings appear
transplant three or four into each
shelf iu greenhouse, " water
5 in. pot, keep on
a
moderately.
Apply
in cool greenhouse.
flower
in May
Will
" June.
water
weak
manure
55" to 60".
to June
Seedlingsmay be planted outdoors
Temp., March
to flower
in June
SPECIES
during
summer.
B.
CULTIVATED:
speciosa, purple, July,
(Syn. B. data), Hue, July, 9 in., Peru;

speciosa major, blue; grandiflora, lilao,July,
demisaa
ft., Peru;
2 ft.. Peru.
green.
EverOrd. Leguminosaa. Stove
Brownea.
flowering shrubs.
introduced
1820.
First
Pot,
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts peat " loam, little sand.
Water
Feb. or March.
occasionally at other
55" to 60"; March
to Sept. 65" to 85"times.
Temp., Sejjt.to March
in
firm
shoots
inserted
of
sandy
peat, in temp.
cuttings
by
Propagate
80" under
bell-glass,in spring.
Birsohellii,
B. Ariza, red, June, 10 to 20 ft.,Colombia;
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
10 to 13 ft., hybrid;
Crawfordii, scarlet, summer,
Aug., 10 ft., Venezuela;
rose,
grandiceps, red, June, 10 ft., Venezuela.
See Datura.
Brugmansia.
Stove evergreen
Ord. Solanacese.
Brunf
elsia.
floweringshrubs.
"
"
"
1826.
First introduced
CULTURE
: Compost, four
Position,
part loam " sand.
parts each fibrous peat " leaf-mould, one

Pot immediately
pots in plant stove.
rately
modeessential.
Prune
"
firm
drainage
potting
flowering;good
after
after
are
off points of young

Pinch
moderately Oct. to March,
to Aug.
Apply liquid manure
flowering.
in. long.
Water
Syringe freely March
shoots
when
latter
freely afterwards.
to healthy plants
to Oct. 60" to
50" to 55"; March
in summer.
Temp., Oct. to March
bellin
sand
under
inserted
in.
2
to
3
70".
cuttings
long,
Propagate by
to
60"
Feb.
Au?.
to
in
70",
glass
temp.
rant,
B. oalyoina (Syn. Francisoea
calyoina),purple, fragCULTIVATED:
SPECIES
summer,
Brunsvigria
ft., Brazil.
Ord.
(Candelabra-flower')
"
Amaryllidaceaj.
Good
Greenhouse
First
Nat. Cape
bulbous
Hope.
plants. Deciduous.
introduced
1752.
Pot., Sept.
CULTURE
equal parts peat, loam, " sand.
: Compost,
quantity;
new
growth begins, then give moderate
Water
only when
vellow.
turn
after leaves
Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50"
to give any
cease
to Sept. 65" to 75"Plants
55" to 65" ; March
to March,
Nov
to 55"
of
"
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
full exposure
to sun.
Propagate by offsets inserted in small
similar
to
bulbs,
pots
large
grown
B. gigantea, red, July, 1 ft. ; Josephinse, scarlet, July,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
"
18 in. : miaor, pink, July, 9 in. ; liadula, red, June, 6 in.
See
Brassica.
Brussels
Sprcuts.
have
must
"
"
BryanthUS.
Evergreen.
Ericaceae.
Ord.
"
Plant,
Position, moist
rockery.
peat.
by division of plants in April, or layering
CDLTUBE:
Soil, sandy
Oct. to April. Propagate
in Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B.
California;
empetriformis,
1 ft., a
red, summer,
trailingflowering shrubs.
Hardy
rosy-purple,
Breweri,
reddish
hybrid
purple,
summer,
between
June
to
19
in.,
erectuR,
Columbia;
and
empetriformis
B.
Aug.,
to
in., British
Khodothamnus
Chamfecistus.
Bryophyllum.
plants. First
CULTURE
Ord.
"
leaved
Crassulaceae.
introduced
Greenhouse
succulent-
1800.
one
part old mortar,
in
Position,
rubble, "
fairly dry greenpits
house.
sunny,
Water
Pot
in March.
keep rather dry
at other
seasons.
Temp., 45" to 55" in winter; 55" to 65" afterwards.
Propagate by leaves simply laid on the surface of moist sand.
B. oalycinum, green
and
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
3 ft., Trop.
:
purple, summer,
and
10 ft., S. Africa.
Africa; proliferum, green
purple, summer,
Buck-eye
Pavia)." êe ^sculus.
(.ailsculus
Buckler
Fern
(Nephrodium Pilix-mas)." See Nephrodium.
Buckthorn
(Rhamuus
catharticus). See Rhamnus.
:
Compost,
two
sandjrloam,
parts
well-drained
sand.
"
Buckwheat.
Buddleia,
See
"
Fagopyrum.
(Orange-ball-tree).Ord. Loganiaceae.
Evergreen.
Hardy kinds
"
flowering shrubs.
First
culture.
CULTURE
1774.
Soil, light rich.
wall,
south-west
Prune
introduced
dead
in
or
Hardy or greenhouse
only worthy of
Position, border
against
Plant, Oct.
sheltered
straggly
south
shrubberies.
shoots
only.
or
April.
or

60" in March;
by cuttings of firm shoots
in Sept.
inserted in pots of sandy soil in cold frame
SPK0IE9
B. globosa, orange,
CULTIVATED:
and
May
June, 10 to 15 ft.. Chili
10 ft., a hybrid;
and
Peru;
intermedia,
imi-ple, summer,
japonica
(Syn. B. curTiflora), purple, Aug., .Japan;
variabilis, rosy
G to
10 ft., China;
lilac, summer,
variabilis
veitehiana, a superior variety.
Buffalo-berry
(Shepherdia argentea)." See Shepherdia.
Buffalo
Currant
(Ribes aureum)." See Ribes.
Buff-coloured
See Lilium.
Lily(Lilium testaceum)."
in
away
light soil
Bufflehorn
Bugbane
in
or
temp,
of
Wood
(Burchellia capensis)." See Burchellia.
(Cimicifuga americana). See Cimicifuga.
Flower
(Ajuga reptans)."See Ajuga.
"
Bugle
Bugle
Lily."
Bulb-bearing:
See
Bulbinella."
Ord.
introduced
Watsonia.
Lily
(Lilium bulbiferum)." See
Liliacea!.
Hardy
SPECIES
to
CTJLTIVATED:
B.
Zealand.
ft., New
BulbOCOdium
bulbous
before
Lilium.
perennial.
First
1848.
CULTURE:
Soil, rich, well drained,
mould.
warm
Propagate by division in spring.
2
herbaceous
plant.
leaves.
Hookori
introduced
border.
(Syn. Ohrysobaotron
(Spring Meadow
First
containing plenty
Plant
in
of
leaf-
spring.
Hookeri), white
mer,
sum-
'
Saffron")." Ord. Liliacea.

1649.
Flowers
appear
in
Hardy
March,
UNOYGLOP^DlA
CULTITEE:
Plant
borders.
SPECIES
OARDMNING.
Soil, ordinary.
bulbs 3 in.
second
year.
bulbs every
the bulbs.
OP
CULTIVATED:
B.
or
Position, sunny
shady beds or
deep " 3 in. apart in Sept. Lift " replant
Propagate by offsets obtained when lifting
purple, March,
vernum,
in., Alps;
yer-
vemum
aioolor,prettily tinted.
Bullace
Bullrush
Bull's
Bunch
(Prunus institia).See Prunus.

See Typha.
(Typha latifolia)."
Head
Orchid
(Anguloa Clowesi)."See Anguloa.
Berry
(Cornus canadensis). ^See Cornus.
Pine-tree
Bunya-Bunya
(Araucaria Bidwelli)."See
"
"
Arau-
caiia.
Buphane.
Ord.
"
Amaryllidaceae.Half-hardy
bulbous-rooted
CULTURE
First
or
greenhouse
plants.
" sand.
: Compost, equal parts peat, loam,
Pot, Sept.
Water
only when new
growth begins,then give moderate
quantity;
to give any
after leaves turn
cease
yellow. Temp., Sept. to Nov. 50"
to 55"; Nov. to March
55" to 65"; March
Plants
have full exposure
must
to sun.
Propagate by offsets inserted in small
pots " grown
SPECIES
summer,
introduced
1795.
similar to large bulbs.
CULTIVATED:
1 ft., S. Africa.
B.
oiliaris,purple,
summer,
ft.; diatioha, purple,
Bupleurum
(Hare's-ear). Ord. Umbelliferae.
Hardy evergreen,
shrub
and perennials. Pirst introduced
1596.
CULTURE
OP
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary. Position,,
border.
warm
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by cuttingsinserted,
in sandy peat in cold frame
in Oct. or March
; also by seeds.
CULTURE
OF
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
Soil,ordinary. Position,,
borders or rockeries.
Propagate by seeds ;
sunny
outdoors
in April; division in March.
sown
SHRUBBY
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
B. frutioosum, yellow, July, 3 ft., Mediterranean
Hegion.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. petrffium,yellow, June, 6 in.,Europe;,
stellatum, yellow, June, 9 in., S. Europe.
baceous
Bupthalmum
(Yellow Ox-eye). Ord. Compositae. Hardy herperennials. First introduced, 1722.
CULTURE
Plant.'
Position, open sunny border.
: Soil, ordinary.
Oct. or March.
Propagateby division of old plantsin Oct. or March;,
seeds sown
outdoors
in
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
B. salioifolium,yellow, June, 18 in., S. Europe; salioifolium grandiflorum, large-flowered variety; speoiosissimum {Syn. Telekia
speciosissima), yellow, June, 3 ft.,Europe; speoiosum (Syn. Telekia speciosa),yellow, June,
5 ft.,Europe.
Ord.
Scitaminaceae.
Stove
herbaceous
BurbidSâi
flowering
1879.
CULTURE
loam.
tion,
Posi: Compost, equal parts peat, leaf -mould, and
Water
large pots, tubs, or beds. Plant, March.
freelyMarch
to August, moderately other times.
Propagate by division of roots in
"
"
"
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
B.
nitida, orange
"
red,
summer,
ft., Borneo.
Stove flowering'
(BufHehorn-wood). Ord. Eubiacese.
shrub.
Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good Hope.
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, " sand.
Water
Pot, March.
freely April to Sept., moderately other times.
55" to 60"; March
to Sept. es'*to 75".
ProTemp,, Sept. to March.
shoots inserted in sandy peat under
belVpagate by cuttings of young
glass in temp. 75 in March, April,or May.
Burchellia
"
65
OABDENINO.
OF
ENGYOLOPJBDIA
to May, 3 ft.
capensis, scarlet, March
Bur
See Bideus.
Marigold.
Burnet
(Poterium Sanguisorba). See Poterium.
See Bosa.
Rose
Burnet
(Bosa spiuosi"sima)."
Bush
Burning
(Dictamuus albus). See DictamuuB.
Oak
Burr
(Querous macrocarpa)." See Quercus.
Burser'S
Saxifrage
(Saxifragaburseriana). See Saxifraga.
See Ocimum.
Basil
Bush
(Ocimum miuimum).
Clover
Bush
(Lespedezacapitata). See Lespedeza.
Bush
Honeysuckle
(Diervillarosea). See DierviUa.
See Buscus.
Broom
Butcher's
(Buscus
Alismaceae.
Butomus
Lily Grass). Ord.
(Flowering Busb;
BPEOIES
OULTITATED
B.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
aculeatus^.
"
"
waterside
perennial. Pretty
plant.
Position, in shallow water on margins
: Soil, ordinary.
ponds, lakes, etc.
Hardy
CULTUBE
of
of roots
in March
SPECIES
or
April.
B.
CULTIVATED:
umhellatus,
rose,
summer,
to
ft., Europe
(Britain.)
cissus.
Nar-
See
Butter
"
Eggs
Butter
Bean
(Phaseolusvulgaris). See Phaseolus.

See Bauunculus.
Flovvrer.
See Schizanthus.
Iris.
See Morsea.
Orchid
(Oneidium Papilio)."See Oucidium.
" H.
Orchis
bifolia).See
(Habenaria chlorantha
Buttercup."
Butterfly
Butterfly
Butterfly
Butterfly
(Narcissus incomparabilisplenns).
"
"
"
"
"
Habeuaria.
Pea.
Butterfly
Plant
Butterfly
Butterfly
Tulip
Butterfly-weed
"
See
Clitoria.
(Phalsenopsiaamabilis). See Phalsenopsis.

(Calochortuslilacinus). See Calochortus.
(Ascleplastuberosa). See Asclepias.
Butter-weed
(Erigeroucanadeusis)."See Erigeron.
Butterwort
(Pinguiculavulgaris)."êe Pinguicula.
Button
Bush
(Cephalauthus occidentalis).See Cephalanthus.
Button
Snake-root
(Liatrispycnostachya). See Liatris.
Buxus
Ord.
(Box-tree).
Euphorbiacese. Hardy evergreen,
ornamental-leaved
shrubs.
Nat. England, S. Europe. Leaves, green,
"
"
"
"
"
"
golden,
silver
or
CULTUBE
banks;
choice
variegated.
Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady, shrubberies

or
kinds
lawns.
Oct.
on
Plant, March,
April, Sept.,
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots 3in. lofig inserted m

shady
border
in Aug. or
Sept.; division of old plants in Oct. or March;
layering in Stent, or Oct.
CULTUBE
FOB
EDGINGS:
Dwarf
Box
used for
(B. suffruticosa)
this purpose.
Plant
divisions with roots
attached
in shallow
trench
in
March.
Allow
or
Oct.,
Nov.,
to
deep
plants
nearly touch
each other, " to have
their tips about
2 in. above
soil
soil. Press
Trim
plants April or Aug. Nursery yard of box will make
firmly.
three yards of edgfing. Cost, sixpenceper lineal yard.
HEDGES:
Trench
soil 3ft. deep " 3ft. wide, add
BOX
decayed
6
in.
"
box
12 ins. high, 12 ins. apart in
green
in
annually
April or Aug. Cost of plants,per
Sept. or Oct.
100, 25s. ; preparing site " planting,9d. per lineal yard.
OULl'ITATED:
B. balearioa, 8 ft., Baleario
SPECIES
Islands; japonioa, 8 ft.,
(golden leaved) semperfirens, 8 ft., Europe (Britain),etc.,
Japan; japonioa aurea
manure,
plant ordinary
Trim
66
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
and
its numorous
varieties, argentea (silver-leaTed)
; aurea
worthiensis, myitifolia (mj-rtle-leaved),pyramidalis and
edging box).
Byzantine
Crocus
Cabbagre."
Cabbagre
Cabbage
Cabbag:e
Cacalia."
Cactus
See
See
(Crocusiridiflorus)."
(Dutch
oi
Crocus.
Braasica.
Lettuce
Palm
Rose
See
; hands(goldeu-leavedl
suflEruticosa
See
Lactuca.
(Sahal Palmetto)." See
(Rosa
See
centifolia)."
Sabal.
Rosa.
Kleinia.
pahlia
(DahliaJuarezi)."See Dahlia.
Ôrd. Leguminosse.
"
stove
Hardy deciduous
shrubs.
First
introduced
1739.
evergreen
OP
CULTURE
HARDY
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary.
Position,
sheltered
shrubberies.
Prune
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
warm,
merely to
in sandy soil in cold
keep in good shape. Propagate by seeds sown
frame
time.
at any
OF
CULTURE
SPECIES
two
STOVE
: Compost,
partspeat or loam,
silver
half
sand.
one
a
Position, pots in light
part leaf-mould,
part
Pot, Feb. or March.
part of stove or outdoors
during July " Aug.
March
afterwards.
Water
to
Oct.,
freely,
moderately
Temp., March
to Oct. 70" to 80"; Oct to March
55 to 65".
in lightsandy soil in temp, of 75" to 85" in spring; cuttings of short
shoots inserted singly in small pots filled with pure sand under
young
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 85" in summer.
HARDT
SPECIES
0. sepiara(Syn. 0. japonioa), yellow, spring, 6 to 8 ft.,
:
10 ft., S. America.
Gilliesii (Syn. Poinciana
Japan;
Giiliesii),
yellow, summer,
C. pulcherrima
SPECIES
STOVE
:
(Syn. Poinciana
pulcherrima), yellow and red,
10 to 15 ft.. Tropics.
summer,
Bread.
See Eucephalartos.
Caffre
Caffre
Butter
Shrub
(Combretum
purpureum). See Combretum.
Caffre
Lily (Schizostylis
coocinea). See Schizostylis.
Nat.
Cakile
(Sea Rocket). Ord, Criiciferze. Hardy annual.
Europe, M". America.
CULTURE
:
Soil, sandy.
Propagate by
1-16 in. deep where
seeds sown
plantsare to flower in March or April.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
: O.
maritima, lilao,June, 1 ft.,Britain.
Aroideae.
Ord.
Stove
deciduous
Caladium.
perennials.
Orn.
Tuberous-rooted.
Leaves,
foliage. First introduced 1773.
Csesalpinia.
"
"
"
"
"
"
green, white, crimson, red, rose.

CULTURE
:
Com'ôst,equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf-mould,
" silver sand.
Position, well drained pots in shade.
manure,
decayed
in Feb.
Pot moderately firm in pots just large enough to take tubers
to larger pots in April or
transfer
Water
rately
modeMarch;
or
May.
Feb.
dry
to
Nov.
75";
to
April " Sept.to
subtropicalbeds
Feb.
or
freelyApril to Sept.; keep quite

80" ; Sept. to Nov.
65"
used
as
an
edging to
the
tubers
in
Propagate by dividing
Nov.
to Feb.
Temp.. Feb. to Sept. 70" to
C. Humboldtii
Nov.
to Feb. 55" to 65".
in
summer.
March.
CULTIVATED:
0. Hunboldtii
(Syn. C. argyrites), 9 ins., Brazil;
SPECIES
bioolor, Chantinii, 18 in., bioolor piotnm, 18 in. j
bicolor, 18 in., S. America:1 ft., Guayaquil;
Sohomburgkii, 18 in., Brazil;
rutescens, Brazil;
marmoratum,
Ttarieties more
Brazil.
A
host
of beautiful
than
generally grown
the
venosum,
species will be found in trade lists.
Calamintha
(Calamint; Basil Thyme)." Ord. Labiatae.
Hardy
" herbaceous
annuals
perennials. Flowers, fragrant.
rockeries " borders.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary- Position, sunny
67
d2
ENOYGLOP^DIA
Plant, Oct.
in
to
April.
April; cuttings
roots
in Oct.
ANNUAL
PERENNIAL
Calamus.
GARDENING.
OF
seeds sown
in cold frame
Propagate by
of side shoots
1-16
in
in. deep
outdoors
spring; division
of
April.
or
SPECIES:
SPECIES
(Basil Thyme), pnrple, July, 6 in.,England.

grandiflora, purple, June, 1 ft., Europe.
0. Aoinos
:
0.
Ord. Palmaceae.
1819.
introduced
Stove
"
palms.
Orn.
Evergreen.
Leaves, large, finely-
Ht. 5 to 15 ft.
foliage. First
divided.
"
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts turfy loam, one
part leaf-mould
drained
in
shade.
Pot
in
sand.
coarse
Position, well
firmly
pots
Water
March.
moderately Sept. to March, freelyafterwards.
Temp.,
Propagate by
Sept. to Mar. 60" to 65" ; March
1 in. deep in light soil,in temp. 80" in March;
seeds sown
by suckers
soil
of
under
inserted
in
small
from
light
roots,
bell-glass
pots
growing
in
temp 80".
0.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
asperrimus, Java ; australis, Australia ; caryo:
ciliaris, Malaya;
erectus, Himalayas;
fiagellum, Himalayas;
tioides, Australia;
Guinea
Muelleri, Australia ; oblongus, Java ; oxleyanus, Malaya ; Uegis, New
;
Cochin
China;
subangulatus, Sumatra;
tenuis, India; trinervis. East
rudentum.
Indies; Timinalis, India.
Ord.
Portulaceae.
Calandrinia
(Eock-Purslane).
Hardy
First
introduced
1826.
annuals, biennials, " perennials.
CULTURE:
Soil, light,moderately rich.
Position, sunny
rockery
tor dwarf
species;borders for tall species. Plant perennialsin April.
boxes
of light
1-16 in. deep in shallow
Propagate annuals by seeds sown
soil in temp. 55" to 60" in March, transplantseedlingsinto small pots
in April, where
seeds outdoors
in April," plant out in June, or sow
similar
in heat
to
plants are to flower; biennials by seeds sown
division of roots in April.
annuals
or
: perennialsby seeds
ANNUAL
SPECIES
0. compressa,
:
Aug., 6 in.. Chili ; procumbens, rose,
rose,
Aug., 6 in., Peru; nitida, red, Aug., 6 in., Chili.
SPECIES
BIENNIAL
umbellata, rose, July, 6 in.. Pern.
: 0.
1 ft.. Chili; Meniiesii,
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES:
0. grandiflora, rosy-red, summer,
1 ft., California;
18 in., Chili.
crimson, summer,
discolor, rose, summer,
"
Calanthe.
"
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Warm
greenhouse
terrestrial
" evergreen.
orchids.
Deciduous
First introduced
1819.
two
"
CULTURE
: Compost,
parts loam, one part decayed manure,
leaf-mould.
Position, shady or partiallyshady, pots with a third of
Pot loosely in March.
Cover
drainage in each.
drainage with layer
of moss
" allow
the rim of pot.
compost to be well elevated above
deciduous
kinds freelyApril to Sept.,moderately Sept. to Jan.;
Water
kinds water
keep quite dry afterwards; evergreen
freelyat all times.
65"
to
to
to
March
Jan.
60"
to 70"; Jan. to
85";
Sept.
Sept.
Temp.,
55" to 65".
March
Flowers
in centre
Resting period,winter.
appear
of new
pleted.
growth, or at base of pseudo-bulb,when growth is nearly comdivision
of
in
March.
by
pseudo-bulbs
Propagate
OULTlVATEi):
2 ft., Oot., Malaya;
SPECIES
0. ourcoliôidoB,
orange,
Masuca,
violet,winter, 3 ft., India; vestita,white, winter, 34 ft.,India.
HYBRIDS;
Dominii, lilac-purple,2 ft., Feb.; porphyrea, orimson, spring, 2 ft.;
Veitohii
rosea), rose, winter, S ft., and
(Syn. Limatodes
other
numerous
rare
or
little-grown forms.
Calathea
(Zebra Plant). Ord. Scitaminess.
Stove plants. Orn.
foliage. Leaves, green, rose, yellow, white, " olive on upper sides;
"
rosy
purple beneath.
: Compost, equal parts
CULTURE
mould, "
sand.
moderately firm.
coarse
Position, well drained

Water
lumps of loam, peat, leafpots in shade.

Pot, March,
freelyApril to Sept.,moderatelyafterwards!
68
MNCYOLOPJEDIA
Californian
Cheilautlies.
Californian
OAEDENINO.
OF
(Cheilanthea gracillima).
Fern
Lace
Lilac
"
See
integerrimua)."
(Ceanothus
Californian
May-bush
Californian
Mock
See
Ceanothus.
(Photiniaarbutifoha)."See Photinia.
See
Orange
(CarpentariaCalifornica)."
Carpenteria.
Californian
Californian
crocea).
See
Torreya.
(Eschacholtziacalifornica
Poppy
See
Californian
See
"
Orangê
Eschscholtzia.
Californian
Pink
See Eschacholtzia.
"
(Torreya Californica).
Nutmeg:
californica rosea).
(Eschacholtzia
Poppy
"
(Darlingtoniacalifornica)."
Pitcher-plant
Darlingtonia.
Californian
Poppy
(Platystemon
calif omicus)." See
Platy-
stemon.
Californian
Redwood
Californian
Silver
Californian
Soapwrort
(Sequoiasempervirens). See Sequoia.

(Abies concolor)."See Abies.
(Leucocrinum montanum)." See Leu"
Fir
cocrinum.
Vine
Californian
Californian
Eschacholtzia.
^See
Calla
Hardy
(Vitiscalifornica)." See Vitis.

Poppy
(Eschscholtziacalifornica
White
Water
(Bog Arum;
Dragon;
floatingwater perennial.
Marsh
Calla). Ord.
"
alba).
Aroideae.
CULTURE
:
Soil, rich, boggy, or muddy.
Position, moist bog or
shallow
or
pond. Plant, March
April. Propagate by insertingportions
in boggy or
of stems
muddy soil where plants are required to
grow.
SPECIES
OULTITATED
also Riohardia.
paioatris,white,
C.
eummer,
6 in., N.
Hemisphere.
Lily (Bichardiaafricana). See Bichardia.

Callicarpa
(French Mulberry; Purple Mulberry)."
Calla
benacese.
See
"
plant. Orn.
abundantly
Stove
deep violet,
borne
fruit.
First introduced
in axils of leaves ; Nov.
Ord.
1822.
to
Ver-
Berries,
May.
little sand.
into shape
before potting. Water
moderately Sept. to March, freelyafterwards.
55" to 65"; March
70" to 80"
to Sept.
gate
Propaby cuttings of young shoots inserted in 2 in. pots of sandy soil
in temp. 80
To ensure
in March
plenty of berries, keep the pointsof
shoots frequently pinched off " all flowers removed
until the end of
CULTUEE
Compost,
equal parts peat
Pot, March.
Position, pots,sunny.
Prune
"
loam,
with
atraggly shoots
July.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
CalliChroa."
CalliopsiS.
Calliphruria.
0.
See
"
See
purpurea,
ft., China.
Layia.
Coreopsis.
Ord.
Amaryllidacese.
Greenhouse, bulbous
1876.
rooted
CULTUEE
:
part leaf-mould,
Position, well-drained pota, sunny.
Pot, March,
peat, " sand.
placing one bulb 3 in. deep in a 5 in. pot. Water
moderately March to
Oct., very little afterwards.
50"
to 55";
March
to Sept. 55" to 65"
Propagate by offsets placed in small pots
in March.
0. hartnngiana, white, June, 1 ft.,Bogota.
OULTITATED:
SPECIES
"
70
BNCYCLOPJEDIA
Callirhoe
OF
(Poppy-Mallow).
"
perennials.
First
CULTURE
Oct. or
in
deep
pans
introduced
Ord.
GARDENING.
Malvaceae.
Hardy
annuals
"
1824.
Soil, ordinary. Position, open
Plant
borders.
nials
peren1-16 in.
Propagateannual speciesby seeds sown
of light soil m
temp. 55" to 65" in March, transplanting
out-doors in May, or
where
seedlings
plants are to flower in April;
1-16 in. deepoutdoors
in April,or cuttingsof
perennialsby seeds sown
shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
in spring.
young
ANNUAL
SPEOIBS:
0. pedata, cherry-red, summer,
2 ft., Texas;
pedata oompaota, orimson, white eye.
PERENNIAL
SPEOIBS:
0. inyolocrata, orimson, Jnly, 6 in., N.
America;
aloseoides
lineariloba,striped, July, 6 in., N. America;
(Syn. 0. macrorhiza),
2 ft., summer.
white
and
rose,
CalliStemon
house
Tree)." Ord. Myrtaceae. Green(Bottle Brush
1788.
First introduced
floweringshrubs.
evergreen
CULTUEE:
tion,
PosiCompost, equal parts peat, loam, " silver sand.
in pots, or in well-drained
Pot
beds at base of wall.
or
plant
March
or
April. Prune shoots slightlyafter flowering. Water freely
to Sept. 55" to
Temp. March
April to Sept.,moderately afterwards.
65" ; Sept. to March
40" to 50".
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots,
in temp. 55" to 65"
in sandy peat under
bell-glass,
during
March.
summer.
SPEOIBS
OtJLTIVATED:
yellow, June, 6
10 ft.
Natives
lanoeolatns, orimson, June, 8 to 10 ft.; salingnns,

speciosa), orimson, spring, 8 to
(Syn. Metrosideros
0.
ft. ; speoiosus
of Australia.
(China Aster). Ord. Compositse. Hardy annuals.

First introduced
1731.
CULTUEE
Position, open, sunny,
:
Soil, rich liberallymanured.
well drained.
Sow
seeds i in. deep in lightsoil in temp. 55" to 65" m
March, transplantseedlingsin April 2 in. apart in shallow boxes or in
bed of light soil in cold frame, plant out 6 to 12 in. apart in outdoor
seeds same
beds in May; or sow
depth " soil in cold frame, or in pots
in May.
in April " plant outdoors
in window
Apply weak liquid
To
exhibition
blooms
"
twice
week
secure
manure
a
during July
Aug.
three
four
each
off
all
flower
or
buds, except
on
plant directly
pinch
CalliStephus
"
they form.
advised
seeds as
above.
in April,into Sin. in May,
Transplant
three
in
June.
pot
"
sand.
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure,
week
when
flower
buds
once
a
Water
are
freely," apply liquidmanure
be lifted
Thin out latter to three on each plant. Plants
formed.
may
from open
ground in Aug. " placed in pots to flower if desired.
6 in. to 2 ft.,
SPEOIES
OXTLTITATBD:
0. hortensis, various
colours, summer,
CULTUEE:
seedlingsinto a
Sow
POT
Ohina.
Numerous
Calluna;
3 in.
(Ling; Heather).
"
or
Ord.
Ericaceae.
Hardy
peat. Position, moist, open
Plant, Sept.,Oct., March,

shrubbery margins.
by division of plant in Oct. or April.
SPECIES
Bin.
varieties.
floweringshrubs.
CULTUEE
: Soil, bog,
or
"
or
evergreen
beds, borders,
April. Propagate
0. vulgaris, purple, spring,1 ft., Europe

(Britain);
vulgaris Alporti, orimson; vulgaris argentea, silvery leaved;
CTTLTITATBD:
vulgaris alba, white;
vulgaris aurea, golden-leaved.

CalOChortMS
(ButterflyTulip; Butterfly-weed; Star Tulip;
plants. Nat.
Mariposa Lily). Ord. Liliaceae. Half-hardy bulbous
First introduced
1826.
America.
California " N.W.
bed 12 in. deep with compost of equal
OULTUEE
FEAME
: Prepare
Plant
bulbs 3 in. deep " 4 in.
parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, " sand.
"
71
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Keep lights on in frosty weather; ofE night " day in

Lift " replant every three years.
fair weather.
Water
in dry weather.
Use
POT
CULTTJEE:
same
compost as advised for frame culture.
Cover
pots with
Place a dozen bulbs 2 in. deep in a 5 in. pot in Nov.
in Jan.
ashes
Belnove
ashes in cold frame, " give no water.
pots from
till
after
" place in cool greenhouse near
moderately
glass. Water
in
Nov.
it. Eepot annually
flowering,then graduallywithhold
apart in Nov.
to that
bulbs in similar soil " manner
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
: Plant
at
foot of
be dry in winter, sunny,
for frames.
must
advised
Bed
south wall.
i in. deep in pans of sandy soil
Propao;ate by seeds sown
in temp. 45" to 55" in March, transplanting^
seedlings followingyear
into small pots " treatingsimilar to old bulbs ; by offsets planted like
bulbs in Nov.
CULTIVATED:
C. albns
SPEOIBS
(Syn. Oyolobotlira alba), whits, July, 1 ft.;
Amoeims
(Syn. Cyolobothra amGena), pink, July, 1 ft.; Benthamii, yellow, July,
8 in.; Ciomleue, lilac-bine,July, 6 in.; olavatns, yellow, July, 2i ft.; elegans,
white, June, 9 in.; GunniGonii, white, July, 2 ft.; Howellii, white, July, 18 in.;
Kennedyi, orange-red, July, 2i ft.; liltujinne,lilao, July, 9 in.; Intens, yellow,
white, June, 6 in.; pnlohellus (Syn.
Jnly, 1 ft.; Nuttallii (Syn. 0. Leitohlinii),
Cyolobothra
pulohella), yellow, July, 1 ft.; Purdyi, white, Jnly, 1 ft.; gplendens,
A number
of varieties will be
lilao, July, 1 ft. ; venustus, white, July, 18 in.
found
in speoialists'lists.
Greenhouse
Calodendron
(Cape Chestnut).Ord. Eutaceae.
First
introduced
shrub.
1789.
flowering
Evergreen.
tion,
PosiCULTURE
: (Compost,two
Water
March.
Pot
"
or
tubs, sunny.
moderately
pots
prune,
50" to 55";
to March
Sept. to March, freelyafterwards.
Temp., Seijt.
March
of
shoots
3 in. long
in
60"
inserted in sandy soil under
in
June
or
July.
bell-glass temp.
10 ft., S. Africa.
C. capense,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
pink, summer,
Ord.
Calophaca.
flowering
Leguminosae. Hardy deciduous
1786.
shrubs.
First introduced
CULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary. Position, open
shrubbery. Plant, Oct.
to Feb.
\ in. deep in Nov. or March ; by
in March.
laburnum
graftingon common
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: 0. woolgarica, yellow, June, 3 ft., 8. Russia.
baceous
Caiopogfon
Hardy her^GrassPink Orchis). Ord. Orchidaceae.
orchid.
First introduced
1791.
CULTUEE
Position,moist, sheltered rockery. Plant,
: Soil, peaty.
in equal parts peat " loam in pots
March
also
be
or
April. May
grown
in cold frames
or
greenhouses. Propagate by offsets treated as old
"
"
"
plants.
OULTITATED:
SPECIES
purple, July, 18 in., N.

CalOStemma."
0.
America.
multiflorus, purple,
summer,
ft.;
pnlohellus,
^rd. Amaryllidaceae. Greenhouse

flowering
1819.
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part peat " sand. Pot, Aug.
Water
to July, moderately
Position, sunny greenhouse.
freelyMarch
July to Sept.,very little afterwards.
Temp., Sept.to March 45" to 50";
March
Propagate by offsets at potting time.
bulbous
CULTUEE
SPECIES
yellow, Nov.,
CULTIVATED:
0. album,
1 ft.,Australia; pnrpnreum,
white, May, 1 ft., N. Australia; lutenm,

purple, Nov., 1 ft.,Australia; pnrpnrenm
pale purple.
CalthanVlarsh
Marigold; Goldiugs;Water Gowan; Double Marsh
Marigold). Ord. Eanunculaceae.
Hardy herbaceous
perennials.
CULTUEE
: Soil,rich.
Position, damp borders, or banks of ponds,
lakes.
streams
or
division of
Propagate
oarneum,
"
by
roots in March
or
July.
73
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GAEDENING.
OF
leptosepala,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. biflora,wliite,May, 1 ft., N. America;
America;
Marigold), yellow, April,
yellow. May, 1 ft., N.W.
palustria (Marsh
its Tarieties,alba
1 ft.,Britain; and
(white). Acre pleno (double yellow), monstroea
and
nana
(yellow,
flore-pleno
plena
double);
(dwarf).
Clover
Calvary
(Medicago echinus). See Medicago.
"
Calycanthus
(CarolinaAllspice).Ord.
"
deciduous
floweringshrubs.
CTJLTUE.E
: Compost, two
Posilion,south or west walls,
Calycanthaceae.Hardy
one
part loam " leaf-mould.
sheltered shrubbery South of England.
i in. deep in lightsoil
" Aug.
in
of
shoots
in cold frame, March
July
by
layers
;
0.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
floridus, brownisb
purple, fragrant, June, 6 ft.,
:
occiStates;
S. United
purple. May, 6 ft.. United
Statea; glaucus, brownish
dentalis (Syn. C. maorophyllas), red, fragrant,Aug., 0 ft.,California.
Asplenifolius,
of C. floridus.
forms
OTatus and Tariegata are
Hardy terrestrial
Calypso
(CalypsoOrchis). Ord. OrchidaceiB.
1820.
orchid.
First introduced
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts leaf-mould, one part fibry peat "
or
sand.
bog. Plant, Oct.
coarse
Position,shady margins of rockwork
treated
old
March.
as
or
plantsat planting time.
Propagate by offsets
brown
and
CULTIVATED:
yellow, Jan., 1 ft.,
C. borealis, rose,
SPECIES
N. Temperate
Zone.
ceous
Hardy herbaCalystesia
(Bind-weed). Ord. Convolvulaceoe.
parts peat,
or
"
"
trailing" climbing perennials.

the fleshy
border where
CULTUEE
: Soil,ordinary. Position, sunny
the garden. Plant,
be confined and prevented spreading over
roots can
Oct. to March.
Jin. deep in pots of sandy
soil in temp. 55" in March, or similar depth in Apru where
plants are
to flower ; by division of roots in Oct. or March.
Chinese
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
(Syn. C. pubesoens fl. pi.).Double
: 0. hederaoea
and
6 ft., China
(American
J'apan; sepium incarnata
Bindweed, rose, summer,
Bindweed), rose, July, 6 ft.; sepium dahurica, rosy purple, July, 6 ft., Siberia;
Soldanella),red,
(Syn. ConTolvulus
sylvatica,white, July, 6 ft., Europe; Soldanella
Zone.
June, 3 ft., Temperate
Camassla
(Bear Grass; Wild Hyacinth; Californiau Quamash).
1837.
Ord. liiliaceae. Hardy bulbous
plants. First introduced
sand.
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " coarse
Plant
Position, sheltered beds or borders.
Lift
Top-dress annually with decayed manure.
apart in Oct. or Feb.
seeds
sown
four years.
Jin. deep in
" replant every
Propagate by
boxes
of light soil
in
positionoutdoors in March, or Jin. deep
sunny
Feb.
offsets
in
Oct. or
in temp. 55" in Nov.; by
CULTIVATED
SPBOIBS
: C. eaoulentea
(Quamash),blue, July, 3 ft.,N.W. America ;
(Wild Hyacinth), blue, June, 2 ft.,
Cusickii, blue, July, SJft.,California; Eraser!
"
N.
America.
Ternstroemiaceae.
(Japan Eose; Tea-plant)."Ord.
First
introduced
shrubs.
1739.
Greenhouse
Evergreen.
flowering
"
sand.
tion,
PosiCULTUEE
: Compost,equal parts turfy loam, peat,
in
south
sheltered
tubs
wall, or
in
greenhouse, against
pots or
in S. of England. Pot, March
shrubberies
outdoors
or
April. Plant
to
March.
Water
Oct.
outdoors
March, freely
or
moderately Sept.
50" to 55";
at pottingtime.
Prune
afterwards.
outdoors
of cinder
65".
Place
bed
55"
to
on
to
March
plants
Sept.
stimulants
week
to
March.
to
once
a
ashes July
Aug.
Sept. Apply
"
of
clear
soot
Solution
stimulants
Suitable
soot,
:
sheep droppings
of
buds
Cause
artificial
"
manures.
water, or
dropping,
water, guano
dry atmosphere " insufficient water at roots.
Camellia
Jin. deep
in
sandy
peat
in
temp.
73
75"
in
March;
by cuttings
of
firm
shoots
inserted
in
GAEDENING.
OF
UNOYCLOPMDIA
well-drained
pots
of
house
sandy peat in cool green-
to
temp. 55"
Aug., transferring pots
small
cuttings
pota following Sept.; by layers of shoots
in
in
March
in
grafting in
SPECIES
"
in
putting
Sept.;
March.
CULTIVATED:
0.
japonioa, parent of the
numerous
cultivated
ties,
varie-
red, spring, 15 to 20 ft., J apan ; japonica aneinonceflora, red ; reticulata, red,

spring, 3 ft., China; Sasanqna, vrhite,
spring, 8 to 10 ft., China;
rosffiflora,
rose,
theitera
Feb., 6 ft., China;
(China Tea Plant), white. Ma;, S to 6 ft., China;
theifera assamioa
Tea
Indian
(Assam
or
plant).
Campanula
Bampion).
"
Ord.
CULTURE
OP
(Bellflower;Harebell; Canterbury Bell; Garden

Oampanulaceae. Hardy annuals, biennials," perennials.
trailingspecieson
sunny
POT
or
shady.
tion,
Soil, ordinary rich. Posirockeries; tall speciesbeds " borders,
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
sunny
Plant, Oct.
to
April.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam, " sand.
Trailingkinds grow in small pots in hanging baskets.
Repot them in
March.
Water
moderately in winter, freelyother times. Tall kinds
singly in 5 in. pots or three in a 7 in. pot. Sow seeds of these in
grow
in Aug. ; transplantseedlingssingly in 3 in. pots in Oct.,
cold frame
into 5 in. in April,7 in. in May.
Water
moderately in winter, freely
in summer.
CULTURE
ANNUAL
SPECIES;
Sow
seeds in gentle heat in
OF
off in cold frame
in
into
harden
March, transplant seedlings
boxes,
borders
in
in
June.
"
out
early
May
plant
sunny
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
in April,
CULTURE
OP
seeds outdoors
: Sow
when
in.
in.
1
6
June.
Tfansplant seedlings
high,
apart in
May, or
in
borders
in
flower
"
out
to
Oct.
bed,
plant
followingyear.
nursery
seeds in shallow
RAMPION:
Sow
drills 6 in. apart
CULTURE
OP
Thin seedlings
to 4 in. apart. Lift
in shady border of rich soil in May.
in
Nov.
Uses
" store roots in frost-proof
:
place
Young roots " leaves
for winter
salads ; large roots cook and eat like parsnips.
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp.
by seeds sown
Propagate perennials
of
55" in March
or
Aug. ; by cuttings young shoots in lightsoil in cold
division of roots in Oct. or April.
dichotoma, blue, July, 1 ft., Sioily; drabiefolia, bine,
alba, white, Greece;
erinoides, bine, July, 1 ft., S.
July, 3
blue, July, 1 ft.,Portugal;
Africa; Erinus, blue, July, 1 ft., 8. Europe; Losflingii,
Loreyi, purple, June, 18 in., Italy; maorostyla, blue, July, IS in., Asia Uinor.
G. Medium
SPECIES:
BIENNIAL
(Canterbury Bell),blue, July, 3 ft.,S. Europe;
several vrhite, rose, and
purple single and double varieties.
and
0. abietiana, blue, July, 1 ft., Europe;
SPECIES:
PERENNIAL
alliarisefolia,
AUioni, blue, July, 3 in., France; alpina, bine,
yellow, June, 18 in., Caucasus;
July, 6 in., Europe; balohiniana, blue, July, 6 in., hybrid; barbata, blue, June,
1 ft., Europe;
betoniooefolia,blue. May, IS in., Mt.
Olympus;
bononiensis, bine,
6 in., Europe;
csespitoaa alba, white;
July, 2ift.,Europe; oeespitosa,blue, snmmer,
13
in., E. Europe;
carpatioa alba, white; carpatica
carpatica, blue, summer,
turbinata, blue, 6 in.; ooUina, blue, July, 1 ft.,Caucasus; Elatinea, purple, smn3 in.. Piedmont;
3 in.. Piedmont;
elatinoides,purple, summer,
mer,
fragalis(Syn.
purple, Aug., 6 in., Italy; ganganioa, blue, June, 6 in.,
0. Barrelieri), lilac and
18 in.,Europe
Italy; glomerata, blue, summer,
(Britain),and its varieties dahurica
(deep blue) and flore-pleno(double, blue); grandis, violet blue, June, 2 ft.,Siberia,
its variety alba
and
(white); Hondersonii, mauve,
July to Sept., 1 ft., hybrid;
isophylla, lilac blue, July, 3 to 6 in., Italy, and its varieties alba
(white) and
and
Mayi (mauve); lactiflora,white
blue, July, 3 ft., Caucasus; latifolia,blue,
July, 4 to 6 ft., Britain, and its varieties alba (white), Burghalti (lilac) and Van
Houttei
violet,or creamy,
(violet-blue)
; nobilis, reddish
July, 2 ft. China
nersioifolia, blue, June, 2 to 3 ft.,Europe, and its varieties alba (white), albo 'ooronata
(white, semi-double), alba
flore-pleno (double white), etc.; portenaohlairiana
blue, June, 6 in., 8. Europe; nulla, violet blue, June, 6 in., Austria; pusila dark
blue, July 4 in., Alps; and its varieties alba (white) and pallida (pale kue)frame
ANNUAL
in
Aug.
or
March;
SPECIES:
0.
drabsefolia
in., and
"
74
ENOYCLOPMDIA
GAItDENING.
OF
pyramidalis
its
(Chimney Bellflower),blue, July, 4 to 6 ft., Dalmatia
and
Tariety alba (white); Bainieril, blue, .Tune, 3 ia., Alps; xapanouloides, bluish
Tiolet,June, 3 ft., Alps; Bapnnoulus (Eampion), purple, bine or white, June, 3 ft.,
Europe (Britain); rotnndifolia
8 to 12 in., Britain, and
(Harebell), blue, summer,
its varieties alba
(white) and Hostii
(blue); Traohelium, blue, July, 3 ft., Europe,
and
its varieties
alba
(white), alba plena (doable white) and flore pleno (double
blue); Warleyi, purple, July, 6 In., a hybrid.
Camperdown
Elm
Weeping:
var.
(Ulmua montana
pendula). See Ulmus.
"
Campernelle
Campion.
(Narcissusodorus). See Narcissus.

Lychnis.
(Gaultheriaprocumbens). See Gaultheria.
Columbine
(Aquilegia canadensis)."See
"
See
"
Canada
Canadian
Tea
"
Aqui-
legia.
Canadian
Canadian
Flea-bane
(Krigeron canadensis). See Erigerou.

(Solidagocanadensis)."See Solidago.
Canadian
Lily (Lilium canadensis). See Lilium.
Canadian
Yevtr-tree
(Taxus canadensis). See Taxus.
Island
Canarina
Ord.
Campanulaceae.
(Canary
Bellflower)."
First
introduced
1696.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
perennial.
CULTTJBE
:
Compost,equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed manure
" silver sand.
tial.
Position, pots. Pot, Feb.; good drainage very essento
March
to
Water
Nov., very
Aug., moderatelyAug.
liberally
to Sept.55"
little afterwards.
Temp., Sept.to Feb. 45" to 55"; March
to 65".
Propagate by cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 65" in March
or
April; division of roots in Feb.
Golden
"
Rod
"
"
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
Canary
Canary
Canary
0.
Creeper
Grass
campanulata,
Jan., 4 ft., Canary
orange,
aduncum).
(Tropaeolum
"
(Phalans canariensis).See
"
Bell-flower
Island
(Canarina
Islands.
See Tropseolum.
Phalaris.
campanulata). See
"
Canarina.
(BrnnsvigiaJosephinse).
Candelabra-flower
"
See
Brups-
vigia.
Myrtle
Candle-berry
Bells
Candlemas
Candle
Plant
See
"
(Galanthus nivalis). See

"
Myrica.
Galanthus.
(Kleiniaarticulata). See Kleinia.

(JEthionema saxatile).See .^thionema.
"
Mustard
Candy
Candytuft.
"
Canna
(MyricaGale).
"
See
Iberis.
(Indian Shot-plant). Ord.

"
Scitamineae.
Stove
herbaceous
plants. First introduced, 1570.

CULTUBE
INDOOR
: Compost, equal parts loam, decayed manure,
in sunny
sand.
"
greenhouse. Pot, March.
Position,pots
leaf-mould,
little
afterwards.
to
March
Oct.,
Water
Temp., Sept. to
freely
very
40" to 50"; March
March
Apply weak liquid
in
to
week
twice
growth.
a
once
or
plants healthy
manure
in temp. 55"
roots in pots in March
CULTURE
: Place
OUTDOOR
"
55"
end
outdoors
of
into
Remove
April
60".
plant
to
temp.
pots
in
them
boxes
filled
with
in
roots
Lift
June.
in
Sept.,
place
early
in
"
store
latter
frost-proof
dry,
nearly
soil,keep
position
ordinary
Propagate by seeds steeped for 24 hours in tepid

in.
then
sown
deep in lightsoil in temp. 85" in Feb. ; division
i
water,
It will facilitate germination if a slightnotch
time.
at
of roots
potting
before
seed
the
in
sowing.
be filed
6 ft., W.
Indies.
red, summer,
C. indioa, yellow and
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
beautiful
varieties grown
in gardens.
This
species is the parent of the numerous
till
Bee
potting time.
trade
lists for
names.
75
ENOYCLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Hardy
Cannabis
(Indian or Giant Hemp)." Ord. TJrticaceae.
annuals.
Orn. foliage.
borders.
GULTTJEE
Propagate
Position, sunny
: Soil, ordinary.
seeds sown
plants are to grow, in April,
Jin. deep outdoors, where
in temp. 55" in March, transplantingseedlings in June.
or
SPECIES
OULTIVATBD:
0. eativa, green,
June, i to 10 ft., India.
Bells
Canterbury
(Campanula medium). See Campanula.
Greenhouse
Cantua
(Peruvian Magic-tree). Ord. Polemoniaceae.
hj
"
"
floweringshrubs.
evergreen
GULTTJEE
: Compost, two
sand.
Position, pots,sunny
First
introduced
1846.
leaf-mould
"
Water
rately
modegreenhouse.
to Sept. Temp., Sept. to March
Sept. to March, freelyMarch
40" to 50"; March
Propagate by cuttings of shoots
in
silver
in temp. 50" to 55",
under
sand
insprted
hell-glasses
pure
May
to
part
one
Pot, March.
Aug.
SPECIES
folia,
parts turfy loam,
rose.
Cape
Cape
Cape
CULTIVATED:
0. bioolor, yellow and
S ft., Pern.
May,
Aloe
Aster
red, May,
ft.,Bolivia; buii-
(Aloe ferox)."See
Aloe.
See
(Agathseaccelestis).
Agathaea.
(Sutherlandia frutescens).
"
Bladder
Senna
"
See
Sutherlandia.
Cape
Chestnut
(Calodendron capeusis). See Galodendron.

(Lachenaliatricolor).See Lachenalia.
Crocus
See Gethyllis.
(Gethyllisspiralis)."
Fig-wort
(Phygelins capeusis). See Phygelius.
Forget-me-not
(Anchusa capensis). See Anchusa.
Gooseberry
peruviana)."See Physalis.
(Physalis
Honey-flOVtfer
(Melianthus major). See Melianthus.
Honeysuckle
(Tecoma capensis). See Tecoma.
Ivy (Seneciomacroglossus). See Senecio.
Jasmine
See Gardenia.
(Gardenia florida)."
Lead-wort
(Plumbago capensis). See Plumbago.
Lily (Crinum longifolium). See Crinum.
Pond-weed
(Aponogeton distachyon). See Aponogeton.
Primrose."
See Streptocarpus.
Silver-tree
(Leucadendron argenteum). See Leucaden-
Cape
"
Cowslip
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
Cape
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
dron.
See Heliophila.
Stoclc."
Cape
Treasure-flovwer
Cape
(Gazania pavonia)."See Gazania.
Busll
Caper
(Capparisspinosa). See Capparis.
See Euphorbia.
Spurge
Caper
(Euphorbia lathyris)."
Capparis
(Caper-tree). Ord. CapparidacesB. Half-hardy evergreen
"
"
shrubs.
CULTUEE
First
introduced
1596.
Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould

"
sand.
Position, pots in sunny greenhouse. Pot, March ; good drainage
essential.
Plant
outdoors
Water
Sept. to Nov.
moderately in pots
Sept. to March, freelyafterwards.
March
to Sept. 55" to 65.
May be grown outdoors in sheltered position
Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots in sand under
in,S. of England.
bell-glassesin temp. 65" to 75", July or Aug
:
CULTIVATED:
SPEOIBS
yields the
oapers
Capsicum
ceae.
Hothouse
Fruit, round,
of
0.
spinosa. white,
commerce.
Jnnefsft.. S.
Enropc.
'^
This
species
vi
(Cayenne Pepper; Chilli; Bed Pepper)." Ord. Solanaaruual

or
shrubby plants, First introduced 1548.
long,
red
"
yellow.
76
CULTURE:
March
or
plants
seeds
Propagate by
required
are
SPECIES
Position,
Stoil,ordinary.
April.
GARDENING.
OF
EN070L0PMDIA
Plant,
dryish border.
Jin. deep in April where
open
sown
to grow.
CtTLTIVATED:
0.
white, June, 18 in,, S. Europe.

Carludovica..
Ord.
First
introduced
perennials.
"
aoanlis, white,
June,
Leaves,
acanthifolia,
ornamental-leaved
Stove
Cyclanthacese.
1818.
in., Europe;
green,
divided, palm-like.
tion,
PosiCompost two parts peat, one part sandy loam.
Water
moist, shady.
moderately Nov. to March,
Pot, March.
to Sept.
freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 55" to 65"; March
time.
65" to 75".
at
of
division
potting
Propagate by
plant
CULTURE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0.
Drudei,
angiistifolia (Syn. C.
ft., Colombia;
Plumeri), 2 ft,, Peru.

Carnation
(Dianthus caryophyllus). See Dianthus.
Carnation
Poppy
(Papaver somniferum). ^See Papaver.
Carniola
Lily (Lilium camiolicum). See Lilium.
Carob
Tree
(Ceratonia siliqua).See Ceratonia.
Carolina
See
Allspice,"
Calycanthus,
Carolina
Pink
(Spigeliamarilandica),"See Spigelia.
Carolina
Poplar
(Populus monilifera)."See Populug.
panula.
See CamBell-flower
Carpathian
(Campanula carpatica)."
"
"
"
"
Carpathian
cojum.
Carpenteria
Snowflake
(Leucojum carpaticum)."See
(Californian Mock
Leu-
Ord, Saxifragacese.
1880.
introduced
sheltered
bery
Position,
positionin shrubsouth
wall.
or
Oct.
Nov.
Prune
shoots
or
Plant,
against
away
that have
flowered
blossoms
fade.
directly
Propagate by cuttingsof
in
shoots
inserted
frame
in
cold
from
April; suckers removed
young
in autumn;
roots
shoots in Sept.
lawyering
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. oalifornioa, white, fragrant, June, i ft,, California,
Carpenter's-Leaf
(Galax aphylla)."See Galax
Plant
Carpet
(lonopsidiumacaule). See lonopsidium.
Ord.
Carpinus
(Hornbeam).
Cupuliferse. Hardy deciduous
Hardy deciduous floweringshrub.

CULTURE
: Soil,lightloamy.
Orange).
"
First
"
"
foliage.
Soil, ordinary; not adapted
Orn,
trees.
CULTURE:
chalky soils. Position,

March,
Native
Plant, Oct,
species(C. Betulus)
open, exposed.
makes
good hedge. Plant three-year old seedlings3 ft. apart for this
" prune
shoots
in closelyevery
autumn.
Cost of plants,5s.
purpose,
site
and
planting per lineal yard, 9d.; trimming,
per 100; preparing
chain.
4d. per
in
lin, deep in autumn
ordinary soil outdoors.
Transplant seedlings when
a
year old 2 ft.
of seeds in a pound, 14,000,
Number
apart each way.
Weights of a
of seeds, 401b,
bushel
351b.
an
acre,
reaches
Timber
maturity at 40 years.
Average price per cubic foot,
for
to
2s,
Uses
Sawmill
rollers
and
skittle
pins.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. Betulus
(Hornbeam). SO
its varieties
aaplenifolia, inoisa (out-leaved), pendula
(golden-leaved) and
Hornbeam,
orientalis, 10
Carrion
Carrot,"
20
variegata (variegated)
;
ft., N,
America;
ft., S, Europe.
Flower."
See
See Daucus.
Carthamus
ft., Europe (Britain), and

(weeping), aureo-variegata
oaroliniana
can
(Syn. 0. amerioana), Amerijaponioa (Japanese Hornbeam),
15 ft
Japan;
Stapelia.
(DistaffThistle; Safflower).
"
Hardy
annuals.
First introduced
1551.
78
Ord,
Compositse.
ENCYCLOPMDIA
CULTUEE
by
OTP
GARDENING.
Soil, ordinary.
border.
Position, sunny
J in. deep in lightsoil in temp. 65" in March,
seedlingswhere they are to flower in May.
:
seeds
sown
SPECIES
July,
OULTITATED:
3 ft. ;
0.
tinotorius,orange,
Cartwheel
Carum
Propagate
ing
transplant-
lanatus, yellow, July, 2 ft.; Oxyacantha, yellow,

June, 3 ft. All natiyes of Europe.
Flower
(Heracleum fillosum). See Heracleum.

(Parsley; Caraway). Ord. Umbelliferse.
Hardy biennial
culinary herbs " aromatic
plants. Caraway seeds used
seed-bearing
for confectionarypurposes;
duced
Parsley for garnishing,etc. First intro"
"
1548.
CULTUEE
OP
PARSLEY
Position, partiallyshady;
as
Soil, ordinary, deep, rich, moist.

to borders, or in rows.
Sow
in
edgings
Feb., May, and
July in drills Jin. deep " 12 in. apart. Thin seedlings

high to Sin. apart, " later on to 8 in. apart. Thinnings
be replanted to form
bed if desired.
When
leaves become
a fresh
may
them
cut
all off to induce
fresh growth.
beds every
Eenew
coarse
second
S'uitable artificial manures,
2^ oz. superphosphate per
year.
yard before sowing; 2J oz. nitrate of soda forked in when the
square
plantsare thinned; loz. superphosphate, ôz. nitrate of soda, Joz.
in summer.
Seed retains
iron
sulphate,to a gallon of water, applied
its vegetativepower
3 years.
50 ft. long,
Quantity required for a row
when
lin.
loz.
Mabket
"
crop,
under.
as
Soil, sandy loam.
Cuivture:
in
July for
Seeds to sow
winter
Cut
over
apart.
Market
leaves to form.
handful.
Average
good
CULTUEE
CAEAWAY
OF
winter.
Sow seeds
roll land after sowing.
close by sheep in autumn.
in sacks
Market
once.
15
to 20
in April for a summer

Sow
Drill in 1 in. deep ; rows
15 in.
121b.
well
thin
"
to
an
6 in.
hoed,
Keep
acre,
in
to
"
check
induce
new
Sept.
flowering,
crop
dozen
the
each
bunch
bunches,
by
being a
doz.
2s.
to
3s.
bunches,
price per
well manured
the pre: Soil, deep loam,
vious
1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart in April. Well
Have
the growth eaten down
Keep well hoed.
Harvest
in
July, " thresh out seeds at
crop
of three bushels.
Average yield per acre,
winter
and
spring.
cwt.
Petroselinum
(Parsley), yellow, summer,
1 to 2 ft.,
pinkish white, July, 30 in., Europe.
trees.
Carya
(Hickory). Ord. Juglandaceae.
Hardy deciduous
Full
1629.
trees bear
edible nuts
First introduced
similar
to
grown
walnuts.
SPECIES
Sardinia;
CULTIVATED:
Carvi
(Caraway),
C.
"
CULTUEE:
Soil,
ordinary.
Position, shrubberies, woods,
or
as
in parks. Plant, Oct. to March.

Prune,
singlespecimens
out
Nov., thinning
unsightlybranches only. Propagateby nuts sown
trees
2 in. deep where
are
required to grow, in Nov.
CULTIVATED:
C. alba
SPECIES
(Shell-bark Hickory), 30 ft., N. America;
amara
(BitterNut), 30 to dO ft., N. America.
Verbenaceae.
HalfCaryopterls
(Moustache plant). Ord.
1814.
hardy shrubby perennial. First introduced
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part leaf -mould " a little
of a
at foot
sand.
Position, pots in cool greenhouse, or in border
Pot
wall outdoors.
or
sheltered
freely
plant April. Water
warm,
in spring " summer,
shoots or
in lightsoil in temp. 55" in spring; cuttings of the young
or
division of roots in March
April.
and
blue, autumn, 3 to 4 ft.,China
C. Mastaoanthus,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Japan.
79
on
lawns
"
"
GARDENING.
OF
ENGYGLOPMDIA
(East Indian Wine Palm ; Toddy Palm)." Ord. Palmaceae.

1788.
Orn.
sand.
" coarse
leaf-mould,
CULTURE:
loam,
equal
Compost,
parts
to
Water
freely March
Pot, March.
Position, pots, moist, shady.
55"
to
March
65";
to
afterwards.
Nov.,
Sept.
Temp.,
moderately
1 in, deep in light
March
Caryota
Stove palms.
soil in temp.
small
pots,
SPBOIES
85"
any
in March;
time.
CULTIVATED:
30 to
urens,
Malaya;
Cashmere
Cashmere
Cashmere
Cassandra.
First introduced
O.
40
suckers
elegans,
from
removed
to
roots, inserted
mitis,
ft., Tropics;
10
to
25
ft.,
ft,, Trop. Asia.
Larkspur
(Delphinium cashmerianum).
Primrose
(Primula denticulata).
"
Sage
(Salvia hians).
"
Ord.
"
20
in
Ericaceae.
Hardy
See
See
"
phinium.
Del-
See Primula.
Salvia.
evergreen
floweringshruhs.
1748.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
sand.
Position, open
Soil, equal parts peat, leaf-mould,
silver
or
sheltered
Plant,
borders, rockeries, or bogs.
to
March.
Prune
shoots
Nov.,
or
Sept.
straggling
only moderately
after flowering. Water
freelyin dry positionsduring summer.
POT
CULTURE:
Soil,"equal parts peat, leaf -mould, " fine silver
sand.
pots in cold greenhouse,Nov. to June ; in
Water
June
to Nov.
Pot, Oct. to Nov.
outdoors,
shady position
Nov.
afterwards.
to
March,
freely
Propagate by seeds
moderately,
1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, Nov.
March
sown
or
; layering
shoots in Sept. ; division of plants,Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. oalyoulata (Syn. Andromeda
calycniata), white,
spring, 3 ft., N. America.
Cassia
(Senna plant)."Ord. Leguminosae. Greenhouse
evergreen
shrubs
and hardy perennials. First introduced
1723.
CULTURE
OP GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts loam,
in
"
sand.
Position, pots
one
greenhouse, or well-drained
part peat
border
Plant
outdoors
Pot, March.
against south wall.
April.
Water
Prune
moderately Nov. to Feb., freelyafterwards.
straggling
shoots to within 2 in. of base in Dec. or Jan.
Temp., Sept. to Mar("
50" to 55" ; March
HARDY
CULTURE
OF
SPECIES
:
drained.
Soil, ordinary well
borders.
or
Position, sunny
Plant, March
April. Protect in winter
of leaves or ashes.
with covering
\ in. deep
in lightsoil in temp. 75" in March
; cuttings of previous year's shoots
ceous
bell-glassin temp. 80" in March; herbaspeciesby division in March.
0. oorymbosa,
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
6 to 10 ft., Buenos
yellow, summer,
Ayres.
SPECIES:
C. marylandica,
yellow, Sept., 3 ft., N. America.
There
worth
species, but above are the only ones
growing.
Cassinia
(Golden Bush).- Ord. Compositse.
Hardy evergreen
and
ornamental-leaved
shrub.
flowering
CULTURE
: Soil,ordinary.
Position, sunny, dryish borders.
Plant
HAHDT
other
ai'e
"
in autumn.
soil in cold
SPECIES
tinted,
N.
in
frame
CULTIVATED:
America.
Cassiope.
First introduced
CULTURE:
"
Ord.
young
shoots
inserted
in
sandy
summer.
C.
fuWida, white,
Ericacese.
Hardy
summer,
3 to
evergreen
ft., leaves
flowerino-
Position, moist,
80
shrubs.
"
1798.
Soil, sandy peat.
golden
shady
beds
or
ENCYOLOPMDIA
borders.
SPECIES
Bypnoides,
OiP
Plant, Sept. to April.

CULTIVATED:
O.
GAEDENIN'G:
Propagate by layering shoots
in
fastiffiata,
white.
"C.
May, 9 in., Himalayas;
Hegfionsi tetragona, w4iite,Maroh,
'""' "*'"*"' JMgions.
(under generic name
of Androm'eda.
Formerly knows
"k
Castanea
(Sweet or SpanishChestnut)."Ord. Corylaceae.Hardy
deciduous
trees.
Bears edible nuts, which
be separated from
should
the husks
when
latter fall in autumn, then be thoroughly dried in the
sun
or
warm
and
stored in air-tight
oven,
jars or boxes in a cool, dry
place. Young trees much
as
coppice wood for game shelter.
grown
Probably introduced to Britain by Romans.
CUIiTCTRE
: Soil, deep, rich, dry, "
sandy. Position, open, sunny.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by sowing nuts 3 in. deep " 6 in. apart
in open garden in Nov. or Feb,
Transplant seedlingswhen a year old.
Distance
" 5 ft. apart ior underwood.
apart to plant,25 ft, for avenues
Timber
most
valuable
in a young
state ; brittle when
old.
One
bushel
of seed will yield 3,000 plants.
of seeds in a
Number
pound, 115.
white
and
red, June,
in., Arctic
Weight of bushel of seed, 581b.

an
acre,
6001b.
Timber
Average price of timber per cubic foot. Is. 3d.
reaches maturity at 50 years.
Uses : Bafters
Average life,500 years.
in churches, cabinet work, post and rail fencing,rustic work,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
O.
eatiya, 50 to 60 ft., S. Europe, N. Africa, etc.;
and
its varieties, aureo-marginatus (golden-edged), and lieterophylla diesecta
(cutleaved).
CastanopsiS
Hardy deciduous
Ord.
(Golden-leaved Chestnut).
Cupuliferae.
ornamental-leaved
tree.
CULTURE
loam
:
Position, lawns or
Soil, sandy or well-drained
mixed
shrubberies.
Oct.
March.
to
Plant,
Propagate as advised for
Sweet Chestnut.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
O. ohrysophylla
chryeophylla), N.
(Syn. Castanea
"
America.
Castilleja
(Painted'Cup). Ord.
Scrophularinese, Half-hardy
perennials. Plants with showy bracts.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts êat, one part of equal proportions
"
of loam,
leaf-mould, " sand.
in April. Protect
to 65^ in March,
Position, sunny
in winter.
Propagate by
sheltered
seeds sown
Plant
borders.
in temp. 55"
off seedlings in cold frame.

SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. ooooinea, yellow and scarlet,July, 1 ft.; animata,
2 ft.; pallida, wMte,
1 ft., N. America.
yellow, summer,
Castor
See Ricinus.
Oil Plant
(Ricinuscommunis^,"
Catalpa
(Indian Beau). Ord. Bignoniacese. Hardy deciduous
First introduced
trees.
1726.
floweringand ornamental-leaved
CULTURE
Position, sunny, sheltered lawns.
: Soil, ordinary,good.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots inserted in
sandy soil under bell-glassin temp. 55" to 65" in summer.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. bignonioides (Indian Bean), white, spotted purple
and
yellow, July, 20 to 30 ft..United
States, and its variety aurea
(golden-leaved);
cordifolia,white, June, 20 to 30 ft., United
States; Ksempferi, yellowjspotted red,
July, 20 ft.,Japan.
Catananche
(Blue Cupidone; Blue Succory). Ord. Compositae.
First introduced
annuals.
Flowers
1596.
and
Hardy perennials
may
decoration.
Gather
when
be cut and dried for winter
fully developed.
borders.
Position, warm
CULTURE
Plant, April.
: Soil, ordinary.
in.
in
soil
in temp. 55" in March,
seeds
sown
J
Propagate by
deep light
transplantingseedlings outdoors m June.
C. cserulea, blue, aj ft., July and
CULTIVATED:
Aug., S. Europe;
SPECIES
and blue ; lutea, yellow, June, 1 ft., S. Europe.
Last named
oserulea bioolor, white
hardening
"
"
is
an
annual.
81
ENGYOLOPJSDIA
Catasetum.
introduced 1822.
CULTTJBE
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
"
GARDENING.
OF
Position, pots
Compost, good Bbry peat.
First
orchids.
deciduous
Stove
hanging
or
drained.
Water
growth begins
freely from time new
to Sept.
times.
until leaves fall off, very
little other
Temp., March
60" to 70".
Besting period,winter. Flowers
of new
at base
gate
pseudo-bulb when growth is finishing.Propaappear
by division of plant at potting time.
SPECIES
and
OULTITATBD:
0. atratum,yellow, white
parple, July, Brazil;
and
zuela;
Bungerothii, white, spriDCf, Venezuela;
callosum, brown
yellow, June, Veneohrietyanum, red, brown, and green, spring, Trop. America;
macrocarpum,
and
brown
and
purple, spring, Trop. America;
maculatum,
purple, Sept.,
green
Guatemala;
saooatum, purple and yellow, March, Colombia; splendens, white and
There
yellow, spring, Venezuela.
are
others, but above are the best.
Catch-fly
(Silenependula)."See Silene.
Cat
Chop
(Mesembryanthemum
felinum). See Mesembryanthe-
baskets,
well
"
mum.
Catesbsea
Ord. Kubiacese.
Stove
(LilyThorn).
evergreen
floweringshrubs.
CULTURE
" peat, " a little sand.
: Compost, equal parts loam
tion,
Posiwell-drained
Water
pots " plenty of light. Pot in March.
afterwards.
freely March
Temp., 55" to 65"
Oct. to March, 75" to 85" afterwards.
Propagate by cuttingsinserted
in sand under
bell-glassin a temp, of 75" in spring.
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED."
Cathcartia
S. spinosa,
yellow. May,
10
Ord.
(Cathcart's
Poppy).
ft., W.
Indies.
Papaveraceae.
Hardy
perennial. First introduced 1850.
Soil, ordinary, dryish. Position,sunny,
well-drained
Jin. deep in sandy soil in cold
rockery. Propagate by seeds sown
framein
July,transplantingseedlingsinto small pots in Aug., keeping
in cold frame
them
till planting time.
"
herbaceous
CULTURE:
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
villosa,yellow, June, 1 ft.,Himalayas.

See Nepeta.
(Teucrium marum)." See Teucrium.
(Antennaria tomentosa). See Antennaria.
Cat-Mint
"
Cat-Thyme
Cat's
Ear
Cat's
Valerian
"
Cattleya.
introduced
CULTURE
O.
(Nepeta Glechoma).
Ord.
"
See Valeriana.
(Valeriana officinalis)."
Stove orchids.
Evergreen.
Orchidaceae.
First
1815.
Compost,
livingsphagnum
two
parts
fibrypeat,one
coarse
part chopped
charcoal, " sand.

Pot, Feb. or March.
hanging baskets, blocks.
Keep plants well
rim
of
pot.
Nov.
to
Aug.
freelyin
moss,
Water
"
Feb.
three
to
times
March;
weekly
March
to Aug.; once
weekly
month
other
times.
Syringe
to Sept. 65" to 85" ; Sept.to March
60"
Flowers
at top of new
appear
once
Temp., March
Resting period,winter.
directlygrowth is completed. Propagate by division
summer.
to 70".
pots,
above
growth
of
pseudo-bulbs at
pottingtime.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
0.
AolandiK, yellow,
g
purple, summer,
in., British
Honduras;
oitrma,
purple Nov., 2 ft., Brazil;
guttata, yellow and
1 tt., Brazil;
labiata, mauve,
spring,
purple and
bioolor,
purple, Oct., 12
Brazil;
crimson
and
and
green
purple. May
ft., Brazil; bowrineiana
yoUow, April, 4 in.
intermedia, purple
yellow, autumn,
1
in
rosy-
M'eiioo-
and
ft
white
Brazil-
liWata 'dowlana
l^n"w''^r"l"?,;,.''l;^r;,"M''"nM
^"^"^Costarh-^ "","
p"I""mbia;
and
yellow, crimson
gold, Oct., 1 ft. nRioa;
and
yellow,
12
summer,
1
1 ft., Brazi
summer,
;
abiata
in., Venezuela
;
abiata
Eldorado,
luddemanniana, purple.
Vose. and
ft., Venezuela; labiata

Mendel
white,
,
Polombiiî l"bi*ta Mcssiss, white, rose, purple and
mer,
labiata
gaskelliana,purple and
82
veilow
yellow. May, 1 ft
rose
and
lilac
orange
whit^
yellow"
yellow
M"i
ia
sum
i^
"'
Venezuela
BNOTOLOPMDIA
QAttDtJNlNO.
OP
labiata
peroiTaliana, lilao,rose, purple and yellow, Jan., 1 ft., Venezuela; labiata

Sohroderoe, lilao and orange, March, 1 ft.,Colombia;
labiata
Trianse, white, rose,
P"rple, and
yellow, Feb., 1 ft., Colombia;
labiata
purple and
Warneri,
rose,
ypHow,
June, 1 ft., Bahia; labiata
Warscewiozii, crimson, purple and yellow,
''"l""i'''*;lawrenoiana, rosy purple, MaToh,
Guiana;
10 in., British
""'
jj'
T
Loddigesii, rosy lilao and purple, Aug., 18 in., Brazil; maxima,
and
rose
purple.
Not., 1 ft.,Peru; Eex, white, purple and gold, Aug., 1 ft.; schilleriana,yellow,
rose
and purple. May, 6 in.,Bahia;
Skinneri, rose, purple, and white. May 10 in.,
Mexico;
superba, rose, purple, crimson, and
yellow, July, 10 in., Brazil; walkeriana, lilao,purple and white, Deo., Brazil.
Also
of Hybrids.
a number
Caucasian
Comfrey
phytum.
(Symphytum caucasicum)."See Sym-
Caucasian
Caucasian
Lily (Lilium monadelphum)." See Lilium.

Primrose
(Primula amoena)." See Primula.
Scarlet
Poppy
(Papaver umbroaum).
Caucasian
See
"
Papaver.
Cauliflower."
See
Brassica.
Caulophyllum
Cohosh)."
(Pappoose-root
; Squaw-root; Blue
Berberidacese.
First
duced
introtuberous-rooted
Hardy
perennial.
1755.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, chady. Plant, Nov.
gate
Propato Nov.
by division of roots March
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. thaliotroides, yellow, April, succeeded
by blue
berries in autumn, N. America.
Cayenne
Pepper
(Capsicum annuum). See Capsicum.
Plant
Cayenne
Pepper
sicum.
(Capsicum minimum). See Cap-
Ord.
"
"
CeanothUS
(Mountain
Tea-plant). Ord.
"
Californiau
Sweet;
Ehamuacsse.
1713.
Hardy
"
Lilac; New
Jersey
half-hardyfloweringshrubs.
First introduced
CULTURE
:
Soil, light,ordinary.Position, against south or west
walls or fences outdoors; in pots in cool greenhouse. Plant, Oct. to
shoots away
March.
weak
Prune
Water
Pot, Oct.
entirelyin March.
moderately in pots in winter, freelyin summer.
3 in. long inserted in pots of sandy soil in cold frame, cool greenhouse
in
in Oct.; layering
strong shoots in Sept., Oct., " Nov.; seeds sown
heat
in spring.
CULTIVATED
0. americanus
(New Jersey Tea), white, July, 5 ft.,
:
americanus
blue, July, 8 to
America;
variegatus, leaves edged yellow; azureus,
10 ft., Mexico;
dentatus, blue. May, 10 ft.,California; divaricatus, blue, July, 4 ft.,
California;
rigidus, blue, July, 4 ft.,
papillosus, blue, June, 3 ft., California;
California; veitchianns,
blue, June, 10 ft., California; thyrsiflora (California
Lilao),blue, July, 9 ft., California.
SPECIES
E.
Cedar.
Cedar
Cedrela
See Cedrus.
"
of
Lebanon
(Cedrus Libani).
(Bastard Cedar). Ord. Meliaceas.
"
"
tree.
on
CULTURE
lawns
:
or
Handsome
'
"
Cedrus.
deciduous
Hardy
namental-lea
or-
habit.
Soil, good ordinary,
in shrubberies.
See
drained.
well
Plant
iu
Position, sheltered
autumn.
Propagate by
root
flavescens), white
and
cuttings.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
pink, June, 30
Ciedronella
to
SO
sinensis
(Balm
of
Gilead). Ord.
baceousperennials" shrubs.
CULTURE:
Ailanthus
C.
(Syn.
tt., China.
Compost,
two
Labiatae.
1697.
First introduced
"
parts sandy loam,
one
Half-hardy
her-
Leaves
fragrant.
"
part leaf-mould
sand.
Position, pots in sunny greenhouse. Temp., Sept.
Pot, March.
Water
moderately
50"
to
March
to
55"; March
be grown
other times.
C. triphyllamay
" winter, freely
in autumn
in
soil
S.
of
wall
in
England.
south
Propagate
of
dryish
perenat base
83
nial
GARDENING.
OF
MNCYOLOPJEDIA

; shrubby speciesby cuttings
March,
in
shoots
inserted in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75
speciesby
of young
April, or May.
C.
SPECIES:
PBllBNNIAL
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
C.
triphylla
or
cordata,
blue, July, 3 ft., Mexico;
pallida,rose,
purple, July, '2ift., Mexico;
and
crimson
mexicana,
lilac, July, 1 ft., N. America;

Sept., 18 in., Mexico.
3
oana,
oanariensis
(Balm
of
Gilead), purple, July,
ft.. Canaries.
Cedrus
Deodar;
(Mount Atlas " Silver Cedar; Cedar of Lebanon;
Indian
Hardy evergreen
Cedar; Tountain-tree).^ Ord. Coniferae.
of Lebanon
Wood
of Cedar
trees.
1676.
in
cedar
used
in ancient
times
Incense.
Oldest
England at
as
not produced by
Cones
Brethby Park, Derbyshire; planted in 1676.
old.
Cedrus
Libani
until tree is 40 to 100 years
vated.
CDLTUEE
:
Soil, rich, deep, sandy. Position, well drained, eleC. atlantica does well in seaside gardens; " all are suitable for
to May.
Propagate by
chalky soils. Plant, Sept. to Nov., or March
of light soil in cold frame
seeds sown
în. deep in well-drained
pans
in April,transplantingseedlingsoutdoors
following spring.
SPECIES
CULTITATED:
C. atlantica
(Mount Atlas Cedar), 80 to 100 ft., N.
Africa ;
atlantica
argentea,
foliage golden ; atlantica
foliage silvery;
aurea,
deodara
deodara
(Deodar Cedar), 200 to 250 ft., Himalayas;
argentea,
siWeryleayed ; deodara
orassif olia, thick
leaved ; deodara
golden -leaved ; deodara
aurea,
viridis, green-leaved ; Libani
(Cedar of Lebanon), 80 ft., Syria ; Libani
glanoa,
glaucous leaved.
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus). See Chelidouium.
East
"
"
Celandine
Poppy
(Stylophorum diphyllum).
"
See
Stylo-
phornm.
Celastrus
Oelastraceae.
Ord.
(Staff-tree;Climbing Bitter-sweet; Staff-vine)."
Greenhouse
"
deciduous
climbing
hardy
everêen
shrubs.
First introduced
1722.
Ht. 1 to 10 ft.
OF
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
"
sand.
March.
loam,
Pot,
Position,
peat,
greenhouse. Water
sunny
to
afterwards.
to Sept.
March, freely
moderately Sept.
Temp., March
55" to 65" ; Sept.to March
50" to 55".
Increased
by layers.
CULTURE
OF HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, walls,
Prune
weak
shoots "
fences, " arbours.
away
in
main
shoots
of
Feb.
of
shoots
in
tips
Propagate by layers
young
"
Nov.
Sept.,Oct.,
SPECIES
GEEENHOUSE
0. articulatns, green,
:
and
June, 15 ft., Ohina
Japan.
HARDY
SPECIES
C. Oriza, grreen,
6 ft., Japan ; Boandens, yellow,
:
summer,
succeeded
berries, climbing, N. America.
by orange
summer,
Celeriac
(Apium graveolens rapaceum). See Apium.
See Apium.
Celery.
CelOSia
Greenhouse
annuals.
(Cockscomb). Ord. Amarantaceae.
1570.
First introduced
CULTURE
CBLOSIAS
OF
: Compost, two
parts fibryloam, one
part
" well-decayedcow
leaf -mould
" Sand.
manure
Position, warm
greenhoase, exposed to light. Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in well-drained
pans
of light soil in temp. 75" in March.
Transplant seedlings1 in. apart
1 in. high in lightsoil in well-drained
when
pots " keep in temp. 60? to
75".
When
seedlingshave formed four leaves place them singlyin 3-in.
pots, transferring them in June to 5 in. pots. Keep plants near
the
roots moderately. Syringe
glass. Water
foliagetwice daily. Liquid
Summer
manure,
apply when flowers appear.
temp., 55" to 65". May
be used for summer
bedding between
and
May
Sept
CULTURE
OF
seeSs'as advised
COCKSCOMBS:
Sow
for
"
"
"
84
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
(Erythrseacentaurium).
Centaury
"
Centaury,
Ord.
introduced
First
Erythrsea.
See
Chlora.
See
(Chlora perfoliata)."
Yellow
Centradenia."
Evergreen.
OAEDENING.
flowering shrubs.
Stove
Melastomaceae.
1840.
tion,
Posiparts peat, one part loam " sand.
March
to
55"
to
March
65";
to
Pot, Eeb.
Temp., Sept.
sunny.
afterwards.
65"
75".
to
Water
March,
to
freely
moderately Sept.
Sept.
Propagate by cuttings of side shoots 2 or 3 in. long inserted in pots of
sandy peat under bell-glassin temp. 85" in Feb. " March.
CULTURE
SPEOIBS
CULTIVATED:
Sept., 18
pink,
Compost,
two
0.
in., Mexico;
floribunda, red, July, 38 in., Meiioo; grandiflora,

inequalateralis (Syn. 0. rosea), rose, April, 1 ft.,
Mexico.
Lilac).
(Red Valerian; Spur Valerian; German
" annuals.
Hardy herbaceous
perennials'
CULTURE
rockeries,
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, old walls, sunny
seeds
March
borders.
sown
or
Jin. deep
Plant,
April. Propagate by
in light soil in temp. 55" in March,
transplantingseedlingsoutdoors
Centranthus
Ord. Valerianaceae.
"
May ; or in sunny positionsoutdoors in April or June, transplanting

or
seedlingsin May or Aug. ; perennials also Tby division in autumn
in
spring.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
PERENNIAL
C. macrosiphon,
SPECIES:
C.
ruber
albus, white.
Ord.
Centropogon.
(Britain);
red, July,
ft.,Spain
maoroBiphon
(Red Valerian), red, July,
18
albuB,
in., Europe
ruber
"
Campauulacese.
Stove
herbaceous
nial.
peren-
CULTURE
: Compost, egualparts loam,
peat, leaf-mould, " a little
sand.
March.
stove
to
June ; June
to Sept.sunny
Position,
Pot,
Sept.
50"
frame
outdoors.
Oct.
to
Feb.
Feb.
60" to
to
to
June
55";
Temp.,
75".
Water
to
afterwards.
Prune
shoots
moderately Sept.
Feb., freely
close to soil in Feb. when
repotting.Propagate by cuttingsof young
shoots 3 in. long, removed
with a portion of stem
attached, " inserted
in light sandy soil in well-drained
under
bell-glassin temp. 60"
pots
to 70".
2 ft., a hybrid.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. lucyanus, rose, autumn,
Habitat
of the genus
:
Trop. America.
Ord. Legumiuosae. Stove evergreen
Centrosema.
climbers.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf -mould, " silver
sand.
Position, pots on staging,shoots trained up rafters or round a
trellis or jitiots. Pot in March.
Water
freelyin spring " summer;
to Sept. 75" to 85"; Sept.to
Temp., March
March
55" to 65".
Propagate by seeds in a temp, of 75" in M^rch;
in a temp, of 85" in summer.
also by cuttings in sand
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. Plumieri
(Syn. Clitoria Plumieri), red and white,
"
a'utumn,
ft., S. America.
Plant
Century
(Agave americana)." See Agave.

(White
Helleborine). Ord.
Cephalanthera
Orchidaceffi.
Hardy terrestrial orchids.
CULTURE
: Soil,chalky loam.
Position,open " well-drained border.
Plant, Sept. " Oct.
Propagate by division of roots in Sept
"
SPEOIBS
flora),white
of
Ot onsifolia,white, June, 2 ft.; pallons (Syn. 0

CULTIVATED:
and yellow, June, 18 in.; rubra, purple and white. May, 18 in.
grand!
Natives
Britain.
Cephalanthus
shrub.
CULTURE:
Oct.
or
SPECIES
(Button bush)." Ord.

Orn.
Rubiacese.
Soil,sandy peat. Position, open
Nov.
shrubberies.
Propagate by layersof shoots in Sept.
CULTIVATED:
0.
oooidentalis,white, July,
86
Hardy
duous
deci-
1735.
Oct.
ft., N. America
or
Plant.
BNOYOLOPMDIA
y^\PnAiA.riA,
First
introduced
Ord.
1759.
"
GAUDMNINO.
OF
Dipsaoeae.
Hardy
perennials.
herbaceoua
OULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary. Position,
shrubbery borders or woods.
Plant, March
or
seeds
April. Propagate by
sown
4 in. deep in sunny
positionoutdoors in April, transplautine seedlinss in May.
SPECIES
OULTIVATElf:
0. alpina (Syn. foabiosa
agina),
yelfow,July, 5 ft..
Europe;
tartanoa, yellow, July, 5 H., Siberia.
CephalOtaxus
(Cluster-flowered
Tew)." Ord. Coniferae. Hardy
conifers.
Orn.
Leaves
foliage. Evergreen. First introduced
1837.
similar to those of Yew.
CULTURE:
shrubberies
Soil, ordinary. Position, sheltered
or
lawns.
Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March
to May.
Propagate by seeds
sown
J in. deep in lightsoil in cold frame in Sept. or March, transplanting
seedlingsoutdoors a year
in sandy soil in shady
after ; cuttings of shoots 3 in. long inserted

cold frame, or under
handbell-glassor
light outdoors.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
0.
drupaoea,
to
ft., Japan;
Portuni,
ft.. N.
pedunoulata, 8 ft., Japan.
China;
CephalOtllS
(Australian Pitcher-plant).Ord.
Saxifragaceae.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
1822.
Flowers,
white.
Pitchers, 1 to 3 id. long, dark green, purple," pink.
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts sphagnum
peat, " silver
moss,
fibrjr
sand.
Position, pots or pans, well drained " covered with bell-glass;
45" to 55";
shady cool greenhouse or window.
50"
to
March
55".
Water
to Oct.
moderately Sept. to April, freely
afterwards.
Propagate by division of roots in March.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
0. foUionlaris, Australia; 2 to 4 in.
"
(Snow in Summer;
Snow-giant).
perennials. Evergreen " deciduous.
Cerastium
Soil, ordinary.
Position,
Plant, March
Caryophyl-
Ord.
"
lacess. Hardy
CULTURE:
dryishborders,
rockeries
"
April. Propagate by division

of plants in March
or
April; cuttingsof shoots Sin. long inserted in
ordinary soil in shady positionoutdoors in June or July; seeds sown
in April,transplantingseedlings
1-10 in. deep in shady position outdoors
edgings to
flower
in June
or
beds.
or
July.
0.
alpinnm, white, June, 3 to 4 in., Britain;
Bieberateinii,white, "June. 6 in., leaves silvery, Asia Minor; Boiserii. white. June.
8 to 9 in., leaves silvery; grandiflorum. white. July. 6 in. ; tomentosum
(Snow in
Summer), white. May. 6 in., leaves silvery,Europe.
Ceratiola
(SandhillRosemarjr). Ord. Empetracese. Half-hardy
First introduced
1826.
shrub.
evergreen
CULTURE:
Soil,two parts sandy peat " loam.
Position, moist,
Plant, A^ril. Propagate by cuttings of shoots
shady, sheltered.
in well drained
3 in. long inserted
pots of sandy peat, under bell-glass,
in June, July, or
in cold frame
Aug. Protection
required in severe
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
"
weather.
First
"
Position, against south
England only.
sown
inserted
in Aug.
SPECIES
deep in
seedlingsoutdoors
or
sandy
Sept.
CULTIVATED
Hardy
walls; suitable
to May.
Sept. to Nov. or March
pots of sandy soil in temp. 85"
Plant,
1 in.
in
June. 3 ft., Carolina.
evergreen
1570.
introduced
CULTURE:
seeds
eriooides,brown,
Ord. Leguminosae.
(Carob-bean).
Ceratonia
tree.
0.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
in June;
soil under
:
0.
cuttingsof
in cold
bell-glass
Siliqua. yellow and

87
for S. "
W.
of
Propagate by
in March, transplanting
firm shoots 4 in. long
frame
or
greenhouse
red, Sept.. 16 ft., S. Europe.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CeratopteriS
fern.
Annual.
CULTUEE
(Pod Fem)."
OS'
GARDENING.
Ord.
Filioes.
Stove
water
floating
Position, in
" leaf-mould.
loam
water.
in
tank
of
Sept. to
Temp.,
or
submerged
pans
[arch 55" to 60" ; March
in Feb.
as
above; pegging old
surface of compost in pan in water
on
will
which
fronds
of soil from
to surface
plants
grow.
young
SFE0IE8
OXTLTIVAIED:
0. thaliotrioides,Trop. America.
Ord.
Plumbagineae. Hardy
CeratOStisma
(Lead-wort).
of
and
with
creeping roots.
perennial dwarf, shrubby habit,
CULTUEE
Position, sunny
: Soil, sandy loam.
rockery. Plant in
:

to
Sots
rim
"
autumn
or
SPECIES
division in spring.
plumbaginoidee
(Syn. Plumbago
Propagate by
0.
Larpentse), blue,
ft., China.
autumn,
spring.
OULTITATED;
Cercis
Ord.
Leguminosse. Hardy,
(Judas-tree; Eed-bud).
First
trees.
introduced
1596.
flowering
sheltered
Position, warm
Soil,rich, deep, sandy.
N. of England against south wall.
Plant,
shrubberies, or on lawns.
Oct. to March.
Prune
old
branches
in
Feb.
Propagate by seeds
away
planting
sown
i in. deep in lightsandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March, transin
outdoors
of
shoots
in
June,
or
seedlings
by layers
strong
"
deciduous
CULTUEE:
Sept.
Oct.
or
KPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
C.
canadensis
and
cbinensis. pink. May, 10 ft,, China
or
rose. May, 20 to 25 ft., S. Europe.
Cereus
Greenhouse
(Red bud), red. May, 16 ft.,N. America;

Siliquastrum (Judas Tree), purple
Japan;
(Torch Thistle; Night-floweringCereus). Ord.

fleshy,spiny stems, no leaves. First
"
plants with
Cactaceae.
introduced
1690.
CULTUEE
brick
pounded
or
Compost,
rubbish.
windows.
Pot
two
loam, one part coarse

parts fibry
Position, well-drained pots in sunny
every
three
or
four
years,
afterwards.
in March.
sand
"
houses
greenWater
month
Sept. to April,once a week
Temp., Sept.to
50" to 55"; March
to Sept., 55" to 65"
Propagate by seeds
in.
in
well-drained
of
soil
sown
in temp. 75" in
i
deep
sandy
pans
in
March, keeping soil moderately moist; cuttings of stems
inserted
small potsof sandy soil kept barely moist in summer
mon
com; grafting on
kind in April.
C. aggregatns, scarlet, Sept., U.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
States; Berlandieri,
purple, Texas; Blanokii,rose, summer,
Mexico;
cserulescens,white, July, Mexico;
flagelliformis,pink, spring, S. America;
*fulgidu8, orange-scarlet, July; 'grandiflorus, white, July, W. Indies; osespitosus, rose, summer,
U. States; enneaoanthns,
purple, July, Texas; Feudleri, purple, June, Mexico; giganteus, colour not known,
California ; leeanns, red, Mexico
; *Lemairii, yellow and
white, June, 'Macdcnaldise,
white
and
red, July, Honduras;
leptacaathus, purple lilac and
Malwhite. May;
lisonii, red, summer,
hybrid;
multiplex, scarlet, summer,
Brazil; pauoispinus,
red
and
New
Mexico;
orange,
summer.
'Napoleonis, yellow and
white
autumn,
Mexico ; *nyctacalis, white, autumn,
Mexico
;
pontalophus, rose
Mexico
peruTianus, red, August, Peru;
pleiogonus, purple-red; polycanthus, tlood-redspring,
Mexico;
procumbens, rosy purple. May, Mexico; reductus. white and rose, summer,
W. Indies; Royenii, rose, spring New
Mexico;
repandns, white, summer,
Grenada*
purple and white, Peru; 'speoiosissimus,crimson, July S America'
serpentinua,
W
Indies; variabilis,
"triang:ulariswhite, Aug.
and
green
red, July. S. America'.'
Those
indicated
are
by an asterisk
night blooming.
Cerinthe
(Honeywort; Wax-plant)."Ord. Boraginaceae. Hardy
annuals
and perennials. First introduced
1570.
once
March
"
'
CULTUEE
borders.
by
seeds
boxes
of
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
well-drained
beds or
perennial species Oct. or April. Propagate annuals
1-16 in. deep in April where
sown
plants are to flower
in
or
lightsandy soil in temp. 55" to 65'" in March, transplanting
:
Plant
88
TIN CYC!
LOT? MB
seedlingsoutdoors in May;
perennialsby seeds similar
thin
GARDENING.
OF
IA
seedlings to
outdoor-sown
to annuals
"
by
2 in.
of roots in
ft., S. Europe;
division
apart;
April.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
0.
glabra,
yellow, July, 1 to 2
aspera,
yellow and violet, June, 1 ft., Alps; major, yellow and purple, July, 1 ft., Alps;
minor, yellow, June, 12 to 18 in., S. Europe; retorta, yellow and violet, July, 18 in.,
Greece.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
Ceropegia..
yellow, June, 18 in., S. Europe.

Greenhouse
trailingplants.
0. maonlata,
Ord.
"
Asclepiadese.
Ornamental-leaved.
CULTURE
leaf -mould, " silver
roof
of greenhouse,or
sand.
baskets
from
Position,
or
pots suspended
March
in rockeries; sunny.
March.
Water
Pot,
moderately between
55"
to
65",
March
to
afterwards.
" Sept.,occasionally
Sept.
Temp.,
inserted
shoots
of
slender
45" to 50".
afterwards
in silver sand, in well-drained
pots, in a temp, of 65" in spring.
3 to
and
CULTIVATED:
0. elegans, white, brown,
purple, summer,
SPECIES
3 ft.. Natal;
4 ft., India; Sandersonii, green,
VVoodii, white and purple,
autumn,
2 to 3 ft.,S. Africa.
summer,
Ord.
Cestrum
(Bastard Jasmine; Night-blooming Jasmine).
duced
introFirst
shrubs.
Greenhouse
Solanaoeae.
Evergreen.
flowering
"
1787.
CULTURE
two
parts loam, one
part leaf -mould " sand.
trained
beds
with
shoots
on
wall, pillars,or roof of
Position,pots or
into
March.
Prune
Temp., Sept. to
shape, Feb.
greenhouse. Pot,
55"
Water
60".
to
March
to
40"
50"
March
to
moderately in
Sept.
;
of
side shoots
times.
other
winter, freely
inserted in
old
with
of
stem
removed
attached,
in.
3 or 4
long,
portion
75"
in
65"
to
in
soil
well-drained
July, Aug., or
temp.
pots of sandy
Compost,
Sept.
10
ft., Mexico;
name
of
Habrothamnus.
Asplenium.
Ord. Scrophulariacese. Half-hardy
"
Chsenostoma.
shrubs.
orange-yellow,June, 5 ft.,Guatemala;
Newellii, crimson, June, 10 ft. Formerly
C. aurantiaoum,
OULTITATED:
SPECIES
elegans, oarmine, spring,

the generio
under
known
See
Ceterach.
"
introduced
First
1816.
Ht.
4 in. to
herbs
"
2 ft.
beds or
doors
borders outin
winter.
in
Plant
outdoors
May to Oct., greenhouse or
in.
in
seeds
1-10
soil
in
sown
deep
light
temp.
Propagate by
May.
65" to 70" in March;
cuttingsinserted in well-drained pots of sandy
in Sept.
soil in greenhouse or cold frame
C. cordata, white, June, 18 in. ; fastigiata, rose, sum
OULTITATED
:
SPECIES
6 in.; fastigiata alba, white;
hispida, lilac, July, 6 in.; linifolia,yellow
mer,
4 in.
Natives
S. Africa.
Sept., 1 ft. ; polyantha, lilac and yellow, summer,
Chzerophyllum
(Bulbous-rootedChervil)."Ord. Umbelliferae
Roots
carrot-like
Hardy esculent vegetable. First introduced 1726.
sweet
cooked
"
served
carrots.
as
;
yellowishwhite,
beds outdoors.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary. Ppsition,sunny
Propa
in
in.
drills
seeds
1
1
ft.
sown
deep
apart in Aug.,Sept.," Oct
gate by
Lift roots in Aug., " store
Thin out seedlingsto Sin. apart in May.
in dry, dark places until requiredfor use.
them
See
0. bulbosum, white, June, 1 ft., S. Europe.
also
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
frame
"
the
genus
Anthrlscus.
Fern
(Woodwardia radicans). See Woodwardia.
Flower
See Narcissus.
Chalice
(Narcissus pseudo-narcissus).
Plant
Chalk
(Gypsophilapaniculata). See Gypsophila.
ing
flowerOrd. Bosaceae.
Chamsebatia.
Half-hardy evergreen
Chain
"
"
"
"
shrub.
CULTURE
First
:
introduced
Compost,
two
1859.
parts loam,
89
one
part peat
"
sand.
Posi-
tion, pots in cool greenhouse, or sunny

Plant, April. Water
Pot, March.
rockeries
frame
moderately
pots. Propagate by cuttingsinserted

July or Aug.
in
OtJLTIVATBD
SPECIES
3 ft., California.
0. foliolosa
Chamsecyparis.
Chamsedorea.
foliage. First
CULTTJEE:
See
Ord.
"
"
introduced
S. of
outdoors
in
summer
55"
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
in
in
England.
winter, freely in
soil in cold
sandy
(Syn. Spiraa Millefolium), white,
Cupressus.
Palmacese.
Stove
palms.
Ornamental
1846.
Compost, two parts peat, one part loam " sand.

Water
Pot, March.
shady part of stove in pots or tubs.
Temp., Sept.to
Sept.to March, abundantly afterwards.
to 65^^; March
deep
in above
compost
in
OULTITiCTED:
gracilis,10 ft., Mexico.
SPECIES
Chamsepeuce.
Chamserops
85" in March.
elatior,9 in.,Mexico; elegans,
tion,
Posimoderately
March
lin.
pots, in temp.
C.
"
summer,
See
to 10
ft.,Mexico;
Cnicus.
(Fan Palm; African Hair Palm; European Palm).

Ord.
Palmacese.
Greenhouse
Orn. foliage.
" half-hardy palms.
First introduced
1731.
Leaves, fan-shaped, green.
CULTTJEE
:
Compost, two parts rich loam, one
part decayed leaf" sand.
mould
pots in greenhouse or sheltered
well-drained
beds outdoors
in S. of England.
Pot, March.
Plant,
40" to 50"; March
to Sept. 50" to 60"
April. Temp., Sept. to March
Water
Propagate by seeds
moderately in winter, freelyin summer.
1 in. deep in light soil in temp, of 80" in Feb. or March;
suckers
sown
from
removed
parent plant in April or Aug.
0. hnmilis, 10 ft., S. Europe, N. Africa.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
See also the
:
TrachyoarpuB.
genus
Chamomile
(Anthemis nobilis).See Anthemis.
"
"
Chandelier
Flower
(Brunsvigia Josephinse).
"
See
Bruns-
vigia.
Chapiet
Chaste
"
Flower
Tree
(Stephanotisfloribunda)." See Stephanotis.

(VitexAgnus-castus)."See Vitex.
island
Forg:et-me-not
(Myosotidium nobile).
Chatham
See Myosotidium.
Cheddar
Cheilanthes
Pink
See Dianthus.
(Dianthus crosius)."
(CalifornianLace Fern; Lip Fern).
Ord. Filices.
Stove " greenhouse ferns.
First introduced
1775.
two
CULTTJEE
: Compost,
" silver sand.
parts peat, one part loam
Position, pots in shade.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Water
moderately Oct.
to Feb., freely afterwards.
55"
Temp., stove species,Sept. to March
to 65", March
to Sept. 65" to 75" ; greenhouse, Sept. to March
45" to
50", March
to
Propagate by spores similar
Adiantum.
GEEBNHOtrsE
SPECIES:
0. argentea, 6 to 8 in., N. Asia, etc.; califoTnioa
(Californian Lip Pern), 6 in., California (also known
as
Hypolepis oalif ornioa);
Clevelandii
(Cleveland's Lip Fern), 12 in., N. America;
N
AmericaEatonii, 6 m.
fragrans, 2 to 4 ins., S. Europe ; hirta, 4 to 8 in.. Cape, Mexico, etc. ; Lindhemeri,
3 to 6 m.,
Texas; miorophylla (Plumier's Lip Fern), 6 to 8 in., N. America;
pulvjsoida
ohella, 9 in., Madeira;
(Sticky Lip Pern), 6 in., N. Ajnerioa
STOVE
SPECIES:
0. ohlorophylla, 12 In., S. America;
farinosa,6 to 8 in., Abyssinia,
Ja-va, etc.; myriophylla (Lace Forn), Syn. 0. elegans, 4 to 8 in
Trop
America;
radiata, 9 to 13 in., Trop. America; tenuis, 1 ft.,Mexico
Cheiranthus(Gilliflower;
Wallflower)."Ord. Crucifera). Hardy
perennials. Of biennial duration only ou heavy soils. Flowers, single
" double, fragrant.
"
90
ENOTOLOPMDIA
CULTURE
OF
heavy;
too
WALLFLOWERS
add lime or
Sow
either
old walls.
OF
:
old mortar.
broadcast
or
April. Transplant seedlingswhen
each
in
bed
OARDENINO.
Soil, ordinary well-drained,

Position, sunny borders, beds
not
or
in drills 6 in. apart " în. deep

third leaf has formed, 6 in. apart
of firm
soil limed as before, " plant out finallya

Oct.
Make
soil firm around
plants to
ensure
sturdy firm growth. Double-flowered varieties may be increased
by cuttingsor slipsof side-shoots removed
with a slightheel attached,
" inserted in cold frame
or
shady border in Aug. Plant out in March.
To grow
old walls, sow
on
in crevices, adding a little
a pinch of seed
soil " cow
to supply food
manure
to young
plants; or plant young
seedlingsin similar compost in spring. On heavy soils wallflowers are
best grown
biennials.
as
CULTURE
OF
DWARF
SPECIES
: C. alpinus,
Marshallii, kewensis,
" mutabilis, should
be grown
rockeries
in good loamy soil "
on
svinny
old mortar.
Plant
in spring. Top-dress annually in March
with wellrotted cow
Wallflowers.
manure.
Propagate as advised for Double
POT
CULTURE
: Plant
seedlings in good ordinary mould in six-inch
cold frame
till flower buds
form, then
pots in Sept.; keep in sunny
transfer to greenhouse. Water
moderately. Peed with liquidmanure
after
when
in flower.
Throw
blooming.
away
6
best
SPECIES
CULTIVATED;
0. alpinus, yellow, May,
in., Scandinavia,
Cheiri
on
a
grown
colours, spring, 1 to 2 ft.,
rockery;
(Wallflower), yarious
1 ft., hybrid;
Marshallii, orange,
Europe;
kewensis,
sulphur, orange,
purple,
Nov. to May, 1 ft.,hybrid; mutabilis, or AUionii, purple, spring, 1 ft.
Chelidonium
(Celandine; Swallow-wort). Ord. Papaveraceae.
"
C. Bonus-Henricus
Chenopodiaceae.Hardy perennials" annuals.
C. Quinoa, grown
sometimes
substitute
for
as
a
spinach.
CULTURE
Plant,
: Soil, ordinary. Position, damp
shady borders.
March
or
Jin. deep in shade outdoors
of roots in April.
in April; division
2 ft., Britain;
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
C. majus, yellow. May,
majus flore
pleno, antanm.
Chelone
(Turtle Head; Shell-flower). Ord. Scrophulariaceae.
herbaceous
Hardy
CULTURE:
Plant, Oct.,
Soil, rich, deep. Position, open borders.
in.
seeds
1-16
sown
Nov., March, or April. Propagate by
deep in light
soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March, or similar depth in soil in cold frame
in May " June;
in April,transplanting;
cuttings
seedlingsoutdoors
in June " July ; division of plants
inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
foot
way,
or
apart in Sept.
so
or
"
"
in
Aug.
"
Stept.
SPECIES
purple, Aug.,
CULTIVATED:
4 ft., N.
C.
America;
glabra, white, Aug., 4

obliqua, purple, Aug.,
ft., N. America;
ft., N. America.
Lyoni,
Ord.
Spinach).
(Good King Henry; Wild
",
k
annuals.
C.
Bonus-Henricus
Hardy
perennials
Chenopodiaceae.
substitute
for Spinach.
C. Quinoa grown
sometimes
as
a
KING
GOOD
HENRY
: Soil, good, well
trenched, "
CULTURE
OF
1
Sow
seeds
in. deep in
manured.
Position,
dryish,
sunny.
liberally
drills 12 in. apart in April. Thin
seedlings out to 9 in. apart in May.
Gather
shoots
with thin layer of manure.
Cover bed in October
young
leaves in May " June
in lieu of
for asparagus;
in April as substitute
3 or 4 years.
beds every
spinach. Renew
SPECIES:
ANNUAL
Position,
Soil, ordinary.
OP
CULTURE
in April. Thin
seeds outdoors
Sow
borders.
beds
seedlings
or
sunny
to make
out points of shoots
bushy plants.
to 18 in. apart. Pinch
Position, open garden.
: Soil, ordinary.
C. QUINOA
OF
CULTURE
Chenopodium
"
91
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Sow
seeds
in drills 1 in.
of
few
deep
" 2 ft.
Gather
weeks.
OABDENINO.
onwards
March
from
apart
leaves, cook, "
eat
at
tervals
in-
spinach.
like
0. Bonus-Henrious
SPECIES:
(Good King Henry), 3 ft., Britain.
0. purpurasoens
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
(Syn. 0. Atripliois),reddish purple, Aug.,
C. Quinoa, 4 to 6 ft., Peru.
3 ft., leaves and
shoots
-violet, China:
rosy
PERENNIAL
meleagris).
(Fritillaria
Daffodil
Chequered
"
See
Fritil-
See
Helio-
laria.
Cherimoyer
(Anona Cherimolia). See Auona.

See Eosa.
(Bosa laevigata}.
"
Cherokee
Rose
Cherry.
See
"
Cherry
"
Prunus.
Laurel
(Prunus Laurocerasus). See Prunus.
Pie-flovwer
(Heliotropium peruvianum).
"
Cherry
"
tropium.
Plum-tree
(Prunus
See Anthriscus.
Cherry
Chervil.
cerasifera).See
Prunus.
"
"
Chervil,
Bulbous-rooted."
See Chserophyllum.
See Gastanea
" .Xsculus.
See Cichorium.
Fern
(Dicksoniaregalis).See Dicksonia.
Arbor-vitse
See Libocedrus.
(Libocedrus chiliensis).
See Kolana.
Bell-flower.
Crocus
(TecophilseaCyanocrocus). See Tecophilaea.
Flower
Glory
(Eccremocarpus scaber). See Eccre-
Chestnut.
"
Chicory.
"
Chignon
"
Chilian
Chilian
"
"
Chilian
"
Chilian
"
mocarpus.
Chilian
Chilian
Chilian
Box
Gum
(Escalloniarubra). See Escallonia.
Pine-tree
(Araucaria imbricata). See Araucaria.
See
SarPitcher-flower
(Sarmienta repens).
"
"
"
mienta.
Chili
Jasmine
Chili
Nettle
(Mandevilla suaveoleus). See Mandevilla.

(Loasa laterita).See Loasa.
Chili
See Capsicum.
Pepper
(Capsicum annuum).
See Fragaria.
Strawberry
(Fragaria
chiloensis)."
Chili_
Chillies
See
(Capsicum annuum).
Capsicum.
Ground
Green;
Chimaphila
(SpottedWinter
Holly). Ord.
"
"
"
"
"
Ericaceae.
1752.
CULTUEE:
Hardy
dwarf
herbaceous
Compost, two
shadj rockery outdoors.
of
plants
in
First
perennials.
parts leaf-mould,
Plant, April.
one
part
introduced
sand.
Propagate by
tion,
Posi-
division
April.
0. macalata, pink and

white, June, 6 in., N. America;
pink, June, 6 in., N. America.
Plant
See Campanula.
Chimney
(Campanula pyramidalis).
Chimonanthus
Ord.
(Japan Allspice).
Calycanthaceaa. Hardy
deciduous
First introduced
flowering' shrub.
1766.
CULTURE
: Soil,
deep, rich, sandy. Position, against south or west
walls.
Prune
in Feb., cutting away
Plant, Feb.
all shoots that have
flowered
to within
1 in. of base, exceptthose required to furnish
plants
with branches.
Propagate by layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
C. fragans, yellow and
:
red, fragrant, Dec, 6 to 9 ft.,
China
and Japan.
China
Aster
(CallistephushortenseV" See Callistephus.
China
Creeper
See
(Ipomaea Quamoclit
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
umbellate, white
and
"
"
vulgaris).
"
China
Creeper
Chinaman's
(Quamoclit
vulgaris)."See
Breeches
(Dicentra
Bicentra.
China
Rose
See
(Rosa indica)."
92
Rosa.
Ipomcea.
Quamoclit.
spectabilis).
"
See
GAMDENING.
OF
ENGTGLOPMDIA
and
its Tarieties
gigantea
Luoilise, blue
Minor,
and
white, March, 6 in., Asia
6 in., eardensis, blue, March, 6 in.,
(Syn. AUenii) and
grandiilora, liolet, March,
white
and
and
lilac, April, Crete.
Tmoli, blue and
white, April, 6 in. ; nana,
herbaceous
Liliacese.
Ord.
Half-hardy
Chionog^raphis.
"
perennial.
First
introduced
1880.
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, " sand.

south
border
well-drained
Position, warm,
outdoors, or pot in cold
Feb.
frame.
Plant, Oct. or Feb.
Pot,
Jin.
CULTURE
deep in
division
above
compost
of roots
SPECIES
in
in
pot,
pan,
or
box
in March,
in cold
frame;
Sept.
CtTLTIVATBD:
1 ft., Japan.
C. japonioa, white. May,
Ord. Gesneriacese.
Stove herbaceous
green
perennial " everplants. First introduced
1840.
OULTUBE
:
Compost, equal parts peat " leaf-mould, half a part
"
half
Shake
loam,
a
Pot, Feb.
fibry
part of silver sand " charcoal.
soil
"
old
from
in
small
loots
into
put
pots first,shifting
away
larger
size when
Water
moderately at first,increasing
plantsbegin to grow.
tion,
Posisupply when plants grow freely; keep nearly dry Oct. to Feb.
shelf near
artificial
be
on
or
manure
glass. Liquid
applied
may
when
flower buds
Temp., Nov. to Feb. 55" to 65" ; Feb. to Nov.
appear.
70" to 85".
in well-drained
pots of above
March.
of
in
Cover
seeds
with
sand, place a square
compost
sprinkle
of glassover
rately
each pot " put latter in temp. 75" to 85".
!Keepsoil modemoist.
when
three
leaves
into
formed
are
be propagated also
small pots " treat as advised
for old plants. Can
by large leaves, cutting their main ribs through " laying undersides
of sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75" in summer.
on
pans
C. depressa, violet,July, 6 to 8 in., China; Horsefleldii,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
white
and
purple, Sept., 18 in., Java;
lilacina, white, blue, and yellow, BQmmer,
18
in., Chiriqui; Moonii, blue and purple, ,Tune, 2 ft., Ceylon; einensis, lilac,
July, 6 in., China;
Walkeri, yellow, June, 18 in., Ceylon; zeylanioa, purple, June,
18 in., Ceylon.
See Allium.
Chives."
Ord.
Chlidanthus.
Amaryllidacese. Half-hardy herbaceous
First
introduced
1820.
plant.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
; Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam,
" silver sand.
well-drained
outdoors.
bed or border
Position, warm,
Plant bulbs 3 in. deep in April. Lift bulbs in Oct. " store them
in sand
in frost-proofplace during winter.
CULTURE
POT
bulbs 1 in. apart " 2 in. deep in above com: Plant
post
in
in.
5
m
April. Water
pots
moderately first,freely when in
in cold frame
Grow
active growth.
cool greenhouse: Withhold
or
from
roots after Sept. until repottingtime.
water
in April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. fragrans, yellow, fragrant, June, 10 in., Peru.
Chlora
Yellow-wort)
(Yellow Centaury;
Ord.
Gentianareac.
Suitable
for largegardens only.
Hardy biennials.
CULTURE:
Soil, heavy loam.
Position, moist borders.
Propagate
in July, transplanting
J in. deep in shady beds outdoors
by seeds sown
seedlings into flowering positionsin Oct.
C.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
imporfoliata, yellow, June, 1 ft.; perfoliata,
yellow, June, 1 ft., Britain.
ChloriS."
Ord. Gramineae.
florescen
Hardy annual floweringgrasse.'i. Insuitable for winter
decorations.
Cut
and
dry when
fully
Chirjta.
"
"
"
developed.
CULTURE
in
outdoors
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
April.
94
borders.
Sow
seeds
ENOYOLOPJSDIA
REGIES
CULTIVATED:
0.
Chlorogâlum
burbata,
ft.,E. Indies; elegans, 1 ft.,S. America.

Liliaceae.
Hardy bulbous
1819.
Soil, light.Position,south
deep
and
3 in.
apart
in Oct.
Propagate by
offsets planted
sown
i in. deep in well-drained
pots of
SPECIES
GULTITATED:
C. pomeridianum,
years.
GARDENING.
(Soap Plant)." Ord.
plant. First introduced

CULTURE
bulbs 4 in.
OF
Chlorophytum.
foliage. First
Ord.
1751.
"
introduced
or
Plant
border, well drained.

March.
Eeplant
every
old bulbs;
soil in March.
and
purple, June,
by
similarly to
sandy
white
Liliaceae.
Greenhouse
three
seeds
fornia.
ft., Cali-
plants.
Orn.
CULTUKE
: Courpost,equal parts loam,

leaf-mould, peat, " sand.
Position,variegated " tall kinds in pots ; drooping stemmed
speciesin
or
pots or baskets suspended in window
45" to 50"; March
Water
to Oct. 55" to 65".
in winter, freelyother
times.
moderately
Jin. deep in well-drained
pots of lightsoil in temp. 65" in March.; by
offshoots inserted
in window
or
singly in small pots under bell-glass
greenhouse in April ; by division of roots when
repotting.
SPECIES
white,
CULTIVATED
12
summer,
"variegatum),leaves
18
and
0. elatum
(Syn. Antherioum
Phalangium elatum),
in., S. Africa; elatum
variegatum
(Syn. Authericum
variegated with
white; orchidastrum, white, July,
creamy
:
to
18
in.,Trop. Africa.
Chocolate-tree
(Theobroma cacoa).
"
Choisya
(Mexican
flowering shrub.
Ord.
Orange-flower).
First introduced
1825.
"
See Theobroma.
Eutacese.
Hardy
green
ever-
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould,
S " W. of England " Ireland,
Position, sheltered shrubberies
south
walls
N.
of
Prune
against
England.
after flowering,shorteningstragglingshoots only.
POT
CULTURE:
Water
Pot, Sept. or Oct.
Compost as above.
" sand.
freely afterwards.
Keep plants in cool
of time
outdoors.
May, remainder
Propagate by
cuttingsof shoots 3 in. long inserted in well-drained pots of sandy soil
under
to June.
in temp. 55" to 65", March
bell-glass
moderately Sept. to March,

greenhouse Nov.
SPECIES
to
C.
CULTIVATED:
Chokeberry
Choke
Chorizema.
Evergreen.
CULTURE
ternata,
white,
summer,
ft., Mexico.
(Pyrus arbutifolia).^See Pyrus.

Cherry
(Prunus virginiana). See Prunus.
Ord.
Greenhouse
Leguminosae.
floweringshrubs.
"
"
"
First
introduced
1803.
Compost, equal parts fibrypeat " loam, one-fourth sand.

beds in greenhouses. Pot, March
Position,pots, or in well-drained
or
Prune
June; firm potting essential.
stragglingshoots slightlyafter
afterwards.
flowering. Water
freely March
45" to 50".
Stand
Temp., March to Sept. 55*'to 65"; Sept. to March
lowing
plants outdoors from July to Sept. to mature
floweringshoots for folseeds
in.
1-16
in
sown
by
deep
sandy
Propagate
year.
light
:
compost in ten\p.65" to 70 in March; by cuttings inserted

sandy peat under bell-glassin temp. 65" in summer.
in
pots
of
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. oordatum, red and
yellow, April, 1 ft., Australia;
scarlet, May, 2 ft.,
diversifolium, orange-red. May, 2 ft. ; Australia ; Henohmauni,
varium
Australia; illicifolium, yellow, May, 3 ft., Australia;
(Syn. 0. Ohandlerii),
yellow and red. May, 4 ft., Australia.
Christmas
Christmas
Christ'S-Eye
Chrysanthemum
See Ruellla.
Helleborus.
(Helleborus niger).-^See
Inula.
See
(Inula Ooulus-Christi).
Pride
Rose
(Ruellia macrantha).
"
"
(Ox-eye Daisy; Marguerite; Pyrethrum;

95
Corn
Marigold;
Shasta
annual, herbaceous
GARDENING.
OF
ENOTOLOP^DIA
CompositEe. Greenhouse,
shrubby plants. First introduced
Daisy).
"
perennial
"
Ord.
rich.
hardy
1764.
Position,
ANNUAL
:
OP
Soil, ordinary,
seeds Jin. deep in
Sow
Plant
seedlings out in May.
sunny.
afterwards
65"
70"
in
boxes
to
March,
planting
of light soil in temp.
lings
seedlingsout; or similar depth where plants are to flower. Thin seedin
Gather
seed
to 3 in. apart iu June.
Aug.
plant
Transseed as above.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
CULTURE
OP
POT
: Sow
seedlingswhen 2 in. high at rate of four in a 5 in. pot, or seven
6 in. pot.
or
in
a
Compost, two parts good soil, one part leaf-mould
SPECIES
CULTURE
open,
"
decayed manure
Water
moderately.
weak
liquidmanure
sand.
Thin
when
plants in cold frame

buds if fine blooms
are
flower buds
appear.
Grow
flower
or
greenhouse.
wanted.
Give
CULTURE
MARGUERITES
OP
: Compost,
equal parts loamy soil
serted
silver
sand.
and
fourth
Propagate
by cuttings inleaf-mould,
part
with
in
Cover
bell4-in.
three
or
m
a
pot
April.
pot,
singly,
glassor place in propagator. Pot cuttings when rooted in 3 in. pots,
Stand
from
into 5 in. iu August.
plants in full sun
shifting them
thence
into
from
to
in
cold
then
to
frame
Nov.,
house
greenSept.,place
July
Water
heated
to temp. 50" to 55".
moderately. Give liquid
Throw
when
manure
plants away when a year old,
pot is full of roots.
"
raise
fresh
CULTURE
stock
OF
from
INDOOR
cuttings.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS:
Classes:
curved,
In-
petals curving inwards; reflexed, petals curving backwards;

centres
" petals fringing their
flowers with dense
Anemone-flowered,
flowers
base; pompones,
small, petals reflexed, fringed or toothed;
post,
Japanese, flowers large,petalslooselyarranged, variouslyshaped. Comone
decayed tree leaves,
three-partsfibryloam, one horse manure,
solved
of dissilver sand, quarter part finelyground bones, same
one
coarse
" wood
ashes " little soot.
Pot first
bones, one
part charcoal
time in 3 in. pots, March; second, in 5 or 6 in., middle
of April; third,
of June.
in 8 or
10 in., middle
Stop main stems 4 in. from Ijase in
tion
March
for ensuring bushy plants; those to produce blooms
for exhibileave untouched.
Cut down
for dwarfs
to within
plants intended
Thin
flower buds to one
each shoot when
6 in. of pot in May.
on
they
size of radish seed.
Stand
are
plants in full sun May to Sept.,then
Water
to greenhouse.
remove
freely while outdoors, moderatelyin
when
" continue
flower buds
form
greenhouse. Apply liquidmanure
till flowers open. Propagate by cuttings issuing from
roots, inserting
these
singly m 2 in. pots in temp. 55" to 65" in Jan., Feb., or March,
in Dec. ; by seeds sown
in cold frames
or
iin. deep in lightsoil in temp.
down
After floweringcut stems
" place plants in cold
65" in March.
frame
to produce cuttings, after which
plant out in garden or discard.
:
Temp, for plants whilst in flower, 45" to 50". Suitable liquidmanures
of soda, J oz.
to gall,of water
Nitrate
teaof
ammonia,
sulphate
i
;
a
week; sheep
spoonful to gall.; guano, Joz. to gall. all three once
" cow
dung, peck of each " J peck of soot to 36 galls,of water, to be
weekly.
appliedhalf diluted once
"
OUTDOOR
C5HRYSANTHEMUMS
nary.
:
Soil, good ordibeds or borders.
Plant out 3 ft. apart in May.
6 in. high, then allow plantsto
Stop shoots when
naturally. Do
grow
Water
Give liquidmanure
not disbud.
freelyin summer.
Julv to Sept.
OP HARDY
CULTURE
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
; Soil, ordinary rich.
borders.
PosHion, sunny
Plant, autumn
or
and
spring. Lift,
CULTURE
OP
Position, sunny
divide,
98
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
OARDENINO.
OF
third year.
or
Increased by division in autumn
spring;
in
cold
frame
iu
iu
in
heat
seeds
cuttings
summer
spring.
;
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
2 ft., N. Afriea;
0. oaiinatnm, white
and
purple, summer,
ooronarium, white, summer,
3 ft., S. Europe;
(Corn Marigold), yellow,
segetum
18 in., Europe
summer,
(Britain); segetum grandiflorum, yellow.
HABDT
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
ooooineum
roseum), scarlet,
: 0.
(Syn. Pyrethrum
2 to 3 ft.,Oaueasus, parent
of pyrethrums
of the single and
double
race
summer,
3 ft., S.W.
(Coloured Marguerites); laoustre
(Marsh Oz-eye), white, summer,
maximum
2 ft., Europe;
Europe; leuoanthemum
(Ox-eye Daisy), white, summer,
3 ft.; uipponicum, white, 2 ft.,
(large Ox-eye or Shasta
Daisy), white, summer,
Japan;
uliginosum (Grand Ox-eye), Syn. Pyrothrum
summer,
uliginosum, white,
5 ft.. Eastern
2 ft.,
Parthenicum
autumn,
Europe;
(Feverfew), white, summer,
Europe.
TENDER
SPECIES:
C. indionm
(Japanese Chrysanthemum),
parent of ordinary
China and
ehrysanthemnms,
Japan; frutesoens
(Marguerite or Paris Daisy), white
or
yellow, 3 ft., summer,
partheniCanary Islands; pealtum (Syn. 0. Pyrethrum
folium
leaves yellow, Caucasus.
anream), Oolden
Feather, white, summer,
See Bulbinella.
Chrysobactron."
ing
flowerOrd. Compositae. Greenhouse
Chrysocoma.
evergreen
First introduced
1731.
shrub.
Fos'CULTUBE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam " silver sand.
March.
of
tion, well-drained ôts in sunny
Pot,
greenhouse.
part
Water
moderatelyother seasons.
Temp.,
45*^to 50".
March
to Oct. 55" to 65"; Oct. to March
Propagate by
in spring.
cuttingsof firm shoots in silver sand under bell-glass
SPECIES
OULTITATED
yellow, July, 2 ft., S. Africa. See also
: 0. Coma-aurea,
replant every
"
the
genus
Aster.
(Golden Knee)." Ord.
ChrysOSOnum
baceous
her-
Compositae. Hardy
perennial.
CULTURE:
Compost,
equal parts loam, peat,
moist
borders.
of roots in March.
Plant, Oct.
shady
division
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
0.
virginianum, yellow. May,
(Golden
ditches.
water-courses
or
of plants in March.
CULTIVATED:
or
tion,
Posi-
Propagate by
America.
in., N.
Saxifragaceaa.
Saxifrage). Ord.
Soil, boggy peat. Position, damp " shady
Chrysoplenium
Hardy perennial herbs.
SPECIES
leaf-mould.
"
March.
"
alternifolium, yellow,
C.
summer,
in., N.
sphere
Hemi-
(Britain); oppositifolium, yellow, 3 in., Europe (Britain).

Chusan
Daisy
sineuse). See Chrysanthemum.
(Chrysanthemum
Palm
Chusan
(Chamaerops Fortunei). See Chamaerops.
"
"
deciduous
Stove
Ord. Orchidaceae.
ChysiSi
epiphytal orchids.
First introduced
1834.
" potsherds.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibry peat, moss,
in
blocks
of
wood
Pot,
or
partialshade.
pots
to
March
afterwards.
Sept.,moderately
freely
55" to 60"; March
Resting
after
Flowers
winter.
on
new
resting.
growths
directly
period,
appear
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbsin Feb. or March.
1 ft., Colombia
C. aurea,
CULTIVATED
yellow, spring and summer,
SPECIES
:
;
and
Chelsoni, yellow and purple,
yellow, spring, 1 ft., Mexico;
bractescens, white
and
May,
hybrid; Limmingheii,
rose,
spring, 1 ft., hybrid; langleyensis,white
yellow and purple, spring, 1 ft. Mexico.
See Dicksouia.
Cibotium.
CibOUl
Onion
(Allium fistulosum). See Allium.
"
"
"
Cichorium
(Chicory;
Hardy esculent rooted and

CHICORY.
CULTURE
OF
coffee; leaves, when
Witloof;
salad
forced,
"
Endive). Ord.
"
Compositae.
vegetables.
Roots
used
for salad.
,
97
when
dry
for
with
mixing
Soil,rich light. Position, open,

E
VAEDENINO.
OF
MNOYOLOPMDIA
first week
trees.
Sow seeds ^ in. deep in drills 15 in. asunder
in
No
row.
in.
8
to
Thin
when
inch
apart
an
seedlings
high
them
"
store
in
Nov.
Lift
roots
artificial
manures
required.
liquidor
roots
in dry soil or sand in outhouse.
Force leaves for salad by placing
close together in large pots or deep box, using ordinary soil. Put pots
Gather
blanched
boxes
in temp. 55" to 65", " keep quite dark.
or
away from
in May.
leaves when
three
Field
Culture
potatoes or wheat.
six inches long.

Chiooey:
Soil, deep sandy loam, following
in autumn,
Plough in 12 tons of manure
per acre
of guano
in May in drills 18 in.
" 5 cwt.
in spring before sowing. Sow
apart, afterwards
thinning seedlingsto 8 in. apart. Quantity of seed
in Oct.
to sow
3 lb. "Harvest
an
acre,
crop
8 to 10 tons.
Cost of cultivation : Seed, 2s. 6d. per lb. ; ploughing and
Si to "5 per acre;
hoeing,
harrowing, 20s. to 30s. per acre; manures.
d"2 10s. per acre
10s. ; digging " washing roots,
; seed " sowing per acre,
10s.
after
JC2 10s. ; cartingroots to factory, "1
Average cost per acre
wheat, dE15; after potatoes,."11. Average value per ton, 343.
Average
to
op
JBIT.
blanched
Leaves
when
used
for salads.
OF
ENDIVE:
Soil, light rich. Position, open
garden or on south or west borders.
for early crop, July
Sow
seeds J in. deep in drills 4 in. apart in June
for raaincrop, Aug. for late crop.
Transplant seedlings when they
Water
formed
four leaves 12 in. apart each way.
have
freelyin dry
Blanch
weather.
early crop in Aug., main crop in Sept., late crop in
Oct. by covering each plant by slate, tile,board, or inverted
pot with
drainage hole plugged. Lift remainingplants in Nov. " store close
ing.
blanchtogetherin cold frame, coveringthem with dry leaves to ensure
Seed two or three years old yield the dwarfest
plants.
CULTIVATED:
0. intybus
SPECIES
(Chicory), blue, July, 2 ft., Britain;
ISiS.
Introdnoed
eadivia
(endive),bine, July, 2 ft.. Orient.
returns
per
acre,
OULTUEE
Cimicif
(Snake-root;Bug-bane; Bugwort).
UgrSL
"
Ord. Banuncu-
perenniafa.Introduced
1737.
laceae. Hardy
moist
Plant,
CULTURE:
Soil,ordinary. Position,
shady borders.
seeds
in
1-16
March
in.
sown
light
Propagate by
deep
Oct., Nov., or
in Sept.;division of roots in March.
soil in cold frame
cordiCULTIVATED:
C. americana, white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America;
SPECIES
davurioa, white, July, 4 ft., China; elata,
folia, white, Jnly, 3 ft., N. America;
foetida, white, July, 2 ft., Europe; racemosa,
white, July, 3 ft., N. America;
white, Aug., 3 ft., N. America.
See Nothochlsena.
Cincinalis.
See Senecio.
Cineraria.
Fern
Cinnamon
(Osmunda cinnamomea). See Osmunda.
Root
Cinnamon
(InulaGonyza). See Inula.
Rose
Cinnamon
(Bosa cinnamomea). See Bosa.
See Poteutilla.
Cinque-foil.
Cirrhopetalum
(Medusa's Head
Orchid)."Ord. Orchidaceae.
orchids.
Stove epiphytalevergreen
herbaceous
"
"
"
"
"
"
CULTtJEE:
tion,
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat " sphagnum. Posiwell-drained pots, baskets, or blocks of wood, in partial shade.
Water
freelywhen plants are growing, moderately other
Pot, March.
Oct.
55" to 65"; March
to March
times.
to Oct. 65" to 75".
Temp.,
division
of
ter.
pseudo-bulbsin March.
Propagate by
Bestingperiod,winFlowers
after
appear
at
base
of
pseudo-bulb of previous year'sgrowth
resting period.
SPECIES
ameaianum,
CULTIVATED;
0.
Oollettii, purple,yellow, April, 8 in., Burma;

6 in., Trop. Aaia ; Commlngii, red and
purple,
yellow and purple, June,
88
BNCYGLOP^DIA
OF
GARDENING.
autumn, 6 in., Fhilippines ; elegantulum, maroon,

grandiMay, 6 in., Madras;
florum, yellow and crimson, May, 8 in., Ceylon j ornatissimum, yellow and purple,
and
Oct., 8 in., Himalayas; pioturatum, green
robustum,
red,
red, 8 in., Malaya;
yellow, and purple, June, 1 ft., New
Guinea;
Ttionarsii,yellow, July, 1 ft., MasIslands.
care
CiSSUS."
Cistus
See
Yitis.
(Eock Rose;
hardy
evergreen
CULTTJRE:
shrubs.
Gum
Cistus)."Ord.
First introduced
Cistacese.
Hardy
half-
"
1548.
Soil,good ordinary.
cold
Position, pots in frame
or
rockeries
or
against south walls. Plant, March.
in severe
Protect
weather.
1-16 in. deep
in boxes of sandy soil in cold frame
unheated
or
greenhouse in March,
transplantingseedlingsinto small pots " planting outdoors in June ;
by cuttings 4 in. long in pots of sandy soil in Sept. in cold frame or
greenhouse, sunny
greenhouse.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
C. albidus, white, 2 ft.,S.W.
Europe; orispus, purple,
ft.,S. Europe; oyprius, white, 4 ft., Cyprus; florentinue,white, 4 ft., 8. Europe;
ladaniferus, white, 4 ft., S.W.
Europe; ladaniferus
albiflorns,white; ladaniferus
and
maculatus, white
purple; laurifolius,white, 4 ft., S.W.
Europe; longifolius
white, 8 ft., S.W. Europe; purpureus,, purple, 2 ft., Levant;
monspeliensis, white,
3 ft., S. Europe.
Citron
var.
cedra). See Citrus.
(Citrusmedica
Citron-scented
Gardenia
(Miriostigma axillaris). See
"
"
Miriostigma.
Citron-scented
See
Geranium
(Pelargonium citriodorum)."
Pelargonium.
Citron-scented
Orchid
(Odontoglossum citrosmum).
"
See
Odontoglossum.
Citrus
(Orange; Lemon; Shaddock; Adam's Apple; Lime; Citron;
Greenhouse
shrubs.
Forbidden
Fruit). Ord. Rutacea).
evergreen
to
First introduced
1595.
Flowers, white, fragrant ; May
July. Fruit :
Sweet
Orange, golden rind, globular; Lemon, pale yellow, rind thin,
oblong; Citron, yellow, thick rind, long, egg-shaped, lump at tip;
Shaddock, greenishyellow, bitter rind, large, round; Lime, greeiiiBh
rind, globular,with nippleat top; Mandarin, reddish
yellow,smooth
St.
red
dark
rind,
pulp, large; Tangerine, syn. with Mandarin;
red
large.
rind,
globular,
Michael's,
two
: Compost,
CULTURE
parts good turfy loam, one part dry cow
.
"
dung, charcoal, crushed

Position, pots, tubs, or
bones, " bsSlast. Pot, Feb., March,
or
April.
be well drained, in cool or sligntly

to Oct., moderately afterMarch
wards.
Water
freely
heated
greenhouses.
week
to
from
a
manure
once
plants
healthy
May
liquid
Apply
Stand
in
trees
summer.
or
trees
during
daily
pots
to Oct.
Syringe
to Sept.
June
Repotting should
tubs in sheltered positionoutdoors
Prune
is actually necessary.
than
oftener
straggling
be done
not
Temp., Sept. to Feb. 45" to 50"; Feb. to
shoots into shape in March.
pagate
Proone
year will not ripen till next.
Sept. 55" to 65". Fruit formed
soil in temp. 55" in March
in
for
in.
light
deep
seeds
sown
J
by
choice kinds on ; by cuttings inserted in
for
stocks
grafting
producing
of sandy soil in July ; layeringin Oct. ; by budding in Aug. ;
small
beds, all
to
pots
bv
erraftingin
March.
(Sweet Orange), 12 to 15 ft., Trop.

Orange); aurantium
bigaradia (Seville
anrantinm
Insitanioa
guese
(Portuaurantium
japonioa (Kumqnat) ;
melitensis
anrantium
(Blood Orange);
aurantium
myrteOrange);
anrantinm
variegata
(Variegated
Orange);
Orange);
(Myrtle-leaved
folia
(Citron), 10 ft., Trop. Asia;
(Shaddock), 15 ft.. Tropics; media
decumana
limonnm
nobilis
(Lemon);
limetto
medica
(Sweet Lime), 10 ft.; medioa
SPECIES
America;
Orange)
lIULTITATED:
anrantium
C.
aurantium
berga.mia (Bergamot
"
99
e2
major
is
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYGLOP^DIA
nobilis
tangerana
be grown
whioh
may
(Maudaria
Orange);
shrub
hardy evergreen
trifoliata
C.
(Tangerine Orange).
outdoors.
ciduous
(Yellow-wood Tree). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy deFirst introduced
1812.
flowering shrubs.
CULTUEE:
shrubberies, or singly
CladrastiS
lawns.
on
ordinary
spring.
"
Plant,
Oct.
soil outdoors

March; cuttingsof root inserted
to Feb.
in
1 in.
deep
outdoors
in
in
CULTIVATED:
0. amarensis, vrhite,July, 6 ft.,Amurland;
SPECIES
tinotoria,
States.
white, July, IS ft., United
First introduced
Clarkia^
Ord. Onagrariaese. Hardy annuals.
"
1826.
Position,sunny borders or beds. Sow

where
in
June
in rows
masses
or
or
deep
April,May,
plants
in. high.
Thin
in.
when
to
8
3
flower.
to
are
required
seedlings
apart
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
0. elegans, rosy
purple, July, 2 ft. ; pnlohella,Tarions
:
colours, single and double, 2 ft. ; rhombodea,
purple, June, 2 ft., all natiTes of
CULTURE
seeds i in.
N.W.
America.
Soil, light,rich.
Numerous
superior varieties
described
Clary
(Salviasclarea). See Salvia.
Ord. Portulacaceae.
ClaytOnia.
Hardy
in
trade
lists.
"
"
annuals
"
perennials.
First introduced
1768.
OULTUEE:
Soil, for annual
peat
or
bog.
species,
ordinary;for perennials,damp
der
species; moist " shady borin
March.
or
Oct.
perennials
Propagate
in April; perennialsby seeds
outdoors
Position, rockery for annual
for
perennials. Plant
speciesby seeds sown
or
by offsets in Oct.
similarly,
annual
or
March.
0. perfoliata,
white, June, 6 in., N. America;
pink, JUarch, 6 in., N. America.
FBBENNIAL
SPECIES:
0. oaroliniana, pink, ilay, 6 in., N. America;
white, April, 6 in., N. America.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
sihirica,
virginioa,
Clematis
Greenhouse
(Virgin'sBower). Ord. Ranunculaceae.
All
and hardy climbers and herbaceous
perennials.
very showy plants.
CULTURE
SPECIES
CLIMBING
OF HARDY
: Soil,rich,deep,welldrained
and
loam
containing plenty of old mortar
decayed manure.
old
tree
trellises,
Position, sunny
arches,
stumps, arbours, etc.; also
in beds with shoots trained over
surface.
Plant
in autumn
or
spring.
in Feb.
Prune
and Lanuginosa
Florida,
Montana,
Patens,
Pruning:
kinds
as
only need to have weak shoots removed
they flower on the
Coccinea
kinds
old wood.
and
require weak
growths
tips of strong
removed.
Viticella and Jackmanni
ones
previous
require
year's
groups
Peed nealthyplants
shoots to be cut back to six inches from their base.
with
weak
occasionallyin summer
liquid manure.
Top-dress those
in
in
beds
with
manure
autumn.
decayed
grown
IN POTS:
CULTURE
Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal
"
proportionsof leaf-mould, decayed
" sand.
Plant
in pots or
manure,
Train
shoots up roof of cold or cool greenhouse, or
tubs in June.
wire trellis fixed in pots. Water
around
to Sept. Apply
freelyMarch
weak
liquid manure
Keep soil nearly dry
shoots to 3 or 4 in. from
Prune
in winter.
base early in the year.
OP
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE
SPECIES:
Compost as for above.
in pots or in well-drained bed, planting
Grow
in spring.
Water
freely
modferately in winter.
Prune
weak
during the summer,
away
growths
a little in Feb.
and shorten
Train shoots near
rampant ones
tne roof.
to Sept.65" to 65"Temp., Sept. to March 45" to 55"; March
Syringe
freelydaily in summer.
OF
HERBACEOUS
CULTURE
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary rich.
borders.
Plant
in autumn
Position, sunny
or
spring.
an-
TVjp-dress
100
OF
ENOYOLOP^DIA
tion, front of shrubberies.

sown
J in. deep outdoors
in
Plant, Nov.
March, or
OASDSNINO.
to Feb.
of
in boxes
by
Propagat^
light
sou
in
seeds
temp.
in Oct. ;
in sandy soil under
bell-glass
;
winter.
in
flower
G. alnifolia suitable for forcing to
layering in Oct.
whii", Sept.. 4 ft.,
0. alnifolia
'species
CULTIVATED:
(Sweet Pepper BubW,
4 ft.; acuminata
(Waite
Mioliauxii, i ft.; alnifolia paniculata,
Florida; alnifolia
canescene,
Alder), white, Sept., 10 ft.; arborea, white, Sept., 8 ft., Madeira;
white, Aug., 8 ft.,China.
ClianthUS
(Glory Pea; Parrot'a-bill ; Sturt's Desert Pea). Ord.
55"
in
Feb.
cuttings inserted
"
Leguminosae.
climbing
Greenhouse
shrubs
"
herbaceous
perennials.
1832.
introduced
" silver
CULTURE
: Compost, two
sand.
Position, pots or beds in greenhouse. Pot or plant, March.
2 in. of their base.
Prune
in April,shortening young
shoots to within
Water
to Sept.,moderately afterwards.
Syringe foliage
freelyMarch
45" to 50" ; March
to Oct.
daily April to Aug. Temp., Oct. to March
walls in
55" to 65"C. puuiceus succeeds
outdoors
against warm
Devonshire.
J in. deep in well-drained
pot of
light soil in temp. 75" in March ; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy
soil in temp. 75" to 85" in March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. Dampieri, scarlet, April, 3 ft,,
Australia; punlcena
Zealand,
niagnificus,crimson. May, 6 ft., New
Cliff
Fern.
See Fellsea.
Brake
Dahlia
Climbing:
(Hidalgoa WercHei)." See Hidalgoa.
Fern
-See Lygodium.
Clinribing
(Lygodium scandens)."
Cllnnbing:' Fumitory
Groundsel
Climbins
(Seneciomikanoides). See Senecio.
Climbins
Hydrangea
(Schizophragma hydrangeoides)."See
First
"
"
Schizophragma.
Climbing:
Snake'S-tong:ue
See Lygodium.
Fern
(Lygodium scandens)."
Clintoniai
Ord. Liliacese.
Hardy herbacfeoua perennials. First
introduced
1788.
CULTURE
Plant,
: Soil,sandy peat.
Position, moist shady border.
division
in
March
roots
Oct. or March.
of
or
April.
Propagate by
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. andrewsiana, rose, April, 2 ft.,California; borealis,
umbellata
yellow, May, I ft., N. America;
(Syn. Smilaoiua
umbellata), white,
9 in., N.
uniflora
America;
May,
uniflora), white, July, 6 in.,
(Syn. Smilaoina
"
California.
Clitoria
Ord. Leguminosse.
Stove evergreen
introduced
1739.
flowering
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts peat, leaf -mould, loam, " silver
sand.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds in light plant stove.
Pot or plant,
March.
Water
n-eely April to Sept., moderately afterwards,
55" to 65" ; March
to Oct. 70" to 80".
Oct. to March
Propagate by seeds
in
soil
in
75"
in
sown
Jin. deep
light
temp.
March; cuttingsof side
inserted in sandy peat in temp. S0" at any time
shoots
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
0. ternatea, blue, July, 4 ft.,E. Indies; ternates
alba,
ternatea
white. May;
cesrulea, blue. May;
ternatea
major, brown, Aug,
Clivia
(CafEre Lily). Ord. Amaryllidacese. Greenhouse
evergreen
flowering plants. Fleshy-rooted.
Foimerly known by the genericname
of Imantophyllum.
First introduced
1823.
CULTURE:
Compost, two-thirds
good loam, one-third
decayed
" sand.
manure
Position, sunny, close to glass in greenhouse
Pot,
Feb.
Water
freelyMarch
Propagate by seeds
sown
in
light soil in temp. 75" in March; division of roots at potting
time.
(ButterflyPea).
climbers.
"
First
ifemp.,
"
102
BNCYCLOPMDIA
QARDENINO.
OF
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
C. oyrthaniflora, orange,
:
spring, hybrid; Gardeni,
orange-yellow, May, 18 in., S. Africa; miniata, scarlet and yellow, spring,Natal;
Tarieties
of 0.
There
numerous
nqbilis,red and yellow, July, S. Africa.
are
miniata
which
are
superior to the parent species.
Cloak
Fern
(Nothoclsenadistaus)."See Nothloclsena.
Cloud
Grass
(Agrostianebulosa). See Agrostis.
Clove
Gllliflower
See Dianthus.
(Dianthus
Clove-Pink
Dianthus.
(Dianthus caryophyllus)."See
Club
Lily." See Kniphofia.
Club
Moss
(Ljrcopodium clavatum). See Lycopodium.
Club
Rush
(ScirpuB
nodosus). See Scirpus.
Clustered
panula.
Bell-flower
(Campanula glomorata). See Cam"
caryophylluS."
"
"
"
Clustered
Wax-flower
Ste-
(Stephanotisfloribunda)."See
phanotis.
Cluster
CniCUS
Pine-tree
(Pinus pinaster)."See Pimis.
(FishboneThistle). Ord. Compositse. Hardy " half-hardy
perennials. Orn. foliage.
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny
borders.
outdoors
Plant, autumn
or
spring. Increased by seeds sown
in April.
CULTURE
"
OP
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
pots in cool greenhouse,"or ornamental

Cut off flower heads
Plant, May or June.
Soil,ordinary.Position,
beds
outdoors
in
summer.
if handsome
in
be
desired.
foliage
light
soil in temp, of 60" to 70" in Feb., or in Sept. in similar temj).,keeping
All best grown
biennials.
as
seedingsin greenhouse during winter.
SPECIES:
0. Oasabonae
HALF-HARDT
(Syn. Chamsepeuoe
Oasabonse), purple,
leaves
with
white, 2 to 3 ft., S. Europe ; 0. Diaoantha
spiny, veined
summer,
leaves green,
veined
white, ivory
Diacantha), purple, summer,
^8yn. Chamsepeuoe
spines, 2 to 3 ft., Syria.
3 ft.,Europe.
0. epinosissima, yellow, summer,
HAHDT
SPECIES:
Mexican
Ord. Polemoniaand
Cobsea
Ivy).
Saucer-plant;
(Cup
" half-hardy climbing perennial. First introduced
Greenhouse
ceae.
1792.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " silver sand.
Position, pots or beds in greenhouse, or against south or south-west
in summer.
Plant
Pot, March.
walls, arches, or trellises outdoors
50" to 55"; March
to Sept.
in June.
outdoors
Water
60" to 70".
gate
Propafreelyin summer,
in
soil
seeds
in
sown
Jin.
by
deep
light
temp. 75"
ordinary species
in March;
variegated speciesby cuttingsof young side shoots inserted
in sandy peat in temp. 75" in March
or
April.
C. soandens, purple, summer,
10 to 30 ft., Mexico;
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Ecandens
anrea
marginata, leaves variegated with yellow.
Cob-nut
(CorylusAvellana var. grandis).See Corylus.
Leek
House
Cobweb
(Sempervivum arachnoideum). See
directlythey appear
seeds
sown
J m.
by
deep
Propagate
"
"
"
Sempervivum.
Cochineal
Cochlearia
See Opuntia.
(Horse-radish).Ord. Cruciferae.
Cactus.
"
"
perennial.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary, deep,
Hardy
esculent-
rooted
rich.
Position, open or shade.
in
2ft.
Sin.
rows
Jan.
or
Feb.,
apart. Sets (roots)to be
deep
Plant,
off.
in.
of
crown
Re-plant
3 in. long, with
pared
\
every third year.
seeds
outdoors
wanted.
in July;
sown
Lift for use
by
as
Propagate
at
time.
roots
of
planting
cuttings
0. armoraoia, white. May, 3 ft., England.
OTJLTIVATED:
SPECIES
103
(Celosiacristata). See Celosia.

Grass
(Dactylisglomerata). See Dactylis.
Palm
(Cocosnucifera). See Cocos.
Cock's-Comb
oot
Cock's-f
Cocoanut
Cocoa
Cocos
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
"
"
"
Tree
(Theobroma
(Cocoanut Palm).
"
cacao).
"
Ord.
See
Palmaceae.
Theobroma.
Stove
ijalms.
Orn.
1690.
First introduced
Leaves, feather-shape (pinnate).
CDXiTURE:
Compost, two parts loam, equal parts peat " sand.
Water
Pot, March.
Position, pots in shady stove.
freelyMarch to
in.
1
Oct.
70" to 85".
deep in light soil in
85"
time.
at any
temp.
OULTiVATBD:
0. nuoifera
SPE0IE8
(Coooa-nut Palm), 40 to 60 ft., Tropics';
plumosa, 40 to 60 ft., Brazil; romanzoffiana, 30 to 40 ft., Brazil; weddelliana,
foliage.
3 to
ft., Brazil.
Ord. Buphorbiaceae.
South
Sea Laurel).
1804.
Leaves
beautifullyvariegatedwith various colours.
CULTURE:
part peat " sand.
Ctompost, two parts rich loam, one
March.
Water
Position, pots in stove close to the glass. Pot,
freely
55" to
March
to Oct. 70" to 85".
65"; March
Propagate by cuttingsof the ends of
shoots inserted singly in 2 in. pots filled with sandy soil in temp. 75"
in similar temp. ; stem-rooting in
at any
time, or in bottles of water
March
or
April.
3 to 10 ft.,
OULTITATED:
C. variegatniu, Icayes yellow and
SPECIES
green,
Codiseum
Stove
(Croton
evergreen
or
"
shrubs.
Malaya.
HYBRIDS
PRINCIPAL
VARIETIES:
OR
C.
aigburthiensie,leaves
red
and
red
and
crimson ;
Chelsoni, orange,
angustifolium, yellow and
;
green
scarlet ; Hawkeri,
white
and
evansianum,
yellow, crimson, and
creamy
green,
and yellow; interruptum aureus,
illustris,green
purple, green, and yellow;
green;
and
yellow; Lalngii, green,
red, and salmon; pictnratum, green,
Johannls, green
yellow and red ; yariegatnm tricolor, green, golden yellow and cream
; Warrenii,
carmine
crimson
and
and
; Williamsii, green,
green
magenta ; Weismannli,
orange
crimson, and magenta.
green,
Codlins
and
Cream
(Narcissusincomparabilisfl. pi.). See
Narcissus.
Codonopsis
(Bellwort). Ord. Campauulacese. Hardy perennial
herbs.
CULTURE
borders.
: Soil, ordinary good.
Plant,
Position, sunny
seeds
in
cold
autumn
frame
in spring,
or
sown
spring. Propagate by
plantingout seedlingsin June; also by cuttingsin autumn.
olematidea
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: C.
(Syn. Glosocomia
olcmatidea),white and
3 ft.; oyata, blue, summer,
1 ft., Himalayas.
blue, summer,
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove epiphytalorchids.
First
CcslOSyne.
1822.
introduced
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts fresh
sphagnum moss " fibrypeat.
Position, pots or pans half filled with potsherds," placed close to glass.
have base of plant well above
rim of pot or pan.
Pot, Feb. or March;
70"
March
to
to
to
65"
85";
Nov.
to 75^;Nov. to
Sept.
Sept.
Temp.,
60" to 70".
Water
to Aug., moderately Aug. to
March
freely March
to March.
Nov., very little Nov.
to Aug.
Growing season, March
Feb.
to
Flowers
Sept
from
of new
Resting period.
centre
appear
after
division
of
resting.
at
growth
Propagate by
pseudo-bulbs
green
"
"
"
potting
time.
SPECIES
Himalayas
OULTITATED
cristata
0.
cristata, white
and yellow, Feb. to April, 6 to 10 in.,

cristata
lemoniana, yellow, white
and
lemon ;
in., Borneo ; fusoescens, red, brown, and
Sept.,
:
white
alba,^
yellow, June, 6
dayana,
in., Himalayas ; massangeana,
yellow and
white
and yellow, July, 1 ft., Sunda
Islands
green,
9
9
in., Malaya.
104.
red, June, 1 ft., Assam

; sanderiana,
speciosa, yellow and brown, autumn,
ENCYCLOPMIHA
Coffea
First
two
OF
OAEDENINO.
shrubs.
Bubiacese.
Stove
evergreen
small reddish,fleshyberry, containing
in parchment-likeshell.
Bears the coffee berries of
Ord.
(Coffee-tree).
"
introduced, 1696.
seeds
enclosed
Fruit,
commerce.
CULTUBE:
Compost, two
sand.
Position,pota in moist
"
part leaf -mould
Temp., March
to Sept.75 to 85"^;
60" to 70".
Water
freelyin summer,
Sept.to March
^ in. deep in light
soil in temp. 85" in March;
cuttingsof firm shoots inserted in sandy
soil under
bell-glassin temp. 85" in summer.
SPECIES
10
to
15
CULTIVATED:
0.
parts turfy loam,
one
plant stove.
March.
arabioa
Pot,
(Arabian
Coffee), irlite, fragrant, Sept.,
ft., Arabia.
Coffee
Coix
Tree
(Coffea arabica). See Coffea.

Gramineae.
Ord.
Half-hardy ornamental
(Job'sTears).
annual
First
introduced
1596.
flowering
grass.
"
"
SoQ,light,rich.
pagate
Proborder outdoors.
in
65"
75"
to
in
soil
in
sown
temp.
by
light
deep
doors
outsimilar
in
outdoors
or
depth
March, transplantingseedlings
May ;
in Aprilwhere
2 to 3 ft.,Trop. Asia.
CULTIVATED
Grey pearly
SPECIES
: 0. Laohryma-Jobi,
CULTURE
seeds
seeds
Position, sunny
J in.
chief attraotion.
ColChican
Prunus.
Laurel
ColChiCUin
(Autumn
Meadow
Crocus;
colchica).
Laurocerasus
(Pruuus
"
See
Liliacea;.
Saffron). Ord.
"
bulbous
floweringplants.
enriched
with decayed manure
CTJLTUEE
: Soil, light sandy loam,
leaf-mould.
Position, moist beds or rockeries, shrubbery borders,
or
bulbs 3 in. deep " 3 in. apart in
Plant
shade of trees.
lawns
near
or
Foliage dies down in June " July, " does not reappear
July or Aug.
| in. deep in
until after plant has flowered.
boxes
of similar
in Aug. or Sept.,or in pans or
bed of fine soil outdoors
in.
3
time, transplantingseedlings
apart when
soil in cold frame at same
bulbs
not flower
do
Seedling
two
years old ; division of bulbs in Aug.
until four or five years old.
Antumnale,
CULTIVATED
purple, Sept., 8 in., Europe (Britain);
SPECIES
;
speciosuin, lilac-purple,Sept.,
and
purple, Sept., 6 in., Greece;
byzantinum, rose
Also
numerous
and
purple, Sept., 6 in., S. Europe.
Caueasus;
variegatum, wbite
Hardy
of
varieties
C.
autumnale.
Geranium).
Nettle; Nettle
(Flame
Coleus
"
Ord.
Labiatae.
Stove
1764.
perennials. Orn. foliage" flowering. First introduced
CULTURE
part well-decayed
parts turfyloam, one
: Oompost, two
little sand.
Position, pots in stove in winter,
Pot, Feb. or March, pressing soil firmly in
greenhouse in summer.
75" to 85";
to June
60" to 70"; March
pots. Temp., Sept. to March
to
Water
March, freely
moderately Sept.
June to Sept.65" to 75.
very
kinds requirt to have points of their
Ornamental-leaved
afterwards.
dwarf
or
shoots pinched off in early stage of their growth to ensure
in.
in
1-16
seeds
sown
light
deep
good shaped plants. Propagate by
serted
or
April; cuttingsof young shoots insoil in temp. 75" in Feb., March
leaf-mould,
manure,
in
light soil
"
of cocoanut-fibre
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
bronze-red,
.Tava,
C.
refuse
at
any
time;
grafting
and
(Syn. 0. Verschaffeltii),white
Blumei
ornamental-leaved
kinds
of
the
parent
(Winter-floweringColeus), blue, ,Tan. to April, 3 ft., Trop. Africa.
leaves
in
purple,
thrysoides
Cole-wort.
Colletla.
shrubs.
spines.
"
See
Brassica.
Rhamnaceae.
(Anchor-plant).--Ord.
First
introduced
1823.
105
Branches
Half-hardy
armed
with
green
ever-
able
formid-
ilNOTOLOPMDiA
CULTURE
in S. of
Plant
England.
long, inserted
Aug. or Sept.
in Oct.
well-drained
in
in.
borders
shoots
of
firm
in
cold
frame
soil
of
in
sandy
pots
Position, sheltered, well-drained
Soil, loamy.
OARDMINO.
OF
aQLTIVATED
: C.
oruoiata, white, autumn, 4 to 10 ft.,TJrngnay.
nuals.
Collinsia
Ord.
Scrophulariaceae.Hardy an(Cbllins's-flower;.
pagate
ProCULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds or borders.
in Sept., March,
or
April
by seeds sown
Jin. deep outdoors
where
plantsare requiredto flower. Thin seedlingsto 6 in. apart when
SPECIES
"
high.
2 in.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
bioolor, purple and

flora, lilac, June,
N.
tartsiffifolia,purple, June, 1 ft., California;

1 ft.,California; bioolor
alba, white; grandiwhite
and
blue, Kay, 1 ft.,
America;
verna,
0.
wliite, summer,
18
in., N.W.
America.
Collomia.
plants
Ord.
"
ducEid 1826.
CULTURE
by seeds
Polemoniaceae.
First
intro-
Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds or borders.

gate
Propain Sept.,March
or
| in. deep outdoors
April where
sown
flower.
required to
are
annuals.
Hardy
Thin
Sin.
seedlings to
apart
when
2 in.
high.
SPECIES
and
CULTIVATED:
yellow,
ooooinea, red, June, 18 in.. Chili; grandiflora,red
C.
in., California.
18
summer,
Colocasia
(West Indian Kale; Taro Boot)." Ord. Aroideae. Stove
herbaceous
Orn. foliage. First
plants with perennialtuberous roots.
introduced
1551.
Leaves, shield-like,heart or egg-shaped,deep green.
CULTURE
: Compost, equal
parts turfyloam, peat, leaf-mould, "
silver sand.
Pot
Position, well-drained pots in shady plant stove.
moderately
firm
transfer
Feb.
Nov.
Nov.
in
pots just largeenough to take tubers in Feb. or

larger pots in April or May. Water
moderately
April " Sept. to Nov., freely April to Sept.; keep quite dry
Feb.
Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70 to 80"; Sept. to Nov. 65* to 75";
Feb. 55" to 65".
Propagate by dividing the tubers in Feb. or
March;
to
to
to
to
March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Colt'S-fOOt."
Columbine
Columnea.
First introduced
CULTURE
charcoal.
long,
0.
Antiqnorum
esonlentam,
2 to 1
ft..Tropics.
Tussilago.
(Aquilegiavulgaris). See Aquilegia.
Ord. Gesneriaceae.
Stove evergreen
trailingshrubs.
"
"
1759.
Position,
fibrous
"
peat, sphagnum moss
Water
Plant, March.
freely
winter.
60" to 70";
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 3 in.
hanging
baskets.
in
70"
80".
to
Sept.
inserted
in pots of above
moderately
in summer,
to
March
See
compost
mixed
with
in
sand,
temp.
85", Feb.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
floweringshrubs.
weak
anrantiaoa, orange, June, New

Ord. Legumiuosae.
First
introduced
etc.
Plant,
Oct.
to
Grenada.
Hardy
deciduous
1568.
CULTURE:
banks,
C.
(Bladder Senna)."
Colutea
open
shady shrubberies,
or
Feb.
Prune, Nov., simply cutting away

shoots " shortening straggling ones.
deep outdoors in Oct. or March; cuttings of firm shoots inserted
1 in.
in sandy
soil outdoors
SPECIES
cruenta,
red
Combretum
evergreen
in Oct.
CULTIVATED:
and yellow,
C.
July,
arboresoens, yellow, Ang.,
(Caffre Butter-shrub)."
Ord.
climbers.
First
10
ft.. S
Europe;
ft.,Orient.
introduced
106
1820.
Combretacea.
Stove
BNCYOLOPMDIA
CULTURE
Compost,
pots,tubs,
OF
two
borders
GARDENING.
parts loam,
one
part peat " sand.
tion,
Posi-
in
plant stove, shoots trained to pillarsor

Prune
side shoots to within 2 in. of base after
Water
to Sept.,
floweringk cut away all weak ones.
freelyMarch
afterwards.
to
moderately
Aug. Temp., March
Syringe daily March
to Setjt. 70" to 85" ; Sept. to March
55" to 65".
of side shoots 3 in. long, removed
with slight
portionof stem attached,
" inserted in well-drained
pot of sandy soil in temp. 85" in summer.
20
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. cocoineum,
scarlet, autumn,
ft., Madagascar;
grandiflorum, scarlet, May, '5 it., Trop. Afiica; purpureum,
scarlet, Sept., 20 ft,,
fflCadagascar.
See Symphytum.
Comfrey."
roof.
or
Pot, March.
Commelina
(Blue Spfder-wort; Day-flower)."Ord.

" hardy herbaceous
perennials. First
Commelinaintroduced
Greenhouse
1759.
CUIiTUEE
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
OF
Position, pots in sunny
greenhouse.
peat, loam, leaf -mould, " sand.
little afterwards.
to Sept., very
Water
Pot, March.
freely March
45" to 50".
Temp., March
SPECIES:
Position,
HARDY
CULTURE
OF
Soil, light,rich.
Plant
well-drained
bed
border.
or
sheltered,
fleshy roots in
warm,
thick layer of
soils
with
winter
Protect
roots
on
light
during
April.
in cold districts in Sept. " store away
Lift' roots
ashes or manure.
in Ai"ril.Propagate
similarly to dahlias in frost-proof place, replanting
in
75"
in
in.
in
soil
March,
1-6
seeds
sown
temp.
by
deep light
transplantingseedlingsoutdoors in May to flower in Aug. ; division of
cese.
fleshyroots in April.
0.
SPECIES:
2 ft., Mexico.
GEEENH0TJ8E'
africana,
trailing, S.
yellow. May,
Africa:
elliptica,white, July,
-C. ooelestis,blue, July, 18 in., Mexico

SPECIES:
HABDT
virginioa, blue, July, 1 ft.,Virginia.
Stove
Ord.
Orchidaccae.
Comparettia.
epiphytal orchids.
"
First introduced
CULTURE
blocks
1836.
Compost,, sphagnum
of wood
of
new
Position, on
Ee-block, March
or
fibry peat.
moss,
roof in plant stove.

all
times.
freely at
Temp., March
70".
to
60"
Resting period,none.
suspendedfrom
April. Water
Sept.to March
centre
ooelestis alba, wbite;
resting. Propagate by
after
growth
Flowers
division
in
appear
of plant in
March.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
1 ft.; falcata, rose.
pink,
Compass
Comptonia.
Conandron.
introduced
CULTURE:
"
Ord.
"
Silphium.
Myrica.
See
"
ft., Brazil; oryptooera,
See
(Silphiumlaciniatum).
Plant
First
coocinea, scarlet, Aug.,

6 in., Mexico.
C.
May,
Gesneriaceae.
Hardy
herbaceous
perennial.
1879.
Position, fissures of moist, sheltered

Soil, peat " loam.
winters with covering
or
Plant, March
April. Protect in severe
rockery.
in well-drained
pots of
of dry litter. Propagate by seeds sown
frame
in
cold
fine
with
or
covered
"
mould,
greenhouse
just
sandy peat
March
SPECIES
or
April; division
CULTIVATED
Cone-flower.
Cone-head.^See
Constantinople
:
"
of
C.
See
plant in
March.
ramondidides,pink,
summer,
ft.,Japan.
Rudbeckia.
Strobilauth^s.
See Corylus.
Nut'(Corylus colurna)."
(Lilyof the Talley;May Lily). Ord, LihaceEe.
perennial.
_
Convallaria
Hardy
herbaceous
"
107
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
:
cayed
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, de-
shade of
under
borders
border
for
early
trees, high walls, or fences for general culture; south
2 or 3 in. apart, with pointsjust below
flowering. Plant single crowns
Lift and
surface, in Sept. " Oct.
replant every four years, always
by themselves, next size alone, " smallest similargestcrowns
"
manure,
sharp sand.
Position, beds
or
filanting
arly. Mulch bed annually in
manure
POT
Plant
Oct. or
once
CULTURE:
clump
one
Feb. with decayed manure.

Apply liquid
than a year old.
Sept.,to beds more
Compost, equal parts good soil " leaf-mould.
in a 6 in. pot, well drained in
dozen singlecrowns
week. May
or
to
place inverted pot over crowns

" stand pots in cold frame
into heat, or allow
until
then
under
remove
or
Jan.,
greenhouse stage
window.
Water
to bloom
only when soil
naturally in greenhouse or
in winter, freelywhen
needs moisture
growth begins.
close together in shallow
FoBCiNO
boxes, with
: Place
singlecrowns
Nov.
cocoanut-fibre
refuse between
roots, " put boxes in temp. 80" to 85".
until
with inverted
box or thick layer of moss
Cover
points of crowns
it. After forcing,crowns
of no value for
flowers appear,
then remove
roots flower quickly
Retarded
floweringagain,therefore discard them.
without
much
J in. deep in lightsoil
forcing. JPropagate by seeds sown
outdoors
in March
Sept. or Oct.
; division of crowns
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. majalie, white, spring, 6 in., Europe
(Britain),
eto. ;
majalis flore-pleno,double ; majalis prolifloans,tall variety ; majalisrosea,
rose
tinted; majalis variegata, leaves variegated.
Ord. Convolvulacese.
Convolvulus.
Hardy annual " perennial
"
climbing
or
trailingplants.
: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, dwarf
kinds in open beds "

base of arbours, trellises,walls, or trunks
of
trees.
Plant
Sow annual
perennialsin March.
speciesin April where
required to grow, and thin seedlingsto 8 in. apart when 2 in. high.
in March
where
plants
^ in. deep outdoors
in nursery
to flower, or
are
bed, afterwards
transplantingseedlings
to permanent position
or
April.
; division of fleshyroots in March
C. tricolor, various
ANNUAL
SPECIES
1 ft., S. Europe.
:
colours, summer,
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
0.
manritanious, blue, Jul;, trailing, S. Europe;
chinensis, purple and crimson, .Tuly, 6 ft. See also Calystegia and
Ipomiea.
CULTURE
borders;
tall
CooperlEl
kinds
at
(Evening Star). Ord.
Amaryllidacese.
"
Half-hardy
bulbous
plants.
CULTURE:
tion,
PosiCompost, equal parts peat, loam, " leaf-mould.
in
cool
cold
frame.
or
Jan.
Feb.
Water
or
greenhouse
Pot,
pots
moderately until growth begins,then givefreely; discontinue watering
after
Sept. " keep soil dry during winter.
Temp., Sept. to Feb. 40"
to May, 50" to 55"; May
to Sept. 55" to 65"to 45"; Feb.
Propagate
by offsets in Feb.
0. Drummondii,
CULTIVATED;
SPECIES
white, Aug., 9 in., Texas; pedunoulata, white, Aug., 6 in., Texas.
Balsam-tree
Copalm
(Liquidambar styraciflua). See
"
Liquidambar.
Copper-coloured
See
Beech
(Fagus sylvatica var.
cuprea)."
Fagus.
Copper-leaf
Coprosma
(Acalypha musaica). See Acalypha.

(Tasmanian Currant)." Ord. Rubiacea.
Halt-hardy
shrub.
Orn.
foliage. Leaves, egg-shaped, green, blotched
evergreen
or
variegated vnth creamy yellow. Fruit, coral red.
CULTURE:
part leaf-mould
"
sand.
Position, pots in cool greenhouse. Repot, March.
Prune
"
108
ENOTOLOPMDIA
OABDSNINO.
OF
border.
IN GARDENS
; Soil, ordinary. Position, south
March
in.
seeds
in
drills
in.
or
12
sown
Propagate by
Sept.
^
deep
apart,
FIELD
loam.
CULTURE:
Rotation, follow
Soil, deep, well-drained
wheat.
Sow
in Oct. in drills 18 in. apart. Keep well hoed.
Quantity
of seed required per acre, 10 lb.
Tield per acre, 10 to
Harvest
in Aug.
CULTURE
20 cwt.
Average price per cwt.,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Coris
ISs. to 18s.
satiyum, white, June, 18 in.. S. Enrope.
Coris). Ord. Primulaceae.
Hardy
C.
(Montpelicr
"
First introduced
1640.
CULTURE
: Soil, sandy
rookery. Plant, March
or
deep in Aug. or April where
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Cork-barked
C.
peat. Position, well-drained

April. Propagate by seeds
plants are to grow.
monspcliensis, lilac.May,
beds
biennial.
on
sunny
1-16 in.
sown
ft., S. Enrope.
Eliri
(Ulmus suberosa)." See Ulmus.

Cork
Oak
(Quercus suber). See Quercus.
Cornel
(Cornus sanguinea). See Cornus.
Cornelian
Cherry
(Cornus mascula)." Stee Cornus.
Corn
Flag; (Gladioluscommunis). See Gladiolus.
"
"
"
Corn-flower
(Centaurea cyanus)." See Centaurea.
Cornish
Elm
See Ulmua.
(Ulmus campestrisvar. cornubiensis).
Cornish
Money-wort
(Sibthorpiaeuropsea)."See Sibthorpia.
Corn
See ChrysanMarigold
(Chrysanthemum segetum).
themum.
"
"
Corn
Salad
(Valerianellaolitaria).See Yalerianella.
Cornus
Cornel; Cornelian
(Bunch Berry; Dwarf
Cherry; Corneltree; Dogwood; Dogberry; Skewerwood). Ord. Cornaceae.
ciduous
Hardy de"
"
trees
shrubs
"
"
herbaceous
Flowering "
perennials.
orn.
foliage. Leaves,
green, or variegated with white " crimson.

CULTURE
OF
SHRUBBY
SPECIES;
Soil, sandy peat for dwarf
species,ordinaryfor others.
Position,rocky for dwarf kinds; open or
for tall species. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
shady shrubberies
Prune, Nov.
into shape.
or
Dec, simply cutting branches
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES:
Soil, bog or peat. Position,moist bed
or
rockery. Plant, March.
Propagate shrubby kinds by cuttingsof
firm shoots inserted in sandy soil outdoors
in Nov. ; layeringshoots in
from
Oct.; suckers, removed
plant in Nov. " replant at once; grafting
outdoors in March
variegated kinds in March ; seeds sown
; herbaceous
speciesby division in March,
SPECIES:
SHRUBBY
0. alba, white, Jnly, 8 to 10 ft., N. Asia; alba sibirica
and
bronze
Spaethii, leaves
Tariegata, variegated; alba
gold; oapitata (Syn.
Benthamia
white, Aug., 10 ft., N. India, hardy S. of England only;
fragifera),
florida
{Flowering Dogwood), white, April, 10 to IS ft., N. America;
mas
(Cornelian
aurea
Cherry), yellow, Feb., 15 ft.,Europe; mas
white
elcgantiasima,leaves creamy
and
red; maa
variegata, leaves edged creamy
white; sanguinea (Dogwood), green,
8 ft., branches
red.
SPECIES:
HERBACEOUS
6 in., N. America.
June,
C.
canadensis
(Dwarf
Cornel),
purplish
/
r"-
white
,
May ..
Ord. Cornacese.
Corokia."
Half-hardy
shrub.
trailing
evergreen
^
"
s
First introduced
1835.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sheltered,south or west wall.
Oct.
to
Plant,
April. Propagate by cuttingsinserted in sand in welldrained
bell-glass;layering shoots in Oct
pan under
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Ootoneaster,
yellow,
Coronifia
Greenhouse
10
C.
ft., New
buddleiodes,yellow,
(.Crown Vetch;
and
hardy
summer,
10
ft
'
Zealand.
shrubs
Scorpion Senna)." Ord.

"
hardy perennials.
110
New
Zealandêaiana,
Leguminosse.
First introduced
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
CUIiTTIEE
OP GBEBNHOTJSE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
partsloam,
"
sand.
in
Position,pots
onepart peat
lightgfreenhouse.Repot, March.
Prune
off points of shoots in spring to induce
bushy growth. Water
to
Oct.
afterwards.
March, freely
moderately
in sunny
40" to 45"; March
Place plants outdoors
in
in.
to
June
seeds
sown
lightsoxl
deep
\
Sept. Propagate by
position
well-drained
75"
in
in
inserted
March,
pots of
m
or
temp.
by cuttings
soil under bell-glassin temp. 55" in March, April,or May.
CULTURE
PERENNIALS:
OF
rockeries or borders.
Plant, Oct. or April. Propagate by seeds sown
in April,or division of roots in Oct.
i in. deep outdoors
tered,
SHRUBS:
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
Soil, ordinary. Position shelPlant
Oct.
Prune
walls.
west
south
or
or
shrubberies,
warm
stragglyshoots after flowering. Increased by cuttingsin cold frame in
sandy
autumn.
glauoa,
C. coronata, yellow, July, 2 ft., S. Europe;
SPECIES:
GllBBNHOtrSB
3
France;
ft.,
glauca Tariegata, lariegated; pentaphylla, yellow,
May,
yellow.
June, 2 ft., Algiers; valentina, yellow, Maroh, 3 ft.; Timinalis, red, Aug., 3 ft.,
Mogador.
SPECIES;
PJSRBNNIAL
HAEDT
SHRUBS
6 in., Iberia;
emeroides,
in., S. Europe; varia, pink
oappadooioa, yellow, July,
C.
(Scorpion Senna),
0. Emerus
yellow, June,
yellow, May, 6 in., Europe; minima,

and white, June, trailer, Europe.
red
and
3 to 6 ft.,
yellow,April,
deoiduous, Europe.
Greenhouse
Rutacese.
(AustralianFuohsia).-=-Ord.
Correa
introduced
First
shrubs.
CULTURE:
part fibrous
parts peat, one
two
Compost,
green
ever-
1793.
loam
"
sand.
Position, pots, well drained, in light,airy greenhouse. Repot in July
directlyafter flowering. Water

growth begins. Prune
Temp.,
moderately April to July " Oct. to April,freely July to Oct.
Place plants
to Sept. 55* to 65".
March
45"
40"
to
March
to
;
Sept.
serted
in sunny
outdoors
positionJuly to Sept. Propagate by cuttings in65"
in
under
bell-glass temp.
in well-drained pots of sandy peat
buxif olia in
alba or Briostemon
Correa
on
to 75" in April; grafting"
when
new
SPECIES
alba, white, June, 5 to 6 ft.; oardinalis, scarlet,

scarlet, June,
and
white, April, 3 ft.; speoiosa,
and
pulohella,
white, Harrisii, crimson,
bioolor, ciimson
C.
CULTIVATED:
March, 3 ft.; lawrenoiana,

its varieties
3 ft., and
of
AU
natives
scarlet.
green
Australia.
.
"
(Pampas Grass)." Ord.

perennial grass. Flowering " orn.
Inflorescence
(male " female borne
Cortaderia
1843.
See
(Pinus Lancio).
Pine-tree
Corsican
purple, yellow; Sept. to Nov.
Pinus.
ceous
Hardy herbaintroduced
First
foliage.
different plants),white,
on
Gramineao.
..
Soil, rich, light,sandy. Position, sheltered shrubberies

freelyin dry weather.
lawns.
Plant. Oct., March, or April. Water
or
Gather
plumes for winter decoration directlyfullydeveloped.FropaCULTURE
eate
by seeds
sown
1-16 in.
deep
in
sandy
55" to
under
bell-glassin temp.
pans
Transplant seedlings outdoors in Aug.
durable
most
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
tenm, 5 to 7 ft., Brazil;
oonspiona (Syn. Arundo
Zealand;
jubata, 4
New
"
"
argen(Pampas Grass), Syn. Gynerium
argenteum
and
leaves
golden;
green
argentoo-lineatum,
argenteum
Grass, 3 to ii It.,
Zealand
Silvery Beod
conspioua). New
.
"
"
O.
to
ft., Ecuador.
^
Cortusa
or
well-drained
soil m
pots or
or
in Feb., March
April
plumes best
Sept. Female
decoration.
for winter
"
65"
Sanicle)."Ord.
(Bear's-ear
,
."
Primulacese.
Hardy
alpine plants. First introduced 1596.

CUlftUEE: Soil, sandy peat. Position, shftdyholder
Ill
or
nial
peren-
rockery.
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
1-16 in. deep in sandy

seeds sown
of
division
plant in March.
Aug. ;
SPBOIES
Matthiola
ODLTIVATED:
0. Matthiola, red, April, 1 ft., Europe;
grandiflora,purple, April, 18 in. ; pubens, magenta purple. May, 6 in., Transyhania.
Stove
Orchidaces.
Ord.
Corya,nthes
(Helmet-orchid)."
phytal
epiorchids.
First introduced
1829.
CULTUBE
: Compost, equal parts peat "
sphagnum moss.
Position,
baskets
Re-basket
in March.
roof of stove.
Water
suspended from
freely April to Sept.,very little afterwards.
Temp., April to Aug. 65"
to 85"; Au^. to April 50" to 65".
Growing season,
April to Aug.
Plant, March
peat in cold
or
April. Propagate by
frame
in
March
Resting period, Aug.

by division
of
or
April. Flowers
to
appear
on
new
pagate
Pro-
growth.
plant in March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. maorantUa,
purple, yellow and
green,
crimBon,
June, 1 ft.,Venezuela; maenlata, yellow and purple, June, 1 ft.,Trop. America;
speoiosa, yellow and green,
Haroh, 1 ft.
Corydalis
perennial herbs.
(Fumitory). Ord.
"
Fumariaceae.
Hardy
biennial
"
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary, good.
Position, well-drained sunny
borders, ledges of rockeries,fissures in old walls.
Plant
perennial"fe
biennial
speciesin March.
Propagate annual
in April where
in boxes
plants are to flower; biennials by seed sown
lightsoil
of
in cold frame
or
outdoors
in
April; perennialsby
biennials,transplantingseedlingsto permanent
to
large enough
to handle
also
by
division
of the
seed similar
positions when
plants after flowering;
species by offsets in March.
bulbous
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
0. bulbosa
(Syn. Solida), purple, April, 6 in., Europe;
lutea, yellow. May, 1 ft., Europe;
lutea alba, white;
nobilis, yellow. May, 1 ft.,
Siberia; tuberosa
(Syn. Oava), purple, March, 6 in., Europe; ledebouriana, purple,
1
summer,
ft., Altai
BIENNIAL
Canada.
SPECIES:
Corylopsis.
shrub.
First
"
Mountains.
0.
Ord.
I{amamelidaceae.
1864.
introduced
CULTURE
glanca, scarlet, Tiolet
and
Hardy
orange,
summer,
deciduous
ft..
flowering
Soil,sandy loam.
Position, open, moist shrubbery in

in other parts of country. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by layering-shoots in Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
0. himalayana, yellow, March,
20
ft., Himalayas;
pauoiflora, yellow, Feb., 6 ft.,Japan; apioata, yellow, Feb., 6 ft.,Japan.
Corylus
(Hazel; Cob-nut; Filbert)."Ord. Corylacese.
duous
Hardy deciOru.
shrubs.
foliage" nut-bearing. Flowers, male
grey,
female
crimson
; March,
April. Nuts ripe in Oct.
CULTUBE
: Soil, rich
loam, well manured
" deeply trenched.
tion,
PosiPlant
cob
"
hazel
nuts
10
open,
ft.
sunny.
apart each way, "
filberts 15 ft. apart, in Oct.
Prune
end of March, cutting
shoots
away
not less than two years
old " shorteningthose of previous
year'sgrowth
about
one-third.
Train each tree to have
six main
branches
only.
Gather
nuts
when
husk
becomes
brown.
kins
Hang branches of hazel cat(male flowers)in filbert bushes in Feb., if filbert catkins are
S.
England;
south
walls
"
"
to
ensure
in
cpen
removed
fertilisation.
scarce,
Propagate by seeds (nuts)2 in. deep
garden, transplanting
from
base
two
seedlings
of old
years
afterwards
in Oct.
suckers
;
plants replanted in Oct.; layering strong

shoots in Nov.; grafting on
young
seedlingsof Constantinople Nut
March
to form
in
standards,halt standards, " dwarf standards
Market
Culture:
Soil, deep loam, well-drained,stony. Position,
243.
acre.
uplands. Plant 13 ft. apart each

Manures, shoddy, wool waste, or
Apply m
winter.
Cost
of manure.
112
Trees to plant an acre,

way.
fish at rate of 2 to 3 tons
per
."3 per ton.
Prune as above.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
to
ensure
fertilisation.
10 cwt.
to
GARDENING.
Propagate by
Sept., green ones
in. deep in Oct.

Aug. Market
ripe nuts
of 40 lb. ;
28
lb.
8 to
ones,
Average
yield
acre,
p^reen
per
Average price per lb.,6d. to lOd. Average returns per acre,
^630.
Average rental value of nut plantation,
."6 to "T.
Harvest
in sieves
."20
OF
ripe
nuts
in
seed
in
(nuts) 2
SPECIES:
0. aYollana
(Common
Hazel), Europe (Britain);avellana anrea, golden
leaTed; maxima
atropurpurea, purpleleaTed, 8. Europe:
oolurna
(Constantinople
Nut), S.E. Europe.
VARIETIES
Kentish
Cob or Lambert's
:
Filbert, nuts large a gfoodmarket
round, shells thin, free bearer ; Webb's
Prize Cob, Targe,
good
sort ; Prolific Frizzled Filbert, free bearer, ripens early.
See Livistonia.
Cprypha."
Cosford,
nuts
Cos
Lettuce."
See Lactuca.
Cosmos
(Purple Mexican
Aster)."Ord.
annuals.
First introduced
1799.
Cu'LTXTRE:
seeds
kind
market
Compositae. Half-hardy
Soil, ordinary. Position,warm,
Propa^
dryish border.
soil
in
65"
70" in March, transplanting
of
to
light
temp,
seedlingsoutdoors 3 to 4 ft. apart in May.
SPECIES
C. bipinnatus, various
CULTIVATED:
colours, Aug., 3 ft.; Mexico;
dlTersifolius,
diversifolius atrosanguineus, a superior
lilac,Sept., 3 ft.,N. America;
variety; hybridus, various
colours, Sept., hybrids.
See Tanacetum.
Costtnary."
gate by
in
sown
Cotoneaster
Hardy
cesB.
(Quince-leavedMedlar;
evergreen
"
deciduous
Eose
Box)."
Ord.
Eosa-
shrubs, bearing scarlet fruits in
winter.
CULTUllE
Soil, ordinary.
Position,shrubberies,open,
or
in shade,
tree roots " rocks, or

trailingspeciesagainst walls or growing over
bare ground under
trees.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
in March
1 in. deep outdoors
in sandy soil outdoors
; cuttingsinserted
in Oct. ; layering shoots in Oct. ; graftingon common
species,
quince,
hawthorn
or
in March.
SPECIES:
0. buxifolia
layas;
(Syn. repens), white, April, 3 ft., Himahorizontalis, rose, April, 3 ft., Himalayas;
microphylla, white, April, 5 ft.,
Himalayas;
microphylla glacialis (Syn, congesta); pannosa,
white, April, " ft.,
Yunnan;
thymifolia, white, April, 1 ft., Himalayas; uniflora,white. May, Siberia.
DECIDUOUS
SPECIES
afflnis,
white,
: C.
pink, April, 4 ft., Himalayas ; friîda,
April, 10 ft., Himalayas;
Nummularia,
white, April, 10 ft., Europe; integerrima
(Syn. vulgaris),pink. May, 10 ft.,Europe; Simonsii, white, April, 6 ft.,Himalayas.
Cot'ton-plant
((Gossypium herbaceum). See Gossypium.
EVERGREEN
"
Cotton
Thistle
Cotton-wood
Cotyledon.
succulent-leaved
(Onopordon acanthium). See Ouopordon.

(Populusdeltoides).See Populus.
" hardy evergreen
Ord. Crassulaceaa.
Greenhouse
plants. Natives of Mexico, except when otherwise
"
"
"
mentioned.
CULTUBE
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
OF
: Compost, two
parts loam,
" fine brick rubbish.
Position, pots well drained, close
to glass
in window
or
or
April. Water
greenhouse. Repot, March
freelyMarch to Sept.,very little afterwards.
Temp., Sept to March
50" to 55"; March
Can also be grown
outdoors
in
beds, June to Sept.
in ordinary soil on sunny
CULTURE
SPECIES:
Grow
OF
HARDY
in May.
Plant
Lift and
rockeries,or as edgingsto beds.
plant in
of
boxes in a cold frame
Oct.
seeds
surface
xn
sown
on
Propagate by
in
55"
65"
above soil in well-drained
in
to
or
March;
pot
temp.
pan
pots of sandy soil
cuttingsof leaves with base inserted in well-drained
in Aug., Sept.,or Oct. in temp.56" to 60".
leaves or cuttings
Do not water
one
part sand
until
they begin to
shrivel.
113
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
agaToidee),orange, Sept.,
SPBOIBS
GREENHOUSE
: 0.
agaTOides (Syn. EoheTeria
1 ft. ; atropurpurea
atropurpurea), red, Sept., 1 ft. ;_ Oalifornica
(Syn. EoheTeria
1 ft., Oalifornia;
ooooinea, scarlet
oallfornioa),yellow, eummer,
(Syn. Eoheveria
and yellow, Oct., 2 ft.; fulgens (Syn. Eoheveria
fnlgens), red and yellow, sammer,
2 ft. ;
1 ft. ; gibbiflora (Syn. EoheTeria
yellow and scarlet, antnmn,
g:ibbiflora),
Eoheveria
leaves
glanca),
glanca
(Syn.
purplish
glanona;
gibbiflora motallica,^
and
1 ft. ; retusa
retusa), crimson
eoarlet
and
^Syn. Eoheveria
yellow, autumn,
1 ft.
yellow, autumn,
seounda
0. secnnda
HARBT
SPECIES:
glanoa), red and
glauca (Syn. Eoheveria
1 ft.; secunda
glauoa major, large-leaved variety; Sempervivum,
yellow, summer,
6 in.
red, summer,
Couve
Tronc'huda."
See
Brassica.
See Vaccinum.
(Vaccinum vitis-idaea).
Orchid
(Schomburgkia Tibicinis).
Cow-berry
"
Cow-horn
See
"
Schom-
burgkia.
Cow
Parsnip
Cowslip-scented
(Heracleumvillosum). See
Crab's
Crab's
aloides).
(Stiatiotes
Orchid.
Heracleum.
See Yanda.
See Stratiotes.
See Abrus.
Eyes
(Abms precatorius).
See Salix.
Willow
(Salixfiagalis)."
Orchid."
See Anguloa
Hardy herbaceous
(Seakale). Ord. Cruciferae.
Claw
"
"
"
Crack
Cradle
Crambe
"
"
"
CXTLTURE
PERENNIAL
OF
borders.
Plant
tion, open
March.
CULTURE
nials
peren-
vegetables.
esculent
OP
'jEAKALE:
soil 2 ft.
roots
Posi.
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary,rich.
of three or six in
3 in. deep in groups
Soil, deep, rich, sandy. Position,open,
of
in autumn,
burying in abundance
in.
in.
Plant roots 4 to 6
manure.
long, 2
deep, uprightly,18 in. apart
in Feb. or March.
Pare
off crown
buds before
30 in. asunder
in rows
beds with
stable manure
in April. Apply common
planting. Mulch
salt at the rate of 1 lb. to a square
rod, or 2 lb. of nitrate of soda to
" die
in June.
Lift and replant every five years.
Manure
same
area
Cover
in
Nov.
in
roots
between
rows
Blanching:
ground with
open
cinder
ashes
in
tree
inverted
Nov.
leaves, or
pots, dry
with
inverted
Forcing
roots
Outdooes
Cover
:
pots in Nov. " put
of
fresh
and
leaves
these
in
thick layers
Jan.
manure
on
Lift roots in Nov.,
Forcing
Indoors
:
Dec, or Jan. " place them
close together in large pots or boxes, with ordinary soil between, in
Roots
of no value after
temp. 50" to 60". Keep roots moist " dark.
Trench
sunny.
deep
forcing.
Market
Manures
before
planting; superphosphate,
cuttings
plant
Culture
Seakale
op
:
Stable dung 20 to 30 tons
18 in.
an
punnets.
apart
each
Force
acre.
as
Soil, sandy
"
kainit
3 cwt.
in March;
way
above.
Market
Average priceper punnet.
per
acre,
20,000
deeply dug.
loam
cwt.
applied
per acre
in spring. Plant
cuttingsrequiredto
April in 2 lb.
variety,Lily
Nov.
to
Is. to Is. 9d.
Best
from
White.
Propagate
in
March,
ing
them
seakale
by seed sown
thinning seedlings to
to
permanent
beds
when
1 in. deep in rows

in.
6
apart in June
12 in.
"
apart
transp"nt-
year old, or by cuttingsof roots

planting; perennialsby seeds sown
Jin. deep outdoors
in March, transplantingseedlings
in July ; cuttings of shoots or division
Seeds germinate in 18 to 20 days. Crop arrives at
of roots in March.
2
after
maturity
sowing. Seeds retain germinating powers for
years
as
advised
for
to 5 years.
OULTIVATBD:
SPEOIES
0.
marltimn
(Seakale),white, May
114
and
June, Europe
MNOYOLOPMTHA
OF
OASDBNINO.
(Britain); eordifolia (Flowering Seakale),white, May, 5 ft., Oaucasns;

white, fragrant, June, 4 ft.. Orient.
two
Last
hardy perennials.
Cranberry."
See
Crane's-bill."
See
Crape
Fern."
See
Crape
Myrtle
".^*'^SSUla.
Tirst introduced
CULTURE
:
"
"
orientalis,
Oxycoccus.
Geranium.
Todea.
(Lagerstromia indica)."See Lagerstrbmia.
Ord.
1711.
Orassulacese.
Greenhouse
Compost, equal parts sandy loam,

river
evergreen
brick
plants.
rubble, dried
house,
pots in light greenrately
Water
freelyApril to Aug., modeto Sept.
Temp., March
Aug to Nov., very little afterwards.
55" to 65" ; Sept.to March
in well45" to 50".
with
fine
drained pots or pans of sandy soil,just covering seeds
mould,
in temp. 60" to 70" in March
or
April,seedlingsto be kept close to glass
" have
little water; cuttingsof shoots 2 to 3 in. long, exposed to sun
for few days, then inserted
in June, July or Aug. in well-drained
pots
of sandy soil,placed on
greenhouse shelf " given very little water.
cow
manure
close to
sand.
glass. Pot, March.
See also the genus
Bochea.
C. arboresoena, pink, May, 2 ft., S. Africa; eolumnaris,

red,
falcata), yellow and
in., S. Africa; faloata
(Syn. lloohea
Africa.
S.
9
in.,
Africa;
lactca,
white,
autumn,
Bummer,
White
Thorn;
quick; Black
Cratsesus
(May;
Hawthorn;
Thorn; GlastonburyThorn ; Christ's Thorn ; Evergreen Fire Thorn)."
trees " shrubs.
and
Ord. Eosaoese.
Hardy deciduous
evergreen
CULTURE:
Position, trees " shrubs in woods,
Soil, ordinary,rich.
SPEOIES
white,
CULTIVATED:
6
anmmcr,
6 in., S.
species against
ple.isuregrounds; evergreen
quick in hedges. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
in Feb., spurring back shoots that have
Evergreen Fire Thorn
kinds
in Nov., simply cutting tree or
berries only; deciduous
shrubberies, lawns,
east
Prune
borne
shrub
or
north
walls;
"
common
where
Hedges : Soil, ordinary, trenched
necessary.
iistauce apart, 4 in.
2 ft. deep " 2 ft. wide.
Plant, Nov. to March,
Quantity of plants required
singlerow, 6 in. double row 6 in. asunder.
Cost of plantsper 100, 3s.
12.
double
for
9;
row,
yard
single
row,
per
Cost
Cost of preparing site and planting per lineal yard, 9d.
to 4s.
"
Time
to trim, July
of trimming per chain, 4d.
Aug.
Double
POT
CULTURE:
pink and white kinds adapted for pot
culture in cool greenhouse, or for forcing. Pot, Oct. or Nov., in good
to
Keep
March,
soil. Water
freely afterwards.
moderately Oct
til) Jan., then
place in temp. 55" to 65" to
plants in cool structure
to flower
in cool house
llower
leave them
naturally. After
or
into
shape
early
new
flowering,place plants outdoors to make
1 in. deep in open
garden in Nov., transplanting
seeds (berries)
sown
the next year;
budding
largestseedlingsfollowingOct., the remainder
in July; grafting in March.

hawthorn
in sand for a year before sowing.
SPECIES:
0. Azarolus, white, fragrant. May, 15 ft., S. Europe;
DECIDUOUS
(Scarlet Thorn), white. May,
Carrieri, white. May, 12 to IS ft., hybrid; cocoinea
United
States; orus-galli(Cockspur
20 ft.,N. America;
cordata, white June, 15 ft.'.
ita varieties arbutifolia, Downingii,
and
June, 20 ft., N. America;
Thorn), wliite,
fontanesiana,lineraria,ovalifolia, prunifoliaand pyracanthif olia ; Douglasii, white.
melanocarpa, white. May, 15 ft.,Tauria; mollis, white
May, 15 ft., N.W. America;
States;
orientalis, white. May, 15 ft.. Orient;
20
and
ft.. United
red. May,
Hawthorn), white. May, 15 ft., Europe; Oxycantha monagyna
Oxycantha (Common
15 ft.; Oxycanthna
oxycanThorn), white, Deo. to March;
(Glastonbury
prsecox
Thorn), white. May and June; Oxycanthus
thoides flore-pleno albo (Double White
(Double Scarlet Thorn), scarlet. May and June;
oxycanthoides flore-pleno coccineo
choice varieties
common
on
Berries requireto be stored
115
ENOYOLOPMBIA
0AEDMNIN6.
OF
piunatifida,wMte,
puniceo flore-pleno(Paul's Double
Scarlet), rich scarlet, May;
May, 15 ft., Asia; tanacetifolia
(Tansy-leayed Thorn), white. May, 15 ft,,Levant.
ETEKGEBEN
berries
scarlet
variety
with
SPECIES:
0.
Pyraoantha
in autumn,
S. Europe,
richer
coloured
berries.
Creeping:
10
to
by
(Firethorn), white. May, followed
Lelandl, a superior
; Pyraoantha
15 ft.
Fig-tree
(Ficus pumila)." See Ficus.
Forget-me-not
(Omphalodes verna)" See Ompha-
Creeping
lodes.
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
See Lysimachia.
Phlox.
Saiior
(Saxifragasarmentosa). See Saxifiaga.
Speedweii
(Yeronica rêns). See Teronica.
Willow
(Salixrepens)."See Salix.
See
Winter
Green
(Ganltheriaprocumhens).
Jenny
Phlox
(Lysimaohia nummularia).
"
(Phlox reptans)."See
"
"
Creeping
Creeping
"
Graultheria.
Crepis
(Hawk's Beard).
perennials" annuala.
"
Compositae.
Ord.
herbaceous
Hardy
CULTUKE
: Soil, ordinary, sandy.
Position, sunny borders, banks,
rockeries.
Plant
in March
or
April. Propagate
perennial species
annual
speciesby seeds sovrn
^ in. deep in April where plants are reC[uiredto flower ; perennial species
J in. deep outdoors
by seeds sown
in April, transplantingseedlingsin July, or by division of roots in
March
or
April.
perennial;
C. aurea,
12 in., Enrope.
SPECIES:
autumn,
orange,
ANNUAL
SPECIES
: C.
rubra, red, autumn, 1 ft.,S. Enrope.
See Lep'dium.
Cress.
or
"
Cretan
Cretan
Cretan
Cretan
Crimean
Mullein
Mullein
Rock
(Celsia
Arcturus). See Celsia.

(Celsiacretica). See Celsia.
Rose
(Cistuscreticus).See Cistua.
Spikenard
(Valeriana Phu)."See Valeriana.
Snowdrop
(Galauthus phcatus). See Galanthus.
Flag
(Schizostylis
coccinea). See Schizostylis.
"
"
"
"
Crimson
Crimson-flOVtfered
Flax
Crimson
Satin-flovwer
"
aînum
êe Linum.
grandiflorum)."
(BrevoortiaIda-Maia). See Bre"
yoortia.
Crimson
Crinum
Stonecrop
(Sedum spurium)." See

Ord.
(Cape Lily; Cape Coast Lily).
bulbous
deciduous
"
Stove, greenhouse hardy
plants.
1732.
CULTURE
"
Sedum.
Amaryllidacese.
First introduced
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
:
Compost,
"
silver
sand.
Position, pots in
parts turfy loam, one part peat
light plant stove or greenhouse. Pot, March, in large pots or tubs
to Oct., very
well drained.
Water
little afterwards.
freely March
their sides in stove or greenhouse durStore pots containing bulbs on
ing
3
4
winter.
lished
estabor
to
Repot every
Apply liquidmanure
years.
bulbs in summer.
to Sept. 75" to 85" for greenTemp., March
house.
seeds
in
hy
sown
Propagate
sandy soil in a temp, of 65" to 75"
in spring; also by offsets at pottingtime.
Seedlingplants take several
flower.
to
years
CULTURE
OF HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, rich, deep.
Position,south,
border.
Plant
6 in. deep in March.
bulbs
well-drained
Increased as
above.
C. amabilo, red, fragrant, summer,
SPECIES:
STOVE
3 ft., Sumatra;
Kirkii,
OP
STOVE
AND
two
white
and
red, Oct., 2 ft., Zanzibar.
aBBENHOTJSE
SPECIES:
0. Maoowanii,
white
and
Natal; Moorei, white
red, April to Oct., 2
116
and
purple, autumn,
ft., S. Africa; Moorei
3 ft,,
album.
GARDENING.
OF
ENCTGLOP^DIA
and
purple,
oanoellattts, yellow, white
to
March, S.E. Europe;
orange-yellow, Jan.
yellow and purple, Feb,
and
Spain; dalmaticus,
Olusii, white
Italy; Heieoheri, yellow
to March,
Dalmatia;
etruscus, lilao and yellow, March,
to March,
Asia
and
Minor;
Imperati, lilao- purple, fragrant, Jan
purple, March,
and
B.
and
yellow
Korolkowi,
Europe;
iridiflorus,
autumn,
purple
lilac,
Italy;
Feb. to March, Central
Asia; longiflorus,lilae,yellow and. purple, autumn,
brown,
and
and
Italy; Malyi, yellow, orange,
purple, March, Dalmatia
; _mediu8,white
and
April, Corsica ; nndipurple, autumn,
Italy ; minimus,
purple, March
and
Asia
autumn,
florus, purple, autumn,
ochroleucus, white
Pyrenees;
orange,
reticulatus, white,
Minor;
pulchellus, layender, blue, or yellow, autumn,
Turkey;
sativus
lilao and
purple, March, E. Europe;
(Saffron Crocus), white, lilac, and
Western
purple, autumn.
Asia; Sieberi, lilac and yellow, Feb. to March, GTeece;
Central
lilac,and
epeciosus, lilao and purple, autumn,
Europe; suaTOlens, orange,
and
purple, March, Italy; susianus, orange
lilac,
brown, Fob., Crimea;
yernns,
to {lurple,March, France
white
violet and white
Feb., to April, Europe; Tersicolor,
and Italy. The
Dutch
forms
in cultivation
numerous
were
originally derived from
(Sootoh Oroone), lavender, Feb., Tuscany;
autumn,
ohrysanthus,
purple, autumn,
Minor;
Asia
'
0.
vernus.
Store
Acauthace2B.
Ord.
flowering
eyergreen
shrub.
First introduced
1800.
CULTURE
: Compost,
Position, pots
equal parts loam, peat " sand.
in moist plant stove.
Water
Pot, March.
moderately during winter,
55" to 65 ; March
to Oct.
freelyother times.
75" to 85".
Propagate by cuttingsof shoots 2 or 3 in. long, inserted in
sand under
bell-glaas,in temp, of 85" at any time of year.
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
0. guineensis, lilao, October, 6 in.;
undulsefolia,
orange-scarlet, March, 13 to 18 in., India.
of
Cross
Jerusalem
"See
(Lychnis chalcedonica^
Lychnis.
Vine
Cross
(Bignonia capreolata). See Bignonia.
Cross-wort
(CrucinelJastyloea)."See Crucinella.
Cross-wort
(Geutiana cruciata). See Oentiana.
Crossandrai
"
"
"
Croton."
Codiseum.
See
Crowberry."
Crowea.
introduced
CULTURE
See
Ord.
"
Empetrum.
Greenhouse
Rutaceae.
First
shrubs.
evergreen
1700.
;
Position, pots
Compost,
in
two
parts peat, one
lightairy greenhouse.
straggling shoots
shape
into
in
fibrous loam, " little sand.
Pot, March
March.
Water
or
very
April.
Prune
little Oct. to
March
to Oct.
40" to 45";
55"
to 65".
March
to Sept.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sand
in temp, of 65" to 75" in March
under
or
bell-glass
April; graftingon
buxifolia
in March.
alba or Eriostemon
Correa
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
0. angnstifolia, red, summer,
1 to 3 ft., Australia;
:
1 to 2 ft.,Australia.
saligna, pink, summer,
Crown
Imperial
Lily." See Fritillaria.
March,
moderately
Crown-of-Thorns
Crown
Vetch
Crucianella
perennial. First
(Medicago echinus). See Medicago.

(Coronillavaria). See Coronilla.
(Cross-wort).Ord. Rubiaceae.
Hardy herbaceous
"
"
"
introduced
Soil, sandy
CULTURE:
1640.
chalky. Position, dry banks, rockeries,

outdoors
in March,
seedlingsto permanent
in
transplanting
positions
July or
Aug. ; division of roots in March, April,Oct. or Nov.
or
borders.
SPECIES
oocoinea,
Plant,
Oct.
CULTIVATED
scarlet;
CryptanthUS."
stylosa
or
or
March.
0. stylosa, rose,
purpurea,
Ord.
summer,
9 to 12 in., Caucasus
stylosa
purple.
Bromeliacese.
Stove
"
evergreen
nials;
peren-
flowering" orn. foliage. First introduced 1826.

CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leaf" silver sand.
mould
Pot, March.
Water freelyalways good drun"
MNOYOLOPMBIA
OP
OARDENINQ.
essential.
Temp., Sept. to March. 65" to 75"; March

Propagate by large-sized
offsets inserted ainerlv
in temp, of 85" in April.
SPECIES
pULTITATED: 0. Beuokeri, red and white, Bummer,
age
to 85".
bmttatus,
wnite, Aug.,
8 to
10
in.,Trop. America;
undulatus,
Sept. 75"
to
in small
C
pots
in., Brazil;
white. August.
10 in.,
Brazil.
CryptOgramme
(Parsley Fern;
Eock
Brake)." Ord.
Filices.
Hardy
deciduous
ferns with Parsley-like
fronds.
CJULTUEE
: Soil, equal parts loam
" peat with
liberal supply of
a
broken
bricks or stone, quite fiee from
lime.
Position, cool, moist
rockery. Does well in the moist

Propagate by division in spring.
SFEOIES
fissures
of rocks.
Plant
in
spring.
CULTIVATED:
0. orispa (Syn. Allosorua

orispa),3 to 6 in.. Mountains
crispa aorostiohoides, 6 to 8 in., N. America.
Cryptomeria
green
(Japanese Cedar). Ord, Couiferse.
Hardy everconiferous
trees.
Orn. foliage. Nat. Japan. First introduced
1844.
ing
Foliage bright green in spring " summer;
bronzy crimson durwinter.
CULTURE
on
:
Soil, deep rich, moist loam.
Position, sheltered
lawns.
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by seeds sown
4 iu- deep iu
in April; cuttings
outdoors
or
sandy loam in temp, of 55" in March
of side shoots 2 or 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under
nand-light,or
in cold frame, in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. japonioa, 70 to 100 ft. Varieties:
nrauoarioidea,
7 to 8 ft. ; elegans, 70 to 100 ft. ; elegans nana,
3 to 1 ft. ; Lobbii, 60 to 80 It. ;
and
pungens
spiralifi.
Cuban
Lily (Scillaperuviana)."See Scilla.
CilCkoo-Flower
(Oardamine pratensis).See Cardamiue.
Cucumber
(Cucumis sativa). See Cucumis.
Cucumber
Tree
(Magnolia acuminata). See Magnolia.
Cucumis
(Cucumber; Melon;
Gherkin). Ord. Cucurbitacese.
ot
Wales, Scotland, etc.
"
"
"
"
"
Half-hardy trailingperennialfruitingplants.
CULTUBE
OP
CUCUMBERS:
Compost, two parts decayed turfy
horse
Position, pots
droppings or decomposed manure.
part
beds in heated
sheltered
cold
in
or
corner
"
frames,
or
or
greenhouse
for heated
outdoors in summer.
Sow seed in Feb. or March
greenhouse
frame
in summer,
or
April for cold frames or outdoors, Sept. or Oct.
for winter
Oct. in heat; June
or
use.
Plant, March, April, Sept.',
in cold frames
outdoors.
Train
main
shoot
or
up roof of greenhouse,
when
also
its
ft.
out
3
points of side (lateral)
pinching
point
high,
fruit ; or, when
in frames,
shoots at first jointbeyond the young
grown
foot long
main
shoot
when
of
of
surface
a
bed, removing point
along
fruit.
Prune
and points of side shoots at first jointbeyond young
away
old snoots that cease
iu their stead.
Water
to bear " train young
ones
Syringe twice daily. Apply
moderately at first,freely afterwards.
to
liquidmanure
plants bearing heavy crops only. Ventilate when
reaches
90", closingagain when it falls below this. Temp., Feb.
temp,
to Sept.,
for greenhouse " frame, 75" to 85"; Sept. to Feb. 65" to 75".
Fertilise first female
blooms
Shade from
hot sun.
by divestinga male
loam,
one
blooms
of its
fertilisation
petals and
not
needful
applying powdery parts

afterwards, except
occasionallyto destroy insects.

GHERKINS
OR
CULTURE
OF
in May 2 ft. deep " 3 ft. wide in a
side.
at
once.
Fill hole with
heated
Train
advised
as
RIDGE
seed
to
centre
is wanted.
Fumigate
: Dig a hole
soil
north
on
position,
putting
sunny
with 3 in. of soil. Plant
and cover
manure
Water
above.
moderately at first,freely
119
CUCUMBERS
of former;
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPJSDIA
seeds
Sow
with hand-light until end of June.
cucumber
55"
in
quires
reApril.
climbing
Japanese
temp.
sticks.
its shoots trained
to have
up pea
CXJLTUEE
OF MELONS
; Compost, three
parts good turfy loam, one
in
beds
manure.
decayed
Position,
part
greenhouses,pits,or frames,
with shoots trained to roof or alongsurface of ground. Plant, March,
April,or May. Sow seeds singly in 2 in. pits in temp. 75" in Feb. or
March.
Finch
out point of main
shoot when
6 in. long, also of lateral
shoots when
1 ft. long, " further
shoots at the first joint beyond the
swelling fruit. Fertilise all the female blooms about 12 a.m.
young
directed for cucumbers.
Allow
fruit to each shoot, removing
as
one
others
Prune
weak
shoots not showingfruit.
gradually.
any
away
any
Water
at
fruit changes
moderately
first,freelyafterwards, less when
seeds
in
in
75"
in Feb. or
in.
2
April or May. w)w
singly
pots
temp.
1 ft. long, " further
shoots when
shoots at the first joint beyond the
colour.
Syringe twice daily until fruit begins to ripen, then cease.
Shade
from hot sun.
when
fruit begins to swell.
Apply liquidmanure
to time fruit is ripe,75" to 85".
Ventilate
when
Temp., March
temp,
it falls below this.
reaches 85", close when
10 years ; gherTTsBPUii
Data
Cucumber,
:
kin,
Longevity of Seeds
afterwards.
in
Protect
light soil in
"
Germinating period 6 to 10 days.

years.
years:
cial
Melons
usually ripen about 120 to 140 days after sowing seeds. Artifiof potash, Ipart
for melons " cucumbers
manures
: 1 part nitrate
dried blood, 2 parts superphosphate," ^ part sulphate of iron.
Dose,
melon,
"
once
a week.
per square
OITLTIVATED:
C. Melo
SFEOIES
(Melon),intro. 1S70; satiTns
Natives
of Tropics.
1573.
yard
oz.
(Cacnmber), intra.
(Gourd; Pumpkin; Squash; VegetableMarrow).

trailingannual edible or orn. fruited
tinct.
Flowers, yellow, male " female disFruit globular,oval, or oblong.
ANB
PUMPKINS:
CULTURE
OF MARROWS
Soil, ordinary,rich.
or
Position, beds in frames, on heaps of decayed manure
refuse, or on
the slope,or, as in beds in open garden
banks, the shoots runningdown
holes with heated manure
formed
by digging out soil 15 in. deep,filling
seeds in a temp, of 55" in April,or
and coveringthis with soil. Sow
intended
in May.
to grow
the plants are
where
Plant, May, under
hand-light,or in June without protection. Pinch out pointsof main
Fertilise
18 in. long; no
shoots when
pinching required afterwards.
Water
first female
blooms; not later ones.
frequentlyafter fruit is set. Iruit for preserving
Apply liquidmanure
till wanted
should be cut when
yellow " then hung up in a dry room
Cucurbita
"
Ord. Oucurbitaceffi.
Half-hardy
1570,
for use.
substitute
Toung
for
shoots
of
and
marrows
gourds may
be
used
as
spinach.
GOURDS:
Soil, rich, ordinary. Position, beds at
fences
or
walls, or on the summit
of banks, shoots
base of low, sunny
the
will
"
former
down
the
latter ; sunny.
or
over
Plant,
growing at
up
Water
freelyin Atj weather.
Apply liquidmanure
June.
occasionally
when
plants are laden with fruit. Gather fruit when yellow, " hang
in dry room.
for use
No
till wanted
of shoots required.
it
CULTURE
OF
pinching_
up
Jin. deep
in April,or where
plants are to grow
CULTIVATED:
SPE0IE8
Trop. Africa; Pepo ovifera
trade
0.
maxima
in light soil in
in May
" June.
temp. 55"
(Pnmpkin), Trop. Asia;
(Vegetable Marrow).
lista.
120
Numerous
Pepo
varietiee,for
to 65"
(Gonrd),
wliioh
see
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYOLOPMDIA
Cunonia.
evergreen
(Red Alder). Ord. Saxifragaceae.Greenhouse
Nat. Cape of Good
Hope. First introduced 1816.
" peat. Position,pots
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts sandy loam
into shape in March.
in light airy greenhouse.
Prune
Pot, March.
Water
Temp., March to
moderately Oct. to March, freelyafterwards.
45" to 50".
in sandy soil under
of firm shoots inserted
bell-glassin temp, of 65"
"
floweringtree.
in
to 75"
summer.
SPKOIES
CULTIVATED
Cup
Cupania.
oapenais, white, Aug., 10 to 20 ft., S. Africa.

Flower
(Cobaâ scandens). See Cobaea.
foliage evergreen
Sapindacese. Stove orn.
C.
"
Ord.
introduced
"
First
trees.
Saucer
and
1818.
Compost, equal parts loam
CULTURE:
peat. Position, pots
"
in
in winter,
freely
moist plant stove.
moderately
habit.
dwarf
maintain
Temp.,
to
a
Prune
other times.
occasionally
55" to 65"; March
Propagate by
Oct. to March
in temp, of
cuttingsof firm shoots inserted in sand under bell-glass
Pot, March.
85" in
Water
summer.
0.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
15 to 20 ft.; grandidens, 20 to
anaoardioides, 20
30
to
30 ft., Australia;
elegantiBsima,
ft., Zanzibar.
(Cyathea arborea). See Cyathea.

(Nierembergiarivularis).See Nierembergia.
Cuphea
(Mexican Oigar Flower). Ord. Lythrarieas. Greenhouse
1845.
deciduous
and
floweringplant. First introduced
evergreen
" sand.
leaf
-mould,
peat
loam,
CULTURE:
in summer.
outdoors
beds
in
in
or
in.
5
6
to
Position,
greenhouse,
pots
Water
moderately Oct.
Pot March
or
April. Plant outdoors in June.
60"
to 70"; Sept.
to
March
afterwards.
Sept.
Temp.,
to March, freely
soil in temp.
in
seeds
sown
light
55".
50"
to
to March
Propagate by
Fern
Cup
Cup-flower
"
"
"
shoots
65" to 75" in March;
cuttings of young
or
in
75"
in temp. 65" to
March, April, Aug.
inserted
in
sandy
soil
2 ft., Mexico;
oyanea,
0. seqoipetala,purple, June,
CULTIVATED:
and
July, 2 to
orange,
liookeriana, Termilion
red, July, 2 ft., Peru;
and
white, July,
3 ft. Mexicoignea (Syn. Cuphea platyoentra),scarlet, black
Mexico;
18
in.,
annual,
blue,
July,
lanoeolata,
white;
1 ft.,Mexico;
ignea alba,
mioropetala,scarlet, white and red, July, 1 ft., Mexico.
caerulea). See Catananche.
SPECIES
yellow and
(Catananche
(Quamoclitvulgaris). See Quamoclit.
Cupid'S-flower
See Silphium.
Plant
(Silphiumperfoliatum)."
Cup
Coniferae.
Ord.
Hardy evergreen
(Cypress)."
Cupressus
Cupidone
"
"
Orn.
white
foliage. Leaves, small
yellow.
CULTtlRE:
Soil, deep
dark
green
or
trees.
variegatedwith
glaucous,
or
or
on
Position, single specimens
loam.
to
shrubberies.
Plant,
Sept.
lawns
or
pleasure grounds, or in mixed
20ft.
Nov.
Distance
apart for plantingin avenues,
soil 3 ft. wide and deep for site, adding
: Trench
CULTURE
HEDGE
Plant shrubs 2 ft. high 2 ft. a,partin
if poor.
little well-roooted manure
planting
Cost
of plants per 100, 30s. ; preparing and
Sept. or Oct.
Ouand
in
in
Sept.
sides
April
Trim
annually
9d.
lineal
yard,
per
"
lawsoniana
good for seaside gardens. Cupressus
macrocarpa
pressus
seeds
Propagate by
suitable for peaty or chalky soils.
maorocarpa
i in
sown
deep
in
Dans
of
rich
light soil
in
April,transplantingseedlings
pbtsfollowing spring,and planting outdoors a year

sinelv into
2 in. long, inserted m
sandy soil
afterwards; by cuttings of branchlets
hand-light,in Sept.
in cold frame, or under
small
121
OP
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
0. fnnobris
(Funeral 0yp"8S), weeping habit, 40 to
(Lawoompaot
habit, 20 to 30 ft., California; lawsoniana
habit, 100 to 150 ft., California, and its Tarieties, alboviridis,
spioa, albo-Tariegata, argentea, argenteo-variegata, aureo-Tariegats, ereota
albo
and
glanoa; maorooarpa
nana
nana
filiformiB, gracilis pendala, lutea, nana,
(Alaska
(Monterey Cypress), spreading habit, 60 to 90 ft., California; noofckatensis
Island, and its varieties,
Oypress), pyramidal habit, 100 to 120 ft., VanoouTer's
SPEOIES
OTTLTITATBD:
BO ft., China; goTeniana,

son'a
Oypress), pyramidal
argenteo-variegata, anreo-yarlegata, compacta, glanca, pendala, variegata, and

Tiridis; obtnsa
(Syn. Betinospora obtusa), spreading habit, 60 to 70 ft., Japan, and
its varieties, albo-piota, aurea,
lyoopodoides,
oompaota, filicoides,graoilis anrea,
plumosa
(Syn. Betinospora plumosa), j"lumosa argentea, plnmosa
nana,
anrea,
and
plumosa tetragonia aurea,
plumosa Tanegata;
pisifera (Syn. Betinoepora
pislfera),slender, graceful habit, 18 to 20 ft.^Japan, and its varieties,filifera,
plumosa, and squarrosa;
sempervlTene, pyramidal habit, 40 to 60 ft., S. Europe,
and
and its varieties horlzontalis
orientalis ; thyoides (Syn, Betinospora eriooides),
the White
its varieties,glanoa (kewensis),
States, and
Cedar, 80 to 90 ft.. United
variegata and leptoclades.
Cups-and-Saucers
(Cobaeascandens)."See Cobaea.
orn.
CurculigO
Amaryllidaceae. Stove
(Weevil-plant).Ord.
1805.
Leaves, strap-like,
foliageplants. First introduced
evergreen
recurved, dark grten,
variegated with vfhite.
CULTUEE
: Compost,
equalparts lumpy peat " loam " little silver
sand.
Water
Position, potsin moist plant stove.
Pot, Feb. or March.
55"
moderately in winter, freely other times.
to 65" ; March
Propagate tiy suckers inserted in
small pots of sandy soil in temp. 85" in March.
gata,
varieSPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. recurvata, 3 to 4 ft.,Trop. Asia; recurvata
variegated foliage.
See Eibes.
Currant.
Pink
Cushion
(Sileneacaulis " Armaria
maritima). See Silene
" Armeria.
Custard
Apple
(Anona reticulata). See Anona.
Ord. Campanulaceae. Hardy
Cyanant!hus.
alpine herbaceous
First
introduced
1844.
perennials.
"
"
"
"
"
Compost, equal parts sandy peat
CULTUEE:
" leaf-mould.
tion,
Posiof
rockeries.
March
Plant,
or
sunny
April.
in severe
weather
with ashes or leaves.
Protect
in sandy peat, in April, May, or June, "
of shoots
2 in. long inserted
d
ivision
under
of fleshyroots in March
kept
or
bell-glass;
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
C. inoanus, aiure-blue, August, 3 to 4 in., Sikkim;
lobatus, purplish blue, August, 4 in., Himalayas.
Ord.
Hsemodoracese.
Cyanella.
Half-hardy bulbous
plants.
First
introduced
Nat. Cape of Good
1768.
Flowers, fragrant.
Hope.
OULTUEE:
Compost, two parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould or
manure.
Position, pots 4J in. in diameter, well drained,
cow
decayed
in cold frame
or
greenhouse. Pot, Oct., placingfive bulbs 2 in. deep in
each pot, " covering pots with cocoauut^fibre
refuse until growth begins.
Water
when
bulbs
to
moderately
begin
keep bulbs dry
grow;
Propagate by offsets in Nov.
Sept. to Jan.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
: 0.
alba, white, July, 1 ft. ; capensis, blue, July, 1 ft.;
Intea, yellow, July, 1 ft.
See Miconia.
Cyanophyilum."
Cyathea
(Tree Fern)."Ord. Filices.
Stove " greenhouse evergreen
First introduced
tree ferns.
1793.
banks
or
crevices
"
"
CULTUEE
._._.
conservatory.
or
of sand.
peat " loam, " abundance
tubs, well drained, in shady stove, greenhouse,
Eepot,
freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept.to March 50"
March,
""
Compost, two-thirds

or
'
Feb.
or
March.
Water
Syringe trunks
to 65" for stove, 45"
122
moderately Oct. to
to Sept.
daily March
to 65" for greenhouse;
OF
ENOYGLOPMDIA
March
in
to
Sept. 65"
to
GAEDENINO.
75" for stove, 55"
to 65"
for
greenhouse. Shade
face'
surPropagate hy spores
any time on
of finely-sifted
loam
" peat in shallow
well-drained
cover
pans;
with sheet of glass," keep moist in shady positionin temp. 75" to 85".
STOYE
SPEOIES:
0. arborea, 15 ft., W.
Indies;
Dregei, 10 to 12 ft., Trop.
20
essential.
summer
GREENHOUSE
ft.. New
Cycas
plants.
at
sown
SPECIES
Zealand.
0.
dealbata, 10 ft.. New
Zealand
medullaris,
15
to
(Sago Palm). Ord. Cycadacese. Stove ornamental-leaved

feather-shaped,dark green.
CULTUEE
:
Compost, two parts turfy loam, one part silver sand.
pots in moist plant stove.
Eepot, Feb. " Mar.
Oct.
afterwards.
Water
to
March, freely
moderately
Temp., March to
75"
revoluta
be stood
55"
65".
to
to
to
March
C.
80";
Sept.
Sept.
may
from
outdoors
in sheltered
June
to
position
Sept. Propagate by seeds
lin.
in
soil
in
85"
90" in March
to
or
April;
sown
light
temp.
deep
in small
obtained
from
of
inserted
suckers
base
pots in temp.
plants
"
Leaves
80" to 85"
at any
SPEOIES
Ohina.
time.
CULTITATED:
0.
oiroinalis,8 ft., B.
revoluta,
Primulacese.
Tuberous-rooted.
Ord.
(Sowbread).
perennial flowering plants.
Cyclamen
Indies;
"
"
Hardy
to
ft.,
house
green-
Deciduous.
1596.
First introduced
Flowers, fragrant.
SPECIES:
CULTURE
OP GREENHOUSE
Compost, two parts loam,
" sand.
Position, pots in greenhouse-Sept. to
one
part leaf-mould
to be above
Repot, Julyor Aug.; corm
May; cold frame other times.
surface
of soil.
Water
growth begins, then
moderately until new
increase supply,decreasingit when
ing
plants have ceased to flower ; keepwhen
to July.
roots nearly dry " cool May
Apply liquidmanure
not
should
be
in flower. Temp., Sept. to April 50" to 55". Corms
from
results obtained
seedling
essential.
plants
loam containing
: Soil,rich, friable
CULTURE
nooks
of
sheltered
of
Position,
leaf-mould.
partiallyshady
plenty
in.
2
3
or
trees.
or
Plant,
under
apart
in
turf
Aug.
Sept.,
rockeryor
"' rich soil annually after
manure
cow
" li in. deep. Top-dress with
soil
far
corms.
old
as
as
May also be
die
first
leaves
removing
down,
grown
for
one
two
than
years.
from
Shade
old.
year
SPECIES
OF HARDY
Best
more
sun
cold greenhouse or frame.

kinds
J in. deep " 1 in. apart in
by seed sown
Propagate greenhouse
55"
of
in
soil
Aug. to Nov., or Jan. to
welWrained
temp,
pans of light
seeds
sown
similarlyin cold frame in Oct.
March; hardy speciesby
surface
of
or
Nov., transplantingseedlings followingspring. Cover
moist.
soil
to
uniformly
with layer of moss
keep
soil in seed pans
to germinate.
Seeds take several weeks
SPEOIES
0. laBfolium (Syn. persioum), red, white, etc.,winter,
GREENHOirSB
:
6 to 8 in., Asia Minor.
grown
HABDT
in
pots
or
SPEOIES:
pans
C.
in
afrioanum,
red
and
white,
autumn,
in.,
N.
Africa;
red,
and
Asia
Minor;
europffium,
and
March, 4 in., Greece
red, Feb.
iberioum
i in., Europe;
(Syn. 0. vernum), red, Feb. and March, 3 in.,
autumn,
i in., Europe;
neapolitanum album, white;
Caucasus; neapolitanum, red, autumn,
Atkinsii,
to May, 4 in., S. Europe;
repandum (Syn. hedera'folium), rosy red, March
purple and white, winter, 3 in., a hybrid.
Coum,
Cyclamen-flovwered
Daffodil
(Narcissuscyclamineus).
"
See Narcissus.
CyclObOthra.
Cycnoches
deciduous orchids.
"
See Calochortus.
(Swan's-neckOrchid).
First
introduced
123
"
1830.
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging

Water
growth begins
freely from time new
baskets, well drained.
CULTUBE
times.
little other
Temp., March
60" to 70".
Growing period,Feb.
Sept. to March
at base of new
Flowers
appear
Keating period,Sept. to Feb.
bulb.
Propagate by division of plants at potting time.
fall
until leaves
65" to 85";
off; very
to
Sept.
to
Aug.
pseudo-
0.
Orohid), yellow, snmmer,
anreum
oaLTITATED:
(Golden Swan
pentadaotylon, yellow
ohlorooliilain, yellow, Jane, Demerara;
America;
Brazil.
brown, various
seasons,
SPECIES
Central
and
Cydonia.
CymbidJum.
First
"
See
Pyrus.
Stove
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
1789.
Flowers, fragrant.
"
introduced
terrestrial
orchids.
Compost, equal parts rough fibrypeat, sphagnum moss,

Water
Kepot, Feb. or March.
to
March
in
in
winter.
Sept. 65"
freely summer,
moderately
Temp.,
March
to Aug.
65".
to 85"; Sept. to March
60" to
Growing period.
at base of pseudo-bulb
Flowers
Besting period,Sept. to Feb.
appear
last formed.
Propagate by division of plant at potting time.
CTJLTUKE
" sand.
Position, pots, well drained.
India
and
C.
OITLTiyATED
Ceylon ;
aloifolium, purple, autumn,
:
and
white
eburno-lowlanum, creamy
yellowish white, autumn,
Assam;
white
and
crimson, spring, hybrid; eburnum,
yellow, Feb. and Ifarch, Khasya;
giganteum, yellow, purple and crimson, winter, Nepaal; grandiflonun, yellow,
Feb.
and
and
yellow, cream,
purple, winter, Sikkim; lowianum,
maroon,
onmson,
and
Lowio-eburnum,
March, Burma;
white, Feb., hybrid; Parishii, white, orange,
and purple, summer,
Moulmein;
tigrinum, yellow, red, and crimson-purple, spring,
traoeyanum,
Burma;
yellow and crimson, winter, Burma.
Cynara,
(Cardoon; Globe Artichoke). Ord. Comôsitss. Hardy
herbaceous
flower heads of artichoke
used as a
perennials. Immature
cardoon
also
blanched
stalks
and
mid
ribs
of
of
leaves
vegetable;
SPECIES
dayanum,
"
edible.
CULTUBE
tion,
OF
CABDOON:
Soil, light,deep rich ordinary.. Posiin.
12
18
and
trenches
in.
wide, and
Prepare
deep,
open
sunny.
Fork
in.
of
in
6
to
centre
rotten
4ft. apart from
Oct.
centre
manure
into the soil in bottom
of trench.
The third week
in April spread 2
Sow
the seeds in
to 3 in. of light vegetable mould
along the trench.
patches of three or four, 1 in. deep k 18 in. apart, along the centre of
Thin
trench.
seedlingswhen 3 in. high to one in each patch. Place
to each plant when
the leaves looselyto
a stake
a foot high, "
secure
In Aug. draw
this.
the leaves tightlytogether,carefullywind a small
with mould.
Plants are sufficiently
weeks
be
after earthing up.
Seeds may
in a 3 in. pot filled with
55"
in
two
sown
soil,
ordinary
temp.
placed
oS in April, " planted out in May.
to 65" in March, hardened
Market
Culture:
Same
above.
advised
as
Market
and
trim
as
for celery; sell by the dozen
roots.
OF
CULTUBE
GLOBE
ABTICHOKE
: Soil, deep rich loam, liberally
and
manured
trenched
three
spits deep. Position, open " sunny.
Plant
suckers, i.e.,offshoots,4 in. deep in triangulargroups 9 in. from
4 ft. asunder, early in April. Keep
plant to plant,2 ft. apart in rows
well
watered
first season.
In Nov.
surround
each
plant with dry
litter " in severe
weather
with
cover
similar material^
uncovering in
mild weather.
Fork
surface
in March,
over
" mulch
vdth
hayband
blanched
round
for
each plant "

cooking eight
cover
decayed
manure.
Apply liquid manure
freely to"
establish
plants during
Gather
flower heads for use when
fullydeveloped. Seaweed
excellent manure.
an
Apply in spring. Eeplant bed every four years.
in April. Seeds do not ripen
Propagate by offsets or suckers removed
in England.
summer.
^04
ENCYGLOPMDIA
OF
GARDENING.
See
Cypress.
Cnpressus.
Oak
Cypress
(Quercus pedunculata fastigiata).See Quercus.
See Euphorbia.
Cypress
Sponge
(Euphorbia Cyparissias).
Vine
See
Cypress
Ipomaea.
(Ipomaea Quamoclit).
Cypripedium
(Lady's Slipper; Mocassin-flower)." Ord. OrchiFirst introduced
1731.
daceae.
Stove, greenhouse, " hardy orchids.
OF
STOVE
CULTURE
SPECIES:
Compost, two parts rough fibry
" sand.
Position, pots or pans drained
peat, one part sphagnum moss
to Sept. 65"
of their depth. Eepot, April. Temp., March
one-third
Water
60" to 65".
freely April to Aug.,
"
"
"
"
moderately
CULTTOE
afterwards.
OP
GREENHOUSE
"
Compost
SPECIES:
position,
freelyApril to Aug. moderately

50" to
other times.
Temp., March to Sept. 60" to 65"; Stept.to March
is.finished.
when
Flowers
55".
growth
appear
OP
HARDY
CULTURE
SPECIES
: Compost,
equalparts loam, leafsame
as
road
mould,
nooks
above.
on
Propagate
Repot, April.
grit "
small
stones.
Plant, March
rockery.
all the
Water
speciesby
Position, partiallyshady sheltered

or
division
April.
of the
Water
roots
at
in
dry
weather.
ing
potting or plant-
time.
STOVE
SPECIES:
0. Argus, rose, white, and
purple, June, Philippines; herand
and
purple,
batum, -white and purple, March
April, Malaya ; bellatulum, white
callosum, white
and
Bozallii, green
May, Burma;
purple, Dec. to Feb., Burma;
and
and
Charlesworthii,
white, autumn,
rose
China;
purple, Deo. to Feb., Cochin
white
and purple, Feb.,
to May,
Burma;
dayanum,
conoolor, white, March
Burma;
white
and
niveum, white and rose,
Borneo;
lanrenoianum,
purple, April, Borneo;
brown,
March,
Borneo;
rothschildianum,
sprinsT, Malaya;
yellow, purple and
and
red, Oct., Himalayas.
and
superbiene, white
purple, Nov.; venustum,
green
of these,
for a very
brief selection
We
STOVE
HYBRIDS
only find space
can
:
and
crimson
yellow ; dominicalypso, white
red, and
;
namely, calurlum, green,
and
and red; SchroderBe, red,
brown;
leeanum, white, mauve
yellow, green
anum,
and
purple; selligerum, white
purple, white, and crimson; Sedenii, white, crimson
and
crimson.
GEEENHOtrSE
Khasia:
insigne
white
C.
and
yellow ;
purple, winter, Moulmcin.
derianum,
and
insigne, white, purple and brown, Deo. to Feb.,

purple; insigne Sanderro, yellow; insigne san; villosum, brown
spicerianum, white and purple, autumn, Assam
SPECIES
Maulei,
C. Calceolus
HAKDT
SPECIES
(Lady's Slipper), yellow, summer,
Europe
;
and
Siberia; macranpurple, N. America
(Britain); guttatum, white, rose, and
white, and
Japan;
pint, summer,
thum, purple, June, Siberia; japonicum, green,
pubescens, yellow and purple, June,
parviflorum, yellow and red, June, N. America;
N. America;
speotabile, rose and white, May, N. America.
ing
Cyrilla, (Leatherwood). Ord. Cyrilleae.Hardy evergiieen flowerFirst
shrub.
Flowers, borne in tufts on the ends of old wood.
1765.
introduced
nooks.
" peat. Position, warm,
sheltered
CULTURE:
Soil, loam
Plant, Sept. or April. Propagate by cuttingsin silver sand under bell"
glass in temp. 55"
to 65".
6 ft., S.TJ. States.

raccmiflora, white, summer,
Ord.
bulbous
Greenhouse
CyrtanthUS.
Amaryllidaceae.
First
introduced
1774.
Flowers,
fragrant.
plants.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part sand " peat. Posi
tion, well-drained
pots on shelf in light greenhouse. Pot bulbs in
in.
2
to Oct., very little other
Oct. or Nov.,
deep. Water freelyMarch
50"
to
to
times.
55"; April to Nov. 60" to 65".
April,
Temp., Nov.
in
offsets
Nov.
Propagate by
CULTIVATED:
0. oarneus,
1 ft., S. Africa; oollinuB,
SPECIES
red, summer,
guineus,
red, Aug., 1 ft., 6. Africa; Mackenii, white, Deo. to March, 1 ft., Natal; san1 ft., S. Africa.
red, summer,
SPECIES
OuLTIVATBD
C.
"
Cyrtochilum,
"
See
Oncidium.
126
MNOYCLOPMDIA
Cyrtonnium."
See
Cyrtopodium.
First
introduced
CULTURE
OF
Aspidium.
Ord.
"
OAMDENING.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
epiphytal orchida.
1804.
Compost, two parts rich, fibrous loam " decayed manure.

Position, large pots or pans, well drained, in plant stove.
Pot, March
Water
wards
or
April.
freelyApril to Aug., moderately Aug. to Nov., after70" to 80"; Sept. to
to Stept.
keep nearly dry. Temp., March
March
60" to 70".
to Aug.
Resting period,
Growing period, March
Flowers
with
new
growth.
Propagate by
appear
Aug. to March.
division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
:
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Brazil; Ander0. ilioese,yellow and brown, autumn,
Indies ; cardiocliilum, yellow and
fionl,yellow and
spring. West
green,
green,
Deo. to Maroh, India; punotatum,
yellow, red, and purple, April and May, West
Indies.
Cystopteris
(Bladder Fern)."
Ord.
Filices.
Hardy
deciduous
ferns.
with pieces
Soil, rich, deep, sandy loam, freely mixed
dried mortar.
shady sheltered
or
moderately in dry weather.
rockery. Plant, March
April. Water
CULTURE
of limestone
or
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts good loam, one part leaf -soil
in cold frame
mixed
with old mortar
sand.
or
Position, well drained
cold greenhouse in shade.
or
or
freely
April. Water
Repot, March
wards.
afterto
to
Nov.,
nearly
dry
keeping
April
Sept., moderately Sept.
in
soil
surface
of
fine
sandy
sown
on
Propagate by spores
with sheet of glass, " place in cold frame
shallow boxes or pans, cover
or
at any
time; division of plant in March
April.
and
Asia
bulbiSPECIES
Minor;
CULTIVATED:
0. alpina, 4 to 6 m., Europe
fragalis, 6 to 8 in., and Its varieties angustata and
fera, G to 12 in., N. America;
N. America.
6 to 8 in., Europe and
dlckeana, Europe (Britain), eto. ; montana,
duous
"
Greenhouse
hardy deciCytiSUS
(Broom). Ord. Leguminosae.
"
evergreen
CULTURE
OP
floweringshrubs.
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts turfy
Position, pots in greenloam, one
house.
part lumpy peat " sharp sand.
to within
2 in. of base
Prune
shoots
Pot, May or June.
directlyafter flowering," place plants in temp. 50" to 55" to make new
growth before potting. Place plants in sunny positionoutdoors from
to May,
end of July to Oct. to ripen growth. Water
freelyMarch
wards.
moderately during May " June, freely June to Nov., moderately afterto plants during time
Apply weak liquidor artificial manure
they are in flower. Temp., Nov. to Feb. 45" to 50"';Feb. to May 50"
to
55"; May
GREENHOUSE
55"
June
HARDY
OP
C. Ardoini;
to
to 60".
SPECIES
for C. albus, kewensis,
borders
shrubbery
rockery
C. purpureus, prsecox,
scoparius andreanus, " choice kinds; rough
Prune
banks, woodlands, etc., for C. scoparius. Plant Oct. to Dec.
base
of promising
old
shoots
to
after
shortening
flowering,
directly
C. prsecox, C.
ones.
Transplant best when young.
purpureus,
young
excellent pot plants for floweringearly in cold
" C. andreanus, make
greenhouse.
shoots
3 in.
Pbopagate
greenhouse speciesby cuttings of young
inserted
branches
in
of
attached,
small
sandj soil
portions
long,with
CULTURE
for
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 80" in March,

deep in well-drained pots of lightsoil in
April,or May; seeds sown
March
by seeds sown
J in. deen out
; hardy species
temp. 65" to 70" in
Oct.
or
in
Nov.;
graftingin March or
doors in March
or
April;layers
in well-drained
pots
under
J in.
127
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYGLOPJEDIA
banks
on
Brown
be scattered broadcast
Seeds of Common
may
kinds
increased
" the choice
in woodlands;
by cuttings in cold
brooms
true to colour.
This ia the only way to rear
frame
in Sept.
SPECIES
GREENHOUSE
filipM,wMte, March, 4 to 6 ft..Canaries ; fragrans
: 0.
2 to 3 ft.,Canaries; fragrans elegans, yellow,
(Syn. C. raoomosa), yellow, summer,
4 ft. ; fragrans everestianus, ricll yellow.
0.
albus
HAUDY
SPECIES:
(White Spanish Broom), white. May, 6 to 8 ft.,
incarnatus, reddish; Ardoinl, yellow, spring, 4 to 6 ft.. Maritime
Spain; albus
white. May, prostrate,
Alps; biflorus,yellow. May, 3 ft., E. Europe; kewensis, creamy
yellow.
creamy
prsccoi,
hybrid; nigricans, yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft., Europe;
scoparis
May, 4 to 6 ft., hybrid; purpurens, purple. May, prostrate, ". Europe;
(Britain); scoparius sulBroom), yellow, April to July, 5 to 10 ft., Europe
(Common
andreanus)^ yellow
(Syn. Genista
phureus, sulphur yellow; scoparius andreanus
and
crimson, hybrid.
green
EverDaboecia
(Irish St. Dabeoc's
Heath). Ord. Ericaceae.
April.
or
"
floweringshrub.
banks
CULTUEE;
Position, sunny
Compost, sandy peat " loam.
rockeries.
Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propagate by
or
under
hand-light;layersof
cuttingsinserted in sandy soil in summer
in autumn.
shoots
SPECIES
polifolia (Syn. Menziesia
D.
CULTIVATED:
ft., Europe
(Ireland)
; polifolia alba,
(Cock's-foot Grass). Ord.

Leaves, variegated with white.
DactyliS
grass.
CULTURE:
in
borders
or
April,3
purple, July,
polifolia),
white.
Graminese.
"
Hardy
orn.
Soil, ordinary.
Position, margins of flower beds or
mixed
with bedding plants. Plant, Oct.
or
shade, or
sun
to 6 in.
apart. Propagate by division of plants in
Oct.
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
glomerata
D.
variegata, leaves
slWcry,
to
in.,
Britain.
DseiYlonoropSp
palms
Ord.
"
for table
Useful
Palmacese.
Stove
ornamental-leaved
decoration.
" sand.
leaf-mould
trained
with
shoots
or
a
Position, pots
young
Pot
in
March.
Water
or
freely in
large.
plant
up pillarswhen
moist
in
winter.
atmosphere
Syringe dailv;
summer,
moderately
essential.
Temp., March to Oct. 75" to 85"; Oct. to March 60" to 65".
in above
compost in spring.
CULTIVATED:
D.
Draco,
SPECIES
Malaya;
grandis, Malaya;
jenkinsianus,
India; lewisianus, Penang; palembicus, Sumatra.
Daffodil.
See Narcissus.
Garlic
Daffodil
(Allium neapolitanum). See Allium.
Daffodil
Lily (Amaryllis belladonna).See Amaryllis.
Ord.
tuberousDahlia.
Compositae.
Half-hardy herbaceous
introduced
rooted perennials. Nat. Central
Mexico.
First
America,
Flower
1789.
large, circular; florets,quilled;colour,
Types." Show:
tint.
all one
Fancy: Flower, large, circular; florets,quilled;colour,
florets
tipped, striped or flaked different tint to ground colour.
Cactus
; Flower,
high in centre, circular ; florets,
long, narrow,
pointed,
cular
not quilledor fluted, reflexed at edges. Pompon : Flower, small, cirflorets and colours
like those of show and fancy types. Single;
Flower, circular ; florets,broad, flat,eight in number, overlappingeach
other, rounded, recurving at tips.
:
Flower, semiTom
florets, broad; inner ones,
short and
double, outer
narrow.
1 to 2 ft. ; flowers, single. Decorative
Thumb
: Habit, dwarf,
: Flower,
semi-double;
florets, flat.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
Soil, ordinary, well enriched with manure.
:
CULTURE
Compost, equal parts loam, peat,
state; in beds
in
tubs
"
"
"
"
Paeony-flower^
Position, open
sunny
beds
or
borders.
128
Plant
tubers
3 in.
deep in
ENCYCLOPEDIA
April,or
start
outdoors
in
May
flower
buds
July;
them
OF.
to grow
or
to
June.
one
on
in pots in temp. 55" in March, planting

Thin
each
shoots to three on
plant in
each shoot in Aug.
manure
liquid
Apply
in July, Aug., " Sept.

occasionally
in Oct.,
Elace
down
GASDMNING.
just covering them
Lift " store tubers in frost-proof

with soil or cocoauut-fibre
refuse,
ut
stems
to within
6 in. of tubers
before lifting. Tubers
may
be left in the ground all the
round
on
dry soils, if surface is
year
covered
with a layer of cinder-ashes
CTTLTUEE
IN
POTS:
Compost, two parts turfy loam, one
part
decayed
Place tubers in well-drained

manure.
6 in. pots in March,
temp. 55". Water
moderately " keepclose to glass. Transfer to 8
pots in May. Stand plantsoutdoors in June.
Apply liquidmanure
in
in.
in
July. Thin shoots to three on each plant; flower buds to one on each
shoot in Aug.
Withhold
water
in frostafter flowering" store away
proof
soil in temp.
place. Propagate by seeds sown
în. deep in light65" to 75" in March;
cuttings of shoots 3 in. long issuingfrom tubers,
inserted in 2 in. pots of sandy soil,in temp. 65" to 70" in Feb., March,
or
or
April; division of tubers in March
April; grafting shoots on
tubers in autumn
or
spi-ing.
4 ft. (parent of Single
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D. ooooinea, scarlet, autumn,
5 ft. ; imperialis, white, lilac and
Dalilia); graoilis,orange-soarlet, autumn,
red,
3 ft.;
Oct., 10 to 13 ft.; Yuareai
(parent of Cactus
Dahlias), scarlet, autumn,
and
Mercki, lilac and
yellow, Oct., 3 ft., "variabilis (parent of Show,
Fancy,
ft. ; Zinnpani
4
Pompon
Dahlias), scarlet, autumn,
(Black Dahlia), Syn. Bidens
and
Latter
atrosanguinea, black
crimson, July, 3 ft., Mexico.
requires to be
treated
like ordinary
speoies. For Tarieties see trade lists.
Dahurian
See Campanula.
Bell-flower
(Campanula dahurica).
"
Bindweed
Dahurlan
(Calystegiadahurica).
"
Daisy
(Bellisperennis). See Bellis.
Daisy-busFl
Haastii). See
(Olearia
See
Calystegia.
"
Olearia.
Stove
"
Dalechampia.
shrubs.
First
rich carmine,
CULTURE
Ord.
introduced
"
fragrant;
rose,
Euphorbiaceae.
green
flowering ever-
Bracts,
Flowers, insignificant.
1867.
summer.
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould,
Position, shady part of plant
Pot, March.
stove.
sand.
"
moderately
Water
55" to 65";
Sept.to April, freelyafterwards.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy
March
peat
under
bell-glassin March,
8PE0IES
D.
CULTIVATED:
Crocus
Dalmatian
Damask
Dame's
Dame's
"
"
"
See Taraxacum.
(Taraxacum officinalis).
Poppy
(Papaver somniferum). See Papaver,
(Sambucus ebulus). See Sambucus.
"
"
Dane'S-blOOd
"
Daphne
(Garland flower;
Greenhouse
Thymelaceae.
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE
part peat
June
Sept.to
March
Water
"
Spurge Laurel;
hardy
evergreen
Mezereon).
flowering
"
Ord.
shrubs.
SPECIES:

Position, airy greenhouse from Sept. to June,
shoots
Pinch
out pointsof young
Sept. Pot, Feb.
afterwards.
to
April, freely
Temp.,
moderately Sept.
GREENHOUSE
OF
outdoors
in June.
See Crocus.
"
See Prunus.
"
Danebrog
one
(Crocus dalmaticus).
(Bosa damascena). See Eosa.

(Hesperismatronalis). See Hesperis.
(Hesperismatronalis). Stee Hesperis.
Rose
Rocket
Violet
Damson.
Dandelion
in temp. 85"-
April, or May,
roezliana, 12 in., Mexico.
sand.
"
to
40"
to 50"; March
to
129
Sept.
55"
to
65".
Propagate by
F
ENCYCLOPEDIA
cuttingsof
pans
March
side
Nov., in well-drained
pots
to 55"; layers in
D. laurcola " D. ponticain spring.

HAKDY
SPECIES
: Skjil,
sandy peat. Position,
of rockeries for trailing
of rockery
species;summit
OF
drooping
front
over
for
border
open
Increased
or
April; graftingon
or
CULTURE
or
inserted, in Oct.
shoots
sandy peat under
of
or
GARDMNING.
OF
erect
species. Plant, Oct., Nov., March,
April.
or
layeringshoots
in autumn.
by
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
D. odora, purple, Uarch, 2 to 3 ft.,Japan.
HABDT
SPECIES:
D. alpina, white. May, 3 ft., S. Europe;
blagyana, vUte,
April, 10 in., Carnlola; cneorum
(Garland
Flower), pink, April, 1 ft., S. Europe;
mesereum
(Mezereon), red or
white, Feb., 3 ft., Europe
(Britain); Lanreola
(Spurge Laurel), yellow, Jan., 3 ft., Europe (Britain); pontica, yellow, April,
4 ft., Orient.
River
Pea
See SwainDarling
(Swainsoniaua coronilliflora)."
soniana.
Darling^tonia
Hardy
(Californian
Pitcher-plant).Ord.
foliageplant. Insectivorous.
Sarraceneaceae.
First iutro-
"
herbaceous
orn.
duoed
of leaves, hood-like, bright

1861.
Pitchers, borne on summit
"
mottled
with
white
pink.
green,
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, chopped
Position, under
sphagnum, sharp sand, " small piecesof limestone.
in
Feb.
March.
Water
or
freelyat
hand-light shady greenhouse. Pot,
Ventilate
all times.
March
to Sept.
hand-light daily.
Syringe daily
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Compost, spongy fibrous peat " chopped
Position, damp, by side of stream, or in bog exposed
sphagnum moss.
pagate
but
sheltered from
cold winds.
Plant, March
or
to sun,
April; Prosurface of mixture
of fibrous peat, charcoal,
on
by seeds sown
" covered
with a
sphagnum " sand in a pan stood partly in water
bell-glassin cool greenhouse in April or May; division of side shoots
time of year.
inserted in small pots at any
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
oalifornioa,white, April, 13 in., California.
: D.
shrubs.
Ord.
Darwlnia.
Myrtaceae. Greenhouse
evergreen
"
1820.
First introduced
CULTURE
:
Position,
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, " sand.
well-drained pots in airy greenhouse. Pot firmly in Feb. or March.
to Sept.
Prune, Feb.
Water
moderately Sept. to March, freelyMarch
to
40" to 50"; March
March.
or
Sept. 50" to
Temp., Stept.to March
shoots
2 or 3 in. long, inserted
60".
in sardy peat under
bell-glassin temp. 40" to 50" in April or May.
CULTIVATED:
D. fimbriata, rose,
June, 5 ft., Australia;
SPECIES
teîa (Syn. Genotyllis tulipifera),crimson. May, 3 ft., Australia.
Darwin's
Barberry
(BerberisBarwinii). See Berberis.
macroa-
"
Dasylirion.
foliage.
Ord.
Liliaceae.
introduced
1835.
"
First
Orn.
Greenhouse
evergreen
plants.
Leaves, glaucous green,
with
spiny margins.
CULTURE
Compost,
two
parts loam
"
peat,
one
sand.
Position,
in beds
airy greenhouse,dwelling-rooms,or
March.
Feb.
Water
little
Oct. to
or
firmly
very
May to Sept.
afterwards.
March
40"
to
to 50"; March
March, freely
Temp., Sept.
in
seeds
60".
sown
to Sept. 50" to
Propagate by
sandy peat in well
pots
or
tubs
in
outdoors
'
Pot
drained
April,
SPECIES
10
or
pans
or
pots under
to
60"
in March,
May.
CULTIVATED:
ft., Mexico;
Palm
Date
Date-Plum
Hookeri,
D. aorotriohnm,
ft., Mexico.
to
ft., Mexico;
(Phronix dactylifera).See Phoenix.

"
virginica).See Diospyros.
(Diospyros
"
130
glauoophylluM,
BNOYCLOPMBIA
OP
Datisca.
GARDENING.
Ord.
Datisoeae.
(False Hemp).
Hardy herbaceous
Male " female
foliage. First introduced 1739.
borne on separate plants. Leaves, pinnate,green.
owers
CULTURE:
Soil, deep rich, ordinary. Position, open " sunny
border.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, " April. Female
plant most
effective. Propagateby seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in fine soil outdoors
in March, April, or May, transplantingseedlingsto permanent positions
"
Orn.
Serennial.
any
SPEOIBS
Asia.
time.
OTTLTITATBD:
Datura
hardy
",
D.
oannalina, greenish white,
(Thorn Apple; Trumpet Flower)." Ord.

greenhouse annuals, shrubs,
"
3 to
summer,
ft., W.
Half-
Solanacese.
trees.
CULTURE
OP
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
Position,
Soil, light sandy.
borders
annuals
outdoors.
Plant,
May.
Propagate
by seed
sunny
in
sown
I-in. deep in lightsandy soil in well-drained
pots
temp. 55" to
65" in March
or
April, " transfer the seedlingsto small pots-until
planting time.
CULTURE
OF
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
:
Compost, equal parts loam,
.fibrous peat, Têll decomposed
" silver sand.

Position, pots,
manure,
borders
well drained
in sunny
Pot
or
greenhouse.
plant,
Water
to
Prune
Oct.
little
Oct.
March.
or
March,
freely Sept.
very
to Sept.
45" to 55", March
freelyafterwards.
55" to 65".
to
Place
outdoors
in
June
position
Sept.
plants
sunny
occasionallywhilst plants are in flower. Propagate
Apply liquid manure
shrubby speciesby cuttings of shoots 6 in. long inserted in sandy
soil under
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75" in spring or autumn.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
D. ceratooanla, white, July, 3 ft.. Trop. America;
fastuosa,
hlue
2
and
white ;
ft.. Tropics ; fastuosa
white, summer,
flore-pleno, double
fastuosa
rubra, red; strammonium
(Thorn Apple), white, July, 2 ft.,Britain, eto.
SHBTJBBT
D.
SPECIES."
arborea, white, Aug. 7 to 10 ft., Pern;
oornigera
10 ft., Organ
metseloidoB
(Horn of Plenty), creamy
Mountains;
white, summer,
2
ft., California;
(Syn. D. Wrightii), bluish violet, summer,
sanguinea (Syn.
4 to 6 ft.,Peru;
Brugmansia Sanguinea), orange
yellow, summer,
suavclens, white,
fragrant, Aug., 8 to 10 ft., Mexico.
A wellDauCUS
Hardy biennial.
(Carrot). Ord. Umbelliferse.
into
known
to be first introduced
edible rooted vegetable.
Reputed
tubs,
or
"
the Flemings in time of Queen Bess.

Types. Short-horn:
conical.
Roots, short,
Stump-rooted : Roots, medium, blunt at ends.
Intermediate : Root,
a
spindle-shaped,midway in length between
and
and
carrot.
Short-horn
Long-rooted: Roots, long
Long-rooted
England by
"
tapering.
for previous
Soil, deep, rich, " sandy, well manured
main
south
border
for early
for
spot
Position, open
crops,
CULTURE:
crop.
" Aug. ; others in March

in.
9
2 inches
apart when
or
high.
April. Thin seedlingsto
Artificial
"
Nov.
Lift " store roots in frost-proof
place in Oct.
lib., guano,
Kainit, f lb., sulphate of ammonia,
2ilb.;
manures:
minate
apply this quantity to each square rod at time of sowing. Seeds gerfor 4 years.
in 12 to 18 days; retain germinating powers
Crop
in 20 to 24 weeks from date of sowing.
matures
seeds thinly on
Sow
bed of lightrich soil
Hotbeds
FoECiKO
:
ON
covered
Water
hotbed
of manure
by a frame in Jan. or Feb.
a
over
moderately, ventilate by day when temp, reaches 75". Thin seedlings
varieties best for this
inch high. Short-horn
to 3 in. apart, when
an
ones.
Time
to
sow
Short-horn
varieties,Feb.
6 in. "
'
purpose.
MabKet
Gabden
Cultube
Soil, light.
131
Manure
previous
f2
ENOYGLOPJSDIA
autumUj
ploughing
in 15
GARDENING.
OF
tons
of rotten
dung
and
cwts. of kainit
cwts.
sowing apply
superphosphate per acre, "
of
nitrate
soda
month
after sowing. Sow
Horn
a
^cwt.
per acre
varieties in March,
Horn
others in April " May.
Thin
varieties to
6 in. " others
to 9 in. apart. Market
in bunches
of fifteen to thirty
to
size
late
in
bushel
baskets.
Boots
carrots, according
;
bags or
crops
best washed.
of
seed
to
of
50 ft.,
sow
an
81b.; row
Quantity
acre,
1 oz.
500 bushels.
Average yieldper acre, 600 bunches
or
Longevity
of seed, 4 to 5 years.
Cost of thinning per acre,
5s. ; digging,washing,
" bunching, 7s. per doz. bunches;
"
lifting harvesting,22s. to
26s.
of seed, 12 to 18 days. Carrots
Germination
arrive at maturity
24 weeks
after sowing the seed.
Average pricesof carrots per doz.
bunches, 2s. 6d. to 5s. ; per bag or sack, 4s. to 5s.
D. oarota, white, eammer,
SPECIES:
Europe (Britain).
Da.va.llia
Bear's-foot
Fern;
Fern;
Squirrel's-foot
pare's-foot
The
Fern)'. Ord. Filices. Stove " greenhouse evergreen ferns.
rhizomes
of D. bullata are
extensivelyused for training round various
First
fancy objects,as boats, monkeys, etc.,also balls of peat " moss.
introduced
1699.
CULTURE
OF
STOVE
SPECIES:
per
Before
acre.
"
Pot, Feb., March,

part leaf-mould, peat,pounded charcoal, " sand.
or
April. Position, pots or hanging baskets in light part of plant
stove.
Water
moderately Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Temp.,
March
55" to 60"^;
Sept. to March
CULTURE
OF
GREENHOUSE
March
SPECIES
Compost,
same
as
for
April. Position, pots or baskets in

moderatelySept. to March, freely afterwards.
species. Pot,
Water
partialshade.
March
to
Sept.
Temp.,
stove
or
40" to 50''^;
March
to Sept.50" to 60".
gate
Propasurface
of
sandy
peat in pans under bell-glass
spores
in Feb. or March.
temp. 55" to 75" at any time; division of rhizomes
m
SPECIES:
STOVE
D. aouleata, habit
climbing, 6 ft., W. Indies; afBnis, habit
creeping, 9 to 12 ins., Ceylon, .Tava, eto. ; alpina, habit trailing, dwarf, 6 in.,
Java, Borneo, etc.; dissecta, habit
dwarf, .Taya; diTaricata, habit robust, creeping,
N.
habit
India;
free,
elegans, habit very Tigorous, Ceylon, Java, etc.; fijiensis,
hirta
dwarf,
Fiji; heterophylla, habit
evergreen,
creeping,Malay Peninsula;
cristata
(Syn. Microlepia hirta cristata),habit spreading,S. Sea Islands; pallida,
robust
habit
(Syn. D. mooreana), Borneo; tenuifolia veitchiana, habit drooping,
Malaya.
SPECIES:
D. bullata
GREENHOUSE
and
(Squirrel's-foot Fern), habit, dwarf
creeping, Japan ; canariensis
(Hare's-foot Fern), habit robust, Canaries ; Mariesii,
Novse-Zelandiffi
habit
dwarf, deciduous, Japan;
(Syn. Acrophorus hispida),habit.
Blender creeping. New
Zealand;
Tyermanni
(Bear's-footFern), habit, creeping. West
by
sown
on
Africa.
Clematis
David's
(Clematis davidiana)." See Clematis.
David's
See Polygouatum.
Harp
(Polygonatum multiflorumV"
David's-roct
(Celastrus scandens). See Celastrus.
"
Daviesia
Oii. Leguminosae.
Greenhouse
(Australian Hop).
First introduced
1805.
flowering shrubs.
evergreen
CULTURE
; Compost, equal parts loam, peat, "
silver sand.
tion,
Posiwell-drained
Pot
pots in airy greenhouse.
March
or
firmly
"
little Oct. to March,

40" to 50"; March
pagate
Profirm young
shoots inserted in sand under
bell55" in spring; seeds sown
March.
D.
CULTIVATED;
SPECIES
alta, yellow, summer,
3 ft,, Australia;
oordata.
3 ft., Australia;
ulioina, yellow, summer,
2 ft., Australia.
yellow, summer,
See Commelina.
Day-'flower
(Commelina coelestis).
April.
Water
very
by cuttings of
glass in temp. 5(P to
peat in temp. 55" in
"
132
ENOTCLOP^DIA
GARDENING.
OF
oanalioulatum, yellow and

yellow and orange,
fragrant, spring, 18 in., Burma;
1
N.E.
yellow and purple,
ohrysanthum,
Australia;
fragrant, spring,
ft.,
mauve,
1 ft.,
March,
orange,
winter, 4 to 6 ft., Mepanl;
yellow and
ohrysotoxum,
and
Fell., 3 ft., Siam;
miite, Jan. and
Moulmein;
crassinode, magenta-purple
3 ft., Philippines; densiflorum, yellow and
spring,
orange,
Bearei, white, summer,
18
spring, 3_ ft., India ;
in., India;
dsTonianum,
purple and
orange,
cream,
and
May
Falconeri, white, purple and
June, 3 ft., N. India; Farmeri,
orange.
oculatom,
white, pink, and
yellow, April and May, 18 in., India; flmbriatnm
and
orange-yellow and
red, March
April, 4 ft., India; flndlayanum, white, pink,
and
formosnm
yellow, Jan. and
Feb., 18 in., Moulmein;
giganteum, white and
2 ft.,
and
yellow. May, 18 in., Moulmein;
infundibulum, white
yellow, summer,
nobile, white, rosy
Moulmein;
jamesianum, white and red. May, 18 in., Moulmein;
and
purple and
purple, spring,
crimson, winter, 2 ft., India;
Parishii, rose
12 to 18 in., Moulmein;
Fhalsenopsis, autumn, 12 to 18 in., N. Australia; Pierardia,
blush, white, and purple, winter, 18 in., India; primulinum, rosy lilao and yellow,
winter, 12 to 18 in., Burma;
pulohellum (Syn. D. dalhousianum), yellow, rose, and
crimson, spring, 4 to 5 ft., Burma;
yellow and purple, spring,
creamy
speoiosum,
12 in., Australia;
and
rose
superbiens, magenta
purple, spring, 3 to 4 ft., Fhilip'
wardianum,
pines; thyrsiflorum, white, pink, and
spring, 2 ft.,Burma;
orange,
white, purple and yellow, winter, 2 ft., Assam.
crimson
and
OULTIVATISD:
HTBRIDS
Ainsworthii, white
purple, spring;
dominianum,
purple and
Ourtisii, white, purple, and yellow, fragrant. May;
rosy
white, rose, purple and
yellow, winter, and
white, spring; nobile-wardianum,
others
many
to
found
be
lists.
in
Flatyclinis.
(Cedrus Deodara). See Cedrus.
ord
Pink
Deptf
(Qianthus armeria). See Dianthus.
Rod
Desert
(Eremostachya laciniata).See Eremostachys.
Ord.
flowering
Desfontania.
Logauiaceae. Hardy evergreen
First introduced
shrub.
1853.
Leaves, oval, dark shiny green, with
spiny margins.
tion,
Posiloam.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
sheltered
borders
Plant. Oct.,
outdoors, or against south wall.
Nov., or April.
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
: Compost, equal parts peat, loam, char-'
Dendrochilum.
See
"
DeOCla.r
"
"
"
"
borders.
Pot or
or
wards.
afterOct.
to
March,
or
freely
April.
plant, March
moderately
well"
loam
inserted
m
in
sandy peat
65"
in
55"
to
in
drained
bell-glassor hand-light temp.
pots under
coal,
sand.
"
pots, tubs,
Water
spring.
OULTITATED
SPECIES
ncsffl.
Hardy
D.
"
stove
and
floweringshrubs.
gyrans)pinnate;leaflets
sunshine.
CULTURE
spinosa,scarlet
yellow,Aug., 2
(Tick Trefoil; Telegraph
Desmodium
OP
STOVE
move
rapidly up
SPECIES
to 4 ft..Chili.
Plant)."Ord.
Legumi-
Leaves
of stove species(D.
and down, especiaUy during
Compost, equal parts peat,loam,.
Pot, Feb. or March.

Position, pots in plant stove.
"
afterwards.
to
Oct.
Feb.,
freely
Temp., Sept. to
Water
moderately
65"
to
75".
March
to
55"
to
65";
March
Sept.
SPECIES
HARDY
OF
Position, open
: Soil, ordinary.
CULTURE
silver
sand.
Plant, Oct. or Nov.

borders.
Propagate stove speciesby seeds
75"
soil
in
to 80" in Feb. or
March, or by
in light sandy
temp.
sown
under
in
in
bell-glass temp. 75" to 80" in
saindy
peat
cuttingsinserted
division
of plants in autumn.
March
or
April; hardy species by
D.
SPECIES:
(Telegraph
Plant),
violet,July, 2 to S ft.,India.
STOVE
gyrans
SPECIES
(Tick Trefoil),
purple, July, 3 ft.,N. America.
: D. oanadense
HARDY
Deutzia
(Japanese Snow-flower). Ord. Saxifragaceae. Hardy
deciduous
floweringshrubs.
sunny
"
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
134
Position,
sunny,
well-
MNCrCLOPMDIA
drained
that
OF
border.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
flowered only.
CULTURE
OF
D. GRACILIS:
have
POT
part decayed
trame
Nov.
"
manure
sand.
Prune, June, shorteningshoots
Compost,
Pot. Oct.
Feb.; greenhouse Feb.
to
GASDENING.
Water
to
or
May;
two
parts loam,
one
Nov.
Position, cold
outdoors
afterwards.
very little Oct. to Feb., moderatelyFeb. to April, freely April

to Oct.
-Temp., Feb. to May 55" to 65". Plants will flower in cold
greenhouse without
heat if desired.
Plant
out deutzias
that have
flowered
heat
in
ofiengarden for a year, then lift " repot, to flower

again. Propagate by cuttingsof young shoots, 3 in. long, inserted in
sandy
in
soil under
shoots, 10 to
Dec, or Jan.
in cold
bell-glass
long, inserted
12 in.
frame
in June
or
July, also of firm
in ordinary soil outdoors
in Nov.,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D. crenata, white, June, 6 ft.,Japan;
florecrenata
pleno extua
white
and
purpurea,
gracilis, white, April, 2 ft., Japan;
rosoj
gracilis folius aureis, leaves variegated with yellow ; Lemoinei, white. May, a ft
hybrid; soabra, white, June, 6 ft.,Japan.
,
Devil-in-a-Bush
Devonshire
Devonshire
(Nigelladamasceua)."See Nigella.
(Myrica Gale)."See Myrica.
Oalc
(Quercus Cerris var. Lucombeana).
Myrtle
"
See
Quercus.
Dew
See Ribea.
Berry
(Eibes caesius)."
Dianella
Paroo
(Flax Lily;
Lily)."Ord.
flbrouBrrooted
perennials.
1731.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
:
Orn.
Liliaceae.
Half-hardy
troduced
foliage" fruitingplants. First in-
tion,
Compost, equal parts loam " peat. PosiEngland only. Plant, Oct., March, or
sheltered borders; S. of
April.
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
: Compost,equal parts peat. loam, leafmould, " sand.
greenhouse.
pots in unhealed
Pot, Feb.. March, or April. Water
moderately Sept. to March, freely
afterwards.
temp. 55"
Propagate by
to 65" in
seeds
sown
1-16 in.
spring; division of fibrous
deep
in
light soil
in
March.
2 ft.,Australia; lievis,blue,
roots
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
blue, May,
: T). ccerulea,
spring, S ft., Australia.
Dianthus
(Carnation; Pink; Picotee;
Oct.
or
Sweet
William; Tree,
Malmaison
American
Carnation;
Carnation; Indian and
Perpetual,
Chinese Pink). Ord. Caryophyllaceae.Hardy perennialsand biennials.
TYPES.
Florists' Carnation
Bizarres :
Flowers
:
perfectlyround.
Ground
colour
with
another
colour.
one
shade, marked
or
striped
Flakes:
Ground
colour of one
Selfs:
shade, flaked with other colours.
One shade of colour only. Picotee : Ground
colour of one
tint,edged
Border
Carnation
or
: Stelf-coloured,
margined with another.
striped
or
some
clove-scented. " robust
flaked,laced or fringed,free flowering,
tions
Margaret or Marguerite Carnation : A race of hybrid carnagrowers.
with fringed,fragrant ftowers of all shades of colour.
Jacks : A
of coarse-growing,
kinds, grown
race
mostly single-flowered
largelyfor
sale by costers.
Pinks : Show
broad
or
Laced, petalsfinely-fringed,
ends white with a velvet eye. or a velvet eye with laced velvet edges,"
Williams
Show
white
Sweet
centre.
a
:
type, smooth
edged petals
with datk centres ; Auricula-eyed,
rounded
smooth-edged petals,white eye. surother tints.
with crimson
or
Tree, Perpetual, or American
tall ; flowers, self, stripedor flaked, appearing all
Carnation
: Habit,
Malmaison:
round.
Habit, sturdy; flowers large,selfthe year
"
"
coloured.
135
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CULTURE
OF
AND
CARNATIONS
decayed turfy loam,
one
OARDENINO.
PICOTEES
Soil, three
parts
cow
of well-decayed
eûalproportions
exhibition
kinds; good, well-drained, rich,
borders.
beds
kinds.
or
Position, sunny
part
of
for
sand
border
Plant
12 in. apart in Oct. or March.
Top-dress with decayed manure
shoot in June, " place indiaeach
in April. Thin flower buds to one
on
rubber
baud
round
calyx of flower to prevent burstingfearly in July.
in May.
week
when
flower stems
once
a
Stake
Apply liquid manure
buds form.
Suitable
artificial manure:
Sulphate of ammonia,
ôz., "
exhibition
blooms
from
Shade
kainit, Joz. to 2 gallons of water.
hot sun.
tion,
PosiPOT
CULTURE
advised
culture.
for exhibition
: Compost, as
"
manure
river
ordinary soil
for
cold frame, Oct. to Feb., cold greenhouse afterwards.

Grow
in
3-inch
afterwards.
singly
Apply
pots from Oct. till March, freely
8 in. pot. Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards.
Apply
from
once
a week
liquidmanure
April to July. Thin buds and place
Give plenty of air.
rings round calyces,as above advised.
CULTURE
PERPETUAL
CARNATIONS:
Insert
OP
TREE
OE
of shoots, 3 in. long, pulledout, " with few lower
cuttings,i.e.,points
"
leaves removed,
in well-drained
Nov.
pots of pure sand between
from sun
March.
Place in a box or propagator, keep moist, ", shaded
till rooted.
No artificial heat required. When
rooted, plant cuttings
in
two
small
in
of
singly
compost
parts sandy loam " one part
pots
leaf-mould
sand.
Stand
of
"
equal proportions
pottedplantsin temp.
filled with roots, then repot into larger pots m
45" to 55" till pots are
loam, " one part equal proportionsold manure,
compost of two-thirds
handful
"
to each peck of soil. Stop
wood
"
of bone-meal
ashes,
sand,
at the third or fourth
jointafter first potting;again
inches
when
shoots
few
at intervals
are
a
long, ceasing to do so in
outdoors
Stand
with
when
well
rooted.
liquid manures
Sept. Feed
Winter
45"
55".
Ventilate
to
freely
May to Sept.,then house.
temp.
in fine weather.
Syringe dailyduringspring" summer.
May also be
carnations.
like border
outdoors
grown
CARNATIONS
OF MALMAISON
CULTURE
: Propagate by layering
rooted
in July. Plant
shoots
layers in small pots in Aug. or Sept.
Place in cold frame
or
greenhouse, and transfer to five or six-inch pot
Water
in Oct.
moderately during winter.
Temp., 36" to 46". Feed
in spring from
Admit
buds form.
Shade
with liquidmanure
when
sun.
or
pinch shoots
air freelyon fine days.

ders.
borOF
PINKS:
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny
Thin
four
on
to
Plant 9 in. apart in autumn
shoots
or
spring.
fine blooms.
in May
Feed
with liquid manure
each plant to ensure
and June.
WILLIAMS:
tion,
CULTURE
OF
SWEET
Stoil,ordinary, rich. Posi12
beds
borders.
Plant
in.
each
in
autumn.
or
apart
sunny
way
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
OF
CULTURE
seeds in gentle heat in
: Sow
ofE seedlingsin cold frame, " plant out in beds "
spring, harden
flower same
in open border in April,
to
in
season
borders
; or, sow
May
flower
to
in
July
followingyear.
plant out
CULTURE
OP
PERENNIAL
Oct.
rockeries. Plant,
sunny
Pbofaqate
carnations,
in heat or in cold frames
frames
in
summer
or
SPECIES
March.
Soil,sandy loam.
Position,
in sandy soil
pinks " picoteesby seeds sown
in spring; by cuttings or
pipingsin cold
layeringin July or Aug. Sweet Wuliams
by seeds
136
ENCYCLOPEDIA
outdoors
sown
in
April
in July.
layering
"
GAUDENtNO.
;
July ; cuttingsin cold frames in summer
the speciesgenerally by cuttings, seeds,
or
Pinks
OF
and
layering.
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
:
6 to 12 in.. Central
Asia.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
D.
ohinensis
D.
(CMuese
or
Indian
Pink),
colours,
various
3 to 4 in., Alps ;
crimson, summer,
red, summer,
atrorubens,
in., N. Europe;
(Sweet William), various colours, 1 to 2 ft., S. Europe;
ciesius (Cheddar Pink),rose,
Caryophyllus
fragrant, July, 3 to 6 in., Britain;
(Carnation, OloTe),various, 18 to 24 in.,Europe; deltoidos (Maiden Pink), rose and
6 to 9 in., Britain; cruentus, scarlet,
white, summer,
18 in., E. Europe;
summer,
glacialis (Glacier Pink), purple, summer,
4 in., S. Europe;
mer,
neglectus, rose, sum2 in., Pyrenees;
6 in., E. Europe;
petrous, rose, summer',
plumosua (Pink),
various, 12 in., B. Europe; Superbus (Fringed Pink), rose, summer,
9 to 18 in.,
Europe.
PINK
HYBRID
D. Semperflorens, a new
of pinks, the
result of a cross
:
race
between
the Carnation
and
the Chinese
in
Pink.
Tery free flowering, beautiful
arenarius, white, purple,

1 ft.,S. Europe;
barbatus
colour
and
Ord.
First introduced
shrub.
alpinus, rose,
summer,
fragrant.
Diapensia.
CULTURE
on
March
or
SPECIES
Diascia^
introduced
INDOOR
leaf-mould
Diapensiacese. Hardy
"
sunny
dwarf
Soil, deep sandy peat mixed
rockery.
Water
with
Position,
stones.
freely June, July
"
April. Propagate by
CULTIVATED:
Ord.
1871.
CULTURE
"
"
alpine
evergreen
1801.
Aug.
division of plants in March

5. lapponioa, white, July, 3 in.. Northern
Scrophulariaceae. Half-hardy
:
Compost,
two
parts sandy
or
posed
ex-
Plant,
April.
Regions.
First
annual.
loam
"
one
part
Sow
seeds in a temp, of 60" in March
or
April.
when
the third leaf forms, four or five in a 4J in.
shelf near
the glass. Water
flower buds
on
pot. Grow
freely when
form.
Give weak
liquid manure
occasionally.Shoots may require to
be supported by twiggy sticks.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
seeds in temp, of 60" in March
: Sow
or
April.
Transplant in pots or boxes when large enough to handle.
Gradually
harden
off in cold frame, " plant out in good ordinary soil in sunny
positionat the end of May.
1 ft.,S. Africa.
SPECIES
OULTITATED
: D.
Barbero:, rosy pink, summer,
Dicentra
(Bleeding Heart;
Lyre Flower;
Dutchman's
Breeches).
Fumariacese.
herbaceous
"
tuberous
fibrous-rooted
Hardy
First
introduced
1731.
perennials.
CULTURE
sheltered
: Soil, deep light rich
sandy. Position, warm
rockeries.
dwarf
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or
borders;
specieson
April. Protect during winter by covering with layers of ashes or
in March.
manure.
SPECTABILIS
D.
POT
CULTURE
OF
: Compost,
equal parts loam,
" sand.
leaf-mould
Oct. to
Position, cold frame
Pot, Oct. or Nov.
Feb. ; greenhouse Feb.
to May ; afterwards
planting out in borders.
Water
moderately when new growth begins,freelywhen in full growth.
twice weekly when
flower buds
once
or
Apply liquid manure
appear.
Place
in cold
till
frame
Spectabilis:
FoBCiNa
D.
Pot, Oct.
After forcing, plant out in
to temp. 55" to 65" in Jan.
Jan.
Transfer
should
Plants
border.
only be forced in pots one year.
gate
Propaopen
in
or
of
the
crowns
Feb.,
March,
April
;
cuttings
fleshy
dividing
by
in sandy soil in temp. 55^ in March
or
roots 2 in. long inserted
April.
canadensis
D.
(Bleeding Heart), white, May, 6 in.,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
N. America;
chrysantha, yellow, Aug. and Sept., 3 to 5 ft., California; CuouUaria
and
yellow, spring, 6 in.. United
States; ezimia,
Breeches), white
(Dutchman's
formosa, red. May, 6 in., N.
reddish
purple, April to Sept., 13 in., N. Carolina;
137
"
Ord.
sand.
ENOYOLOP^DIA
GABDENING.
OF
America;
tlio ChinamaQ'a
speotablis (Syn. Dielytra spectabilis),
Breeches,
crimson, spring and summer,
2 ft., Siberia
and
Japan.
Dichsea.
First
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
epiphytal orchid.
"
rosy
troduced
in-
1870.
CTJLTUEE
Position, blocks
:
Compost, fresh sphagnum moss.
of
from
roof
Water
stove.
wood
daily.
Temp., March
suspended
50"
March
60".
to
to
65"
to
85";
Aug.
Aug.
Feb.
in
March.
or
plants
CULTIVATED:
D. piota, green
and
SPECIES
purple, winter, Trinidad.
of
to
of
DiChorisandra.
Stove
ornamentalOrd. Commelinacese.
and
leaved
floweringperennials.
" leaf -mould
CULTUEE
each of peat, loam
" a
: Compost, one-third
of
little silver sand.
Pot in March.
stove.
Position, pots in shady part
Water
freely March
Syringe daily
75" to 85"; Oct. to
in spring and
to Oct.
summer.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
March
Propagate by seeds in spring; division in March.
CULTIVATED
marked
with
SPECIES
mosaica, leaves green
: .D.
white, 2 ft.,
Peru; pubescens tEeniensis,leaves
striped with white, 2 ft., Brazil; thyrsiflora,
5 to 10 ft., Brazil.
blue, autumn,
Dicksonia
(Tasmanian Tree Fern; New Zealand Tree Fern; HayStove
" greenhouse tree ferns.
scented
Tree
Fern). Ord. Filices.
First introduced
1786.
CtTLTURE
of sand.
: Compost, two-thirds
in shady stove, greenhouse
Position, large pots or tubs well drained
Water
or
Repot, Feb., March.
conservatory.
moderately Oct. to
to Sept.
March,
freely afterwards.
Syringe trunks
daily March
55"
65"
45"
55"
to
March
for
to
to
for
stove,
greenhouse;
Temp., Sept.
March
Shade
to Sept. 65" to 75" for stove, 55" to 65" for greenhouse.
essential.
in summer
time
at
surface
sown
by
on
Propagate
spores
any
" peat in well-drained
of finelysifted loam
pots covered with a sheet
of glass," kept moist.
SPECIES:
D. Sehiedei, 10 to 15 ft., Guatemala
and Uexico; sellowiana,
STOVE
10 to 15 ft., hybrid.
Lathami.
10 ft.. Brazil;
SPECIES:
D. antarctica
aREENHOUSE
(Tasmanian Tree Fern), 18 to 20 ft.,
Gulcita' (Cushion Fern), dwarf, Madeira;
Tree
Tasmania;
(New Zealand
squarrosa
"
"
Fern),
15
to
20
ft., New
Zealand.
(Burning Bush; Dittany;Fraxinella; Gas plant).

1596.
Hardy herbaceous
Dictamnus
Ord. Butaces.
"
Foliage, fragrant.
CULTUEE:
Soil, ordinary, dryish. Position, sunny
or
partially
borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March
or
shady
sown
J in. deep in lightsoil outdoors in Aug. or Sept.; cuttingsof fleshy
in March
2 in. deep outdoors
roots inserted
or
April; division of roots
Match.
in Oct., Nov.
or
CULTIVATED:
D.
albus
SPECIES
(Syn D. Fraxinella), white. May, 3 ft:,
purplish, May, 3 ft.
Europe; albas purpureus,
"
Ord.
Palmaceae.
Dictyosperma.
Stove
Orn.
Palms.
1842.
Leaves, pinnate.
CULTUEE
:
tion,
Posi" sand.
Pot, Feb. or March.
pots in shady moist plant stove.
Water
freely at all times.
Temp., March to Sept.70" to 85"; Sept.to March
60" to 65". Propagate by seedssown
1 in. deep in
pots of sandy peat
"
in temp.
85"
in
Feb.,
March,
or
April.
album, IS to 20 ft., Mauritius; aureum

10 ft,
Mauritius; fibrosum, 5 ft.,Madagascar.
Ord.
Gesneracese.
Didymocarpus."
Stove
perennial herbs.
First introduced
1845.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D.
138
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OULTURE:
dung
"
OF
sand.
Feb., March,
April. Water
or
bell-glassin temp.
SPECIES
malajana,
GAEDENING.
yellow,
pots
eammer,
in moist
moderately
55"
to
65";
side shoots
80" to 85" in March
CULTIVATED:
loam, one-fourth
"
or
Oct.
to
Ord.
Filices.
cow
Pot,
plant
wards.
Feb., freely after-
March
to
inserted in
Sept. 65=^to 75".

sandy soil undei
April.
D. hnmboldtiana, lilao, autnnin, 3

4 to 6 in., Malaya.
Didymochlsena."
part
stove.
Stove
fern.
to
in., Ceylon;
First introduced
1838.
CTJLTtTRE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one
peat, pounded charcoal "
sand.
Pot, Feb. or March.
pots in shady part
of greenhouse.
Water
60" to 70"; March
gate
Propasurface of sandy peat under
on
bell-glassin temp.
by spores sown
70" to 80* at any time
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D. lanulata, tree-like habit, Tropics.
Dieffenbachia
Stove
green
ever(Dumb Cane)." Ord. Aroideae.
First
introduced
1863.
Orn.
Leaves,
perennials.
foliage.
broad, deep green, variegatedwith white or yellow.
CULTXJEE:
cayed
Compost, equal parts peat " loam, one-fourth part dein
" silver sand.
moist
manure
plant
pots
Water
stove.
Pot, Feb. or March.
moderately Sept. to Feb., freely
in summer
afterwards.
Syringe daily, June, July " Aug. Shade
55"
essential.
to
Feb.
to
to
Feb.
65";
Sept. 65" to 85".
Temp., Sept.
in.
inserted
in sandy soil
of
stems
1
to
2
cuttings
long
Propagate by
85"
in
in
75"
to
under
spring.
bell-glass temp.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D.
Carderi, leaves Tariegated, Colombia;
Chelsoni,
and
and yellow, Colombia
leaves, green
white, S. America
; Leopoldii, leaves, green
-,
and
and
magnifioa, leaves, green
white, Venezuela; nobilis, leaves, green
white,
and
8. America;
and
Brazil; llegina, leaves, white
Bex, leaves, white
green,
S. America;
and white, Brazil.
piota, green
green,
See Dicentra.
Dielytra.
ciduous
Diervilla
(Bush Honeysuckle). Ord. Caprifoliaoese.
Hardy deFirst introduced
1739.
shrubs.
Formerly known
by the
"
"
genericname
Weigela.
of
Soil, ordinary. Position, moist shady shrubberies, or

Prune
west walls or fences.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
or
south,
east,
against
CULTXJEE:
No
directlyafter flowering,shorteningshoots that have borne flowers.
winter
of young
shoots inserted
pruning required. Propagate by cuttings
m
bell-glassin cool greenhouse in
pots of sandy soil under
spring; cuttings of firm shoots 6 in. long inserted Sin. deep " 2 in.
in Oct. or Nov.
floribunda, purple, June, 3 ft., Japan; florida
and
white, May, 6 to 8 ft., China;
(Syn. Weigela rosea), rose
grandiflora, pink,
4 ft., Japan ; middenJune, 6 to 8 ft.,Japan ; japonioa hortensis, white, summer,
Abel
4 ft., Siberia.
Carrifere,Eva
Rathe, Tan Houttei,
dorfiana, yellow, summer,
and
variegata are
popular varieties or hybrids.
apart in
north
SPECIES
border
Digfitalis
D.
(Foxglove). Ord. Scrophulariaceae.Hardy biennial
perennialherbs.
OF
CULTURE
open
hand-light
under
CULTIVATED:
"
shady border,
Plant, Oct., Nov.,
SPECIES
PERENNIAL
or
or
Soil,rich ordinary.
naturalisingin woodlands
and
wild
"
tion,
Posi-
gardens.
April.
SPECIES:
BIENNIAL
Sow
seeds 1-16 in. deep in
OULTURE
OF
in
outdoors
border
April. Transplant seedlings3 in. apart in
shady
Transfer
in
June.
seedlingsto floweringpositionin Oct. or
shady bed
directed for biennials;
as
Nov.
by seeds sown
Propagate perennials
division of
plantsin
March.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
PERENNIAL
D.
SPECIES:
yellow, July
BIENNIAL
and
GARDENING.
(Syn. D.
ambigua
grandiflora
and
ooliroleuca),
Aug., 3 ft., Europe.

D.
SPECIES:
are
Europe (Britain). There
gloxinia-flowered being the
Dill.
See Feucedanum.
purpurea
July
(Foxglove),puijjle,
varieties
beautiful.
numerous
most
and
strains
to
of
Sept., 3 to 5 ft.,
this species, the
"
Ord. LeguminossB. Greenhouse

flowering
Dillwynia.
evergreen
shrubs.
First introduced
1794.
CULTURE
part
: Compost, equal parts fibrypeat " loam, one-fourth
June
March
or
sand.
in
Pot,
Position^ pots
; firm
greenhouse.
sunny
little
after
shoots
essential.
Prune
flowering
potting
straggling
Water
Temp., March
freelyMarch
Place plants outdoors
45" to 50".
to Sept. 60" to 65"; Sept.to March
seeds
l-16in. deep
to
to
mature
sown
July Sept.
in lightsandy compost in temp. 65" to 70" in March;
cuttings inserted
in pots of sandy peat under
bell-glassin temp. 65" in summer.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D. erioifolia,yellow and
red, spring, 2 ft., Australia:
and
floribunda, yellow and
hispida, orange
red,
red, spring, 18 in., Australia;
"
spring, 1 ft., Australia.
DimorphOtheca.
First introduced
INDOOE
mould
"
"
Compositas.
Ord.
Half-hardy
annuals.
1774.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one partleafliberal addition
of silver sand.
or
Pot, March
April. Grow
in cool
" summer,
Water
freely
during
spring
greenhouse.
sunny
" winter.
Temp., Oct. to March 4(?'to 50".
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Position, sunny,
Soil, ordinary, sandy.
border.
in a
warm
Plant, May " June.
temp, of 55" to 65" in sandv soil in early sprinsr.
2 ft. ; pluvialis,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Eoklonis, white and purple, summer,
: D.
of S. Africa.
Native
18 in.,pluvialis flore-pleuo,double.
white
and purple, summer,
Greenhouse
Dionsea.
baceous
her(Venus' Fly-trap). Ord. Droseraceae.
gined
perennials. Insectivorous
plants. Leaves, two-lobed, marwith teeth " sensitive.
CUIiTURE
tion,
:
Compost, ecjualparts peat " livingsphagnum. Posiof
"
in
water,
pots or pans well drained " partly immersed
pans
in
cool
March
Water
under
or
Pot,
greenhouse.
April.
glass
placed
40" to 45"; March
to Sept. 45"
freely always. Temp., Oct. to March
in
mixture
of
seeds
" peat,"
to 55
sown
moss
by
sphagnum
Propagate
in March
or
April; division of plants in
kept moist under bell-glass
March.
D. musoipula, white, July and Aug., 6 in., Carolina.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
Dioscoreacese.
Ord.
Dioscorea
(Yam).
Hardy tuberous-rooted
a
"
"
climbing perennials. Tubers, large, milky, edible, cooked
like
toes.
pota-
Plant
small
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny,
:
open.
Fix stakes or branches
for
3 in. deep "fe12 in. apart in March.
tubers
Lift " store tubers
in frost-proof place in Oct.
on.
shoots to climb
Propagate by cuttingsof stems 1 in. long with leaf attached, inserted
bell-elass in temp. 55" in summer.
J in. deep in sandy soil under
Batatus
CULTIVATED
: D.
SPECIES
12 ft.,Philippines.
(Tarn), white, summer,
Greenhouse
Diosma
green
ever(African Steel-bush). Ord. Rutacesa.
Leaves
fragrant.
floweringshrub.
two parts fibrous peat, one
CULTURE
: Compost,
part loam, " silver
Pinch off points of vigorous shoots in July
sand.
Pot, May, June.
Water
" Aug.
very
March
to
45";
to
March
50" to 55".
40"
to
Sept,
Sept.
PropaTemp.,
"
.140
GAEDMNINO.
OF
MNOTOLOPMDIA
leaf-mould.
Position, sheltered beds
shade
of trees.
Plant, Jan. or Feb.
decayed
POT
on
rookeries,or in borders
Top-dress in
Feb.
with
under
well-
manure.
CULTURE:
Position,
6 in.
in unheated
Nov.
Water
pots,
well
drained, in cold frame
greenhouse till after flowering,when
leaf-mould,
Not.
stand
to
"
March,
sand.
then
outdoors.
Pot,
in full
m
growth. Propagate by seeds sown
pots of light sandy soil in cold
in Sept. or March
in Oct. or March.
frame
; division of crowns
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
D.
Clevelandii, vlolet-blne. May, 1 ft., Oalifoinis;
orimson
and yellow, March, 6 in.,Oregon; Jeffrey!,pnrple-rose,spring,
Henderson!,
6 in., California; Meadia, rosy
pnrple, white and lilao,April, 12 in., N. America;
Meadia
lilacinnm, lilao.
album, white, Meadia
Dog-berry
(Cornus sanguinea). See Cornus.
Rose
Dogf
(Bosa canina). See Bosa.
See Cornus.
Dos-WOOd.
Violet
Dos's-Tooth
(ErythroniumDens-canis). See Erythro-
moderately when
growth appears, freelywhen
new
"
"
"
"
nium.
DoliChOS
green
ever(Hyacinth Bean). Ord. Leguminosoa. Greenhouse
twiner.
First introduced
1776.
" peat, little sand.
CITLTUEE
Position,
: Compost, equal partsloam
shoots
well-drained
round
trellis,
or
pillars.Pot,
posts
twining
pots,
in
in
Feb.
Water
summer.
winter, freely
Temp., Sept.
moderately
50" to 55" ; March
to March
Propagate by seeds
in light soil in temp. 63" in March;
sown
cuttingsinserted in sandy
65"
in
soil under
in
April.
bell-glass temp.
SPECIES
OTJLTITATED
: D.
Lablab, rosy pnrple, July, 1 to 2 ft..Tropics.
Greenhouse
Nat. Australia.
Doodia,!
Ord. Filices.
ferns.
evergreen
1808.
First introduced
"
"
CULTURE
" sand.
Compost,
two
parts loam,
one
part leaf-mould,charcoal
or
Pot, Feb., March
April. Position, pots in shady part of
Water
moderately Sept. to March, freely afterwards.
greenhouse.
40" to 50" ; March
March
gate
PropaTemp., Sept. to
surface
of
on
sandy peat in pans under bell-glass
by spores sown
in
temp. 65" to 75" at any time.
its varieties
6 to 8 in., Australia, and
CTTLTIVATED:
D.
SPECIES
aspera,
and
multiflda ; oaudata, 6 to 12 in., Australia ; media, 12 to 18 in.,
oorymbif era
Australia
and
New
Zealand.
Ord.
(Leopard's-bane).
DoronlCUm
"
CompositiB. Hardy
baceous
her-
perennials.
Position, open borders, banks, or
: Soil, ordinary rich.
of trees.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
This genus also does well in pots
by division of roots in Oct. or March.
in
cold
for earlyflowering
greenhouse.
oancssiOULTITATED:
D. anstriaoum, yellow, March, IS in., Europe;
SPECIES
Fardialanohee, yellow. Hay, 2 ft^ Europe
yellow, April, 1 ft., Europe;
cum,
(Britain); plantagineum, yellow, March, 3 ft., Europe (Britain); plautagineum
exoelsum, Ian improved form.
(Australian Giant Lily; Spear Lily). Ord. AmaDoryanthes
duced
floweringplants. Orn. foliage. First introryllidaseae.Greenhouse
CULTURE
shade
under
"
1800.
Position,
: Eijpal
parts loam " leaf-mould, little sand.
well-drained
in
or
Pot,
March,
lightairy
April.
Feb.,
greenhouse.
pots
Water
Temp., Sept.
very little Sept to April,moderately afterwards.
50" to 55"; March
to Sept.65" to 70".
to March
Propagate by suckers
CULTURE
removed
tit any
from
old
plants " placed
in
time.
142
small
pots in temp. 55"
to
65"
ENCYCLOPEDIA
SPEOIES
Gmifoylei,
CULTIVATED:
orimson,
Double
OF
D. exoelsa, soarlet, summer,

8 to 12 ft., N.S.
12 to IS ft., Queensland; Palmeri, red, summer,
summer,
Arrow-head
Double
GARDENING.
Wales;
12
(Sagittariasagittaefolia
fl.-pl.).
"
Bindweed
pubescens
(Calystegia
ft."
Sea
See Calxfl.-pl.)."
stegia.
Double
Double
Cherry
See Prunus.
(Prunus Cerasue Eliexii fl.-pl.)."
Cherry
(Prunus japonica fl.-pl.).
Chinese
"
See;
prunus.
Double
Double
Double
Double
Chinese
Dropwort
Furze
Horse
Plum
See Prunus..
(Prunus sinensis fl.-pl.)."
(Spiraeafilipendula
plena)." See Spirasa.
(Dlex europaeus plenus). See Ulex.
Chestnut
(iEsoulushippocastanum fl.-pl.).
"
"
See .Xsculus.
Double
vlasminum
minum.
Double
Marsh
(Jasminum
Marigold
officinale
Jas-
See
fl.-pl.).
"
Seer
(Caltha palustrisfl.-pl.)."
Caltha.
Double
Mayweed
Double
Myrtle
(Matricaria inodora
(Myrtus
communis
var.
See
fl.-pl.)."
caria.
Matri-
Seej
belgica fl.-pl.).
"
Myrtus.
Double
Double
Peach
See Prunus.
(Prunus Persica flore-pleno).
Ranunculus
(Banuncnlus asiaticus;
"
Persian
See Banuuculus.
fl.'^l.).
"
Double
Double
Double
Double
Campion
Red
See Lychnis..
(Lychnis dioica fl.-pl.)."
Red
Daisy
(Bellisperennis rubra plena). See Bellis..
Rocket
(Barbarea vulgaris). See Barbarea.
Rose
Campion
(Lychnis coronaria
fl.-pl.). See;
"
"
"
Lychnis.
Double
Double
Silene.
Double
Scarlet
Seaside
Avens
(Geum
CatChfly
coccineum
See Geum..
fl.-pl.).
maritima
Seer
(Silene
fl.-pl.)."
"
Larkspur
(Delphinium grandiflorumi
Delphinium.
Ord.
Frimulaceae.
Doug^lasia.
Hardy
alpineevergreen
1827.
loam.
CTJLTXJEE
Position, sunny
March
or
rockery. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, or under
hand-lightin March
division
in
of plants
autumn.
or
April;
Siberian
See
fl.-pl.).
"
"
SPEOIES
to Sept., 1 in., Oregon

D, IseTigata,rosy pink, Maroh
niTalis,înk, April, 1 in., B-ocky Mountains
(Syn. Androsace
; Titaliana
Titaliana),yellow, May to July, 2 in., Alps.
Yew
Tree
Dovaston
(Taxus baccata var.
Dovastoni). See
Mountains
OULTITATED:
"
Taxus.
Dovedale
Downingia.
(Saxifraga hypnoides)."-See Saxifraga.

(Peristeriaelata). See Peristeria.
Geranium
(Geranium moUe). See Geranium.
First
Ord. Campauulaceaa. Hardy annuals.
Moss
Dove
Orchid
OOt
Dove's-f
"
"
"
troduced
in-
1827.
CULTTJEE:
Sow
seeds where
0.partin May or
rich.
Position, sunny
to flower in April. Thin
Soil, ordinary
plants
are
June.
143
beds
or
borders.
to
seedlings
6 in.
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
sand.
"
POT
CULTURE
:
Compost, ec[ual parts loam, leaf-mould
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 5 or 6 in. pots placed in temp. 55", or in cold
frame
in April or May.
Water
moderately. Apply weak liquidftiauure
when
in
flower.
Place
plants when in flower in cool greenplants are
liou3e or window.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
D. elegans (Syn. Olmtonia
elegans).blue and white,
6 in., N.W.
America;
pulchella (Syn. Clintonia pnlchella),blue, white, and
summer,
6 in., W.
America.
yellow, summer,
Down
Thistle
(Onopordon acanthium). See Onopordon.
Downton
Elm
(Ulmus glabra var. pendula).See Ulmus.
Draba
(Whitlow Grass). Ord. CrucifersB.
Hardy perennials.
"
"
"
Pretty rockery plants.

CULTUKE
in sunny
; Soil, ordinary. Position, crevices
rockeries,
old walls.
seeds
or
on
or
Plant, March
sown
April. Propagate by
where
plants are to grow in April; division of roots in March.
SPECIES
3 in., Europe
CULTIVATED:
D. aizoides, yellow, March,
(Britain);
Aizoon, yellow, April, 3 in., W. Europe; alpina, yellow, April, 3 in., N. Europe;
Maevii, white, spring, 3 in., Spain; pyrenaioa, lilac purple, fragrant, April, 3 m.,
S. Europe;
3 in., N. Europe.
rupestris, white, summer,
Dracaena
(Dragon-plant; Dragon Blood-tree). Ord. Liliacese.
Stove evergreen
1640.
Leaves,
plants. Orn. foliage. First introduced
variegated with various colours.
tion,
PosiCULTURE:
Compost, two parts peat, one part loam " sand.
well-drained
pots in stove or greenhouse. Pot, Feb. to March.
Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards.
Temp., March
55" to 65". Propagate by seeds
to Sept. 75" to 85" ; Sept. to March
1 in. deep in pots of light sandy soil in temp. 85" i-u March;
tings
cutsown
zontally
horiof main
cut into lengths of 1 in. " partiallyburied
stems
in pots of sandy soil in March
; cuttingsof fleshyroots, inserted
1 in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 75" to 80" in March
or
April;
offsets
inserted
in.
2
March
at
or
stem-rooting
deep
;
any time.
"
A^ril
See also the genus
Cordyline
for
so-called
greenhouse
dracaenas.
CULTIVATED:
D. concinna, leaves
margined with red, 4 to
green,
Draco
and
6 ft., Mauritius;
(Dragon Tree), leaves glaucous, hardy in Cornwall
6 ft., Trop.
Islands;
fragrans, leaves green,
Sollly Isles, 40 to 50 ft., Canary
SPECIES
Africa; fragrans Lindenii, leaves, yellow

and green;
godseffiana, leaves white
and
leaves, green
white, 4
5 ft., Trop. Africa.
green,
to
See
ft., Trop.
also
Africa;
leaves,
fragrans massangeana,
3 ft., Trop. Africa; goldieana,
sanderiana, leaves, white and
lists for
varieties.
and
white
trade
green;
and
g:reen,
Ord.
Balm).
(Dragon's-head; Moldavian
" perennial herbs.
annual
First introduced
1596.
Soil, light ordinary.
Position, cool partiallyshady
Dracocephalum
Labiatse.
Hardy
CULTURE:
borders.
"
"
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate annual
seeds
in.
soil
outdoors
m
sown
J
speciesby
deep
light sandy
perennial
April; cuttings of young

hand-lightor in cold frame
in
Nov.,
or
shoots inserted
in lightsandy soil under
in April or May; division of roots in Oct.,
March.
SPECIES:
D. canescens,
lilac blue, Aug., 12 to 18 in., ". Europe;
(Moldavian Balm), blue, July and Aug., 12 to 18 in., E. Siberia.
D.
SPECIES:
12 to
18 in., Europe;
anstriaoum, blue, summer,
6 to 9 in., Siberia; ruyschianum,
grandiflorum, blue, summer,
purplish blue, June,
12 to 18 in., Alps; speoiosum, lilao,June, IS in.,Himalayas.
Dracunculus
(Dragon; Snake-plant)."Ord. AroidesB. Hardy
tuberous-rooted
our
perennial. First introduced 1548. Leaves, flesh colwith black, resembling
mottled
skin of snake.
CULTURE:
Soil, sandy.
border.
sunny
Plant tubers 3 in. deep in Oct. or Nov.
Propagate by division of tubers
in Oct. or March.
ANNUAL
Moldavica
PERENNIAL
144
ENCYCLOPEDIA
^^^?^S^
CULTIVATED
T
3 ft., S. Europe.
July,
Drag:on
Arum."
D.
OF
draounoulus),chocolate-brown,
Tulga-ris (Syn. Arum
See
Drag'On
Tree
Dragon's-head
GARDENING.
Dracuncuhis.
(Dracaena draco).
"
See
Dracaena.
(Dracocephalum grandiflorum). See
Dracoce-
"
phalum,
Dragon's-mouth
"
See Helicodiceroa.
Dragon's-mouth
Orchid
See Epidendrum.
Dropwort
See Spiraea.
(Spirasafilipendula)."
Drosera
Greenhouse
(Sundew; Youth-wort). Ord. Droseraceae.
and hardy perennial insectivorous
plants.
OULTUEE
: Compost,
sherds.
equalparts livingsphagnum moss, peat, pot"
in
pots partly immersed
pan of water
with bell-glass
in cool greenhouse.
Water
gate
daily. Propaof livingsphagnum moss
surface
and peat in
on
by seeds sown
well-drained
in temp. 55" to 65" at any
time;
pots under
bell-glass
division of the crowns
to
in March
of
roots
1 in.
or
J
April; cuttings
in pan
of moss
in temp. 65"
" peat under
bell-glass
long embedded
"
covered
to 75".
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
and
D. intermedia, white
red, July, 3
D.
anglica), white, July, 3 in., Europe (Britain);
longifolia(Syn.
white, July,
in., Europe
in., Europe;
rotundifolia,
(Britain).
Drosophyllum
Ord.
Droseraceae.
(Portuguese
Sundew).
Greenhouse
introduced
1869.
First
insectivorous
shrubby
plants.
OULTUEE
well-drained
loam.
Position,
: Soil, light sandy
pots
close to glassin light, airygreenhouse. Water
twice Sept. to
once
or
April,very little afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to March 40" to 50" ; March
the surface of sandy
on
loam in well-drained
in
pots
spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: D.
lusitanicum, yellow. May, 1 ft.,Portugal.
See Brassica.
Drumhead
Cabbage.
"
"
Drummond's
mondi).
"
(SarraceniaDrum-
Side-saddle-flower
See
Sarracenia.
Dryas
(Mountain Avens).
plants.
"
Ord.
Hardy
Eosaceae.
evergreen
ing
trail-
OULTUEE:
So'l, moist peat. Position, sunny
rockery or borders.
1-16 in. deep
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March.
boxes
in sandy peat in shallow pans
in cold frame
or
April or May;
in
cuttingsof shoots 2 in. long inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
autumn;
division
SPECIES
of
CULTIVATED:
octopetala, white, June,
March.
or
Drummondii,
yellow, Jane,
3 in., trailing-,
Europe.
plantsin Oct., Nov.

D.
(Wood Tongue Fern).
Orymogiossum
"
creepingfern.
First
introduced
Ord.
in., N.
America;
Pilices.
Stove
1828.
evergreen
OULTUEE
:
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, pounded
charcoal " sand.
Pot or plant,Feb., March, or April. Position,wellWardian
Water
case.
drained shallow
moderately Oct.
pans or beds in
55" to 60"; March
to Feb., freelyafterwards.
surface
of sandy
on
to Sept.65" to 75".
rhizomes
in
division
of
time
Feb. or
75"
at
to
65"
;
m
any
peat
temp.
March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Drynaria.
DrypiS.
First
"
introduced
CULTURE:
D.
Himalayas;
oarnosum,
See Polypodium.
Ord.
Caryophyllaceae.
India.
flioselloides,
"
Hardy
herbaceous
perennial.
1775.
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
US
rockeries
or
borders.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OABDENING.
in lightsoil
in cold frame
under
in March
hand^light
or
or
April; cuttingsinserted
in sandy soil under
hand-lightor in cold frame in Sept. or Oct.
8FE0IES
OTTLTITATED
9 in., UeOiterranean
spinosa, blue, summer,
: D.
Begion.
Duck's-f
OOt
(Podophyllum peltatum). See Podophyllum.
Duke
Of
See
Argyll's
Tea-plant
(Lycium barharum).
Plant, Oct., Nov., March,
"
"
Lycium.
Dumortier's
Day
Lily
(HemerocallisBumortieri).
See
"
Hemerocallis.
Dusty
Miller
Primula
Dutch
and
(Primula
auricula
and
Senecio
cineraria).
"
See
Senecio.
Ag'rimony
(Eupatorium cannabinum).
See
"
Eupa-
torium.
Dutch
Iionicera.
Honeysuckle
(Louicera periclymenum belgica). See

"
Dutchman's
Breeches
(Dicentra cucuUaria)."See Dicentra.
Dutchman's
Pipe (Aristolochia
Sipho)."See Aristolochia.
Dutch
See
Myrtle
(Myrica Gale)."
Myrica.
Greenhouse
succulent
Ord. Bromeliacese.
Dyckia.
orn.
foliage
plants. First introduced 1839.
"
CULTURE
: Compost, two
" little
sand.
Position, pots in light,airy greenhouse; outside June to Sept.
Water
moderately April to Aug., little afterwards.
Eepot every five
six years;
or
50" to
good drainage essential.
to Sept._
55" to 65".
65"; March
offsets
suckers
serted
inor
Propagate by
in small pots in greenhouse at
time.
any
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:TJ. altiseima,yellow, autumn,
ft., Brazil:
brevifolia,
yellow, Aug., 1 ft., Brazil.
Tick-Seed
Dyer's
See
(Coreopsistinctoria)."
Ear
See Fuchsia.
Drops."
Earth
Coreopsis.
Nut
(Arachishypogsea). See Arachis.
Flovwer
(Euphorbia puleherrima). See Euphorbia.
Indian
Cedar
(Cedrus deodara)."See Cedrus.
Indian
Coral-tree
(Erythriuaindica)."See Erythrina.
Indian
Flax
(Eeinwardti trigynum). See Reinwardti.
Indian
Guava-tree
(Psidium indicum)."See Psidium.
Indian
Periwinkle
(Vinca rosea)."See Vinca.
Indian
Pitcher-plant
(Nepenthes sanguinea)." See
"
Easter
East
East
East
East
East
East
"
"
Nepenthes.
East
Indian
Rose-bay
(Tabernaemontana coronaria)."See
TabernEsmontana.
Eccremocarpus
(CSiilianGlory-flower)."
Ord. Bignoniacea.
climbingplants. First introduced 1825.
Half-hardy
evergreen
^
^"^''
June.
Plant,
9P^'^"
walls.
"
'^'''^- i'osition,
against
^'C^*
south
or
south-west
Protect roots in Oct. by layer of cinder ashes on

surface of soil; branches
in severe
weather
by mats.
Propaoâte by
seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in well-drained
pots of lightsandy soil in temp.
65"
to 75"
in
March
or
"
CULTIVATED:
^^SPEOIES
April.
Eccremocarpus
sealer,
Vine
scarlet
and
yellow, summer,
r-
16
to
(Eccremocarpus
soaber)." See
20 ft.,
mocarpus.
Eccre-
'
Echeveria."
Echinacea
See
Cotyledon.
Ord. Composite.
(PurpleCone-flower)."
Ijaceousperennials.
First
introduced
146
1799.
Hardy
het".
; "iv*
MNOYOLOPJs!DIA
CULTURE
borders
or
seeds sown
outdoors
or
or
OF
OARDENINO.
Soilj deep rich lightloam.
sunny
rockeries.
Plant, Oct.. Nov., or March.
Propagate by
J in. deep in boxes of lightsoil in temp. 50" to 55" in March,
in sunny
positionin April;
division
of roots in Oct., March,
April.
SPtlOIES
CULTIVATED
E.
purplish red, Aug., 3 ft.,N. America.

house
GreenOrd.
Cactaceae.
succulent
First
introduced
1796.
plants.
CULTUBE
: Compost, two
parts fibrous sandy loam, one part brick
in sand.
rubble, old mortar
pots in sunny greenhouse
window.
three
or
Water
four
or
Repot every
years in March.
afterwards.
once
a month
a week
Sept. to April,once
Temp., Sept. to
50" to 55" ; March
March
in
well-drained
of
soil
deep
Jin.
sandy
pans
soil
moist
inserted in small pots
stems
of
moderately
cuttings
;
keeping
kinds
of sandy soil kept barely moist in summer
common
; grafting on
in April.
OTTLTIYATED
E. breTihamatns, pink and
4 to 6 in..
8FE0IES
:
rose,
summer,
6 in., Mexico;
centeterius, yellow, summer,
mer,
Mexico;
cinnabarinus, red, sumNew
4 in., Bolivia; concinnus, yellow, summer,
4 in., Mexico;
ooptonogonus, white
Mexico;
and
cornigerus, purple, summer,
corynodes,
purple. May, 4 in., Mexico;
8 in. ; Gummingii,
4 in., Argentina ; orispatus, purple, summer,
yellow, summer,
BollTia ; cylindraoeus, yellow, summer,
4 ft., Colorado
yellow, summer,
; Emoryi,
Grusoiiii,
Colorado; gihbosus, white, June, 4 in., Mexico;
yellow and red, autumn,
red and yellow, summer,
6 in., Mexico;
leeanus, white and rose. May, Argentina;
5 in., Mexico;
multlflorus, white, summer,
yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in.,
scopa,
4 in., Mexico,
Brazil; soopa
fasoiated; Simpsoni, purple, summer,
crista, stem
in S. of England.
outdoors
a very
hardy species. May be grown
Echinops
(Globe Thistle). Ord. Composites. Hardy biennials
and perennials. First introduced
1570.
CULTURE
borders.
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, well-drained
sunny
Plant, Oct., Nov. or March.
Jin. deep in
positionoutdoors in April; division of roots in Oct., Nov. or
sunny
March.
E. bannaticus
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
(Syn. E. ruthenious),yiolet-blue,summer,
:
2 to 3 ft.,Hungary.
3 ft., S. Europe;
PERENNIAL
E. Kitro, blue, summer,
SPECIES:
sphsero3 to 4 ft., Europe.
cephalus, pale blue, summer,
EchinopsiS
(Hedge-hog Cactus).Ord. Cactaceso, Greenhouse
1835.
succulent
two
fibrous
CULTURE:
sandy loam, one part brick
Compost,
parts
well-drained
old
sand.
mortar
"
rubble,
Position,
pots in sunny greenhouse
three
four
window.
Water
or
or
Repot every
years in March.
afterwards.
week
month
once
a
a
Temp., Sept.
Sept. to April, once
to March
50" to 55" ; March
Propagate By seeds
sown
J in. deep in well-drained pans of sandy soil in temp. 75" in March,
keepingsoil moderately moist ; cuttingsof stems inserted in small pots
kinds
of sandy soil,kept barely moist in summer
common
; graftingon
in April.
1 ft., Chili; oristata,
SPECIES
OtTLTIVATED:
E. campylaoantha,
rose, summer,
and
1 ft.,Bolivia;
decaisneana, white
yellow, July, 1 ft.;
white, summer,
creamy
Eyriesii,white, fragrant, July, 4 to 6 in., Mexico ; Eyriesii nore-pleno, double ;
and
6 in., Brazil;
Pentlandii, white
red, July, 6 in.,
oxygonus,
summer,
rose,
4 in., Mexico.
Mexico;
tubiflorua,white, summer,
ing
Ord. Apocynacese. Stove evergreen
Echites.
flowering" climb1823.
shrubs.
First introduced
silver sand.
CULTURE:
Compost, rough fibry peat " one-fourth
with
shoots
trained
to
of
stove or
to
roof
well-drained
pots,
Position,
shoots
Prune, Oct., cutting away
wire trellis. Pot, Feb. or March.
EchinocactUS
purpurea,
(Hedge-hog Cactus).
"
"
"
"
U7
ENCYCLOPEDIA
that
have
flowered
GARDENING.
OF
only. Water
little Oct.
very
to
Feb., moderately
Feb. to April,freely afterwards.
Temp., Oct. to Feb. 55" to 60"; Feb.

to Oct. 65" to 75".
side shoots 3 in.
in temp. 80" in Feb.,
long inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass
March, or April.
OXft-TIVATED: E. panioulata, yellow, summer,
6 to 10 ft.,Brazil.
Echium
(Viper's Bugloss). Ord. Boraginaceae. Hardy annuals,
biennials " perennials.
CULTUEE
well-drained
borders
: Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny,
wild garden. Plant, Aug. or April. Propagate by seeds sown
or
J in.
SPECIES
"
in sunny
position outdoors
in April or Aug.
2 to 3 ft., 8.
plantagineum, bluish purplo, summer,
3 to 4 ft., Britain.
Europe
(Britain); vnlgare, purple or blue, summer,
SPECIES
ANNUAL
E. oretioum, violet,July, 12 to 18 in., S. Europe.
:
1 ft., Spain.
E. albicans, rose
:
or
violet, summer,
PEEENNIAL_ SPECIES
Edelweiss
(Leontopodium alpinum)." See Leoutopodium.
Eel-Grass
(Vallisneriaspiralis).See Vallisneria.
Eg^g^-plant
(Solanum melongena). See Solanum.
deep
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
E.
"
"
Daffodil
(Narcissus
See Narcissus.
ESSS-and-Bacon
Phoenix).
Orange
ESlantine
Egryptian
Egryptian
ESyptian
var.
"
(Bosa rubiginosa). See Bosa.

(Nelumbium
speciosum). See Nelumbium.
Bean
Kidney
(DolichosLab-lab)." See Dolichos.
Lily (Bichardia africana). See Bichardia.
Lotus
(Nymphsea lotus). See Nymphaea.
Onion
See Allium.
(Allium Cepa proliferurq)."
Rose
See
Scabiosa.
(Scabiosaatropurpurea).
Water
See
Lily (Nymphaea lotus).
Nymphaea.
(Oleaster; Wild
Olive)." Ord. Elasagnaceae. Hardy
"
Bean
"
"
Egyptian
"
Egyptian
Egyptian
"
Egyptian
Elseagnus
deciduous
incomparabilisfl.-pl.
"
"
shrubs.
Orn.
1633.
with
white.
variegated
CXJLTIJBE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, open sheltered dryish borders,
south
walls.
Plant deciduous
west
or
or
against
speciesin Oct., Nov.
in
or
Dec;
April or Sept. Propagate by seeds sown
Jîn.
evergreen
in
boxes
of
soil
light
deep
cuttingsinserted in
in Sept.; layering in Oct.
sandy soil in cold frame
SPECIES:
EVERGREEN
E. glabra, white, Aug., 4 to 6 ft., China
and Japan;
6 ft., China
maorophylla, yellow, Sept., 6 ft., Japan; pungena,
yellow, autumn,
and
Japan; pungens
aureo-maculata, golden leaved;
variegata, silver
pongens
evergreen
Leaves, green
or
E.
DEOIDUOXTS
SPECIES:
8 ft., N. Amerioa.
argentea
(Syn. Shepherdia argentea), yellow, July,
(Sambucus nigra). See Sambueus.

Elderberry
(Sambucus nigra). See Sambucus.
Elder-scented
Orchis
(Orchis sambucina).- See Orchis.
Elecampane
(Inula helenium). See Inula.
Ear
Elephant's
(Begonia Bex)." See Begonia.
Ear
Fern
Elephant's
(Aorostichum crinulatum). See AcroElder
"
"
"
"
stichum.
Elephant's
Foot
See
(Testudinaria elephautipes)."
Testudi-
naria.
Elephant's-tooth
Cactus
See Mammillaria.
Eleven
O'CIOCk
Lady
(Mammillaria elephantidens)."
(Ornithogalum umbellatum).
"
See
Ornithogalum.
Elisenai
First
"
introduced
Ord.
Amaryllidese. Warm
1837.
143
greenhouse
bulbous
plant
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOFMDIA
Soil, ordinary"mixed with
little peat and leaf-mould.

a
shrubberies
beds.
or
Plant, Sept.or April.
Position, warm,
soil
in heat in spring.
firm
shoots
in
of
sandy
Oin/TIVAT]fb : E. caiiipanula.tns,
6 ft., iTapan ; japonioas,
SPECIES
red, summer,
white, Feb., 5 to 6 ft., Japan.
duced
Home
Ord.
con.
Papaveracese. Hardy perennial. First introCTJLTUEE:
sheltered
"
1889.
CULTXJEE:
wellPosition, sunny,
Soil, sandy peat " leaf-mould.
drained
Water
border.
freely in very dry
weather.
or
Propagate by division of the roots in March
early April.
1 to 2 ft.,China.
E. ohionantha, white, summer,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Tasmaniau
Epacris
(Australian Heath;
Heath). Ord. Epacrishrubs.
First introduced
deae.
Greenhouse
1803.
flowering
evergreen
CULTURE
silver
:
Compost, three-fourths
fibry peat, one-fourth
sand.
doors
Position, lightairy greenhouse Sept. to July, sunny
place outJune
or
tial.
essenJuly to Sept. Repot, April,
good
;
drainage
Majj,
shoots of erect kinds to within
1 in. of base directlyafter
Prune
flowering; pendulouskinds about half-way. Water
moderately at all
to July. Temp., Sept. to March
times.
Syringe plants daily March
to July, 55" to 60".
45" to 50"; March
Stimulants
not essential.
pagate
Proimmediately they ripen on surface of sandy peat
by seeds sown
in temp. 55"; cuttingsof ends of shoots inserted in pots
under
bell-glass
with bell-glass
of sandypeat covered
placed in cool greenhouse in Aug.
"
April.
or
SPECIES
OtTLTIVATED:
E.
hyaointhiflora, white
to
red, March,
to
ft.,
Australia; hyaointhiflora candidissima, white, hyacinthifora oarminata, carmine;

and
hyaointhiflora
fulgrens,pinlc; longiflora, crimson
white. May and June, 2 to
4 ft., Australia;
longiflora splendens, red, tipped white; purpuraecens,
white
and
red, winter,
in
trade
to 3
ft., Australia.
Numerous
varieties
and
hybrids will be found
lists.
Ord. Orchidaceas.
Bigeneric orchids, the result
distinct genera
Êpidendrum and Cattleya. Habit,
intermediate
between
the two
Flowers
borne
in terminal
parents.
spikes. Require similar culture to Epidendrums.
Epi-Cattleya.
of
"
hybridisingtwo
HYBRIDS
yellow and
purple.
CULTIVATED:
vermilion;
"
E.
matutina
radiata-bowringiana
E.
(0. bowringiana
x
radioans),
0. bowriugiana), rosy
(E. radiatum
x
Epidendrum
Ord.
(Dragon's-mouth Orchid; Tree Orchid).
Orchidacese.
Stove " greenhouse epiphytalorchids.
Flowers fragrant.
First introduced
1835.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts fibry peat, one part chopped living
Position, well-drained pots, hanging
sphagnum moss, charcoal 4; sand.
baskets, or on blocks of wood.
Repot or block, Feb. or March; pots
must
be well drained.
Water
three times weekly March
to Aug. ; once
week
a
Aug. to Nov. " Feb. to March; once
month
Nov.
a
to Feb.
Temp, for stove species,65" to 75" March to Sept.,60" to 65" Sept. to
for greenhouse species,45" to 55" Nov.
March;
to April, 55" to 65"
Nov.
to
to Nov.
Resting period, March
April
Growing period,Nov. to
March.
Propagate by division of plants,or by offsets when new
"
growth
begins.
SPECIES:
STOVE
E. atropurpnreum,
brown, white and purple
sprinir
3 ft
and
rose
Trop. Amerioa;
white, July, 3 ft., Mexico ; p'rismatooarpuni
neijorale,
3 ft.,Central
yellow, purple and rose, summer,
creamy
Amerioa; Wallisii * yellow *
and white, winter, 3 ft., Colombia.
crimson
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
E. Titellinum, orange,
scarlet,and yellow, autumn
1
ft., Guatemala.
and purple, April ; Endrcsio- Wallisii,

: Clarissa, red
yellow white
and
purple, spring; o'brienianum, yellow and carmine, July. Require stove treatient.
HYBRIDS
150
ENCroLOPMMA
EpigBea.
OP
oahdMj^jng.
(American Ground Laurel; New England May-flower)."

First introduced
Hardy evergreen creeping shrub.
1736
rockeries.
sandy peat. Position,shady borders
X^"^^'
Di'^Hô^'?''^
division of plant in Oct.
bept., Oct.
Propagate
April.
by
^lant,
or
or
or
SPEOIBS
CULTIVATED:
Ord.
T'P*..^^"^'
hybridising species of
E. repens,
white, fragrant, May, trailing, N. America.
Orchidaceae.
Bigenerio orchids, tJie result of
Epideudrum with those of Laelia. Habit, like
Flowers borne in erect scapes.
Culture, same
"
that
as
of
an
Epidendrum.
required by Epidendruma.
E.
ciliare),
x
Epidendrnm
(L. anceps
hardyana
E. radioans),
x
orimson-purples ; radioo-purpurata iL. purpurata
orange-soarlet, reddish
purple, and lemon-yellow.
EpilObJum
(Willow Herb; Bay Willow; Eose Bay)." Ord. OnagrariesB. Hardy perennial herbs.
Showy plants for wild or town
HTBEIDS
wnite,
CIJLTIVATED:
and
rose,
gardens.
Flowers, rose-pink,crimson ; May to Aug. Soil, ordiborders, or side of water-courses.
Position, shady or sunny
nary.
March.
|în.deep in
Plant, Oct., Nov. or
in
of roots
division
in
outdoors
March, April or Aug. ;
shady position
CULTURE
'
Oct.
March.
or
son,
Willow), crimE. angustifolinm (Kose Bay or French
ft., Europe (Britain)j angustifolium album, white, hirsutum
(Codlma and
Cream), pink or white, July, i ft., Britain; luteum, yellow, summer,
rosmarini6 in., California:
6 in., N. America;
obcordatum, rosy purple, summer,
July, 2 ft.,Europe.
folium,_red,
Epimedium
(Barreu-wort; Bishop's Hat). Ord. BerberidaccEe.
1830.
Leaves, green,
herbaceous
CULTITATBD:
SPECIES
July,
to
"
Hardy
margined
with
CULTURE
coppery
bronze.
Soil, sandy loam
"
peat. Position,cool shady
border
or
or
trees.
well under
April.
division of roots in July or Aug.
and
E. alpinum, crimson
yellow. May, 9 in., Europe;
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
white
and blue. May, 10 in.,
ooncinnum, purple, March, 8 in., Japan; ma^ranthum,
Japan; pinnatum, yellow. May, 13 in.,Persia; rubrum, yellow and red. May, 8 in.,
Japan.
Ord. Orchidaceoe.
EpipactUS.
Position, moist shady borders or
CULTURE
:
Soil, peat " chalk.
Collect wild specimens
near
ponds or rivulets. Plant in early autumn.
of plant in
division
after
flowering. Propagate by
rockery; will
Propagate by
do
"
directly
March
or
April.
E.
latifolia,purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain)j
CULTIVATED:
palustris,purple, July, 1 ft., Europe (Britain).
A bigeneric
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
hybrid orchid
EpiphronitiS.
oans.
radiwith
Epideudrum
obtained
Sophronitisgraudiflora
SPECIES
"
by crossing
to
similar
Habit
that
to
Culture, similar
HYBRID
crimson
CULTIVATED:
and
parent, but dwarfer.

required by Epidendrums.
latter
E.
Veitohii
(S. grandiflora
Flowers, large.
Epidendrum
radioans),
yellow.
Epiphyllum
greenhouse
CULTURE
fourth silver
lent
SuccuCactaceae.
1810.
trailingplants. First introduced,
parts turfy loam, peat " leaf-mould, one-
Cactus).
(Leaf-flowering
"
Ord.
Compost, equal
greenhouse Sept. to June,

sand.
Position, light warm
to
June
frame
cold
moderately
Sept. Water
or
sunny place outdoors
Nov. to March
times.
other
Temp.,
little
more
freely
to
April,
Sept.
55" to 65" ; Sept. to Nov. 40" to 45".
gate
Propato June
50" to 60" ; March
in 2 in. pots filled with sandy soil "
inserted
singly
cuttings
by
151
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GAnDBNINO.
OF
brick dust in March

or
April; graftingon Pereskia aculeata or P. Bleo
in temp. 65 to 75" in Feb., March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
E. trunoatum,
red, winter, Brazil; russellianum,
rosy
rose,
May,
HYBRIDS
Gffirtneri
and
white
Brazil.
AND
VARIETIES:
(hybrid), scarlet
purple.
Epistephium.
Feb.;
bieolor, purple and white;

violet; salmoneum,
salmon;
Ord.
"
First introduced
CULTURE
:
E.
and
Orchidaceae.
ooooineum, scarlet;
violaceum, carmine,
terrestrial
Stove
orchid.
1864.
Compost,
two
parts fibrous
good drainage essential; keep
loam,
soil below
one
part sand.
rim
of
Pot,
Water
pot.
three times weekly March

to Aug. ; once
weekly Aug. to Nov. " Feb. to
March.
other times.
a month
; once
Syringe freelyin summer.
Temp.,
March
60" to 70".
Propagate by
division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
12 in., Bahia.
Equisetum
tacese.
Williamsii,
B.
mauve,
rose,
white,
(Horsetail; Fox-tailed
Hardy
deciduous
and
yellow,
summer,
Ord. EquiseAsparagus).
perennials. Orn. foliage.Leaves,
herbaceous
"
rush-like, elegant.
Soil,ordinary. Position, bogs, margins of ponds, moist
in pots in a cool shady greenhouse. Plant
or
shady corners,
or
pot,
April. Water
plantsin pots freely whilst growing, moderately at other
times.
Propagate by division of rootstocks in March
or
April.
green,
narrow,
CULTUEE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
EragrostiS
Hardy
maximum
light,feathery
"
(Syu. E. Telmateia), 3 to 6 ft.,Britain.

Love
Grass). Ord. Graminese.
Nat.
cence,
Temperate Regions. Inflores-
Grass;
floweringgrasses.
annual
CULTUEE
E.
(Feather
"
graceful.
Soil, ordinary. Position, open sunny

J in. deep where plants are
Gather
inflorescence in
SPECIES
beds
or
to grow
borders.
in April.
July
" dry for winter

use.
and plumosa.
a;gyptica, elegans, maxima
Ord.
Acanthacese.
Stove
flowering
introduced
1790.
CULTIVATED
Eranthemuirii
E.
"
plants.
Orn. foliage. First

CULTUEE
:
Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould, loam " sand.
pots in light stove Sept. to June, sunny frame
June
to Sept. Pot, March
or
April. Water
moderately in winter,
freely other times.
Temp., Sept. to March 55" to'65" ; March
to June,
65" to 75".
Prune
shoots to within 1 in. of base after flowering. Apply
to plants in flower.
liquid or artificial manure
occasionally
Propagate
by cuttings
temp. 75"
SPECIES
and
white
of young
March
to
shoots
inserted
in
sandy peat under
bell-glassin
July.
CULTIVATED:
E. albiflorum, white, summer,

2 ft., Brazil; Andersonii
1 ft., Malaya;
purple, autumn,
cinnabai-inum, scarlet, winter
3 ft'
Burma;
Cooperi, white and purple, June, 2 ft..New
Caledonia.
Eranthis
(Winter Aconite)."Ord. Eauunculaceae.
Hardy tuber
ous-rooted
perennial. First introduced 1596.
CULTUEE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, shady borders,
beds, lawns,
under
trees
rockeries.
Plant 2 in. deep " 2 in. apart in Oct., Nov

Dec.
Tubers
should not be lifted,but left
or
permanently in the soil
POT
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts leaf-mould, loam
" sand.
Position, 3 in. pots or large pans in cool greenhouse or window.
Plant
tubers \ in. deep " close together in pots or
Water
pans in Oct. or Nov.
moderately. After flowering,plant tubers out in borders.
Propagate
by division of tubers in Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
Europe
or
on
qULTIYATED:
E.
hyemalis, yellow,
(Britain).
152
Jan.
to
March, ,
3
u
to
ou
4
^"
in
m.,
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDJENING.
Ercilla,!
Ord. Phytolaccacera.'
Hardy evergreen
introduced 1840.
CITLTURE:
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, south
"
First
creeper.
south
or
walls;
Plant, Sept. or April. Prune
after flowering,cutting away
sunny.
weak
" shortening strong snoots
fourth.
Shoots cling to wall like
one
those of ivy. Propagate by cuttingsor layers in autumn.
SPECIES
10 to 15
CULTIVATED:
E.
yolubilis
(Syn. Bridgesia spioata),pnrple, spring,
ft.,Chili.
Eremostachys
(DesertRod)." Ord.Lahiatae.
Hardy perennial.
First introduced
1731.
CULTUEB:
Soil,light rich. Position, sunny well-drained borders.
Oct.
Plant,
or
April. Cut off spikes after flowering. Propagate by
seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in light soil in sunny
in
positionoutdoors
April; ; division of roots in Oct. or April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
E. laoiniata, rosy purple and
:
yellow, summer,
^ ft.,
Asia Minor.
Eremurus.
Ord.
Liliaceae.
herbaceous
Hardy
perennials.
First introduced
1800.
OULTTJEE:
loam.
tion,
PosiSoil, light deep rich sandy, well-manured
well-drained
beds
borders.
Oct.
planting
Transor
Plant,
Sept.or
sunny
must
is reallynecessary.
Mulch
not be done
oftener
than
with
in
autumn.
Water
freely
well-decayedmanure
copiouslyin hot
weather.
Protect' in winter
bracken
of
or
dry litter.
by a covering
March
division
of
roots
Oct.
seeds
in heat in
m
or
sown
Propagate by
;
in
cold
for
frame
three
first
spring,
growing seedlingson
years.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
E. Aitohinsonii, red, Jnne
and
July, 3 to 5 ft.,
Afghanistan; aurantiacus, orange-yellow. May, 3 to 3 ft., Afghanistan; Bungel,
and July, 1 to 3, ft.,Persia; himalaicus, white. May
and June, 8 ft.,
yellow, June
Himalayas ; kauf mannianus,
yellow, .Tune, 4 ft., Turkestan
Olgse, lilac-purple,
;
and
June, 6 to 10 ft.,
fragrant, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan;
rohustus, pink. May
Turkestan;
speotabilis,yellow and orange,
June, 2 to 4 ft.,Siberia; turkestanicus,
maroon
and
white, June, 2 to 4 ft., Turkestan.
"
Erianthus
neae.
Hardy
orn.
(Woolly Beard Grass; Eavenna

foliageperennial grass.
Grass).
"
Inflorescence
Ord. Gramisimilar to
plumes. Leaves, narrow,

pampas
green.
well-drained
lawns
CULTURE
Position, sunny
Soil, deep loam.
:
Mar"5i
division
in
roots
of
borders.
or
or
Plant,
April. Propagate by
March
or
April.
E. Eavennse,
SPECIES
6 ft., Mediterranean
CULTIVATED
Eegion.
:
Erica
(Heath).
floweringshrubs.
"
CULTURE
OP
Ord.
HARDY
Ericaceae.
SPECIES:
Hardy
"
greenhouse
Soil, sandy peat.
banks
on
sunny rockeries, or margins of borders ; or massed
wild garden. Plant, Oct. or March.
Prune
stragglyshoots
evergreen
Position,
in the
in April.
SPECIES:
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE
OP
Compost, two-thirds
silver sand.
Position, well-drained pots, in
fibrous peat, one-third
lightairy greenhouse Oct. to July, sunny place outdoors July to Oct.
kinds in March,
" winter-flowering
summer-flowering
Repot autumn
the compost firmly in pots. Water
Press
sorts in Sept.
carefully
not
soil
moist
to
rain,
sufiicient
;
uniformly
keep
spring
always,giving
shoots to within 1 or 2 in. of base immediately
Prune
water, essential.
40" to 45"; March
to July 45"
after flowering. Temp., Oct. to March
or
best stimulant.
Soot-water
Propagate greenhouse speciesby
in
well-drained
inserted
in.
1
shoots
of
pot of sandy peat
long
cuttings
in temp. 60" to 70" in spring; hardy species
under bell-glass
by cuttings
or
hand-lightoutdoors in Sept.
inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass
to 55".
153
OF
ENCYGLOPMDIA
or
Oct.; division
of
GARDENING.
plants in Oct.; layering shoots
in
Sept., Oct.
or
Nov.
6 to 10 ft., Mediterranean
E. arborea, white, May,
Region,
carnea
England;
(S3'n. E. herbacea), pink, Jan. to April,
8 to 12 in.,
G in., Europe;
carnea
alba, white; ciliaria ^Dorset Heath), red, summer,
(Scotch
Britain; cinerea
Heather), crimson-purple, July to Sept., 6 to 12 in.,
Britain
and
Ireland, and its varieiies, alba (white), atropurpurea (purple),coocinea
rosea
(scarlet),purpurea
(purplish rose) ; lusitauica
(Syn. E. codonodes),pinkish
white, Jan. to April, 2 to 6 ft., Spain; Mackaii, red, July and Aug., 1 ft., Ireland;
mediterranea
Syn. ". hibernioa-^pink, April and
(Irish Heath)
May), 4 to 5 ft.,
Ireland, etc.; tetralix (Cross-leaved Heath, or Bell Heather), rosy red, July to
and Ireland;
tetralix alba, white; tetralix rubra, red;
Sept., 6 to 12 in., Britain
(Cornish Heath), pink, July to Sept., 6 in. to 2 ft.,England, France, and
vagans
alba, white; vagans
rubra, red.
Ireland; vagans
E.
and
GBEENHUUSE
SPECIES
:
aitoniana, white
purple, Aug., IS in., S.
Africa; oaffra, white. May, 18 in., S. Africa; cavendishiana
(hybrid), yellow. May,
4 ft.; coocinea, scarlet,June, 1 ft., S. Africa; elegans, rose
and
Aug., 6 in.,
green,
S. Africa;
gracilis, reddish purple, 1 ft., S. Africa; hyemalis (hybrid),
pink, Dec.
to March;
jasminiflora, pink, Aug., 2 ft., S. Africa; macnabiana
(hybrid),pink
and
and
white, June, 18 in. ; marnockiana
white, July
(hybrid),purple, cumson
and Aug., 18 in.; persoluta, purple, April, 16 in., 8. Airica; ventricosa, pink, June,
1 ft., S. Africa, and
its
varieties
alba
(white), carnea
(flesh),and -coocinea
its varieties
alba (white),
vestita, white, June, 3 ft., 8. Africa, and
(scarlet)
;
carnea
(scarlet), incarnata
(pink), lutea
(yellow), purpurea
(flesh),coocinea
(rose); willmoreana, red, June, 12 in., a hybrid.
(purple),and rosea
herbaceous
Erigêron
(Flea-bane). Ord.
Compositae. Hardy
First
introduced
1628.
perennials.
CULTURE:
moist
rockeries
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
or
borders.
after
Gut
down
stems
flowering.
doors
J in. deep in light soil in shady positionoutPropagateby seeds sown
in
April,May or June ; division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
; B.
alpinus grandiflorus, purple and yellow, Aug., 12 in..
Northern
12 in., Turkestan
Regions ; aurantiaous
(Orange Daisy), orange, summer,
;
12
Muoronatus, white, pink and
yellow, summer,
in., Australia; Boylei, bluish
6 to 8 in.,Himalayas.
and yellow, summer,
purple^
ErinuSi
Ord.
Scrophularinesa. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
First introduced
1739.
CULTUEE
" old mortar.
: Soil, decayed vegetable mould
Position,
crevices of old sunny
walls or dryish rockeries.
Plant, March
or
April.
where
plantsare to grow in April; division of
plants in April.
SPECIES
OULTIVATED
E. alpinus, violet purple, spring, 6 in., Pyrenees.
:
ilalfEriobotrya
(Loquat; Chinese Medlar). Ord. Eosacea.
shrub.
Fruit
Fruit
of
Loquat
hardy evergreen
flowering
bearing.
about
the size of green
walnut, pale orange-red, downy, borne in
bunches.
OUTDOOE
CULTUEE:
Soil, light deep loam.
Position, against
south walls S. " S.W. of England " Ireland
only. Plant, Sept.to Nov.,
weather
with mats
April or May. Prune, April. Protect in severe
HARDT
hardy
only
SPECIES:
in S.
of
"
"
"
"
or
hurdles.
straw
INDOOR
mould.
CULTURE
Position, beds
Soil, two
parts sandy loam,
leafheated
slightly
one
part
wall
cold or
against
greenhouse. Plant, Oct. or April. Water
moderately Sept.to
afterwards.
April, freely
Syringe daily May to Sept. Prune
stragshoots
in
seeds
in
sown
April.
by
Propagate
Jin.
deep
gung
potsof
Ught soil iucold greenhouse or frame, spring or autumn;
cuttings of
firm shoots inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
or
greenhouse,Aug.;
layeringin Oct.; grafting on common
quince in March; budding on
in July.
hawthorn
back
of
sunny
SPECIES
Japan.
OtrLTIVATED:
Known
also as
E.
Fhotinia
japonioa, white,
japonioa.
154
summer,
10
to
30
ft., China
and
ENOYOLOPMDtA
Eriogronum,
Ord.
"
First introduced
CULTURE:
GAliDMNtlStG.
OF
Polygonaceae. Hardy
perennials.
herbaceous
18H.
borders.
Plant, Oct.
in
outdoors
soil
in
in.
J
light
deep
March.
April; division of roots in March.
or
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Amerioa.^
N.W.
E.
umbellatuin
Sileri, golden yellow,
12
summer,
in.,
Eriophorum
(Cotton Grass)."Ord. Cyperacese. Hardy aquatic
perennials. Inflorescence borne in spikelets,with cottony tufts on
their extremities.
Soil
CULTURE:
March.
ordinary. Position, margins

where
plants are
Plant,
ponds.
of
to
division
grow;
plants in March.
of
SPECIES
Britain;
CULTIVATED:
vaginatum,
EriopsiS.
"
First introduced
E. alpinum,
ft., Britain.
Ord.
Orchidaceee.
ft., N.
Hemisphere;
polystaohion,1 ft.,
Stove
evergreen
epiphytal orchid.
1845.
Repot,
Compost, fibrous peat, little sphagnum moss.
Water
three
March
part of stove.
or
April. Position, light sunny
Feb.
"
to
Nov
to
times weekly March
to Aug.;
once
weekly Aug.
in
other times.
Temp.,
a month
Syringe freely summer.
March; once
60" to 70"
March
Propagate by
division of pseudo-bulbsat pottingtime.
CULTURE:
E.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Colombia;
Helen"e, orange,
EriOStemorii
First introduced
CULTURE:
"
brown
rutido'fiulbon,
and
yellow,
summer,
ft.,
summer.
Greenhouse
Rutacese.
Ord.
shrubs.
evergreen
1822.
Compost, equal parts sandy loam " peat. Position,

well-drained pots in light airy greenhouse. Repot, March, pressing
soil down
moderately Sept.to April,freely afterwards.
firmly. Water
Prune straggly growths in Feb.
Temp., Sept. to April 45" to 50";
Ventilate
60".
50"
to
greenhouse freely in summer.
April to Sept.
in sandypeat under
bell-glass
inserted
in.
2
long
alba in March.
Correa
buxifolium, pink, May or June, 3 to 4 ft.,Australia ;
red, spring,2 ft., Australia.
pulohellus,pink. May, 2 to 3 ft.,hybrid; salioifolius,
Eritrichiur*r(Fairy Borage; Fairy Forget-me-not). Ord. BoragiFirst introduced
Nat. Alps.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
graftingon
E.
"
naceae.
Hardy perennialalpineplant.
1869.
broken
limestone, sandstone, fibry
CULTURE
Position, sheltered crannies of exposed rockeries,
loam, peat " sand.
winter.
moisture
in
excessive
from
be nrotected
where
foliage can
weather.
Propagate
Plant, April. Protect by panes of glassin rainy
in gentleheat in spring.
by division of plants in April ; seeds sown
SPECIES
N.
CULTIVATED:
Temperate
E.
nanum,
sky blue
Regions.-
Erodium
yellow, summer,
and
.
Ord.
(Heron's bill)."
-
Geramacese.
Tr
-i
Hardy
to
m.,
"
perennial
1640.
First introduced
Position, dry sunny borders or rockeries.
CULTURE
: Soil, sandy.
Propagate by seeds
or
April. Transplant very seldom.
Plant, March
55"
in March
or
in
soil
April,
temp.
sown
i in. deep in pots of sandy
in
roots
of
division
in
June
or
outdoors
July;
seedlings
herbs.
transplanting
and pink,
E. ohamsedryoides (Syn. E. Beichardi),white
CULTIVATED
:
maoradenium,
violet, flesh and
Islands;
Sept., 2 to 3 in., Balearic
1 to 2 ft.,
Manesoavi, purplish red, summer,
6 in., Pyrenees;
purple, summer,
6
Pyrenees.
in.,
July,
Pyrenees; petrajum, purple,
SPECIES
April to
155
IN
GARDEN
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
(Sea Holly)."Ord.
Eryngium
herbs.
Orn.
bracts.
CULTUEE:
foliage.
TJmbelliferae.
surrounded
heads
Flower
Soil, light sandy.
d.
Hardy perennial
by spiny coloured
Position, dryish
borders.
1-16 in.
division
of
;
sunny
seeds
April. Propagate by
frame
in April or May
or
sown
deep in boxes of sandy soil in cold

plants in Oct. or April.
and
1 to 2 ft.,
OULTIVATED:
E. alpinum, bine
white, summer,
amethystinum, purple, July and Aug:., 12 to 18 in., Europe ; Bourgatii, blue,
3 to 4 ft., Armenia;
to Aug., 1 to 2 ft., Spain;
June
giganteum, blue, summer,
mer,
maritimum, bluish white, July to Oct., 1 to 2 ft.,Britain; oliyerianum, blue, sum10 to 15 ft., Konte
2 to 4 ft..Orient;
pandanifolium, purplish,summer,
Video;
1 to 2 ft., Europe.
planum, blue, summer,
Erynso
(Eryngium amethystinum). See Eryngium.
SPECIES
Europe
"
Erysimum
(Alpine Wallflower; Hedge Mustard). Ord. Cruciferse. Hardy annuals, biennials," perennials. First introduced
1823.
Ht. 1 to 12 in.
beds or rockeries.
CULTURE
: Soil,ordinary.Position, dryish sunny
where
Plant, March
or
April. Propagate annual speciesby seeds sown
in
seeds
in
to
are
sown
biennials,
plants
by
required grow
April;
sunny
place outdoors in June, transplantingseedlingsto flowering positions
advised
for biennials, also by
as
in
Aug. ; perennials,by seeds sown
under
inserted
in
soil
or
cuttings
sandy
hand-light cold frame in Aug. ;
or
April.
SPECIES
ANNUAL
E. perofskianum, reddish
:
spring to autumn, 1 ft.,
orange,
"
Caucasus.
N.
BIENNIAL
America.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
SPECIES
Europe;- rupestre
Asia
E.
:
E.
(Syn. E.
arkansanum,
asperum
yellow and
white, July, 8 in.,
oohroleucum, sulphur-yellow, fragrant, April to July,

pulohellum), sulphur-yellow, fragrant, spring, 1 ft.,
Minor.
Erythrsea
Hardy
Centaury)." Ord. Gentianaceae.
(Blush-wort;
perennial alpineplants.
rockeries.
Plant,
:
Position, sunny
Soil, sandy loam.
soil in
in
seeds
1-16
in.
sown
light
by
deep
April. Propagate
m
or
April ; division of plants in March
April.
annual
or
CULTURE
March
or
cold frame
ANNUAL
SPECIES
Muhlenbergi, pink
PERENNIAL
and
E.
oentaurium,
white,
summer,
Massoni,
SPECIES:
pink,
6 to
rose,
June
to Sept., 6 to
in., California.
summer,
to
15
in., Britain;
in., Azores.
ceous
(Coral-tree).Ord. Leguminosse. Half-hardy herbashrubs.
perennials" greenhouse deciduous
Flowering " orn.
1690.
CULTURE
OP
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
" sand.
Position,pot in warm
peat, well-decayedmanure
greenhouse,
Erythrina.
"
at base of south
wall S. of England.
Pot or plant, March.
Prune
shoots away
close to old wood
in Oct.
Water
freely April to Sept.;
of time.
keep almost dry remainder
March
Store plants in pots on their sides in greenhouse
duringwinter. Place in lightpart of structure March to June,
then stand
Protect
in
outdoor
positionoutdoors.
sunny
plants with
covering of ashes.
CULTURE
SPECIES
above.
: Compost, same
as
9F HERBACEOUS
Position, pot in warm
March.
down
greenhouse.
Cut
Pot,
sunny
Water
to
floweringstems in autumn.
April
freely
Sept.; keep nearly
or
45" to 55"; March

dry afterwards.
to Sept.
60" to 70".
in spring
Propagate by cuttingsof young shoots removed
with
portion of old wood attached " inserted singly in well-drained
156
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
E.
SPECIES
OTTLTIVATED:
oitriodora
(Oitron-soonted Gum), 15 to 20 ft.,
Anstralia; saitable for pot cnltare; globulus (Blue Oom), 15 to 20 ft., Australia,
culture; resinifera,30 to
pots or outdoors; Gunnii, 15 to 20 ft.,suitable for outdoor
60 ft.
Eucharidium.
"
Ord.
annuals.
Onagrariese. Hardy
First
troduced
in-
1787.
beds
CULTURE
Position, sunny well-drained
to
borders.
in.
where
1-16
seeds
are
sown
plants
Propagate by
deep
in
in
March
or
for
or
summer
April
early
Aug.
flowering,
Sept.
grow
for mid-summer
lings
flowering. Thin seedflowering," June for autumn
to 2 in. apart when
1 in. high.
SfEOIES
8 in.,
CULTIVATED:
E. Breweri, wMte,
lilao, and purple, summer,
1 ft., California.
California; oonoinnum, purple, summer,
Eucharis
(Amazon Lily). Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Stove bulbous
1851.
flowering plants. Evergreen. First introduced
CULTURE
posed
two parts fibrous loam, one
: Compost,
part peat, decom" sand.
sheep manure
pots on a bed or
stage heated beneath to temp. 85" in plant stove. Pot in June or July,
placing six bulbs in a 10 in. pot. Press compost down firmly. Repotting
not needful
oftener than
three or four years.
Water
once
every
mer.
Syringe freelyin summoderately Oct. to April, freely afterwards.
after
flower
stems
Liquid manure
apply twice a week
appear.
with
rich compost.
Top-dress established plants annually in March
55" to 65"; Deo. to
to Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept. to Dec.
Temp., March
March
65" to 75".
J in. deep in sandy soil in
from
offsets removed
old bulbs " placed
temp. 85" in Feb. or March;
singly in 3 in. pots in June or July.
1 ft., Colombia;
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
E. Candida,
white, autumn,
grandiflora (Syn. E. amazonioa), white, March
to Deo., 1 to 2 ft., Colombia, and
its
and
varieties, Lowii, Moorei
fra^rans; Mastersii, white, spring, 12 to 18 in.,
and
Colombia;
GteTensii,
Sanderi, white
yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in., Colombia;
white
and
yellow, spring, 1 ft., hybrid.
or
"
Eucomis
(Pine-appleFlower; King's Flower). Ord. LUiaceae.

bulbous
Half-hardy
floweringplants. Evergreen. Nat. Cape of Good
Hope. First introduced 1760.
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part well"
sand.
manure
decayed
pots in light,warm
"
bulb
in a 5 in. pot.
Pot, Oct. or March, placing one
little
to
Water
March
to
Sept.
March, moderately
May, freely
very
afterwards.
45" to 50* ; March
to Sept. 55" to
65".
Apply liquidmanure
occasionallywhen flower spike shows.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary light rich. Position, sunny,
:
well-drained
border.
Plant, Sept., Oct. or March, placing bulbs 3 in.
below
surface " 6 in. apart. Protect
in winter
by covering of ashes,
oocoanut-fibre
refuse
or
manure.
"
transplanted in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
E. punctata, green
and
brown, Aug., 18 in. to 2 ft.;
and purple, spring, 2 ft.; undulata, green.
regia, green
May, 2 ft.
Ord. Rosacese.
Eucryphia.
flowering
shrub.
greenhouse.
"
CULTURE:
against S.
Propagate
SPECIES
or
Soil, good ordinary.

walls; or in cold
S.W.
Position,
shrubberies;
warm
greenhouse.
Plant
in
10 ft
Chili
autumn.
by layers in autumn.
CULTIVATED
:E.
pinnatifolia,
white, Aug.,
8 to
Eugrenia
(FruitingMyrtle)." Ord. Myrtacese.
Stove
"
flowering shrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced .1768.
black, rose; globular,fragrant, edible; autumn.
158
house
green-
Fruit,
ENOrOLOPJSDtA
CULTURE
OF
GAUDENING.
Compcstj two parts sandy loanij one leaf-mould or sand.

March.
Position, pots in stove or greenliouse.Water
to
Oct.
moderately
Syringe April to Aug.
April, freely afterwards.
55" to 65".
in
Prune
shoots
March.
for
stove
straggly
Temp,
species,
40"
75"
65"
to
to
March
for
to
March;
species,
Sept.
greenhouse
Sept.;
to Oct.
to 50" Oct. to March, 55" to 65" March
iu temp. 55" to
of firm shoots inserted
in sandy soil under
bell-glass
75" in summer.
See also the genus Myrtus.
E.
STOVE
SPECIES:
15 to 20 ft., Moluccas!
oaryophyllata, white, Bummer,
malacceusiB
Jambos
20 ft., Trop. Asia;
(Malay
(Rose Apple), white, summer,
15 to 20 ft.,Malaya.
Apple), scarlet, summer,
and
E.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
elegant, 6 ft.,
myriophylla, leaves narrow
:
Pot, Feb.
or
Brazil,
Eu
Ialia."
See
Miscanthus.
(Spindle-tree;Japanese Spindle-tree). Ord

shrubs.
" evergreen
" half-hardy deciduous
mostly oval-shaped,green, or variegated with
Euonymus
stracesB.
Hardy
Cela-
"
foliage. Leaves
Orn.
white
yellow.
"
speciesin
Position, deciduous
Soil, ordinary;.
CULTURE:
beries;
shrub-
speciesagainst south or west walls, edgings to beds,

evergreen
Plant deciduous
window
species
boxes, hedges " front of shrubberies.
March
in
or
Nov.
Oct.,
in Sept.,Oct. or
April. Prune,
Sept.,
; evergreen
seaside shrubs.
Oct. or April. Good
SPECIES
EVERGREEN
:
CULTURE
OF
Compost, two parts
POT
well-drained
sand.
"
leaf-mould
Position,
pots in cool
loam, one part
March.
Oct.
windows.
or
Pot,
balconies,
Sept.,
greenhouse,corridors,
quently
fretimes.
other
foliage
in
Syringe
Water
winter, freely
moderately
of
shoots
of
previous
in summer.
cuttings
year's
Propagate by
in sandy soil in cool greenhouse, window
growth,
or
in
frame,
Sept. or Oct.
2 ft., TTnited
States; atropurpurens,
E. amerioanus,
SPECIES:
DECIDTJOrS
and
Siberia; latifolius,
10 ft., N. America;
europseus, 10 to 15 ft., Europe (Britain)
Asia.
8 ft., Europer and
i,
",
r.^.
and
4 to 6 ft., China
B. japonious, leaves green,
Japan;
SPECIES:
EVERGREEN
with
(leaves
and
white^, aureus
its varieties
albo-marginata (leaves margined
and
variegated with white), ovatns
yellow), latifolius albo-variegatus(leaves broad
(leavesgolden); radioans, 1 ft., Japan, and its silvery and golden-leaved
.aureus
.
.^
"forms.
and
CULTURE
baceous
her-
Compositae. Hardy
(Hemp Agrimony)." Ord.

greenhouse shrubby plants.
Eupatorium
SPECIES
or
April.
SPECIES
:
Compost,
GREENHOUSE
SHRUBBY
HARDY
OP
borders, shrubberies.
OF
CULTURE
with
manure
equal parts loam " dried cow
pots in lightgreenhouse Sept.to June; cold
March
to
April.
Sept.
to
Prune
March,
immediately
after
feely afterwards.
Position,
Sept. Pot,
little sand.
frame
June
to
flowering. Water
Temp., Sept.
to
March
moderately
45"
frequentlyto
55" to 60". Apply liquidmanure
June
the
out
m
open garden
plantsin flower. Both speciesmay be planted
" placed
lifted
be
"
then
in June, have their shoots frequentlypinched,
in pots for floweringin greenhouse.
March
; greenhouse
Propagate hardy species by division in Oct. or
soil in temp. "5"
in
inserted
shoots
sandy
of
cuttings
young
by
species
or
April.
to 65" in March
"..,.."."
America
2 to
4 ft., N.
;
E.
SPECIES
ageratoides, white, summer,
:
HARDY
2
to
4 ft.,Britain;
purpureum
oannabium
(Hemp Agrimony), reddish purple, July,
(Trumpet Weed), purplish, autumn,
atrorubens), red, Jan,
E. atrorubens
(Syn. Hebechnium
SPECIES
:
GREENHOUSE
to 50" ; March
to
159
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
ianthemum
iantlunum), purple,
Marcli, 12 to 18 m.^ Mexico;
(Syn. Hebecliuium
weinmanniaiium
wiuter, 2 ft., Mexico ; riparium, white, spring, 2 to 3 ft.,Mexico;
2 to 3 ft., Mexico
tSyn. E. odoratum), white, autumn,
Euphorbia.
(Spurge; Caper Spurge; Poinsettia). Ord. Euphorto
"
biaceae.
Stove
tardy floweringshrubs
and
or
herbs.
loam
CULTURE
OF STOVE
SPECIES
: Compost, equal parts fibrous
of sand.
Position, sunny dry part of stove,
peat with liberal amount
with shoots trained up roof, wall, or on
June.
trellis. Pot, March
or
Water
moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep almost dry Jan. to May; freely
afterwards.
Temp., Jan. to May 50" to 55"; May to Sept.65*^to 75";
Sept. to Jan. 55" to 65". Prune E. fulgens in June, cutting shoots back
to within
1 in. of base.
CULTURE
OP
POINSETTIA
: Flowers, insignificant.
Bracts, sear,
white.
let, white; winter.
Foliage, green or variegated with creamy
"
Compost, four parts fibrous loam, one part decayed cow
manure,
half a part silver sand.
Position, pots or beds with shoots trained to
back wall of stove.
old plants in temp. 65" to
Young
Plants
: Place
75" in May.
Remove
shoots
when
2
to
3 iu. long, insert singly
young
in 2 in. pots filled with sandy loam
" peat, and
plunge to the rims in
in propagator. When
bottom
heat of 85", under
a bell-glass
or
rooted,
place singlyin 4 in. pots, plunge again in bottom heat for a few days,
then remove
well rooted
transfer to
to shelf near
as
glass. As soon
6 or 8 in. pots, keep near
glass for week or so, then gradually harden,
to temp. 55".
frame
until Sept., when
remove
place in cold sunny
from
when
Shade
in cold frame.
Wâter freely. Syringe
mid-day sun
twice daily. Ventilate freely on fine days. Transfer
plantsinto temp.
60" to 65" end of Sept. Water
twice
moderately. Apply stimulants
After
of
week.
40"
to
to
a
a
45", keep roots
floweringremove
temp,
Plants
their
side
under
store
"
Old
: Prune
quitedry
staging.
pots on
for
second
latent
unless
bud or
to
snoots,
producing cuttings,
required
from
of
their
end
When
shoots
1
form
in.
base,
new
long,
April.
eye
old soil from
turn
roots, cut off the
plants out of their pots, remove
ends of latter," repot in pots just large enough to take roots
straggling
Place
in temp. 65" to 75" from pruning time.
" little compost.
Repot
small pots are
filled with roots.
Place in cold
into larger size when
move
" syringe freely. Reframe
or
pitsduring July " Aug. Water
sunny
lants
stimuto temp. 55" to 60", Sept.; 60" to 70", Oct. onwards.
Apply
twice a week
Oct., until bracts are fully developed, then cease.
treat as advised
for young
After flowering,
plants. Beds : Compost, as
Train
the
shoots
above.
freely
Plant, July.
thinly to wall. Water
shoots to within
while growing ; after floweringkeep quite dry. Prune
latent bud of their base, end of Sept. Temp., April to Sept. 65"
one
to 75"; Sept. to April 55" to 60".
Average height of a well-grown
in.
18
of
diameter
12
to
of a well-grown head
Average
plant
young
"
bracts 10 to 15 in.
OF HARDY
CULTURE
borders, banks, sunny
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary. Position, dry
rockeries.
Plant, March
or
April.
serted
shoots 3 in. long inspeciesby cuttings of young
of
in
70"
in
June
pots
sandy compost
May,
temp.
by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
or July ; hardy species
in dryishpositionsoutdoors
seeds sown
in April,division of
in summer,
in
Oct.
or
April.
plants
Pbop
SIOYE
stove
AGATE
in well-drained
.SPECIES:
winter, 2 to
autumn,
red,
summer,
to
6
4
E.
fulgens (Syn.
ft., Mexico;
E. jaoquiueefiora),
and
scarlet, autumn
puloherrima (Syn, Poinsettia pulcherrima), scarlet,
punicea, soarlet, April, 6 ft., Jamaica;
splendens,
ft., Mexico;
ft.,Madagascar.
160
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OP
GAEDBNINO.
SPECIES
: E. Cyparissias (Cypress Spurge), yellow, June, 2 ft., Europe
:
5
lathyris (Caper Spurge), yellow, June
and
July, 3 to 4 ft., biennial, Europe;
Myrsinites, yellow, summer,
trailing,S. Europe.
Box
Thorn
Europea.n
(Lycium europaeum). See Lycium.
"
"
European
European
Eurya.
Cyclamen
(Cyclamen europseum). See Cyclamen.

(Chamserops Immilis). See Chamaerops.
Ord. Ternstromiacese.
Orn.
Half-hardy evergreen shrub.
foliage. Nat. Japan. First introduced 1871.
Leaves, ovate, green,
"
Palm
"
"
white " yellow.

creamy
OULTUEE
tion,
Posi: Compost, two
Pot, March
pots in cool greenhouses, dwelling-roomsor windows.
or
April. Water
moderately in winter, freely other times.
May be
againstsoutTi
grown
bjr"cuttingsof
65" in
to
SPECIES
wall
outdoors
in S. of
inserted
shoots
young
England "
in sandy
Ireland.
gate
Propasoil in temp. 60"
spring.
OULTITATED:
India, China,
white, 6 ft.
and
Eurycles
E.
Japan
japonioa variegata, leaves green

variegata, leaves broad,
latif olia
and
white, 5 ft.,
and
green
creamy
(Brisbane Lily).
Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Stove

bulbous
1759.
CTJLTUEE
:
Compost, three parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould
" sand.
Pot,
pots in light part of stove.
of
Feb.
Water
to Sept., keep nearly dry remainder
freely March
to
time.
50" to 55"; March
Temp, for stove species,Sept. to March
" placedsinglyin small
Sept. 65" to 75". Propagate by offsets removed
in
Feb.
pots
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
E. Cunninghami,
white, July, 1 ft.,Australia; oubensis,
and
Australia.
white, Aug., 1 ft., Malaya
Ord. Palmacese.
Stove ornamental-leaved
Euterpe^
plants.
First introduced
1656.
" sand.
CTJLTUEE
:
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould
Water
Pot, Feb, to March.
Position, pots in shady part of stove.
70"
from
to
Shade
March
to
85";
sun.
Sept.
always.
freely
Temp.,
in
in.
1
60"
65".
seeds
to
to
March
sown
Propagate
deep
Sept.
by
plants.
"
First
introduced
"
above
compost,
SPECIES
20
in
temp.
ft., Brazil;
Evening'
Evening
Evening
Evergreen
Evergreen
Evergreen
Cupressus.
Evergreen
85"
in spring.
edulis, 10 to 20 ft., Trop.
America;
oleraoea, 10
speoioaa, 10 to 20 ft.
See Hesperantha.
Flo^wer.
QHnothera
Primrose
biennis). See (Enothera.
See Cooperi.
Star
(CooperiaDrummondi).
AlKanet
(Anchusa sempervirens). See Anchusa.
Candytuft
(Iberissempervirens). See Iberis.
E.
CULTIVATED:
Evergreen
Evergreen
Evergreen
Evergreen
to
"
"
"
"
"
See
(Cupressus sempervirens).
Cypress
"
(Crataeguspyracantha).
Fire-thorn
"
See
gus.
Cratae-
(Acer heterophyllum). See Acer.

(Quercus Ilex). See Quercus.
Orpine
(Sedum Anacampseros). See Sedum.
Privet
(Ligustrum vulgare semperflorens).See
Maple
"
Oak
"
"
"
Ligustrum.
Evergreen
Everlasting
Rose
(Eosa
Flowers.
sempervirens).-See Eosa.
See Helipterum, Helichrysum, Wait"
"
zia, " Xeranthemum.
Everlasting
Everlasting
Pea
See Lathyrus.
(Lathyruslatifolius).
"
Sand-flower
(Ammobium
alatum).
See
"
Ammcbium.
161
GAEDMNINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Eve's-CUShion
(Saxifragâhypuoides). See Saxifraga.
Ewer's
Stonecrop
(Sedum Ewersi). See Sedum.
acd
Exacum.
Ord.
Gentianaceae.
annuals
Stove
perennials.
First introduced
1848.
" sand.
Position, pots
CULTUEE
: Compost, equal parts peat, loam
pagate
in light part of plant stove.
Water
freely. Temp., 65" to 75". Proin temp. 75" to 80"
surface of fine compost
on
by seeds sown
in
April, transplantingseedlings when large enough to handle into
small pots " thence into a larger size later on ; perennialspeciesalso by
"
"
"
cuttings.
PERENNIAL
E.
SPECIES:
affine, bluish
lilac, fragrant, June
Oct.,
to
in.,
ft.,
Socotra.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
Ceylon.
Exeter
Elm
Oak
Exeter
B.
""
zelanioum
macranthum,
Tiolet
purple, autumn,
var.
(tJlmus montana
fastigiata).See TJlmus.
var.
crispa). See Quercus.
(Quercus
Ord.
Eosaceae.
(Pearl Bush).
Hardy deciduous
"
"
Exochorda
"
1854.
First introduced
floweringshrubs.
CULT0EE:
Soil, ordinary.
Plant, Oct.
Position, shrubberies.
seeds
in sandy
to Feb.
Prune
after flowering.
sown
Propagate by
shoots
serted
insoil in cold frame
in spring or autumn;
of
cuttings
young
in sandy soil under
in
summer
bell-glass
portions
; gfraitingon
of its own
roots in temp. 60" in spring.
OULTIVATEIJ:
SPECIES
E. AJberti,white. May, 5 to 6 ft.,Turkestan; grandiflora (Syn. Spireea grandiflora), white. Hay, 6 ft., China.
Fabiana
Solanaceae.
flowering
(False Heath). Ord.
Hardy
shrub.
1838.
First introduced
Evergreen.
CTJLtuEE
Position, against south or west walls ;
: Soil, ordinary.
cool greenhouses N. of England.
Plant, Oct. or April. Water
plants
in pots moderately in winter, freely in summer.
or
Eepot, March
of
firm
shoots
in
inserted
Propagate
by
sandy
cuttings
April.
youn^f
soil under
in cold greenhouse, or in cold frame
in March
or
bell-glass
"
April.
OULTIYATED:
SPECIES
P.
Fasopyum
imbrioata, white. May,
ft.. Chili.
Ord.
(Buckwheat).
Polygonaceae. Hardy annual.
seed
for
and
pheasant
yielding
poultry feeding; also for
in
Good
bee plant also.
or
as
a
manure.
ploughing digg:ing
green
Sow in
CTJLTUEE:
Soil, light,sandy, or brashy; clay unsuitable.
in.
Sin.
6
to
in
shallow
drills
Harvest
when
apart.
greatest
May
for
Grown
early
has matured,
seeds do
as
when
moist
with
dew.
morning
Seed
when
flowering begins.
25
to
bushels.
30
yieldper acre,
of
amount
in
manure
Average
seed
Aversigeprice-per bushel,
501b.
SPECIES
Asia.
Fagrus
orn.
"
P.
CULTIVATED:
(Beech).
"
foliage trees.
striped,copper,
Ord.
5s. to
ripen
not
Plough
or
to
an
sow
Weight
of
all at
dig
once.
in
as
acre,
bushel
Cut
green
bushel.
of seeds,
6s.
esoulentenm, pink and
white, summer,
Cupuliferae.Hardy
Leaves, oblong, lightgreen,
ft..Central
deciduous
" evergreen
silver striped,
golden
purple.
Soil, sandy or chalky," gravellyloam.

Position, open
also good seaside
tree.
Plant
dryish shrubberies, lawns, copses;
CULTTJEE
species" varieties Oct. to Feb. ; evergreen, Sept. or April.

good hedge shrub.
Plant
species(F. sylvatica)
9 in. apart "
Timber
trimmed.
sides
used
for
closely
keep
making joiners'tools,
" wheel
felloes. Average value
gun stocks, saddle trees,
per cubic foot
lOd. to Is. 7d.
| in. deep in rows
15 in. apart
deciduous
Common
162
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
April,transplantingseedlingswhen two years old;

on
common
by grafting in March
species.
in March
or
kinds
gated
varie-
del
20 to 30 ft., Terra
SPECIES
CULTITATED:
Ounninghamii,
evergreen,
Faego; sylvatioa (Common Beeoh), 70 to 80 ft., deoiduons, Europe (Britain);and its
varieties, ouprea
(Copper Beecli), heteropliylla, incisa and queroifolia (Gut-leaved
Beeohes), pendola (Weeping Beecli),purpurea
(Purple Beeoli) and argenteo-variegatis (Silver-leaved
Beeon).
Fair
Maids
of
February
(Galauthus nivalis). See
"
Galauthus.
of
Maids
Fair
See
granulata).
"
Fair
(Ranunculus aconitifolius,Saxifraga
France
Ranunculus,
of
Maids
Saxifraga.
See
(Ranunculus aconitifolius).
Kent
"
culus.
Ranun-
Fairy
Fairy
Fairy
Fairy
Borage
(Eritrichium nanum). See Erithrichium.
Fingers
(Digitalis
purpurea). See Digitalis.
Moss
Floating'
(Azollacaroliniana). See AzoUa.
chium.
See EritriForget-me-not
(Eritrichium nanum).
Fairy
Fairy
Fairy
Heron's-biil
False
False
"
"
"
"
See
Rosa.
minima).
(Erysimum pumilum). See
(Erodium Reichardi).
"
indica
Rose
(Rosa
Wallflower
Acacia."
See
Grass
Brome
Erodium.
See
"
"
Erysimum.
Robinia.
(Brachypodium distachyon). See Brachy"
podium.
(Boltonia asteroides). See Boltonia.
Cherry
(Prunus pseudo-cerasus).See Prunus.
Head
False
(Physostegia virginiana).
Dragon's
Physostegia.
Goat's-beard
False
(Astilbejaponica). See Astilbe.
False
Grape
(Vitisquinquefolia). See Vitis.
False
False
Chamomile
"
"
See
"
"
"
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
Heath.
See Fabiana.
"
(Veratrum nigrum).^ See Veratrum.

(Datisca cannabina). See Datisca.
(Rhododendron pontica). See
Honeysuckle
Hellebore
"
Hemp
"
"
dendron.
Rhodo-
(Baptisiaauatralis).See Baptisia.
Indigo
"
Mallow.
"
Mitre-vwort
Plantain."
Starvwort
Malvastrum.
See
See
(Tiarellacordifolia)."
See
Tiarella.
Heliconia.
(Boltoniaasteroides). See Boltonia.

See Viola.
(Viola tricolor).
Fancy
Pansy
Fan
Palm
(Chamserops humilis)."See Chamaerops.
Fan
Palm
(Sabal blapkbumiana). See Sabal.
False
"
"
"
Farfugium.
Ord.
"
See
Senecio.
Araliaeeae.
GREENHOTJSE
Half-hardy
CULTURE:
Paper-plant; Fig-leafPalm).^
foliagedshrubs.
Compost, two partssandy loam, one
Rice
(Japanese Aralia;
Fatsia
orn.
" sand.
part leaf-mould, decayed manure
dwelling-room.
or
cool
in
greenhouse,
Position, well-drained pots

Pot, Feb., March, or April.
moderately Sept. to April,freely afterwards.

to 50" ; April to Sept. 55" to 65".
40"
April
Water
OUTDOOR
sheltered
Soil, ordinary, well-drained.
CULTURE:
shrubberies in
Temp., Sept
warm
districts.
Position,
Requires protectionin
Propagate by cuttings of roots

Plant, May.
weather.
or
"3" in March
April; variegatedkinds
soil in temp.
lieht
^
163
to
severe
inserted
by grafting
g2
BNOYOLOPMDIA
on
speciesin temp.
spring.
common
rootiugin
GARDENING.
OF
75" in March
April;
or
tall
plants by
stem-
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
horrida, leaves palmate and Bpiny, 4 to 6 ft.,Japan,
: F.
Aralia
japonioa (Syn. Aralia
or
Sieboldii), the Japanese
Fig-leaf Palm,
leaves green,
and
palmate, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, a popular room
greenhouse plant;
papyrifera
(Chinese Rice Paper-plant), syn. Aralia
papyrifera, 6 to 8 ft., China.
There
silver and
are
golden variegated forms of F. japonica.
Feather-few
(Chrysanthemum Parthenium). See Chrysanthemum.
eto, ;
"
Feather-foil
Feather
(Hottonia palustris).See Hottonia.

(Stipa pennata " Eragrostis elegans).
"
Grass
"
See
Stipa " Eragrostis.

Fedia
(Horn of Plenty).
Ord.
Valerianaceae.
Hardy annual.
First introduced
1796.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open beds, rockeries, or borders.
in boxes or pots of light soil in temp.
55" in March, transplantinginto borders
in May ; or outdoors
in April
where
plants are to grow.
F.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Cornuoopiie, red, lilao, rose, and carmine, July,
6 in., S. Europe,
Feeai
See Trichomanes
Felt-wort
(Verbascum Thapsus). See Verbascum.
Female
Oak
(Quercus pedunculata). See Quercus.
Fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare). See Pceniculum.
Fennel
Flower
(Nigelladamascena). See Nigella.
"
"
"
"
"
"
Fennel-leaved
Fen
Rue
See
Paeony
(Pasonia tenuifolia)."
(Thalietrum flavum)." See Thalictrum.
Fenugreek
Fenzlla.
(Trigonellafoenum
"
Fern-leaved
See
Gilia.
Beech
groseum).
"
See
Paeonia.
Trigonella.
(Fagus sylvaticaasplenifolia).
"
See
Fagus.
Fern-leaved
Fern-leaved
Castanea.
Fern-leaved
Fern-leaved
See Betula.
Fern
Palm
Birch
laciniata')."See
(Betula populifolia
Chestnut
(Castanea
Sumach
vesca
Betula
See
asplenifolia)."
(Rhus glabra laciniataV" See Rhus.

Birch
(Betula populifolia
pendula).
Weeping
(Cycas revoluta).
"
See
Cycas.
Ferraria
(Black Iris). Ord. Iridacese.
Hardy " half-hardy
bulbous
Deciduous.
First
introduced
1755.
plants.
CULTURE
OF GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts sandy
eool
loam, one
Position,
Place
bulbs
peat.
greenhouse. Pot, Nov.
with point just below
surface " 1 to 2 in. apart.
Water
occasionally
to June; keep quite dry July to Nov.
Nov.
to Feb.; moderately Feb.
Temp., Nov. to Feb. 40" to 45"; Feb. to June, 50" to 60".
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
Soil, rich sandy.
wellPosition, sunny
border.
drained
Plant ij"March
2
to
in.
or
3
April
deep. Lift bulbs
" store in cool, dry,frost-proof place until planting time, or
in Nov.
in
protectin ground by covering of ashes, decayed leaves, or manure
winter.
Jin. deep in well-drained pots of
or
sandy soil in temp. 50" to 60" in March
April; by offsets at potting
or
planting time.
OLUTITATED:
F. undulata, brown
SPECIES
and
purple, March
Anril
and
*^
6 to 8 in., S. Africa.
Ferula
(Giant Fennel)." Ord. Umbelliferse.
Hardy herbaceous
"
164
branches.
Pinch
liquidmanure
point
in
once,
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
off
Aug.
vigorous
to trees
young
in
shoots
bearing heavily.
July. Apply
Figletssize of
Oct.
branches
in Deo. with straw
Protect
in
or
mats, removing
April.
CTJLTUEE
OP PIG
UNBEE
GLASS
border, time
: Compost, position,
of planting as
trained
above.
Branches
against wall.
up roof or
Mode
of bearing : On shoots of previous year's growth for first crop ;
those of current
above.
for
Prune
" pinch as
second
year
crop.
Disbud
" syringe
shoots when
too many
are
forming. Water
young
freely in summer.
Apply liquid manure
Temp, for forcing,50" to 65".
POT
CTJLTUEE
FIG:
OF
Compost, turfy loam, little bonemeal.
Position, ordinary greenhouse,vinery or forcing house.
Pot, Nov. to
freely when
April. Size of pots, 10 or 12 in. Water
growing, very
little when
twice weekly to trees bearing
not.
Apply liquid manure
fruit.
Syringe daily when in growth. Pinch points off young shoots
when
latter are
9 in. long. Protect
pots with covering of straw Nov.
the air.
to Jan. " partially
to
branches
expose
in light soil in a temp, of 65" to
Pbopaoate
the fig by seeds sown
70" in Jan., afterwards growing seedlings
in pots until they bear fruit
on
filberts
in
remove
Sept. or
both
if they are worth

growing ; cuttings of previousyear's
at base, inand
heel
of older wood
attached
serted
a
long
having
in a warm
in pots in gentleheat between
border outdoors
Oct.
or
with a
and March;
shoots, 3 or 4 in. long, removed
cuttings of young
heel of older wood, and inserted in pots of light sandy soil in a
gating
propaframe
; grafting
(temp. 70")in June ; layering shoots in summer
into leaf; budding in July; suckers
by approach just after tree comes
in autumn.
removed
SPECIES:
elastioa
TENDER
F.
India;
(India-rubber Plant), leaTes green,
elastica
and white, Polynesia;
variegata, leaves variegated; Faroelli, leaves green
shoots
pumila (Syn. E. repens), leaves green,
creeping (a good plant for covering
smaller
a
walls), Japan;
pumila minima,
variety; radicaus
variegata, leaves
silver.
variegated with
HARDY
SPECIES:
F.
Carioa
in
(Fig), Mediterranean
Region; introduced
and
it
be
can
seen
6 in.
shoots
1S48.
See Ficus.
Fig.
Fig Marigold
"
crystallinum). See
(Mesembryanthemum
Mesem-
"
bryanthemum.
Fig
Tree
Filbert
Ferns.
plants.
Orn.
bright green,
"
Pinus.
(Cratseguspyracantha).
"
See
ffirevoortia Ida^-Maia
and
Crataegus.
Cuphea platycentra)."
Cuphea.
Tllistle
"
" Trichomanes.
(Asplenium ceterach). See Asplenium.

(Digitalis
purpurea)." See Digitalis.
Abies, Picea,
Fire
Busll
Fire
Cracker
See Brevoortia
"
Fish-bone
Fittonia.
Hymenophyllum, Todea,
"
Flower
See
See
"
Fern
Finger
Finger
"
"
"
Filmy
Fir.
(Ficuscarica). See Ficus.

(CorylusAvellana). See Corylus.
Ord.
See Cnicus.
(Cnicus Casabonas)."
Stove evergreen
perennialtrailing
Acanthacese.

with
red
or
white
1869.
Leaves,
dark
green
or
veins.
pure
CTJLTUEE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam " sand.
Position,
shallow pans, pots, or surface of beds in shady
part of plant stove, also
in Wardian
Water
cases.
afterwards.
moderately Nov. to Feb.,
freely
Temp.,
Oct.
to March
55" to
60";
March
166
to Oct.
65"
to 75".
Propagate
ENOYCLOPJSDIA
OF
GARDENING.
by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil

in Feb., March, or April; division
under
bell-glass
in temp. 75" to 85"

of plantsin Feb. or
March.
CULTIVATED
SPBOIES
Peru; gigantea, leaves
leaves
veined
green,
with
Five-leaved
F.
leaves
argyroneura,
witli
red, 8 in., Pern.
:
green,
veined
Indian
Cress
reined with
green,
to
15
red, 12
in., Peru;
white, 6 in.,
Tersohaffeltii,
(Tropeeolumpentaphyllum).
"
See
Tropseolum.
Flagf (Irisgermauica). See Iris.

Flower
Flame
(Tropaeolumspeciosum). See Tropseolum.
Plant
Flamingo
(Anthurium Scherzerianum). See Anthurium.
Flo^wer
Flannel
(ActinotisHelianthi). See Actinotis.
Flannel
Plant
(Verbascum Thapsus). See Verbascum.
Flat
See Platylobium.
Pea.
"
"
"
"
"
"
Flax.
Flax
Liuum.
See
"
Lily
(Phormium tenax). See Phormium.

and
See Inula
Frigeron.
Speedwell
(Veronica iucamata).
"
Fleabane.
"
Flesh-coloured
Veronica.
See
"
(Irispseudo-acorus). See Iris.

(Olea europaea). See Olea.
Iris
(Irisflorentina).See Iris.
Rock-rose
(Cistusflorentinus).See Cistus.
Water
Lily (Nymphsea flava). See Nymphaea.
Floss-flower
(Ageratum mexicanum). See Ageratum.
FIOwer-de-Luce
(Irispsendo-acorus). See Iris.
Fleur-de-Lis
Florence
Florentine
Florentine
Florida
"
Oil-plant
"
"
"
"
"
"
Flower
Flowering
Flowering^
Flowering;
Flowering
Floweriner
Flowering
Fern.
"
See
Anemia.
(Fraxinus Ornus). See Fraxinus.

(Bibes sanguinea). See Bibes.
Doswood
(Cornus florida). See Cornus.
Fern
(Osmunda regalis).See Osmunda.
Grass
(Lapeyrousia crueuta). See Lapeyrousia.
Nutmeg-tree
(Leyoesteriaformosa).-"See Ley-
Ash
"
Currant
"
"
"
"
ceteria.
See Butomus.
(Butomus umbellatus).
(Tradescantiavirginica).See Tradescantia.
Flower-of-an-hour
(Hibiscus Trionum). See Hibiscus.
See Oncidium.
FIOwer-of-the-Dead
(Oncidium tigrinum).
Gods
Flower
of the
(Disa grandiflora).See Disa.
(Lonicera xylostemma). See Lonicera.
Fly Honeysuckle
Orchis
Fly
(Ophrys mucifera)."See Ophrys.
Fly-trap
(Dionseamuscipula). See Dionaea.
Flower
Foam
(Tiarellacordifolia).See Tiarella.
Ord. Umbelliferse.
FoenlCUlum
Hardy perennial
(Fennel).
Rush
Flowering
Flower-Of-a-day
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
" garnishing.
herb.
Leaves
used for sauces
Plant, March
Position, sunny border.
CULTITEE
: Soil, ordinary.
flower
stems
as
asunder.
Remove
15
in.
in
in.
rows
12
or
apart
April,
seeds
wanted.
sown
is
seed
Jin.
unless
by
Propagate
soon
as
seen,
deep in drills 6 in. apart in March; division of roots in March.
2 ft., Europe
P. vulgare (Fennel), yellow, autumn,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
(Britain).
Forbidden
Fruit
(Citrusdecumana). See Citrus.
See Myosotis.
Forget-me-not."
(Asplenium septentrionale).
Forked
Spleenwort
Asplenium.
"
"
167
See
BNCYCLOP^DIA
OF
GARDENING.
Hardy
Bell-tree). Ord. Oleaceae.
(Japanese Golden
1845.
introduced
s
hrubs.
Deciduous.
First
flowering
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Position, against south or
: Soil, ordinary.
of
in
sheltered
west
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
walls, or
shrubbery.
parts
Forsythia.
Prune
after
"
flowering.
" sand.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one leaf-mould
in
well-drained
cool
Dec.
to May,
or
warm
Position,
greenhouse
pots
outdoors
of year.
remainder
Water
Pot, Oct. to Dec.
very little till
inserted
in sandy
March, then apply freely. Propagate by cuttingfs
soil under
in
cold
or
frame, Oct. or Nov.;
hand-light; or
bell-glass
or
layering in Oct. or Nov. ; grafting on the privetin March
April.
F. intermedia, yellow, Feb.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
and
March, 8 ft., fiybrid;
yellow, Maroh, 8 ft., China; Tiridissima, yellow, March, 10 ft., China
Guapensa,
and
Japan.
Bamboo
Fortune's
(Arundinaria Fortunei)."See Arundi-
POT
naria.
Plantain
Fortune's
Fothersiila
Lily (Funkia Fortunei).

Ord.
Elder).
(American Witch
Hardy floweringshrubs.
CULTURE
"
"
Compost,
Deciduous.
well-drained
First
introduced
See
Funkia.
Hamamelideae.
1765.
ders.
soil, sandy peat. Position, bor-
after
Prune
1-16 in. deep in pans of moist
seeds sown
sandy peat in temp, of 45" to
55" in March
or
April; layeringshoots in Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
F. Gardeni
white, fragrant. May,
(Syn. F. alnifolia),
3 to 6 ft.. United
States.
Fountain
Fountain
Fox
Chop
themum.
Plant
Tree
(Amaranthus
salicifolius). See Amaranthus.

"
Cedrus.
(Cedrus deodora).
(Mesembryanthemum
vulpinum). See
"
See
"
Foxglove
Mesembryan-
(Digitalis
purpurea). See Digitalis.
(Ros.aspinosissima).See Rosa.
Fragaria
Hardy " half-hardy
(Strawberry). Ord. Eosaceas.
perennialfruit-bearing" oru. trailingplants. Virginian Strawberry
Fox
"
Rose
"
"
first introduced
1629.
CULTURE
OP
SPECIES
ORNAMENTAL
(P. indica): Compost, two
" sand.
Position, pots in hanging
parts loam, one
part leaf-mould
well-drained
baskets in cool greenhouse or window, or on sunny
rookery.
Pot or plant,March.
Water
oocamoderately. Apply liquidmanure
sionallyin summer.
CULTURE
OF. STRAWBERRY:
Soil, deep rich sandy loam; clay
unsuitable.
2 ft. deep ;
Position, open
plots or borders, trenched
Plant, Aug., Sept.,or
alpinekind under shade of trees or on banks.
18 in. apart in rows
March
2\ii. asunder; alpines6 in. apart. Mulch
in March,
" a thin
in May.
layer of straw
annually with manure
1 oz. sulphate of potash,2 oz. superhosphate
Suitable artificial manure,
" 1 oz. of nitrate
in autumn,
of soda per square
appli,ed
yard, applied
fruit has set.
Remove
when
when
No digging
runners
they appear.
Renew
beds
between
three
rows
four
or
necessary.
every
years.
CULTURE:
POT
calcareous
loam, one-third
Compost, two-thirds
little bone
dust.
Position, on bed of cinder ashes
decayed manure,
outdoors
Oct. to Jan.; greenhouses or vineries
Aug. to Oct.; frames
Pot
after Jan.
Water
singly in 6 in. pots in Aug.
moderately till
Fertilize blossoms
Oct., very little till Jan., freelyafterwards.
by
of camel-hair
brush.
Thin
fruit when
means
set to a few
each
on
after fruit has set until it beginsto
plant. Feed with liquidmanure
168
ENOYOLOPMmA
OARDmtNO.
Of
ripen.
Plant out in garden after fruiting. Temp, for forcing:Jan.

45" to 55" ; March
to ripeningperiod,65" to 75".
Propagate
seeds
1-16 in. deep in light soil outdoors, or in boxes in greensown
by
house
in March
or
on
April; by runners
plants that fruit freely.
Pegged on surface of soil in 3 in. pots in June or July, or by removing
rooted runners
in Aug.
Runners
rooted into pots best for pot culture.
Mabket
Cultuee
loam
: Soil,
overlyingchalk or gravel. Position,
to March
not
too
dry or moist.
open,
in rows
2 ft. 6 in. asunder.
Number
Average
jES ;
cost
per
acre
Plant,
Plants,
Aug to Nov.,
plants per
of
preparing land,
18 in.
acre,
^"7 ; manure,
apart
11,000.
"b
planting,10s.; trimming, 15s.; gathering fruit,"Q; annual manuring,

"5; yield,2 tons; gross returns, "42 ; net returns, ^625. Manures:
Farmyard dung, 20 tons; bonemeal, 3cwt.; and kainit, IJcwt. per
acre,
appliedin winter ; soot, 40 bushels per acre appliedin spring.
F. ohiloensis
8PE0IBS
CULTIVATED:
(Chili Strawberry), white, May, 1 "t.,
elatior
crimson. Chili, ornamental;
(Hautbois Strawberry), white, BUmmer,
in., fruit red, aroma
musky,
edible, Europe (Britain); ohiloensis
grandiflora
(Pine Strawberry), white. May, 1 ft., fruit, pineapple flavoured, edible. Chili ;
Uollina
pineapple
(Green Pine
Strawberry), white. May, 6 in., fruit
green,
indica
flavoured, ediblo, Europe;
(Indian Strawberry), yellow, June, trailing,
ornamental
India, an
species suited for rockeries
hanging baskets; virginiana
or
(Scarlet Strawberry), white. May, fruit scarlet, edible, tJnited States, parent of
fruit
6
the
many
forms
Fragile
Fragrant
of
Be
garden strawberries.
IIflovwer
(Campanula
Garland
fragilis).See Campanula.
(Hedyohium coronarium)."See
Flower
"
Hedyohium.
Francoa
(Maiden's Wreath;
Wedding-flower)."Ord. Saxifra"
1830.
half-hardyperennialplants. First introduced
gaceae.
OUTDOOR
tered
loam.
CULTUEE
Position, sunny shel: Soil, lightrich
or
borders, banks, or rockeries.
Plant, March
April.
"
POT
CULTUEE
:
Hardy
sand.
pots in cool greenhouse, frame, or
window.
Water
Pot, March
or April.
moderately Oct. to April,freely
afterwards.
to plants in
Apply little liquid or artificial manure
55*'to 65".
flower.
40"
to
to
to
Oct.
50";
April
April
Sept.
Temp.,
the surface of a well-drained
on
pan of sandy
in temp, of 50" to 55" in February, March,
or
bell-glass
peat under
April; division of plants at potting time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
F. ajpendioufata,
red, July, 1 to 2 ft..Chili; rampsa,
2 ft.. Chili.
white, July and August, 2 ft., Chill; sonohifolia,pink, summer,
Frankenla
(Sea Heath). Ord. Frankeniaceae.
Hardy flowering
"
plants. Evergreen.
Habit,
creeping.
CULTURE
Position, sunny
: Soil, light sandy.
dry rockeries or
October
borders.
or
Plant,
April. Propagate by division of plants in
in April.
Oct. or April; seeds in cold frame
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Aug., Europe (Britain).
: F. Isevis,
rose, July and
Frangipanni-piant
(Plumieraacutifolia). See Plumiera.
See Mohria.
Frankincense
(Mohria eaffrorum).
Balsam
Fraser's
(Abies Fraseri). See Abies.
Fraxinella
(Dictamnus albus). See Dictamnus.
Ord.
Oleaceae.
Fraxinus
Ash).
(Ash; Flowering Ash; Manna
Orn.
trees.
foliage" flowering. Flowers, white,
Hardy deciduous
to May.
green, yellow; March
Position, dryish, sheltered.
CULTUEE
Suitable
: Soil, ordinary.
seaside
for
Plant, Oct.
gardens, towns, chalky or gravellysituations.
Timber
used for tool handles, wooden
to Feb.
Prune, Oct. to March.
and
utensils,
rakes, ploughs, hoops, dairy
agriculturalimplements;
"
"
"
"
"
169
enoyclofjEdia
of
gardening.
for furniture
by cabinet makers
making.
Average value of timber
reaches
Timber
to
300
cubic
ft.
6d.
Is.
2s.
life,
Average
years.
per
it.
will
1,350
which
it
thrive,
altitude
at
at
70
maturity
Highest
years.
48.
feet
to
cubic
of
No.
of
481b.
a
ton,
of
cubic
foot
a
timber,
Weight
1 in. deep
Propagate by seeds, buried in dry sand for a year, then sown
in light soil outdoors
in Feb., transplanting seedlings when
old;
a year
speciesin March.
graftingon common
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
F. amerioana
(White Ash), 30 to 40 ft., Canada;
excelsior
(Common
Asli),iU to 80 ft., Europe (Britain),and its varieties, crispa
(Curl-leaved Ash), aurea
(Flowering
(Golden Ash), pendula (Weeping Ash) ; Ornus
Uanna
Ash), 20 to 30 ft., S. Europe.
or
duous.
Freesia.
Ord.
Iridacese.
Greenhouse
bulbous
plants. Decialso
"
Nat. Cape of Good

Hope. Flowers, fragrant.
INDOOR
loam,
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts decayed manure,
leaf-mould
frame,
" sand.
or
in
cool
Position, pots
greenhouse,
Nov.
for
March,
flower
Oct.
for
window.
in
Feb.,
Pot, Aug. to.
Jan.,
sized
Dec. for April. Plant
bulbs
lin. deep " 2 in. apart. Suitable
little
"
diameter.
in
cool
Stand
position give very
pot, 4iin.
pots
Water
water
until growth commences.
growth well
freely when
" until plants have flowered, then gradually decrease
advanced
supply,
40".
lower
than
soil
till
not
Apply
Temp,
July.
quite dry
keeping
to plants showing flower.
weak
Repot,
liquid or artificial manure
annually.
CULTURE
Position, sunny wellOUTDOOR
: Soil,lightrich sandy.
Plant
drained
borders
S. of England only.
apart in Aug. or Sept. Protect in winter.
cool greenhouse or frame
in
soil
in
of
or
lightsandy
deep
J in.,
pots
pans
offsets
Do
at potting time.
in
March
or
or
as
soon
as
April; by
ripe,
not
transplantseedlingsfirst
year.
and
CULTIVATED:
F. refracta, white
SPECIES
orange.
and
and
its varieties, Leiohtliuli
orange),
(yellow, oream,
(yellow and very fragrant). Sutton's Pink is a variety with
to Aug., 1 ft.;
(white), odorata
May
alba
pink blossoms.
Ord.
Sterculiaceae.
duous
Hardy deci(Slippery Elm).
1851.
shrub.
First
introduced
flowering
CULTURE
Position, against west or north walls
: Soil, sandy loam.
S. of England.
or
fences, or in shrubberies
seeds
Prune
after
sown
Jin. deep in wellflowering. Propagate by
in
March
under
of
drained
soil
frame
or
or
sandy
bell-glass
April.
pots
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
oalifornioa, yellow, June, 6 to 10 ft., California.
: F.
French
Bean
(Phaseolusvulgaris). See Phaseolus.
French
Fern
(Asplenium adiantum-nigrum). See Asplenium.
See
French
Honeysuckle
(Hedysarum
corouarium).
Fremontia.
"
"
"
"
Hedysarum.
French
French
French
French
French
French
Lavender
See
Lavandula.
Marigold
(Tagetes patula).
Tagetes.
May
(Spiraeaarguta). See Spiraea.
Mulberry
(Callioarpapurpurea). See CalUcarpa.
"
See
"
"
Rbse
Willow
Fresh-water
Fringed
StaechasX"
(Lavandula
(Rosa gallica).See Rosa.

(EpUobium angustifolium). See Epilobium.
Soldier
(Stratiotesaloides). See Stratiotes.
"
"
"
Buck-bean
(Limnanthemum
peltatum).
"
See
Lim-
uanthemum.
Fringed
Fringed
Fringe
Pink
Water
Flovwer
(Dianthus superbus). See Dianthus.

Lily (Limnanthemum peltatum). See
"
"
(Schizanthuspinnatus).
"
170
See
themum.
Limnan-
Schizanthus.
ENOYOLOPJSDIA
Fringê
Tree
OF
GASDENING.
(Chionanthus virginica)."
See
Chionanthua.
F'""tillaria
"
bnake
Crown
(Fritillary,
Daffodil;
Imperial; Chequered
PritiUary;Persian Lily)."Ord. Liliaoess. Hardy bulbous
s-head
plants. Deciduous.
OUTDOOE
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary, deep rich.
Crown
Imperial; Snake's-head
Position, shady
Fritillary,borders, or
in turf; well-drained
borders
for other
species.
open
Plant, 4 to 6 in. deep " 6 to Sin. apart, Sept. to Nov.
Top-dress
annually with decayed manure.
Do not transplantbulbs oftener than
borders
for
naturalised
once
four
in
POT
years.
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf -mould,

Position, well-drainedpots in cold frame or
cold greenhouse.
Pot, Sept. or Oct., placing one
bulb
in centre
of
5, 6, or 8 in. pot. Water
little
till
then
rate
growth begins,
very
give modewhen
supply. Apply liquid manure
After
plants show flower.
floweringgradually withhold water, keeping soil quitedry after foliage
has died.
i in. deep in pots or pans of sandy
soil in cold frame
or
as
greenhouse as soon
ripe,or in spring; by
offsets at planting time.
Do not transplant seedlingsfirst year.
lings
Seed-
decayed
"
sand.
flower
until
manure
do
old.
yellow, April, 6 in., Asia Minor;
anrea,
and
brown, 6 in.. May, Asia Minor; oitrina, green
yellow, 8 in.. May,
Asia
Minor
8 in. ;" Elwesii, green
and
ooccinea, red, May,
brown,
;
May, 1 f t. ;
Imperialis (Crown Imperial),
yellow. May, 3 to 3 ft.. Orient, and its varieties
aurora
(orange), lutea (yellow),rubra
(red), and
aureo-marginata
(leayes edged
yellow) ; latifolia,red, etc., May, 1 ft., Caucasus
libanotica, lilao and
;
yellow,
May, 18 in., Syria; Meleagris (Snake's Head), purple, yellow and white. May,
12 to 18 in.,Europe (Britain); Meleagris alba, white ; pallidiflora,
and
yellow, rose
pnrple. May, 9 in., Siberia; persioa, violet blue, 'May, 2 ft., Asia Minor; pndioa,
Amerioa;
golden yellow, April, 6 in., N.W.
orange-scarlet. May, 2 ft,,
recurva,
California; ruthenioa, black. May, 1 ft., Caucasus.
not
SPECIES
yellow and
CULTIVATED:
four
F.
to six years
armena,
Fritillary
(Fritillaria
meleagris). See Fritillaria.
Frog-bit
(HydrocharisMorsus-ranae). See Hydrocharis.
Orchis
Frog
(Habenaria viridis).See Habenaria.
Ord.
Fuchsia
Onagrarese.
(Ear Drops; Lady's Ear Drops).
"
"
"
"
Greenhouse
1788.
"
CULTUEE
fibrous
loam,
hardy floweringshrubs.
OP
one
GEEENHOUSE
Deciduous.
SPECIES
part well-decayedmanure
First
Compost,
"
two
introduced
partsgood
leaf-mould, with
liberal
Position, shady part of greenhouse

quantity of silver or river sand.
to July ; sunny
window
March
July to Oct. ; cool
place outdoors
or
Pot old plants in
of
remainder
of
room
or
year.
dry part
greenhouse
old
needed.
Prune
when
plants in Feb.
Feb. or March,
ones
young
to
Oct.,
to
March
Water
freely
May
very little at
May,
moderately
to Oct. 55" to 65".
40"
Feb.
to
Feb.
to
Oct.
45";
other times.
Temp.,
to healthy plants showing flower.
artificial manure
or
Apply liquid
in spring " early
Pinch out points of shoots
frequently
When
induce
repotting old plants,remove
bushy growth.
till
small
growth begins, then shift
roots " place in
pots
Feb.
to
May.
size. Syringe foliage
gUMMEE
CULTUEE
IN
BEDS
: Plant
in Sept.
out
in
June.
summer
to
soil from
into
larger
Lift, pot "
plants in greenhouse
tion,
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary, deep rich.. PosiHAEDT
OF
CULTUEE
sheltered
in
of
west
south
or
base
or
walls,
well drained borders,
Oct.
or
April. Prune
positionin the open S. of England. Plant,
store
171.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
shoots off close to base in Nov.

Protect in winter with layer of manure
leaves.
pots
of light sandy soil in temp. 55" in March
or
shoots inserted singly in small pots of sandy soil in temp. 70" to 80" in
in April,May, or
Jan., Feb., or March, or in cool greenhouse or window
June.
GREBNHOirSE
SPECIES
: P. fulgens, scarlet, July, S to 4 ft., Mexico
; proonmbens, yellow and
blue, summer,
magenta-arimson
berries, habit
trailing. New
Zealand;
6 ft., Mexico;
splendens, scarlet, summer,
triphyllb, cinnabar
red,
2 to 3 ft.,Mexico.
Numerous
summer,
Tarieties in trade lists,
HARDT
8PE0IES:
F. corymbiflora, scarlet, summer,
4 to 6 ft., Peru;
maorostemma,
soarlet and purple, July, 3 ft., Chili, and
its varieties, oomioa
(scarlet),
oorallina
(crimson and plum), globosa (purplishred), gracilis (scarlet and purple),
or
and
Riccartonii
Fulham
Fulham
(soarlet).
Oak
(Quercus Cerris fulhamensisV
See Quercus.
baocata
Taxus.
See
Yevtf^Taxus
erecta).
Fumarla
(Fumitory). Ord. Fumariaceae.
Hardy annual climber.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, against S.E. or W. walls, in
borders
with
shoots
"
open
running up sticks, or against arbours
trellis-work.
seeds
in.
1-16
in
where
sown
Propagate by
deep,
April,
" flower.
plants are to grow
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
F. capreolata, white
and
3 to 4 ft.,
purple, summer,
Europe (Britain).
"
"
"
Fume-wort
(Corydalis aurea).
See Corydalis.
Corydalis.
Funereal
Cypress
(Cnpressusfunebris). See Cupressus.
Funkia
(Plantain Lily; Japanese Day Lily; Corfu Lily). Ord.
Liliaceae. Hardy orn.
ciduous.
flowering plants. Defoliagedand herbaceous
"
Fumitory."
See
"
"
First
deep
green
or
CULTUEE:
introduced
1790.
Flowers, fragrant. Leaves, large,
variegatedwith white
Soil, ordinary, well
Position, open sunny

well-drained
Top-dress annually with decayed
"
yellow.
enriched
borders.
with
decayed
Plant,
Oct.
manure.
or
March.
manure.
POT
CULTUEE:
part well-decayed
" river sand.
manure
Position, pots in cold frame
Oct. to March,
March
to Oct.
greenhouse or window
Pot, March
Water
or
April.
to Oct.
moderately Oct. to March, freelyMarch
Apply liquid manure
to healthy plants in flower.
in Oct.,
Propagate by division of crowns
March,
or
SPECIES
Ariril.
CULTIVATED:
F. Fortunei, lilac,July, IS in.,.Tapan; lancifolia,lilac,

Aug., 9 in., Japan, and its Tarietiee alba (white),albo-marginata (leaves edged silvery
white), undulata
(leaves waved), and
varicgata (leaves blotched
with" white):
ovata
bluish lilac, May
(Syn. P. cffirulca),
to ,Tuly, 1 ft., Japan, and
its varieties
aurea
(golden leaved), and marginata
(leaves edged creamy
white) ; sieboldiana
(Syn. F. cordata), white and lilac,summer,
1 ft. ; snboordata
F
(Corfu Lily)
Syn
ji'
i
grandiSora, white, Aug., 1 ft., Japan.
Furcrsea
(Giant Mexican
Lily)."Ord. Amaryllidacese. Greenhouse
succulent
plants. Oru. foliage. First introduced 1690.
Leaves,
with
long, fleshy, " armed
spines.
CULTUEE
:
Compost, two parts loam, one part old mortar
" river
sand.
Po.sition,pots or tubs in greenhouses; may
be stood outside
June
to Stept. Water
moderately April to Aug., little afterwards.
Pot
six
five
or
every
years ; good drainage essential.
Temp., winter 50" to
55" ; summer
55" to 65"Propagate by offsets inserted in small pots at
"
-ajxy
"
tjme.
CULTIVATED:
F. Bedinghsusii, green,
""ifeÎBB
^^ *" ^^ """ Mexico;
A
"
?,'"'"""
"f"T'w^""" "'^SJ
to lo
Mexico.
not.,
aa-ay-jio
it.,
172
Slav
to
S^.
Wrightii,
green
ft
Meiico-
aid whitel
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CULTURE:
Compost,
OARDMNINO.
OF
two
parts sandy peat,
part light
one
loam.
potsin cold frame or greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to
in a 5-in., or
Nov., placing bulbs with apex just below surface, one
pot. Cover pots with ashes till growth begins. Water

after
growth commences,
freely afterwards, cease
in
in.
seeds
sown
deep
J
annually.
Propagate by
flowering. Eepot
in
cool
well-drained
shallow
or
boxes
of
or
greenhouse
sandy peat
pans
frame
Aug. or Sept.; by offsets treated as bulbs Aug. to Nov.
three
in
6-in.
moderately
SPECIES
autumn,
when
CrLTlTATED:
6 in.
Gale
(Myrica
Galeandra
orchids.
Deciduous.
graminea,
G.
yellow, Jnly,
Gale). See Myrica.

(Casque-wort). Ord.
in.; ovata,
yellow,
"
"
First
introduced
Orchidaceae.
Stove
terrestrial
l"iO.
CULTURE:
Position, wellCompost, fibrous peat " charcoal.
drained
Pot, Feb. to
pots, pans, or baskets in light part of stove.
March.
Water
Syringe
freelyMarch
to Sept. Resting
to Aug.
plantsdaily March
Growing period,March
to June, 65" to 75"; June
to
period,Sept. to March.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
Aug. 70" to 80"; Aug. to Nov. 60" to 70"; Nov. to March
Propagate by division of plants at potting time.
to Aug.,
SFEOIES
OULTIYATED:
G. Baueri, Erown, purple and
white, June
and
1 ft., Guiana;
devoniana, purple, green,
white, June, 18 in., Trop. America:
nivalis, white and violet,Maroh, 18 in., Trop. America.
Ord.
Galega
Leguminosse.
Hardy
perennial
(Goat'sRue).
herbs.
First introduced
Flowers
useful for cutting.
1568.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, open borders or shrubberies.
Cut down
flower stems
in Oct.
Replant every
two
three years.
or
J in. deep in April in
ordinary soil in sunny position; division of roots in Oct. to March.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
3 to 5 ft., S. Europe, and
ofloinalis,blue, summer,
: G.
it varieties, albiflora (white), carnea
plena (rose double) and Hartlandii
(blue);
orien talis, blue,summer,
2 to 3 ft., Caucasus.
Galinsale
(Cyperus longus). See Cyperus.
Gallig'askins
(Primula veris)."See Primula.
Galtonia
(SpireLily). Ord. Liliacese. Hardy bulbous flowering
plants. Deciduous^ Nat. S. Africa.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
drained.
: Soil, ordinary rich, well
Position,
borders.
Oct.
to
bulbs
in. deep
Plant,
6
March,
open
sunny
placing
" 6 in. apart. Lift "
when
the
bulbs
show
replant only
signs of
deterioration.
POT
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part decayed manure
" silver sand.
Position, cold or warm
greenhouse. Pot, Oct. to Dec.
to flower in spring; Feb. to April to flower in autumn.
Place
bulb
one
with apex just showing through surface
of soil in a well-drained
6-in.
Cover
with
ashes
in cold frame
until growth begins. Water
pot.
leaves
in full growth;
moderately when
freely when
appear;
keep
nearly dry after flowering. Apply weak liquid manure
occasionally
Bulbs
not adapted for floweringsecond
time in
boxes
of sandy
pots. Propagate by seeds sown
^ in. deep in shallow
soil in cold frame
Oct. or March
bulbs
in autumn.
; offsets treated
as
flower
when
four
five
old.
or
Seedlings
years
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: G. candioans, white, fragrant,
2 to 3 ft.
summer,
Garcinia
Ord.
Guttiferse.
; Gamboge-tree).
(Manôsteen-tree
Stove
fruit-bearingtree. Orn. foliage. First introduced
evergreen
1789.
Fruit, fcize of an orange;
chestnut-brown
colour; edible.
"
"
"
"
CULTURE
Compost,
two
parts peat,
174
one
part loam
"
sand.
Posi-
ENCYCLOPEDIA
tion, pots
boxes
in
OF
GARDENING.
lightpart
of plant stove.
65"^to 85"; Oct.
Water
moderately Sept. to April, freely other
cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3iu. long inserted
in temp. 75" to 85" in spring or summer.
bell-glass
March.
or
Temp.,
SPECIES
March
CULTIVATED
Gardener's
to
G.
Garters
Oct.
Mangoatuna, red, June,
(Phalaris
Pot
" prune,
Feb.
to
March
55" to 65".
times.
Propagate by
in silver sand
under
to
6 to 10
aruudiuacea
ft.,Molucca
Islands.
variegata). See
"
Phalaris.
Gardenia
Stove
(Cape Jasmine). Ord. Rubiaceae.
evergreen
First introduced
floweringshrubs.
1754.
CULTURE:
Compost, one part loam, one part peat, one part well"
charcoal.
manure
decayed
pots, or beds in
stove.
Pot
March.
into
Feb.
or
Prune
plant
or
plant,
shape, Feb. or
March.
March
to
65"
March
55" to 65"
to
to
Temp.,
85"; Sept.
Sept.
Water
Oct.
to
afterwards.
Feb., freely
moderately
Syringe daily
to Sept.
sionally
occa(exceptwhen in bloom) March
Apply liquid manure
Plants
to two
one
years old produce
the best blooms.
Propagate by cuttings of firm young side shoots
"
2 to Sin.
long, inserted in well-drained

pots of sandy peat, under bell75"
in
to
to
Jan.
85",
temp.
glass
April.
G.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
florida (Cape Jasmine), white, fragrant, summer,
and
florida
China
florida
white;
Japan;
flore-pleno, double
radioans, white,
fragrant.
Garland
Garlic.
Flower
(Daphne cneorum). See Daphne.
See Allium.
Ord. Comaceae.
Orn. foliage
Garrya.
Hardy evergreen shrubs.
1813.
Flowers
" flowering. First introduced
male
(pendulouscatkins),
" female
borne
Berries, black.
on
separate trees.
CULTURE
Position, against south or
: Soil, ordinary,well drained.
shrubberies
S. of England. Plant, Oct.
west walls outdoors; sheltered
Male
March
to Nov.
to May.
or
plant only cultivated; female plant
in
rare
^ in. deep in wellPropagate
by seeds sown
gardens.
very
Oct.
drained pans of sandy soil in cold frame
or
; cuttingsof firm
Sept.
in sandy soil under
shoots 3 to 4 in. long inserted
hand-light or cold
frame
Aug. to Sept. ; layering shoots in Sept. " Oct.
to
CULTIVATED
G. elnptioa, greenish white, March
SPECIES
June, 5 to'
:
10 ft., California.
Gas
Plant
(Dictamnus albus). See Dictamnus.
"
"
"
"
Greenhouse
Liliacese.
Gasteria.
evergreen
First
of
Good
Nat.
Orn.
Hope.
foliage.
plants.
Cape
1731.
Leaves, thick, fleshy,prickly; green, spotted with
Ord.
"
succulent
introduced
white,
or
purple.
"
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part peat, old mortar
in
or
well-drained
greenhouse
river sand.
Position,
sunny
pots
moderately April to Sept.
window.
or
Pot, March
April. Water
50" to 55".
gate
Propato Sept. 55" to 65"; Sept. to March
Temp. March
of
in
well-drained
or
in.
1-16
sandy
pots
pans
deep
by seeds sown
to
March
65"
soil temp, of
Aug.
July; Orouoheri, rose,
Aug.;
G. brevifolia, red,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
red, July, 3 to 4 in.
distioha, scarlet, July; verrucosa,
(Canada Tea;
Gauitheria
Creeping Winter-green; Partridge
shrubs.
First
evergreen
edible.
1762.
purple;
introduced
Soil, peaty. Position, moist rockeries or margins of
CULTURE
:
or
shady shrubberies " beds. Plant, Sept. to Nov. or March to
Berry; Shallou).
"
Ericaceae.
Berries, red or
Ord.
Hardy
Open
175
OF
BNOYOLOPMBIA
May.
in
Propagate by
of
peaty
soil outdoors
prooumbens
America
shallon
Gaura.
annual.
an
but
Hardy perennial,
Ord. Onagraeeae.
First introduced
"
usually
or
Plant,
Position, sunny
grown
1850.
well-drained
beds or borders.
in. deep in
1-10
seeds
sown
April. Propagate by
in.
1
when
high to
Apiaiv transplantingseedlings
CULTUBE
March
outdoors
trailing,
white
and
G. nummularioides,
pink, summer,
(Canada Tea or Partridge Berry), white, July, creeping,
(Shallon),white and red. May, i ft., N.W. America.
CULTIVATED:
Himalayas;
as
J in. deep in bed
sown
autumn.
SPECIES
N.
seeds
GARDENING.
light soil
flowering
position.
SPECIES
Texas.
CULTIVATED
Gazania
G.
Lindhoimeri, white
and
rose,
July
to
Oct., 3
(Treasure-flower).Ord. Compositse. Half-hardy

1755.
Cape of Good Hope. First introduced
"
Nat.
to
ft.,
nials.
peren-
of peat k
" one
INDOOE
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts loam
sand.
part of greenhouse.
pots in sunny
little
Oct.
to
March, moderately
or
Pot, March
April. Water
very
to Sept. 55"
into shape, March.
other times.
Prune
Temp., March
45" to 55".
to 75" ; Sept. to March,
OUTDOOR
Position,
Soil, ordinary.
CULTURE:
sunny;
June.
edgings
Lift in
ledges
for
the
winter.
heated
in
Propagate
place
greenhouse
pots
in
from
of plant " inserted
base
by cuttings of side shoots removed
to
boxes of sapdy soil or in a bed in cold frame
cuttings
July
Sept. ;
frost.
if protected from
remain
in cold frame
may
12 in.,
and
G. Pavonia, yellow, brown
white, summer,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
rigens, yellow and black, June, 1 ft.: splendens, orange, black and white, summer,
1 ft., hybrid.
Geissorhiza
Half-hardy bulbous(Tile-root).Ord. Iridaceae.
1789.
First
introduced
of
Good
rooted
Nat.
plants.
Cape
Hope.
loam.
"
of
two
CULTURE
one
:
light
parts sandy peat
Compost,
or
Position, well-drained pots in cold frame
greenhouse. Pot, Aug.
to Nov., placing bulbs with apex
just below surface, one in a 5-iu.,or
three in a 6-in. pot.
Cover pots with ashes till growth begins. Water
to
beds,
Oct.
or
trailing
of
over
rockery. Plant,
in
"
"
leaves
pletely
when
freely afterwards, withholding comappear,
after flowering.
Bepot annually. Propagate by seeds sown
boxes of sandy peat placed
pans or shallow
in cool greenhouse or frame
Aug. or Sept.; offsets treated as bulbs,
Aug. to Nov.
6
G.
in.; hirta, white. May,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
exoisa, white. May,
and
8 in. ; humilis, rose
yellow. May, 6 in. ; rochonsis, violet-purple.May, 6 in.
moderately
Ord. Iridees.
Gelasine^
Half-hardy bulbous
plant.
CULTURE:
tered
OUTDOOR
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, sunnj; shelof
nook
rockery. Plant, Aug. to Nov. 4 in. deep and 4 in. apart.
rain in winter
from
Protect
by a hand-light.
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy loam and
and
silver sand.
Position, cold, sunny
one
part leaf-mould
house.
green3 to 4 bulbs
Pot in Aug., placingj
in a 4i-in. pot; bury bulbs
Cover with ashes in cold frame
till growth begins,
just below surface.
"
then
in heat
SPECIES
greenhouse.
to
remove
keep dry
after growth
by offsets at
CULTIVATED:
GenetylliS.
"
ceases.
Water
moderately when
potting time.
G.
azurea,
blue, May,
See Darwinia.
176
growth;
sandy loam
in
in
ft., S. America.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
Genista
GARDENING.
OF
(Needle Furze; Petty Whin)." Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy

floweringshrubs.
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubbery for tall species
;
deciduous
CULTURE
rockery for
dwarf
kinds.
ing.
after flowerPrune
seeds
March
or
April;
sown
Propagateby
Jin. de"p outdoors in
in March
by layeringm Oct. or Nov. ; graftingon laburnum
; budding
similar stocks in July. See also the genus
on
Cytisus.
SPBOIBS
OULTITATEU:
to Aug., 6 to 12 ft., Sioily;
G. sethneneis,yellow, June
anglioa (Petty Wtin), yellow, May
and
1 to
3 ft., Britain;
hispanica
June,
(Spanish Gorse), yellow, May
to ,Tuly, fragrant, 6 to 12 ins., N.W.
Europe;
hispanioa flore-pleno, double; radiata, yellow, summer,
2 to
4 ft., S. Europe;
tinotoria (Dyer's Greenweed), yellow, July to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., Britain; tinctoria
flore-pleno,double.
Gentian
(Geutiana acaulis). See Gentiana.
Gentiana
Hardy
(Gentian; Gentianella). Ord. Gentianaceae.
perennial herbs.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts good loam, one part peat " one part
for
limestone
borders
"
broken
sand.
or
coarse
Position, sunny
grit
both
" tall kinds, sunny
to be
G. acaulis
rockeries
for G. verna;
Plant, Sept.,Oct., March, or
fairlydry in winter " moist in summer.
in
Water
March
with
little
manure.
April. Top-dress
decayed cow
in.
1-16
soils
in
seeds
summer.
sown
deep
Propagate by
freelyon dry
in well-drained
pots or pans of sandy loam in cold frame, March;
"
"
division
of
soil must
"
Seeds
plants March.
be kept moderately
take
moist.
one
to
two
years
to
germinate,
to May,
3 in.,
SPECIES
CtTLTITATED:
G. acaulis
(Gentianella),blue, Marob
asclepiadea (Swallow-wort),
Europe; Andrewsii, blue, Aug., 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
purple blue, July, 6 to 18 in., S. Europe, and its variety alba (wbjte); oruoiata
(Cross-wort),blue, June, 1 ft.,Europe; lutea (Bitter-wort),yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft.,
(Windflower), blue, August and Sept., 1 to 2 ft., Britain;
Europe; Pneumonantbe
blue, April and May, 3 in., Europe
septemflda, blue, July, 1 ft., Caucasus;
Terna,
(Britain and Ireland),
Gentianella
(Gentiana acaulis). See Gentiana.
Gentian
Gromwell
(Lithospermum prostratum). See Litho"
"
spermum.
(Veronica geutianoides). See Yeronica.

Stove palm. Orn.
Ord.
Palmaceae.
foliage. First
introduced
1820.
Leaves, feather-shaped;pale green.
coal.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts peat, one
part loam, sand " charruary
Pot, FebPosition, pots in moist shady part of plant stove.
Gentian
Geonoma^
Speedwell
March.
or
in
Propagate by
temp.
85"
temp. 80"
SPEOiES
to
March;
85", any
CULTIVATED
Sept. to
seeds sown
offshoots
time.
:
G.
gracilis,6 ft.,Costa
"
Ord.
(Crane's-bill).
Geranium
Rica.
(Inulaglandulosa).
Fleabane
Georg'ian
to Feb., abundantly other times.

to Sept.65"
55" to 65" ; March
March
1 in. deep in above
compost m pots
from base of plants in small pots in
freely Oct.
Water
Syringe daily. Temp.,

to 70".
"
"
"
See Inula.
Geraniacese.
herbaceous
Hardy
perennials.
CULTURE:
well-drained

kinds
on
borders, dwarf
Position, tall
sunny
kinds
rockeries.
in
sunny
Plant, Oct.,
occasionallyto
April. Apply weak liquid manure
seeds
sown
in
flower.
established
în. deep in
Propagate
by
plants
March
in shallow
or
or
outdoors,
in
soil
April,
position
sunny
ordinary
or
boxes
of sandy soil in cold frame
greenhouse March; division of
or
see
April. For greenhouse "Geraniums"
roots, Oct., Nov., March,
the genua
Pelargonium.
Kov., March,
or
177
engyolopmdta
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
purple, June
gardening.
of
G.
argenteum,
summer,
rose,
ft., Alps;
armenum,
6 in.,
Pyrenees ;
ft.. Orient ; oiaereum,
red, summer,
cinereum
Endressi, rose,
album, white;
dahuricum,
purple, Juno, 1 ft., Dahuria;
1 ft., Pyrenees;
1 ft., Caucasus;
maorohizon,
ibericum, blue, summer,
summer,
2 to 3 ft.,
red
or
purple. May to tTuly,1 ft., E. Europe ; pratense, blue, summer,
blue
its double
and
double
white
crimson,
Britain; and
varieties; sanguineum,
2 ft., and
its varieties
lancastriense
(flesh),album
(white), Britain;
summer,
2 to
3 ft., Britain;
sylvaticum, blue, summer,
tuberosum,
purple, June, 9 in.,
July,
and
S.
Europe.
Gerbera,
Greenhouse
(Barberton
or
perennial herbs.
CompositaB.
Ord.
Transvaal
Daisy).
First introduced
1888.
"
CULTUEE
perature
in a compost of sandy loam
and peat in a tem: Grow
wards.
afterof 45 to 50" from
Nov. to May ; without
artificial heat
Nov.
Water
to April; freely afterwards.
sparingly from
Repot annually in spring. No shade
required. Propagate by seeds
in sandy peat in March
in temperature
55" ; by cuttings of side
sown
in warm
shoots in spring. G. Jamesoni
be grown
outdoors
nooks
may
iq mild districts.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
1 ft.; Jamesoni
G. asplenifolia,purple, summer,
berton
(Barto Oct., 18 in.
Daisy), orange-scarlet, June
German
Catchfly.
(Lychnis viscaria). See Lychnis.
"
Germander
(Teucrium scorodonia). See Teucrium.

(Irisgermanica). See Iris.
Ivy (Mikania scandens). See Mikania.
Lilac
(Centranthus ruber). See Centranthus.
wort
Spleen
(Asplenium germanicum).
"
German
Iris
German
German
German
"
"
"
"
See
Asple-
nium.
German
Tamarisk
Gesnera.
"
(Myricariagermanica)." See Myricaria.
Ord.
Gesneriacese.
perennials. Flowering
CULTUEE
Compost,
part leaf-mould, with

well-drained
pots
or
two
little
pans in
a
"
"
tuberous-rooted
introduced
First
foliage.
Stove
orn.
ceous
herba1752.
parts fibrous peat, one

part loam, one
"
silver
sand.
Position,
manure
decayed
March
of
stove.
Pot,
shady part
plant
June
in .summer;
to flower in
May to flower in autumn;
winter.
Place tubers
1 in. deep singlyin 5-in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart
in larger sizes. Water
time
moderately from
growth begins until
in.
3
4
then
After
or
plants are
freely.
high,
flowering âdually
withhold
till foliagedies down, then keep dry till potting time.
water
when
twice
flower buds
week
or
a
once
Apply weak
liquid manure
65"
not
to 85";
March
to Sept.
show.
required. Temp.,
Syringing
75".
March
55" to
Store when
their
on
foliage has died down
Sept. to
sides under
Propagate
stage till potting time in temp, of 50" to 55".
surface of well-drained
on
by seeds sown
pots of sandy peat, in temp.
shoots
in pots c.f
inserted
75", March
or
leaves
sandy peat in temp. 75" to 85" in spring; fullymatured
pegged
surface of pots m sandy peat in temp. 75" to 85" ; stalk ends of leaves
on
inserted verticallyin pans of sandy peat in temp. 75" to 85".
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
G.
and
12 to
oardinalis, crimson
white, autumn,
red
18 in.; Donklarii,
and
Colombia;
yellow, 2 ft., summer,
Douglassii, red and
yellow, autumn, 18 in., Brazil; exoniensis, orange,
scarlet, and
yellow, winter,
1 ft., Brazil; Lindleyi,yellow and
1 ft., hybrid; Leopoldii, scarlet, summer,
scarlet,
18 in.; refnlgens, violet and
July, 1 ft., Brazil; na-glioides rosy pink, autumn,
18 in., hybrid.
white, summer,
Ord.
Greenhouse
Gethyllis
(Cape Crocus).
Amaryllidacese.
bulbous
First introduced
1780.
plants. Deciduous.
to
flower
"
CULTURE
drained
" sand.
: Compost, equal parts peat, loam
Pot, Aug.
pots in cold greenhouse or frame.
178
to
Position, wellNov., placing
BNOYCLOPMDIA
bulbs
singly
ashes
in
OF
GABDHNINO.
5-iu. pots, with points

in
Cover with
just below surface.
cold frame
or
rately
modetill
greenhouse
from
time growth begins till flowers
fade; keep quite dry after
foliage has died down
until
time.
potting
by
frame
seeds
greenhouse, March
or
Eepot annually.
sown
April; offsets
or
gate
Propa-
pots of sandy soil

treated
bulbs
as
in cold
at
ting
pot-
time.
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
oiharis, wlirte. eummer,
GeuiYI
G. afra, red and

6 tt., S. Africa;
white, summer,
in., S. Africa; spiralis,white, autumn, 9 ft., S. Africa.
Ord. Eosacese.
Hardy perennial floweringherbs.
(Avens).
Position, tall speciesin sunny
rockeries.
specieson sunny
Plant, Oct. to April.
"
CULTTJEE
ders,
bor-
dwarf
Cut
down
flower stems
in Sept. Propagate by seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in
shallow boxes or well-drained
pots of light soil in cold frame, April or
July, or in sunny positions(similar depth " soil) outdoors,
or
April
Aug.
;
SPECIES
division of plants, Oct.
to April.
chiloenso, scarlet, summer,
CULTIVATED:
G.
2 ft.. Chili; and
its
varieties,grandifiorum plenum (double-flowered) and miniatum
(orange); ooccineum,
1 ft., Asia Minor ; Heldreichii, orange-red, July, 1 ft. ; montanum,
scarlet,summer,
yellow. May, 2 ft.,Europe; reptans, yellow, summer,
trailing,Europe.
Ghent
Azfllea,
(Ehododendron pontica).^See Ehododendron.
Gherkin.
See Cucumis.
"
"
Giant
Giant
Giant
Cow-parsnip
Fennel.
Fern
"
(Heracleum giganteum).
"
See
Palm
See Heracleum.
Ferula.
(Macrozamia peroffskyana). See

"
Macro-
zamia.
Giant
Giant
Giant
Giant
See
ivy
(Hedera
raegneriana).See Hedc-a.
(Polygonium Sieboldi).See Polygonium.
Lily (Lilium giganteum). See Lilium.
White
Caiifornian
Poppy
Coulteri)."
(Eomneya
Helix
"
Knot-weed
"
"
Eomneyi.
Gibraltar
Gilia"
Mint
Ord.
"
Mentha.
introduced
(Mentha pulegium gibraltarica).See

"
Polemoniacese.
annuals.
Hardy
First
1826.
CTJLTUEE
to beds or
by seeds
Position, sunny ; dwarf kinds as edgings

: Soil,ordinary.
in borders
beds.
or
borders, tall kinds in groups
Propagate
to flower,
1-16 in. deep in April, where
sown
plants are
thinning seedlingsout in May 1 to 3 in. apart.
G. achilleiefolia,
purplish blue, Aug., 1 ft.,California;
white, Aug., 1 ft.,
parviflbrus),lilac, pink, and
(Syn. Leptosiphon
densiflora
9 to 18 in., California;
California; coronopifolia, scarlet, summer,
(Syn, Leptosiphon densiflorus),lilac,Juno, 6 in.; dcnsiflora alba, white; dianthoides
yellow, July, 4 in., California; micrantha
(Syn. Fenzlia
dianthjflora), lilac and
9 in., California;
liniflora,white, summer,
(Syn. Leptosiphon roseus), rose, summer,
its
and
1 ft., California;
purple, June, 1 ft., California, and
tricolor, orange
and
varieties alba, atroTiolaoea, rosea,
splendens.
Ord. Eosaceae.
Gillenia
Hardy perennials.
(Indian Physic).
SPECIES
androsacea
CULTIVATED:
"
First
1713.
introduced
Position, moist
CTJLTUEE:
shady bed or border.
Soil, peaty.
Cut down
flowering stems in Sept.
Plant, Oct. to Dec, or March.
or
April.
Propagate by division of roots in March
G. stipulaoea, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., N. America;
SPBCSeS CULTIVATED:
trifoliata, red or white, July, 1 to 2 ft., N. America.
Cheiri). See
(Dianthus caryophyllus " Cheiranthus
Gillyflower
"
Dianthus
"
Cheiranthus.
(Zingiber ofiicinale).See Zingiber.

Ginger-plant
(Ginkgo-tree ; Maidenhair-tree). Ord. Coniferse.
Ginkgro
"
"
179
Hardy
MNOrOLOP^DlA
GAliDHNWCf.
OP
1754.
coniferous
Orn.
tree.
small,
Fruit,
borne
Flowers, male " female
on
separate trees; spring.
globular; edible. Leaves, fan-shaped; green " variegated.
beries
CULTURE
Position, sheltered shrub: Stoil,
ordinary well drained.
other
walls
lawns
S. of England, against south
west
parts.
or
or
of
lin. deep in pans
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
deciduous
soil in cold frame, Oct. or March.

60 to 80 ft.,
G. biloba
adiantifolia),
(Syu. Salisburia
Japan.
Pink
See Bianthus.
Glacier
(Dianthus glacialis).^
Gladiolus
Hardy
(Corn Flag; Sword
Lily). Ord. Iridaceae.
1596.
bulbous
First introduced
floweringplants. Deciduous.
TYPES."
Childsii group:
Habit
tall, 4 to 5ft.; spikes,long, 2ft.,
Gandaveusis
Habit,
branching; flowers, 6 to Sin. across.
group:
medium, 2 to 3 ft. ; spikes,medium, 12 to 18 in. ; flowers, large, evenly
Lemoinei
formed, beautiful " varied in colour.
rous,
group : Habit, vigo-
lightsandy
SPECIES
China
and
CULTIVATED:
"
"
4 to
margined
5ft.; spikes,large; flowers, medium,

with
other
colours.
Nanceanus
group
golden-yejlowcentres,
tall ; spikes
: Habit,
brilliant colours.
lists.
group
tion,
PosiSoil, deep rich, liberallymanured.
:
Plant
well-drained
beds
borders.
sheltered,
or
earlysunny,
floweringkinds Nov., Feb., or March, late kinds March, April,or May.
Place
of early kinds
4 in. deep " 6 in. apart in groups of three,
corms
similar sized
twelve
late
3 in. deep "
12 in. apart in
kinds
six, or
;
little
silver
under
each
Protect
sand
corm.
early kinds
put a
groups;
flower
when
with layer of manure.
in winter
Apply liquid manure
of
2 or 3 in. high. Lift corms
buds
form.
Fix sticks to spikes when
in
in
kinds
in
cool
store
Oct. or Nov., "
place
early kinds
Sept.,late
long
and
For names
OUTDOOR
branching; flowers, large, 4

of varieties
CULTURE
in each
to Sin.
see
across,
trade
till planting time.

POT
CULTURE
:
part well-decayed
" river sand.
manure
Position, pots in cold frame, cool greenhouse or
Pot
1 in. deep
window.
early kinds Oct. to March, placing five corms
in a 6-ih. pot; late kinds March
or
April,one 1 in. deep in 9, 6-in. pot,
8-in. pot.
till flower
three
Place pots in cold frame
1 in. deep in an
or
Water
to greenhouse or window.
moderately
spikesshow, then remove
when
flower spikes
at first,freelyafterwards.
Apply liquid manure
till foliagedies, then
water
After flowering,gradually withhold
show.
keep quite dry till repotted. Forcing : Pot early kinds Oct. to Dec.
i in. deep in pans of light
Temp., 55" to 65".
rich soil in Feb., in temp. 55" to 65"; by bulbils (spawn) growing at
doors,
base
of corms,
planted 2 in. deep " 6 in. apart in sunny border outwhen
when
flower
three
March.
bulbils
Seedlings
years old;
years old.
OF
G. PRIMULINUS:
CULTURE
Compost, equal parts loam and
leaf-mould
with plenty of sand.
Position,moist stove spring and summer.
Pot in autumn.
Keep dry till growth begins,then water freely.
essential during spring and summer.
Withhold
Moist atmosphere most
after
to
water
flowering. Temp. Oct. to March, 55"; March
gradually
Increased
Oct. 60" to 70".
by removing small corms, and growing these
for old ones.
advised
as
on
CULTIVATED:
G. blandus, white, red, and
SPECIES
yellow, June, 18 in.,
S. Africa;
byzantinas, red and purple, June, 2 ft., Asia Minor; oardinalis, soarlet,
to Aug., 1 to 2 ft.,
July and Aug., 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; oommunis, rose, June
S. Europe;
orueutus, scarlet and white, Sept., 13 to 18 in.. Natal;
floribundus,
two
180
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
surface
in a greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown
be grown
on
may
division
in March
in boxes
of light sandy soil in cold frame
or
April;
of plants, Oct. or April.
G. Alypnm,
OTTLTIVATBD:
SPECIES
blue, August, 2 ft., Bhrab, S. Europe;
6 in.,
nndicaulis, blue, summer,
cordifolia, blue, June, 6 in., shrub, S. Europe;
6 to 8 in., herbaceous, Asia
triohosantha,
blue, summer,
herbaceous,
Europe;
6 to 12 in., herbaceous, S. Europe.
Minor; vulgaris, blue, summer,
Ord.
Gloriosa,
Lily).
(Malabar Glory Lily; Mozambique
"
tuberous-rooted.
"
Liliaceae.
Stove
Deciduous
flowering climbers.
1690.
First introduced
CULTURE:
Compost, actual
parts loam, peat, leaf -mould, decayed
" silver sand.
manure
pots, wi th shoots trained
in a 6-in.
2 in. deep, one
to roof or trellis. Pot, Feb., placing tubers
moderately till growth is
pot, or several in an 8 or 12-in. pot. Water
well advanced, then freely. After flowering,
gradually withhold water
" keep soil quite dry till potting time.
Temp., Feb. to Sept.70" to
85"; Sept.to Feb. 55" to 65" Propagate by seeds inserted singly Jin.
deep in 3-in. pots filled with light soil in temp. 75" in Feb. or March;
at potting time.
from
offsets removed
large tubers
and
6 to 10 ft..
SPECIES
G. superba, orange
red, summer,
CULTIVATED:
5 ft., Trop. Africa.
Tropics; viresoens Plantii, yellow and red, summer,
FlOVtfer
Glory
(Eccremocarpus soaber). See Eccremocarpus.
"
See
Gloriosa.
Glory
Lily (Gloriosasuperba).
Glory-Of-the-SnOVW
(Chiouodoxa luciliae).See Chionodoxa.
Zealand
Pea
of
New
Glory
(ClianthusDampieri).
"
"
"
See
Clianthus.
(Clerodendron fragrans). See Clerodendron.

Sinningia.
.Ôrd.
Leguminosas. Hardy
Glycyrrhiza
(Liquorice-plant)
"
Orn.
foliage flowering. Edible rooted.
perennials.
Glory
Tree
Gloxinia.
"
"
See
baceous
herNat.
Ht. 3 to 5 ft.
1563.
First introduced
GARDENS:
Position, open
IN
Soil, deep rich sandy.
CULTURE
3 ft.
in.
"
3
in.
18
Feb.
or
deep in rows
March,
Plant,
apart
sunny.
in
to
root
stems
close
Cut down
asunder.
creeping
foliage" remove
Roots
Nov.
ready for use third year after planting. Propagate by
division of creeping stems, Feb. or March.
3 ft. deep
CULTURE
FIELD
: Soil, deep, rich sandy loam, trenched
in autumn.
at rate of 40 tons per acre
" dressed with farmyard manure
root
Plant
cuttings furnished with two eyes each. Sin. deep, 18 in!
cut off all
in March.
3 ft. asunder
in
Following November
rows
apart
Nov.
" do same
main
to
close
root,
roots
again
following
creeping
"
trench 4 to 5 ft. deep by side of rows
after
Third
dig
planting
year
4
to
5
tons.
acre
with
a
roots
Average
yield
out
strong
per
rope.
pull
Average value per cwt., 45s.
to
G. glabra (Spanish Liquorice), blue, May
Sept.,
OTJLtITATED:
SPECIES
Mediterranean
Region.
See Anaphalis " Leontopodium.
Gnaphalium.
Ord.
Gnidia.
flowering
Thymelacese. Greenhouse
evergreen
1768.
Nat.
shrubs.
Cape of Good Hope. First introduced
two
CULTURE
: Compost,
parts fibrous peat, one part loam " silver
sand.
Position, well-drained pots near
glassin airy greenhouse îuring
" spring, cold frame
to Sept.
winter
June
Pot, March.
autumn,
in
Prune
shoots
into shape
Press
firmly
straggling
pots.
compost
sufficient
to
Water
after
carefullyalways, giving
flowering.
directly
Europe.
"
"
l;eepsoil uniformly moist; rain,
not
182
spring water, essential.
I'emp.,
MNOYCLOPMBIA
Oct.
March
40"
of
cuttings
young
drained
pots under
to
to
45" ; March
shoots
GARDENING.
OF
in.
in
bell-glass
2
July, 45"
to
long inserted
temp. 45" to
55".
Propagate by
sandy peat in well-
to
in
55"
April,or
March,
in
May.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
fragrant, spring,
Goat-root
denudata. yellow, aummer,
18
in.; pinitolia,
white,
(Ononis Natrix). See Ononis.

(SpiraeaAruncus). See Spiraea.
See Galega.
(Galega ofacinalis).-"
"
Goat's
Beard
Rue
Goat's
Goat
G.
ft.
"
Willow
(Salixcaprea)." SeeSalix.
Godetia."
See (Enothera.
Gold
Basket
(Alyssum saxatile).S'ee Alyssum.
Gold
Dust-plant
(Alygaum saxatile). See Alyssum.
See
Golden
Amaranth
(Amaranthus salicifolius).
"
"
Amaran-
"
thus.
Golden
Golden
Praxinus.
Ash
(Praxinus excelsior aurea). See
Bell-tree
(Forsythiasuspensa). See
"
Foreythia.
(Cassiniafulvida). See Cassinia.
Chain
(Laburnum vulgare). See Laburnum.
See
Chestnut
(Castanopsis chrysophylla).
"
Bush
Golden
Golden
Golden
"
"
Cas-
"
tanopsis.
Golden
Club
Golden
Creeping
See
(Orontium aquaticum).^ See

"
Orontium.
aurea).
(Lysimachianummularia
Jenny
"
Lysimachia.
Golden
(Valeriana Fhu
Spikenhard
Cretan
aurea).
"
See
Valeriana.
(Lamium aureum). See Lamium.

Drop
(Onosma echioides).See Ouosma.
Elm
Golden
(TJlmuscampestrisfoliis aureia^. See iflmus.
Golden
Elm
(Xllmus fastigiataaurea). See TJlmus.
See
Golden
Feather
aureum).
(Chrysanthemum Parthenium
Chrysanthemum
Currant
Golden-flowered
(Eibesaureum). See Eibes.
Garlic
Golden-flowered
(Allium Moly). See Allium.
Hair
Golden
(Chrysocoma Coma-aurea). See Chrysocoma.
Knee
Golden
(Chrysogouum virginianum). See Chrysogonum.
Chestnut
Golden-leaved
(Castanea chrysophylla). See
Golden
Golden
Nettle
Dead
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Castanea.
Golden-leaved
(Euonymus japonicus aureo-
Spindle-tree
varicgatus). Sfee Euonymus.

"
See Lycoris.
(Tiliaeuropaea aurea). See Tilia.
Fern
(Nothochlaenafiavens).
(Lycorisaurea).
Golden
Lily
Golden
Lime-tree
Golden
Maiden-hair
"
"
"
See
Nothochlaena.
Golden
Golden
Golden
Golden
Golden
Golden
Golden
(Quercus pedunculataConcordia). See Quercus.

(Salixvitellina). See Salix.
See Polypodium.
Polypody
(Polypodium aureum).
Oak
Osier
"
"
"
Privet
Rain
Rod
(Ligustrum ovalifolium
(Laburnum vulgare).
"
laureum).
See
See
"
See
Ligustrum.
Laburnum.
Solidago.
(Solidagovirgaurea).
(Chrysoplenium altemifolium).
Saxifrage
"
"
See
gopleuium.
Golden
Thistle
(Scolymus hispamous).
"
183
See
Scolymua.
Chry-
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Golden
Golden
Golden
Gold
GARDENING.
OF
(Uroeolinaaurea). See Urceolina.

Vine
(Stigmaphyllon ciliatum). See Stigmaphyllon.
Wand
(Bulbinella Hookeri). See Bulbinella.
Fern
See Gymnogramma.
(Gymnogramma
clirysopliylla).
Urn-flower
"
"
"
"
Goldfussia.
See
"
Goldilocks
StroUlauthes.
(Aster Linosyris). See

"
Gold-netted
Aster.
(Louicera brachypoda
Honeysuckle
aureo
reticulata). See Lonicera.

Thread
Gold
See Coptis.
(Coptistrifoliata),.
Gombo
See
Hibiscus.
(Hibiscus esculeuteus).
Stove
American
Ord. Ochnaceae.
Button-flower.
Gomphia
(Soutk
Oru.
"
shrubs.
foliage
flowering.
evergreen
CULTUBE
:
Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one part peat, little
silver sand.
Position, pots in light part of plant stove.
Pot, Feb. or
March.
Press compost down
in
Prune
into
shape Feb. or
firmly
pot.
afterwards.
Water
March.
Syringe
moderately Oct. to March, freely
"
"
"
"

to Oct.
Temp., March
50" to 60".
Propagate by cuttings of firm young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long,
inserted in pots of silver sand under
bell-glassin temp. 75" in spring.
daily in
SPECIES
summer.
OULTITATED:
G.
Gompholobium.
"
flowering shrubs.
decora,
Ôrd.
Trailing
"
to IS ft., Brazil.
Greenhouse
evergreen
Australia.
First
duced
intro-
yellow, spring,
Leguminosae.
erect.
Nat.
10
1803.
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts rough peat, one part rough loam,
" sand.
charcoal
house.
pots in light part of greenPrune
into
March.
Pot, Feb.
or
shape after flowering.
Water
carefully at all times.
Temp., Sept.to April45" to 50"; April to
50"
60".
Ventilate
to
Sept.
greenhouse freely in summer.
Propagate
in well-drained
of
shoots
2 in. long inserted
by cuttings young
pots of
March
in
45"
55"
in
to
under
or
bell-glass temp.
April.
sandy peat
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
G. grandiflorum, yellow, Juno, 2 ft.; polymorplmm,
yellow, scarlet and purple, spring, 2 ft.; Tenustum,
purple, spring, 3 ft.
Globe
rena
Gomph
Amaranth;
Everlasting). Ord. Ama(Globe
First iniroranthacese.
Greenhouse
annual.
Nat. India.
flowering
"
duced
1714.
CULTURE:
part leaf-mould,
parts fibrous loam, one
sand.
warm
Position,
greenhouse,
exposed
well-decayed
Sow
seeds 1-16 in. deep in well-drained
to light.
pots of lightsoil in
temp. 75" in March.
Transplant seedlings 1 in. apart when 1 in. high
in li^ht
soil in well-drained
pots " keep in temp, of 60" to 75". When
four leaves place
4-in. pots. Transfer
in
seedlings have formed
singly
in June to 5-in. pots " keep near
them
the glass. Water
moderately.
twice
when
flowers
daily.
manure
foliage
Apply
Syringe
liquid
appear.
Summer
temp., 55" to 65". Cut flowers immediately they are
fully
developed for drying for winter decoration.
G. globosa, and
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
its varieties, aurea
superba (yellow),
(dwarf),
(flesh),purpurea
(purple), and nana
12 to 18 in.
carnea
summer,
Ord. Orchidacess.
Stove evergreen
Gongôra.
epiphytalorchids.
1824.
First introduced
CULTURE
:
"
Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum moss
Position, hanging baskets
in sunny
of
stove.
lumps of charcoal.
part
Water
Re-basket, Feb. or March.
to Sept.,very
abundantly March
little other times.
to Aug.
Resting period,
Compost,
cow
manure
two
"
"
Aug.
to
March.
Propagate by
division
184
of
pseudo-bulbsin
Feb.
ENOTOLOPJEBIA
OF
GARDENING.
i,.."P "*^""i**" armeniaoa, orange
.r"w"
f,".r
summer,
1
1
yellow,
summer,
ft.,Nicaragua;
fragrant, 1 ft., Mexico; gratulabnnda, yellow and red.

fi ^'""?.""''
ft.,Colombia ; maoulata, yellow and red,
1 ft., Trop. America.
summer,
f7
Goniophlebium."
See
Good
See
(CheuopodiumBonua-Henricus)."
King
Henry
Polypodium.
Cheno-
podium.
Goodyera
(Rattlesnake Plantain; Adder's Violet)."Ord. OrchiStove, greeuliouse," hardy terrestrial orciiids. Flowering "
orn.
foliage. Leaves, bronze, chocolate, olive-green,
purplish-green,
reddish-crimson, variegated with white or yellow.
daceae.
CULTDEB
OP
STOVE
" GEEENHOUSE
fibrous
parts
peat, one
part loam " sand.
shallow
in
or
shady part of stove or
pans
SPECIES
Compost, two
pots
greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or
March.
Water
to
times.
freely March
Sept., moderately other
stove
to Sept., Sept. to March
Temp.,
55" to
species,65" to 75" March
March
65"; greenhouse species,
to Sept.55" to 65", 45" to 55" Sept. to
March.
CTJLTXJEE
OP
HAEDY
SPECIES
:
Compost, two parts peat, leaf" sand.
mould
Position, rockery or border, well drained.
Plant,
March
or
of shoots
Water
with
April.
removed
under
peaty compost
STOVE
SPECIES:
and
GREENHOUSE
weather.
bell-glassin temp.
Menziesii, white, summer,

SPECIES
45"
to 55" in
brown,
Sept., India;
pink
rosy
and
small
pots
of
spring.
Teitohii, leaTes
white, June,
Japan;
America.
N.
pubescens, white, July,
G.
Propagateby cuttings
inserted singlyin
"attached,
G. oordata, yellow and

white, hybrid.
SPECIES:
G. maorantha,
red, brown,
HARDY
freelyin dry
roots
N.
America
repens,
white,
mer,
sum-
Europe.
(Eibes grossularia).See Eibes.

Gorse
(Ulex europaeus). See TJlex.
Stove
Gossypium
(Cotton-plant).Ord. Malvaceae.
1594.
herbs.
First introduced
Fruit
furnishes
(capsule)
Gooseberry
"
"
"
perennial
of
cotton
commerce.
" little sand.

leaf -mould
: Compost, equal parts loam,
stove.
in
of
well-drained
Pot, March
or
Position,
pots
part
sunny
afterwards.
to
April, freely
moderately Sept.
Temp.,
April. Water
50" to 65".
March
Propagate by
soil
in
in
1-16 in. deep
seeds sown
or
temp. 65" to 75", March
light
April. Transplant seedlingswhen 1 in. high singly into 2-in. pots, "
CXJLTUEE
thence
into
6-in.
or
pots.
G.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
yellow and
(Egyptian Cotton), a hybrid.
herbaceum,
bados;
barbadense, yellow and purple, Sept., 5 ft., Bar3 to 4 ft.. East
Indies; Bahma
purple, summer,
(Cucurbita melopepo).
Gourd
"
GramniantheSi
introduced
"
Ord.
See
Cucurbita.
Half-hardy annual.
Crassulaceae.
First
1774.
rockeries.
gate
Propawell-drained
soil
in
in
of
surface
on
seeds
sandy
sown
pans
by
outdoors
in
May.
temp. 60" to 65" in March.
3 to
red, summer,
G. chlorsefolia,orange-yellow and
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
CULTUEE
Soil, light sandy.
Position, sunny
in., S. Africa.
(Cup Flower)." Ord.
Grammatocarpus
climber.
hardy annual
CULTUEE
later
on,
"
Half-
Loasaceae.
Sow
plant
trellises,vases,
in
gentle heat lu March, harden

June.
Ordinary soil. Suitable
seeds
in
etc
185
".
seedlings
for low
~,
oil
sunny
MNOTOLOFMDIA
SPECIES
red,
summer,
CULTIVATED:
3 ft., CMU.
Grammatophyllum
GABDENING.
OF
G.
(Syn. Soypliantlins elegans), yellow and
volubilis
(Queen
of the
Orchids).
"
Ord.
Orchid-
1837.
Stove epiphytal orchids.
First introduced
"
CULTUEE
charcoal.
Position,
large well: Compost, fibrous
peat
Water
drained pots in light part of stove.
freely
Pot, Feb. or March.
'65"
to
Nov.
to
Feb.
75";
Feb. to Oct., very little Oct. to Feb.
Temp.,
Nov.
Nov. to Feb. 60" to 65".
Feb.
to
jjeriod,
Besting
Growing period,
Nov.
to Feb.
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbsat pottingtime.
i ft.,
G.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
brown,
fenzlianum,
yellow and
:
summer,
speoiosum, yellow and purple, winter, 5 to 8 ft., Malaga,
Amboyna;
Granadilla,
(Fassifloraquadrangularis). See Fassifiora.
Fern
Grape
(Botrychium lunaria). ^See Botrychium.
See Muscari.
Grape
Hyacinth."
Pear
Grape
(Amelanchies vulgaris). See Amelanchies.
aceae.
'
"
"
"
Vine
(Vitisvinifera). See Titis.
of
Grass
Parnassus
(Parnassiapalustris).See Parnassia.
Birch
Gray
(Betulapopulifolia).See Betula.
Greeic
Valerian
(Folemonium cseruleum). See Polemonium.
Hellebore
See Helleborus.
Green
(Helleborusviridis)."
Green
Orchis
Man
See Aceras.
(Aceras anthro^jophora).
Green
See
Spleen-wort
(Aspleniumviride)." Asplenium.
Orchis
Green-Vtfinsed
(Orchis morio). See Orchis.
Grape
"
"
"
"
"
"
Greigr's
Tulip
(TulipaGreigi)."See Tulipa.
Grevillea
Greenhouse
(Silk-barkOak). Ord. Proteacese.
hardy
"
shrubs.
First
introduced
1790.
oru.
Flowering
foliage.
evergreen
CULTUEE
OF
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
fibrous peat " turfy
loam, one part silver sand.
or
Pot, March
pots in airy greenhouse, window, or dwelling-room.
off
Prune
April. Water
moderately Sept.to April,freely afterwards.
to induce
to
pointsof shoots occasionally
bushy growth. Temp., March
45" to 55".
Oct. 55" to 65"; Oct. to March
CULTUEE
HAEDY
SPECIES
OP
: Soil, peaty.
Position, sheltered
shrubberies
S. of England; against south walls other parts.
Plant,
in severe
Oct. or April. Prune, April. Protect
weather.
PaoPAGATE
\ in. deep in well-drained
greenhouse speciesby seeds sown
65"
of
soil
in
70"
in
March
to
shoots
temp.
light
pots
; cuttingsof young
small portions of branches
attached
3 in. long, with
inserted in sandy
soil in well-drained pots under
in temp. 75" to 80" in March,
bell-glass
seeds
or
sown
\ in. deep outdoors in March
April, May; hardy speciesby
in
Nov.
in
March
Oct.
or
or
or
April ; layers
; grafting
April.
G. robusta, orange,
GKEESHOUSB
SPECIES:
10 to 20 ft.,Australia;
summer,
6 ft,, Australia.
rosmarinifolia, red, summer,
HARDT
SPECIES
10 ft,,Australia.
juniperiana sulphurea, yellow, summer,
: G,
alba
See
Grey
Poplar
(Populus
canescens).
Populus,
"
"
Griffinia
(Blue Amaryllis), Ord, Amaryllidaceae. Stove bulbous
floweringplants. Evergreen. First introduced 1815.
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
posed
parts fibrous loam, one part peat, decom"
" sand.
Position, well-drained pots on a bed or
beneath
to temp., 85" in plant stove.
Pot, June or July.
Press compost down
firmly. Eepotting not needful oftener than once
three or four years.
Water
moderately Oct. to April, freely
every
afterwards.
in
Syringe freely
summer.
Topdress established plants
with rich compost. Temp., March
annually in March
to Sept. 70" to
80"; Sept. to Dec, 55" to 65"; December
to March
65" to 75"Pro-
sheep
manure
stage heated
186
ENCYCLOPEDIA
pagate by
March;
at
seeds
potting
thiua
from
time.
CULTIVATED:
G.
old
bulbs
Grim-the-Collier
Griselinia
(New
1873.
Oru.
loam.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
spring, 10
Gromwell
Ground
CistUS
to
Position, shady,
into
April. Prune
in sandy soil in sheltered
G.
hyaoin-
in
Oct.
littoralis,green,
or
spring,
Hardy
Cornacea3.
First introduced
Zealand.
"
by cuttingsinserted
Sept.,Oct., or Nov. ; layering shoots
p"ylla, green,
or
pots
See Hieracium.
"
CTJLT'DE.E
:
Soil, rich
3-in.
1 ft., Brazil;
summer,
Broad-leaf)."Ord.
foliage. Nat. New

Leaves, egg-shaped; dark green.
evergreen
Feb.
18 in., Brazil.
(Hieracium aurantiacum).
Zealand
in
placed singly in
and
Blumendvia, pink,
(Blue Amaryllis), blue, aummer,
shrubs.
GARDENING.
J in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 85"
sown
offsets removed
SPECIES
OF
borders.
sheltered
shape, April. Propagate

border
cold
or
frame
Nov.
20
to
30
ft. ; luoida
maoro-
12 ft.
(Lithospermum prostratum). ^See Lithospermum.

(Ehodothamnus
chamajcistus). See Ehodo"
"
thamnus.
Ground
Holly." See Chimaphila,
Ground
Ivy (Nepeta Glechoma). See Nepeta.
Ground
Nut
and Arachis
(Apiostuberosa
hypogaea). See
and Arachis.
Grove
Fern."
See Alsophila.
Gua,va,-tree
See Psidium.
(Psidiumûava pyriferum).
Guelder
Rose
(Viburnum Opulus). See Virburnum.
"
"
Apios
"
"
Guernsey
Lily (Nerine sarniensis).See
Guernsey
Orchis
"
Nerine.
See Orchis.
(Orchislaxiflora)."
Guinea
See Capsicum.
Pepper
(Capsicum annuum).
Box
Gum
(Escalloniamacrantha). See Escallonia.
Gum
CistUS
(Cistusladaniferus)."See Cistus.
Gunnera,
baceous
(PricklyEhubarb). Ord. Haloraginaceae. Hardy her1849.
Leaves,
perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced
large,4 to 6ft. in diameter; dark green.
CULTUEE
sheltered
:
Soil, ordinary rich. Position, damp, sunny
margins of ponds or bogs. Plant, March or April. Protect with leaves
in winter.
Water
Propagate by seeds
abundantly in dry weather.
1-16 in. deep in pans
of light soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March,
sown
transplantingseedlingsoutdoors in June ; division of plants in March
or
April.
"
"
"
G. manioata, leaves 4 to 6 ft.,in diamenter, 4 to 6 ft.,

:
(Syn. G. soabra),leaves 4 to 6 ft. in diameter, 6 to 10 ft..Chili.
Guzmania.
herbaceous
Ord.
Bromeliaceae.
Stove
perennials.
1820.
Bracts, yellow,
Flowering " orn. foliage. First introduced
Leaves, sword-shaped; bright green.
green, purple,scarlet.
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, rough peat " leafWater
mould.
Pot, March.
freelyalways. Good drainage essential.
Temp., Sept. to March 60" to 70"; March to Sept.70" to 80". Propagate
by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.
1 ft.,bracts
CULTIVATED:
G. tricolor,white, summer,
SPECIES
purplish red,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Brazil; oMlensis
"
W.
Indies.
GymnoCladUS
Legumiuosae. Hardy
introduced
wide.
CULTUEE
or
1748.
:
lawns.
Coffee Tree; Soap Tree).

Ord.
Orn. foliage " flowering. First
bluish green, 3 ft. long " 2 ft.
feather-shaped,
(Kentucky
deciduous
Leaves,
"
tree.
Soil, ordinary, well drained.

Prune
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
187
beries
Position, shady shrubyoung
trees, Jan.
Pro-
seeds
pagate by
in
1 in.
sown
Oct., Nov., April
similar
positionin
SPBOIES
July,
30
to
CULTIVATED:
60 ft., N.
or
Oct.
deep
March.;
in
light soil
in
outdoors
shady position
inserted 2 in. deep in
cuttingsof roots
March.
or
G.
America;
Cvrnnosra.mme
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYOLOPMDIA
canadensis
(Kentucky Coffee Tree), white, May
ollinensis (Soap Tree), white, June, 20 ft., China.
(Gold Fern;
Silver Fern).
Stove " greenhouse evergreen
ferns.
First introduced
sides covered
finelydivided, upper sides green, under
to
Pilices.
Fronds
1790.
with, white
or
Ord.
"
yellow powder.
"
one
part fibrous peat, one part leaf-mould
tion,
Posisilver sand, charcoal, " coarselyground bones.
erect speciesin well-drained
pots; drooping speciesin hanging
baskets.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
moderately Oct. to Feb., freely
afterwards.
Temp., stove
Syringing or shading not necessary.
to Sept. 65" to 75"; green55" to 65", March
species,Sept. to March
house
45" to 50", March
species,Sept. to March
surface of fine sandy peat under
bell-glass
on
in temp. 75" to 85" any time; division of plants at potting time; fronds
furnished
with
plantletspegged on to surface of sandy peat under
CULTUKE
loam,
Compost,
part
one
in temp. 70"
bell-glass
to 80" at all times.

white below,
above, creamy
calomelanos, fronds dull green
W.
Indies, and the following varieties, chrysophylla (Gold Fern), fronds golden
silvery; decomposita,
yellow, and
peruviana argyrophylla(Silver Fern), fronds
fronds
silvery, pretty for baskets, Jamaica
;
yellow, hybrid ; schizophylla,fronds
Indies; tartarea
sulphurea, fronds golden, West
(Syn. G. dealbata), fronds silvery,
Trop. America.
G. japonioa, fronds
not
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
:
powdered, Japan.
Useful plant
Ord. Compositae. Hardy annual.
Gymnolomia,.
SPECIES
STOVE
G.
"
for cutting.
Sow seeds in
CULTUEE
Position, sunny borders.
: Soil, ordinary.
Thin
later
out
to a tew
outdoors
on
patches
during April.
seedlings
inches apart.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
G. multiflora, yellow, Aug., 18 in., Mexico.
See Fenuisetum.
Gymnothrix.
See Cortaderia.
Gynerium.
Ord.
Gynura.
Composites. Stove perennialswith ornamental
"
"
"
foliage. Leaves
purple-tinted.
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould,
CULTUBE:
Position, pots in partialshade.

Oct.
to March,
SPECIES
55" to 65".
CULTIVATED:
sarmentosa,
to
G.
Pot
in March.
Temp., March
Water
to
"
sand.
freelyMarch
Oct., 70"
to
80";
Propagate by cuttingsin spring.

aurantiaoa,
ft., Java;
bioolor, 3 ft., Moluccas,
ft.
Gypsophila.
(Chalk-plant).Ord. Caryophyllaceae.Hardy perennial

annual
herbs.
First introduced
1759.
valuable for
Flowers
cuttingfor floral decoration.
CULTURE:
with
old mortar
brick
Soil, ordinary,freelymixed
or
rubbish.
Position, dryish well-drained borders for erect species
; sunny
rockeries " margins of borders for dwarf species. Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March
or
April. Cut down flower stems in Oct.
Propagate annual
in April on surface of soil where
plants are to
out 3 to Bin. apart when
1 in. high; perennial
flower, thinningseedlings
by seeds sown in sunny positionoutdoors in April,transplanting
species
positionin June, July, or Aug.; division of
seedlings to
"
"
plants
in
Oct.
permanent
or
April.
to Oct.. la
G. olegana, white, June
SPECIES:
ANNUAL
12 to 18 in., Asia Minor.
Tiscosa, rose, fragrant, summer,
188
to
18
in., Caucasus;
ENCYCLOPEDIA
flowers
OF
GARDENING.
" keep soil quite dry from

time foliage turns
yellow till
time,
weak
twice weekly to
liquid manure
repotting
once
or
-^wly
45" to
plants in flower. Temp., greenhouse species,Sept. to March
55", March
55" to 65", March
to
Sept. 65" to 75" tor stove species. Bulbs flower best when only repotted
four years.
at potting
every three or
time " placed in small pots in similar soil as for old bulbs.
STOVE
H.
SPECIES
:
oinnabarium,
red, April, 1 f t. ; ooooinens, scarlet,
1 ft.; moltiflorus
autamn,
(Sya. Kalbreyeri),scarlet, April, 1 ft.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
H. Katharinss, red, spring, 1 ft.; natalensie, green,
1 ft.
purple and yellow, Feb., 1 ft. ; puniceus, orange-scarlet, snmmer,
Halesia.
Ord.
(Silver-bell;
Snowdrop-tree).
Styracaceae.Hardy
First introduced
Deciduous.
1756.
floweringtrees.
CULTURE:
Soil, deep sandy loam.
Position, sheltered borders,
shrubberies, or lawns.
Prune
into shape after
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
doors
flowering. Propagate by cuttings of roots inserted in sandy soil outin March
Oct. ; by layering shoots in Oct. or Nov.
or
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
H. tetraptera (Snowdrop
Tree), white. May, 15 to
20 ft., N. Amerioa.
Halimodendron
(Salt-tree). Ord. Leguminosse. Hardy
Decidxious.
First introduced
flowering" orn. foliageshrub.
1779.
" downy.
Leaves, feather-shaped,whitish
CULTURE
: Soil, deep sandy.
" open borders.
Position, shrubberies
Prune
into shape, Nov.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by seeds
sown
Jin. deep in sandy soil outdoors in March
or
April, cuttings of
flrm shoots 4 to 6 in. long inserted
in sandy soil outdoors
in Oct. "
Nov.; layeringin Oct., " by grafting on common
laburnum
in March
standards.
to form
fade,
"
"
SPECIES
Russia.
OULTITATBD:
H.
Hamamelis
argenteum,
purplisli. May
to
July,
to
ft.,
Ord. Hamamelidaceae.
(Witch Hazel).
Hardy
Deciduous.
First introduced
1736.
CULTUBE:
Soil, deep rich loam.
Position, damp borders or shrubberies
" margins of lakes.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune
into shape
Feb.
in Oct. or Nov. ; grafting rare
Propagate by layeringbranches
kind in March.
specieson common
SPECIES
H.
OULTITATBD:
arboroa, primrose yellow, Deo.
to Eeb., 15 ft.,
Japan; japonioa, lemon yellow, Dec. to Feb., 13 ft.,Japan; japonioa zuocariniana,
pale yellow; mollis, yellow, Jan. and Feb., 10 ft.,China; Tirginioa, yellow, Deo. to
Feb., N. Amerioa.
Hamburgh
Parsley
(Carum Petroselinum)."See Carum.
Ord.
HaplOCarpha.
Compositse. Half-hardy perennial.
First introduced
1883.
CULTURE:
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, sunny,
dry, and welldrained
border.
Plant, April. Propagate by seeds sown
in temp. 55"
in spring;^
also by cuttingsinserted in temp. 55" in spring; or in cold
frame
during summer.
"
floweringshrubs.
"
SPECIES
Afrioa.
CULTIVATED:
H.
Leitohlinii,yellow
and
purple,
snmmer,
ft.. S.
Hardenbergfia
Australian
(Australian Sarsaparilla-tree
;
Lilac). Ord. Leguminosse. Greenhouse
flowering twining plants.
First introduced
Evergreen. Nat. S. Australia.
1790.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam " peat, little silver sand.
Position, pots, with shoots trained to trellis,or planted out in beds,
" shoots
trained up rafters.
Pot or
Water
plant, Feb. or May.
to Sept.,moderately at other
freelyMarch
times.
Prune
straggling
plants into shape in Feb.
stimulants
Apply weak
occasionallyto
"
190
ENCYCL0PJ3DIA
healthy plants
March
40"
to
flower.
lu
Temp.,
Propagate by
50".
OAUDBNING.
OF
March
seeds
Sept. 55" to 65";
to
deep
^m.
sown
Sept. to
in well-drained
of light sandy soil in

tings
or
temp, of 55" to 65" in March
April; cutof firm young
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained
pots
oi sandy peat under
bell-glassin temp. 55" to 65", March
to July.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
H.
10 ft.; jnonophylla,
oomptoniana, . iMarch,
purple,
r
i
,
.
y
purple, April, 8 to 10 ft.
Hard
Fern
(Lomaria Spicant). See Lomaria.
pots
"
Hare-bell
(Campanula rotundifolia). See Campanula.

"
_Hare's-ear."
Hare's-foot
Hare's-tail
Haricot
See
Bupleurium.
Fern
See Davallia.
(Davallia canariensis)."
Grass
See
(Lagurus ovatus).
Lagurus.
"
Bean
Harlequin
Harpalium."
(Phaseolus vulgaris,.
Flower
See
Musk
Harrison's
See
Phaseolus.
See Sparaxis.
(Sparaxisgrandiflora)."
Helianthus.
(Mimulus moschatus
Harrisoni). See Mimu"
"
lus.
Fern
Hart'S-tOnsue
(Seolopendrium vulgare).
"
See
Scolo-
pendrium.
Cactus
Hatchet
See Peleoyphora.
(Pelecyphoraasseliformis).
strawberry
(Pragaria elatior). See Pragaria.
Beard
(Crepisaurea). See Crepis.
Weed
(Hieracium aurantiacum). See Hieracium.
HautboiS
Hawl('s
"
"
"
Hawk
"
Haworthla.
succulent-leaved
Ord.
Liliaoese.
Greenhouse
First introduced
foliage. Nat. S. Africa.
"
1720.
Plowers,
plants. Orn.
"
Leaves,
variegated.
t
ransparent,
greenish.
fleshy,
warty
broken
CULTURE
bricks, mortar
: Compost, equal parts light loam,
rubbish
" river sand.
pots in light greenhouse
shaded
from
or
sun.
Pot, March
moderately April to
April. Water
times.
other
only when
Repotting
necessary
Sept.,occasionally
60" to 65";
to
March
of
ill-health.
show
Sept.
Temp.,
signs
plants
Sept.
to
50"
March
.well-drained pots
Aug.
;
SPECIES
by
CULTIVATED
3
in.; attenuata,
in
pans
placed
suckers
1-16 in. deep in

to
above
compost in temp. 65", March
for
advised
small
"
treated
as
plants.
pots
55".
to
or
in
H.
albicans, 3 to 4 In. ; araohnoides, 3 in. ; atrovirens,

3 in.; tortuosa, 2 in.;
in.; margaritifera,3 in.; Keinwardtii,
visooaa, 2 in.
Hawthorn
(Crataegusoxyaoantha). See Crataegus.

Fern
semulum). See Nephrodium.
Hay-scented
(Nephrodium
See
Hazel
Corylus.
(CorylusAvellana).
"
"
"
See Erica.
Heath.
Heather
(Calluna vulgaris). See
John'S-wort
St.
Heath-leaved
"
"
Hypericum.
Calluna.
(Hypericum coris)."See
(Aster ericoides). See Aster.

(Nandina domestica). See Nandina.
Selaginaceae. Half-hardy annual.
Starwfort
Heath-leaved
Bamboo
Heavenly
"
"
Ord.
borders.
Sow
Position, sunny
CULTURE:
off
in
"
harden
seedlings
early
May,
plant
s"eds in heat in March,
Seeds may also be sown
12 to 18 in. apart in groups.
out late in May
middle
of April.
thinly where required to flower about the
white
and
18 in., 8.
scarlet,
H.
enmmer,
oomoaa,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Hebenstretia.
Hedera
Bhrubs.
"
(Ivy).
"
Orn.
foliage.
Ord.
Araliaceae.
Flowers,
green;
191
Hardy
Oct.
evergreen
to Nov.
climbing
Leaves, green,
ENCYCLOPEDIA
purplish, or variegated with yellow

reddish
golden; winter.
orange,
OUTDOOR
kinds
walla
white.
"
Berries,
purplishblack,
Soil, ordinarjrrich. Position, green-leaved

aspects, railings, tree stumps, arbours,
CULTURE:
against
GARDENING.
OF
all
of
banks
shade
" under
of trees; variegated kinds
against
walls or fences.
Plant, Sept., Oct., Nov., Feb., March,
or
April. Peg shoots to surface of soil when first planted in any
position. Prune
April, cutting off old leaves " straggling shoots.
if vigorous growth is
Water
Apply stimulants
desired.
POT
CULTURE
;
Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould or
"
sand.
pots iu unheated
decayed manure
Water
March.
windows.
or
Pot, Oct. or
greenhouse, balconies
into shape,April.
Prune
moderately Oct. to March, freelyafterwards.
only.
Apply stimulants to established plants iu summer
above.
HANGING
BASKETS:
as
same
Plant, Oct. or
Compost,
Water
March.
Position, unheated
greenhouses, balconies or windows.
afterwards.
to
Sept.
April,freely
moderately
trellises,on
south
or
west
IN
SCREENS
drained,
ROOMS:
Compost
trained
to wire
Position, boxes, wellPlant, Oct. or
above.
as
shoots
with
or
wood
trellis.
times.
other
to Oct., occasionally
moderately March
nary
ordiin.
iu
inserted
firm
shoots
to
8
6
of
long
soil at base
of north wall or fence, Sept. to Nov., in well-drained
iu Oct., or in temp. 55" to 65", Sept. to Nov.; tree
pots in cold frame
common
" variegatedkinds by cleft grafting on
speciesiu temp. 55" in
Water
March.
Feb.
(ivy),green, Europe, N. Africa and N. Asia.

arboresoens
algeriensis,green;
(Tree Ivy),
and
canariensis
ilrish Ivy), green
clirysooarpa, green;
variegated forms;
green
"onglomerata, green ; cuspidata minor, purplish green ; deltoides, purple bronze ;
donerailensls, purplish brown ; gracilis, purplish bronze ;
;
digitata, dark
green
and
lobata
lucida. green
yellow; marginata, white and reddish
major, deep green;
red ; marmorata,
white ; palmata,
and
creamy
pink ; marginata rubra, green
rosy
large; rhombea,
purplish ; rte-gneriana(Giant Ivy), deep green,
purpurea,
green;
green
ai^ white; saggittcefolia,green and bronze; variegata, green and white;
maderensia
variegata, silvery.
Cactus."
See Echinocactus.
Hedge-hos
Holly
HedErehOg:
(Ilexaquifolium ferox). See Ilex.
Pink
Hedgê
(Saponariaofficinalis).See Saponaria.
Hedychium
(Fragrant Garland-flower). Ord. Scitaminaceae.
1791.
First introduced
" greenhouse herbaceous
Stove
perennials.
SPECIES
VARIETIES
Helix
H.
CULTIVATED:
Helii
H.
CULTIVATED:
"
"
"
Flowers
fragrant.
of loam
" one
of sand.
two
: Compost,
parts peat, one
pots, tubs or boxes, or planted in beds in stove
or
warm
greenhouse. Pot plants may be stood outdoors July to Aug.
or
Pot, March
April. Water
freely April to Nov., occasionallyother
twice a week
to plantsin flower.
times.
Temp.,
Apply liquidraauure
CULTURE
50" to 55";
60" to 70", Nov. to March
45" to
Nov.
65 "^ to 75", Nov.
to March
down
flower
stems
Cut
50".
immediately after flowering. H.
Plant, May,
ârdnerianumadapted for outdoor culture in summer.
when
rich soil. Water
in
Apply liquidmanure
Lift roots in Oct. " store in frost-proof
in flower.
place till plauting
time.
Propagate by division of rhizomes (creepingstems) in March or
stove
species,March
to
Nov.
greenhouse species,March
to
April.
STOVE
SPECIES:
fiavum, yellow,
summer,
H.
ooronarium,
white,
3 ft.
192
summer,
ft., India;
coronarium
ENOrOLOPJ^JjlA
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
OF
H.
GARDENING.
gardiierianum. lemon-yellow,
summer,
ft.,
Himalayas,
Hedysarum
(French Honeysuckle). Ord

"
perennialherbs
CULTUKE
and
Soil
slopesfor
shrubs.
First
ordinary.
dwarf
introduced
Leguminosae. Hardy
1596.
Position, sunny
rockeries, banks,
or
species; sunny
Plant, Oct., March, or April.
well-drained
for tall species.
borders
Cut down
pagate
Proflower stems
in Oct.
seeds
in.
sown
outdoors
in
lings
seedJ
by
deep
April,transplanting
in June
to final position;division
of roots, Oct. or April.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
H.
ooronarium
(Frenoh Honeysuckle), red, summer,
3 to 4 ft., S. Europe;
ooronarium
album, wliite; Mackenzi, rosy purple, June,
2 to 3 ft.,N. Amerioa.
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
H.
multimioro-oalyx, purple, June, 3 It,, Himalayas;
jugum, red, June, i ft.,Mongolia.
Hedyscepe
Stove palm,
(Umbrella Palm)." Ord, Palmaceae,
foliage. A good'room
plant. Leaves, feather-shaped,
green.
CULTURE
" peat, little silver sand.
: Compost, equal parts loam
Pot, Feb., March, or
pots in shady plant stove.
April. Water freelyMarch
Syringe
twice dailyMarch
to
to Sept, 70" to 85" ; Sept.
or
Sept, Temp,, March
60" to 65".
March
in.
1
seeds
in
in
sown
soil,
Propagate by
deep
light
Oi-n.
temp. 70"
to
80", in
Feb.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Howe's
Island.
Helen-flowrer
or
H.
March.
oauterburyana
(Syn. Kentia
oanteriuryana).
(Heleuium autumnale).^See Helenium.

(Helen flower; Sneeze-wort; Sneeze-weed).
Helenium
"
positse.Hardy
herbaceous
perennials and
1729.
CULTURE
OF PERENNIAL
well-drained
borders.
sunny
down
flower
stems
in Oct.
SPECIES
annuals.
First
Lord
Ord. Coraintroduced
Soil,ordinaryrich. Position,
Plant, Oct., Nov.,.March, or April. Cut
:
Flowers
exceedingly useful for cutting.
in April,transplanting
in.
outdoors
sown
Propagate by
deep
J
of
in
in
June
roots
division
Oct. or March.
or
July;
seedlings
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
CULTURE
OF
in March
Sow seeds in patches in borders
or
April,
sunny borders.
H.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
autumnale,
yellow, July to Oct., 3 to 6 ft., N,
striatum
1 ft,, autumnale
America
pumilum,
(Syn, Grandioephalum
; autumnale
brown, Aug. to Oct.,
striatum), yellow and brown, 4 ft, ; BigeloTii, yellow and
4
IS
Bolanderi, yellow and
in., California;
ft., California;
brown, summer,
2 ft., N. America.
Hoopesii, yellow, summer,
ANNUAL
SPECIES
H, setigerum (Syn. Ambyolepis
:
setigera), yellow, summer,
1 ft., Texas.
Helianthemum
(Sun Rose; Rock
Rose)." Ord, Cistinaceae.
seeds
Hardy flowering shrubs.
Evergreen.
banks
CULTURE
Position, sunny
: Soil, light sandy.
into shape, March.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Prune
by
seeds
shoots,
rockeries.
Propagate
in April;
deep in bed of light soil outdoors

in. long, inserted in well-drained
pots of sandy
Aug. or Sept.; division of plants in Oct. or April.
1-16 in.
sown
cuttingsof
or
1 to 2
in
soil in cold frame
H.
3 to
4
SPECIES
formosum,
yellow, June
ODLTITATED:
ft., Portugal;
and
its
ocymoides, yellow, June, 2 ft., S. Europe; Tulgare, yellow, June, trailingj,
and
single varieties.
double
numerous
HelianthUS
(Sunflower;Jerusalem
Artichoke). Ord. Composite,
"
Hardy
annual
edible,
CULTURE
borders.
or
OF
Sow
perennialherbs;
ANNUAL
J in.
seeds
tubers
of
Jerusalem
Artichoke
SPECIES
sunny
in
where
April
plants are to llower, or
deep
193
ENOTOLOP^DIA
OF
OAEDENING.
in pots in temp. 55" to 65" in April,transplantingseedlingsoutdoors

in June.
Apply stimulants
occasionallywhen flower buds form.
tion,
PosiOF
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary ricli.
well-drained
borders.
Plant, Oct.. Nov., or April. Cut
sunny
down
flower stems
in Oct.
Water
in dry weather.
Apply stimulants
w
hen
show
flower buds.
occasionally
Replant every third year.
plants
CULTURE
CULTURE
OP
ARTICHOKE:
Feb.
or
March, placing tubers 6 in.
shady. Plant,
"
in.
12
in
ft.
asunder.
3
rows
deep
apart
Earth-up when stems are
6 in. high.
Lift tubers in Nov.
" store in sand or dry soil in outhouse,
leave in ground " dig as required.
or
Pbopaoate
annual
" perennial speciesby seeds sown
J in. deep in
outdoors
in
March
or
place
April; perennials by division of roots,
sunny
Oct., March, or April ; Jerusalem
artichoke, by tubers treated as above.
6 to 10 ft.,
ANNUAL
SPECIES
annuus
(Common
: H.
Sunflower), yellow, summer,
N. America;
argophyllus, yellow, G ft., N. America; debills oucumerifolius, yellow,
Position, open
JERUSALEM
or
to 4 ft.
PERENNIAL
4 to
6 ft.,
SPECIES:
H.
deoap^talus, sulpbnr yellow, summer,
multifloruB
multiflorua, yellow, July, 4 ft., N. Amerioa;
maximus, largeflowered; multiflorus
flore-pleno, double-flowered; orgyalis, yellow, Aug., 6 ft.,
N. Amerioa;
rigidus (Syn. Harpalium
rigidum), yellow, Aug., 5 ft., N. America;
tuberosus
(Jerusalem Artiohoke), yellow, 6 ft., N. Amerioa.
HeliChrysum
(Everlasting-flower;Immortelle-flower).Ord.
Canada;
"
Half-hardy annuals, hardy
Compositae.
shrubs.
CULTURE
SPECIES
OF ANNUAL
Sow seeds in gentleheat in March, "
in April. Gather
flowers for winter
perennials,and
greenhouse

plant out in May ; or sow outdoors
decoration
directlythey are fully
expanded.
CULTURE
OP PERENNIAL
well-drained
borders.
in Oct.
flower stems
Gather
sunny
SPECIES
flowers
Soil, rich loam.
March
for winter
Plant,
or
April.
decoration
Poisition,
Cut
when
down
fully
developed.
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
HARDY
Sbil, rich loam.
summit
well-drained
borders
of rockery. Plant,
on
in very severe
weather.
Protect
Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
two
GREENHOUSE
OF
: Compost,
CULTURE
parts peat,
tion,
Posi" one
part of equal proportionsof leaf-mould, charcoal, " sand.
in Feb. or March.
Pot
Water
freely
firmly
greenhouse.
sunny
in summer,
Temp., 45" to 50" in winter;
moderately other seasons.
doors
out55" to 60" other seasons.
Propagate hardy speciesby seeds sown
in spring; greenhouse species
in April or cuttings in cold frame
in spring.
by cuttings in fine sand under bell-glass
mer,
SPECIES:
H. braoteatum
ANNUAL
(EverlastingFlower), colours Tarious, sum3 to 4 ft.,Anstralia.
arenarinm
SPECIES:
H.
PERENNIAL
(Yellow Everlasting),yellow, summer,
CULTURE
OF
Position, sunny
in., Europe.
SPECIES:
H. Stteolias,yellow, 1 ft.,summer,
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
H. humile
SHRUBBY
GREENHOUSE
(Syn. Aphelexis
to
12
HARDY
summer,
ft.,S. AfriOa.
(False Plantain). Ord. Scitaminacece.

perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced
stripedwith black, green, " yellow.
; stem
Heliconia
green
CULTURE
peat,
Feb.
"
or
Europe.
humilis), piiilc,
"
sand.
March.
ceous
Stove herba1786.
Leaves,
two
part leaf-mould,
Position, pots in shady part of plant stove.
Pot,
Compost,
Water
freelyMarch
194
to
Sept., moderately Sept. to
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Nov.,
OF
GARDENING.
Nov.
to March.
Syringe daily March
Sept. 65" to 75" ; Sept. to Nov. 60" to 70"
65". Propagate by division of roots in Feb. or
Feb.
none
to
to
Sept. Temp.,
Nov.
to Feb. 55*^
to
March.
SPE0IE8
OITLTIYATED
H. anreo-striata, green
:
and
yellow leaves, 3 ft.. New
Britain
red
J illnstris, green
and
leaves, 3 ft.; Sanderi, variegated, 3 ft.
Heliophila
(Cape stock; Sun Cress)." Ord. Cruciierro.
Hardy
annuals.
Nat. S. Africa.
First introduced
1774.
;
CTJLTUEE:
Soil, ordinary.
Water
in dry weather.
boxes of lightsoil in
or
outdoors
end of May,
flower.
SPECIES
Position, sunny
Propagate by
seeds
well-drained
borders.
1-16 in.
deep in jpans
temp, of 55" in March, transplantingseedRngs
similar depth in April where
or
plants are ô
OULTIVATED:
sown
H.
and
amplexioaulis, white
purple, summer,
9 in
2 ft. ; pilosa, blue, summer,
6 to 12 in.
HeliopsiS
Ord.
(North American
Compositse. Hardy
Ox-eye)."
herbaceous
perennials and annuals.
First introduced
1714.
OTJLTUEE:
well-drained
Position, sunny
borders.
or
April. Cut down flower stems
in Oct.
Water
in dry weather.
Apply stimulants
occasionallywhen
show
flower
buds.
in
plants
Propagate annual species by seeds sown
heat in spring" planted out in sunny
place outdoors in May ; perennial
ooronopifolia,bluish
speciesby
SPECIES
3
division
of
CULTIVATED
summer,
plants,Oct., March,
H.
or
April.
(Syn. Helianthus
oordatus),yellow, summer,
5 ft., N. America, perennial.
Isevis,yellow, autumn,
ft.,Peru, annual;
"
'
white,
oanesoens
Heliotrope
Heliotropium
(Heliotropium peruvianum). See Heliotropium.

Cherry Pie; Turnsole)."Ord. Bora(Heliotrope;
1757.
First
introduced
ginaceae. Greenhouse
flowering shrub.
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTTJEE
:
Compost, equal parts light loam, leaf -mould " sand
"
trained
to
Position, pots or beds, with shoots growing loosely or
beds outdoors
trellis,walls, pillarsor rafters in greenhouse; in sunny
in pots in windows.
Plant
June
doors,
outto Sept.,or
Pot, Feb. to May.
Lift
"
to Oct.,
June.
freely March
repot, Stept. Water
to healthy
Apply liquid or artificial manure
old plants in closelyin Feb.
Training : Nip
also lateral shoots when
dwarf
3 in. long to form
ofE points of main,
shoots
main
when
in.
12
long, " side shoots when
plants; points of
2ft.
shoots when
3 to 6 in. long, to form
pyramids; points of main
long, " of lateral shoots at apex when 3 to 6 in. long all side shoots to
standards.
to be removed
within
4 in. of apex
altogether to form
Oct.
60"
Pot plants do
to 70";
to Feb. 50" to 55".
Temp., Feb. to Oct.
or
best in cold frame
positionoutdoors July " Aug. Propagate
sunny
in
well-drained
1-16 in. deep
pots or pans of lightsoil in
by seeds sown
of
shoots
2 to 3 in. long inserted
temp. 65" to 75" in March ; by cuttings
in
or
bell-glass,
in pots of sandy soil under
propagator in temp. 65" to
Prune
plants in flower.
"
"
75" in March,
SPECIES
6
April,Aug.,
CULTIVATED:
ft., Peru;
numerous
Helipterum
Compositae. Hardy
H.
or
Sept.
peruvianum,
blue
and
white, spring to winter, 1 to
varieties.
Everlasting;Immortelle-flower).Ord.
(Australian
"
annuals.
Nat.
W.
Australia.
First
introduced
1863.
: Soil,light rich.
Position,
OF H. HUMBOLDTIANUM
CULTURE
seeds sown
borders.
by
Jin.
well-drained
Propagate
deep in
sunny
well-drained pots of light soil, in temp. 55" in March, transplanting
end of May or early in June.
outdoors
seedlings
195
h2
EXC'YCLOP.EDIA
OF
GARDEN
G.
IN
MANGLESII
EOSEUM:
Soil, ordinary.
AND
Sow
borders.
seeds Jin. deep in light sandy
to 65^^ in March
or
April,harden ofi in May, " plant
when
" dry thoroughly in
out in June.
Gather
blooms
fully grown,
for winter
decorations.
summer
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts sandy peat, leaf -mould,
Sow
seeds thinly in shallow
or
loam, " decayed cow-manure.
pan
for
box in temp. 55" to 65" in Sept. for spring flowering," in March
summer
blooming.
Transplant when three leaves have formed, several
rately
modeshelf near
1 in. apart in a 5-in. pot.
Grow
on
glass. Water
stimulants
week
weak
a
once
at first; freely later on.
Apply
with
stakes
when
neat
3 to
when
in.
6
are
seedlings
high.
Support
45"
55".
Winter
to
shade
6 in. high. No
temp.,
required.
)mmboldtiaiium
mer,
H.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
(Syn. H. Sandfordi),yellow, sum;
1 ft., Australia
Manglesii), rosy pink and yellow,
1 Manglesii (Syn. Kliodanthe
12 to 18 in., Australia; vc-ieum
roseum), rose, Bummer,
(Syn. Acroclineuni
Kummer,
2 ft.,Australia; roseum
album, wnite.
Hellebore
(Helleborusniger)."See Helleborus.
Helleborine
Epipactus lati(Cephalanthera grandiflora and
CULTURE
OP
Position, sunny
soil in temp. 55"
H.
beds
or
folia). See Cephalanthera and
Epipactus.
"
Rose;
(Hellebore; Christmas
Hardy perennials. Evergreen
Europe (Britain),Asia.
Helleborus
Ranunculaceae.
Rose). Ord.
Lenten
"
deciduous.
"
Nat.
Position, shady wellOUTDOOR

CULTURE;
Soil, rich loamy.
drained east border.
Plant, Oct., Nov., " March, 12 in. apart. Mulch
in April.
Water
with well-decayed manure
Sept. Lilt " replant every

hand-lights,cloches, or frames, or cover
occasionallyMay
Apply liquidmanure
with
when
Protect
five or six years.
with
surface
of bed
moss
in
bloom.
to
soil
Manure
freelypriorto
planting.
part decayed
to temp. 40^ to
greenhouse
Lift fresh plants annually for pot culture, replanting
50".
Pot, Oct.
Water
in April or May.
outdoors
moderately. Size of pot
old ones
iin. deep in
for single plants, 6 to Sin.
Oct.
or
March, transplanting
shallow boxes of sandy soil in cold frame
CULTURE
POT
Position, cold frame,
manure.
parts iibry loam,
two
Compost,
one
heated
or
of roots in July.
Jan. to March, 1 ft.,
purplish
green,
SPECIES
and
April, 18 in., S. Europe, Caneaeus;
atrorubens,
purple, March
Caucasus;
oaucasious
punotatus, reddish purple ; colchicus, deep purple, Jan. to Maroh, 18 in.,
and
foetidus
purple, Feb., 2 to 3 ft.,
(Stinkingf Hellebore), green
Asia
Minor;
nieer
March, 18 in., Corsica;
(Christmas Ros^, white
lividua, green,
Britain;
when
seedlings outdoors
H.
CULTIVATED:
winter,
to
in.,
15
old;
year
by division
absohasicus,
Europe, and
its
Tarieties
altifolius
or
maximus
(white and
(Fragrant Hellebore),
purple), augustifolius (white), and major (white); odorus
Maroh, 18 in., Hungary ; olympicus, purple, Feb. to April, 1 to 2 ft.,
green,
its
and
orientalis
(Lenten Ilose), rose, Feb. to May, 1 to 2 ft., Greece:
Greece;
varieties, guttatus (white), and sub-punctatus (white and green), viridis (Green
in trade
varieties will be found
March, 18 in., Europe. Many
Hellebore), green,
lists.
See Acomtum
and Scutellaria.
Helmet-floweri
See
Orchid.
Helmet
Coryanthes.
Hardy
Helonias
(Stud-flower). Ord. LiliacesB.
"
"
"
perennial.Nat.
CULTURE
N.
America.
Soil, sandy
loam
First
"
introduced
herbaceous
1758.
ders
peat. Position, moist, shady bor-
margins of lakes or ponds. Plant, Oct., March, or April.

1-16 in. deep in a well-drained
pan of sandy
division of roots. Out. or
in March
frame
or
cold
in
April
;
shady
peat
or
March.
196
MNOYOLOVMDIA
OF
GARDENING.
Herb-ChristopKer
(Actaeaspicata)."See Actaea.
Herb-Lily
(Alstromeria aurea)."See Alstromeria.
Herb-Louisa
(Lippiacitriodora).See Lippia.
(Euta graveolens)."See Kuta.
See Euta.
Herb-Of-Repentance
(Euta graveolens)."
Herb
Paris
Paris.
See
(Parisquadrifolia)."
Herb
Patience
(Eumex patienta)." See Rumex.
Herb-Twopence
(Lysimachia nummularia). See Lysimaeliia.
Herminium
trial
(Musk Orchis)."Ord. OrchidacesB.
Hardy terres"
Herb-Of-Grace
"
orchid with
musk-scented
flowers.
CULTUEE
loam with plenty of chalk or old mortar
: Soil,lightturfy
and leaf-mould
added.
Position, sunny
rockeries; or in pots in cold
Plant
wild
frame.
flowers have
roots
faded; pot roots in
directly
earlyspring. Propagate by division in spring.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED
and yellow, July, 6 in., Britain.
monorohis, green
: H.
Herniaria
(Eupture-wort). Ord. Illicebraceae.
Hardy perennial
Ornamental-leaved.
trailing herb.
CTJIiTTJEE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny or shady rockeries, or
"
edgings to carpet-beds, or
as
choice
sown
bulbs.
1-16 in.
of
carpetingsurface
of beds
containing
to June.
Propagate by
or
deep in light sandysoil outdoors, March
April;
plants,Oct., Nov., March, April or May.
SPEOIES
glabra
for
aurea,
CULTIVATED
: H.
leaves golden.
Heron'S-biil
glabra, leaves
dark
green,
in., Europe
seeds
sion
divi-
(Britain);
(Erodium petrsBum). See Erodium.

Fern
Thistle
(Cnicus Casabonae)." See Cnicus.
"
Herringr-bone
Herrins-bone
Hesperantha
"
(Evening-flower).Ord.
Iridaceae.
"
Greenhouse
Nat.
First introduced
S. Africa.
floweringplants. Deciduous.
Flowers
1787.
fragant,opening in the evening.
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
or
parts sandy soil, one part leaf-mould
" little sand.
decayed cow manure,
pots in cold
till growth begins, then remove
to
frame, cool greenhouse or window
temp. 45" to 55". Pot, Nov., placing five bulbs 3 in. deep in a 5-in.
pot. Cover pots with cocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
till flowers
begins. Water
moderately from time growth commences
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quitedry from Sept.to
Jan.
Eepot annually. Propagate by offsets treated as advised for
bulbous
bulbs.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
and white. May,
and red. May, 6 in.
brown
Hesperis
Eocket). Ord.
"
10
H.
in. ;
oinnamomea,
pilosa,white
(SweetEocket;
Cruciferse.
1597.
Flowers,
CULTUEE
OF
Dame's
white, April and May, 6 in. ; faloatn,

and
red, April, 6 in. ; radiata, white
Violet
Dame's
Hardy perennialherbs.
Eocket ; Double
First introduced
fragrant.
PEEENNIAL
moiat.
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary rich
beds or borders.
or
April.
in May.
Mulch
with decayed manure
sionally
occaApply liquid manure
in summer
to double
in
down
varieties.
Cut
flower stems
kinds
Lift " replant double
second
Oct.
Propagate
every
year.
Jin.'deep in sunny
position outdoors in
singlekinds by seeds sown
tings
April,transplantingseedlingsin June or July; double kinds by cutshoots 3 in. long inserted in sandy soil in shady position
of young
under haud-li^ht
cold frame, Sept. or
or
or
in
outdoors, July to Sejpt,,
Oct., transplanting in March; also by division of roots, Oct. or March.
Position, sunny
198
BNOTCLOPMDIA
GABDENINO.
OF
PEBBNNIAL
SPECIES
matrionalia
: H.
(Sweet Booket), white or lllao.May to
3 ft,, 8. Europe, and
its double
white
and
purple-floweredTarieties;
Tiolaoea,purple, April to June, 2 ft.,Asia Uinor.
Latter
best grown
as
a biennial.
July,
to
Hessea.
Ord. Amaiyllidacese. Greenhouse
bulbous
flowering
plants. Deciduous.
Nat. Cape of Good Hope. First introduced 1774.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy soil,one part leaf-mould or
little
"
sand.
decayed cow
manure,
Position, well-drained pots in cold
to
frame, cool greeflhouse,or window
till growth begins,then remove
5-in.
in
in.
a
bulbs
3
temp. 45" to 55".
five
Pot, Nov., placing
deep
pot. Cover pots with oocoanut-fibre refuse or cinder ashes till growth
till flowers
begins. Water
moderately from time growth commences
fade, then gradually withhold, keeping bulbs quitedry from Sept. to
Jan.
Eepot annually.
Propagate by offsets treated as bulbs.
"
SPECIES
10 in.
CULTIVATED
H.
orispa, pink,
summer,
Heuchera
(Alum-root; American
Flowering "
3 in.
Sanicle). Ord.
"
orn.
yellow, Aug.,
gemmata,
foliage.
Saxifragacese.
First
introduced
1656.
CULTUEE
:
Soil, ordinary light rich
soils.
Position, open sunny well-drained
peaty ; not suited for clay

borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov.,
March
to
March, or April. Propagate by division of roots or crowns,
also
seeds
soil
in
in
cold
frames
planting
transin
sown
by
May;
light
spring,
seedlingsinto small pots,and planting out followingspring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
H.
18 in., N.
America;
amerioana, red, summer,
1 ft., hybrid;
2 ft., N.
brizoides, pink, summer,
miorantha, yellow, summer,
several pretty
12 to 18 in., Mexico.
There
America; sangrainea, red, summer,
are
varieties of this species.
HexacentriS.
See Thunbergia.
Ord.
Hibbertia^
Dilleniacese.
Greenhouse
ing
flowerevergreen
Nat. Australia.
First introduced
climbers.
1816.
CULTUEE
" peat " little sand.
tion,
Posi: Compost, equal parts loam
shoots
trained
rafters.
Pot
or
or
tubs,
beds;
plant,
pots,
up
Feb. or March.
Prune
Water
abundantly
straggling shoots, Feb.
March
to Oct., 55"
Temp. March
45" to 55".
to 75" ; Oct. to March
Propagate by cuttingsof moderately
in well-drained
firm shoots to 3 in. long inserted
pots of sandy peat
under
bell-glassin temp. 55" to 65", April to Aug.
CULTIVATED
10 ft. ; f asoionlata, yellow,
SPECIES
: H.
dentata, yellow, summer,
3 ft. ; Beadii, yellow, summer,
1 ft. ; volubilis,yellow, summer,
10 ft.
summer,
Hibiscus
Mallow; Eose Mallow; Malabar
(Hemp Mallow; Musk
vaceae.
Eose; Blacking Plant; Eose of Sharon; Althaea frutex). Ord. Mal" hardy deciduous
Stove evergreen
"
shrubs, hardy annuals
perennials.Flowering " orn. foliage. First introduced 1596.
SPECIESi:
CULTUEE
OF
STOVE
Compost, equal parts fibry peat
charcoal
" sand.
" loam, with
Position, vi ell-drained pots or beds,
Pot or plant,Feb. or March.
with shoots trained to wall.
Prune
into
March
Feb.
Water
to
afterOct.,
abundantly
shape,
moderately
warifs. Temp., March
55" to 65".
PEEENNIAL
OP
SPECIES
CULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position,
border.
Cut down
well-drained sunny
stems
or
"
"
"
in Oct.
CULTUEE
beds or
flower.
CULTUEE
OF
borders.
OF
ANNUAL
Sow
SPECIES
seeds Jin.
HAEDT
SHEUBBY
Position, sheltered,sunny,
after
deep
in
April
where
plants are
to
SPECIES
: Soil,rich,lightloam.
border.
Plant, Oct. Prune
and dead wood
weak
only.
199
well-drained
flowering,thinning out
Soil, ordinary. Position,sunny
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GABDENING.

speciesby seede sown
under
in
pots
sandy peat
bell-glasstemp. 75" in March, by cuttings
in temp; 75" in
of firm
bell-glass
in
March
spring or summer,
; perennial speciesby seeds
by grafting
outdoors
in
sown
April, or division of root in March; annual species
seeds
directed
sown
as
above; shrubby speciesby cuttings inserted
by
in sandy peat in cold frame
in summer,
or
graftingin March.
SPECIES:
H.
STOTE
Oameroni, rose, July, 4 to 5 ft., Madagascar;
ooooineue,
6
esoulentus
scarlet, summer,
ft,, America
or
(Okra
Gombo), yellow, summer,
;
4 ft.,annual. Tropics; marmoratus,
white
and
rosaspring, 3 ft., Mexico;
rose,
sinensis (BlackingPlant), crimson, summer,
10 ft., Tropics.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
2 ft.,
(Hardy): H. Trionum, yellow and purple, summer,
Peop
stove
ABATE
of
Africa.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
(Hardy) :
and
Moflcheutos, white
rose,
4 to 6 ft.,N.
purple, summer,
H.
summer,
America.
3 to
militaris,rose, summer,
3 to 5 ft., N.
America;
ft., U. States
rosea,
rose
and
HARDY
H.
SHRUBBT
SPECIES
Althsea
or
:
syriaous (Rose of Sharon
fnitei),
Tarious
6 to
several
8 ft., deciduous,
oolours, late summer,
are
Syria. There
varieties of this speoies.
HALF-HARDT
H.
6 to 8 ft.,
SPECIES;
Manihot,
yellow and purple, summer,
borders.
Tropics. Bear from seed in heat in spring and plant out in June in sunny
Hickory
Hidalgroa
(Carya alba)."See Carya.

Ord.
(Climbing Dahlia).
1898.
climbing perennial. First introduced
OUTDOOR
CXJLTTJEE
: Raise
plants from seed or cuttings in heat
in spring,and plant out against a sunny
trellis or arch late in May.
and
Water
with
feed
when
freely,
liquidmanure
plantsbegin to bloom
Cut down
shoots in Sept.,
lift roots, and place them
in pots in a heated
"
to furnish
cuttings in spring.
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
in equal parts loam
and
leaf: Grow
with
sand.
and
of
Water
in
mould,
plenty
freely
spring
summer;
little at other seasons.
Train
shoots up roof.
of young
shoots in spring.
H. Wcrcklei, scarlet and yellow, summer,
12 to 15 ft.,
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
house
Oosta
Rica.
HieraciUIYI
Hardy
(Golden Mouse-ear;
Hawk-weed).
"
Ord.
Compositse.
perennial herbs.
CULTURE
banks
elevated
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
or
borders.
1-16 in.
or
April ; division of roots any time in spring.
deep outdoors in March
H.
SPECIES
CULTIYATBD:
13 to 18 in., N.
aurantiaca, orange
red, summer,
Europe.
Hierochloe
(Holy Grass).
Graminea;.
Ord.
Hardy orn.
Inflorescence, chestnut-coloured, fragrant, borne
perennial grasses.
panicles; May
in
CULTURE
margins
damp
in
SPECIES
to
"
July.
Soil, ordinary. Position, damp, shady borders, or

ponds. Plant, March or April. Propagate by seeds sown
:
of
position outdoors
CULTIVATED
Himalayan
H.
in spring; division of
borealis, f to 2 ft.,Europe
HoneySUClcle
plants in March.
(Britain).
(Leycesteriaformosa)."See Ley-
cesteria.
Himalayan
See
Hound's-tongue
(Lindelofia spectabilis)."
Lindelofia.
Himalayan
Lung:-Wort
Himalayan
May
Himalayan
Poppy
Apple
See
(Lindelofiaspectabilis)."
(Podophyllum Emodi)."
See
delofia.
Linphyllum.
Podo-
(Meconopsis Wallichi)." See Meconopsis.

200
ENOYOLOPMDIA
OF
Himalayan
Primrose
Hindsia^
Ord.
Eubiaceae.
First introduced
1844.
OARDENINO.
See
(Primula Bikkimensis)."
Stove
"
Primula.
flowering shrubs.
evergreen
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts rough fibious peat, light loam,
silver sand
" charcoal.
pots in light stove.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Water
wards.
freely April to Sept.,moderately afterPrune
into shape, Feb.
Temp., Feb. to Aug. 65" to 75";
Aug. to Nov. 60" to 70" ; Nov. to Feb. 55" to 65". Propagate by cuttings
of firm shoots
inserted
in well-drained
pots of pure silver sand
under
in temp. 65" to 75" in March
June.
or
bell-glass
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
H. longiflora,blue, summer,
2 to 8 ft.,Brazil;- and
its varieties alba (white); violaoea, -violet blue, May, 3 ft., Brazil.
Hippeastrum
(Barbados Lily; Knight's Star Lily; Mexican
Ord.
Lily).
Amaryllidacese. Stove bulbous plants,popularlyknown
First introduced
as
1677.
Amaryllises. Deciduous.
CULTUEE
two
:
Compost,
partsturfy loam, one part river sand "
few
bones.
crushed
a
pots in light part of
stove.
Pot, Jan., burying bulb about two-thirds of its depth. Water
freelyfrom time growth begins (about Feb.) until July, when keep
when
flower spike shows.
quitedry. Apply liquidmanure
Top-dress
"
bulbs
three
four years only.
or
large
annually
repot every
Temp.,
65" to 75"; Sept. to Feb. 50" to 55".
Feb. to Sept.
Propagate by seeds
so'in
pots of sandy loam in temp. 65" to
70" in March,
placing seedlingssingly in 2-in. pots " keeping them
moderately moist all the year round for three years ; by offsets treated
old bulbs.
as
Seedlingsare three years or so before they flower.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
and orange, winter, 2 ft.,Brazil ;
anlioum, orimson
: H.
18 in.,Trop. America;
and wbite, spring,
equestre, red, summer,
Leopoldii, crimson
1 ft., Peru;
pardiuum, green, yellow and scarlet, spring, 2 ft., Peru; psittacinum,
2 ft., Brazil; Keginse, red
and
and
scarlet, summer,
white, spring, 2 ft.,
orange
S. America;
scarlet, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; vittatum, crimson
or
retioulatum, rose
and white, spring, 2 ft., Peru.
beautiful
Numerous
than the species,
hybrids, more
"
will be
found
in trade
HippocrepiS
lists.
(Horse-shoeVetch).
"
Ord.
Leguminosae.
Hardy
trailingherb.
evergreen
elevated
CULTURE
rockeries
:
or
1-16 in.
borders.
seeds
Plant, March
or
-sown
April. Propagate by
soil
fine
in
in
outdoors
in
March
division
or
position
deep
April;
sunny
of roots in March.
H. comosa,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
yellow. May to Aug., Europe, Africa, etc.
(Sea Buckthorn;
Sallow-thorn).Ord. Elseagnacese.
shrub.
flowers borne
" female
Male
berry-bearing
Hardy
to ensure
on
a
separate plants. Both must be grown
crop of berries.
Hippophae
"
deciduous
Berries, orange;
autumn
"
winter.
"
Position, open or shady shrubberies
: Soil, ordinary.
seaside gardens.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by seeds
sown
Jin. deep outdoors in Nov. or Dec; by cuttingsof roots inserted
in ordinary soil outdoors; layering
shoots in autumn.
in Feb. or March
H. rhamnoidos, yellow. May, 8 to 12 ft.,Europe.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
Hippuris
(Mare's-tail). Ord. Haloragacese. Hardy aquatic
strap-shaped;in circles
perennial. Orn. foliage. Leaves, narrow,
the stem.
round
Position, bogs, pondSi or damp places.
CULTUEE
: Soil, mud.
to June.
Plant, March
Propagate by division of roots, March.
H. vulgaris,8 to 12 in., Europe (Britain).
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
Holly
(IlexHodginsii). See Ilex.
HodSin's
CULTUEE
inland or
"
"
201
ENOTCLOP^DIA
GABDENINQ.
OF
Holboellia.
Cool
Ord.
Berberidacese.
greenhouse flowering
climber.
First
introduced
1846.
Evergreen.
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part of equal proportions
of leaf-mould
shoots
" silver sand.
Position, large pots or tubs,
trained
roof.
in
Prune
weak
Water
autumn.
shoots
freely
up
away
winter.
in
during spring " summer,
Syringe freelywhen
moderately
not in flower.
inserted
in
sandy soil in gentle
in spring.
heat
SPECIES
OULTITATBD
latifolia (Syn. Stanntonia
wKito, fragrant,
: H.
latifolia),
epringf,10 to 20 ft.,Himalayas.
HolCUS
(Variegated Soft Grass). Ord. Graminaoeae.
Hardy orn.
perennial grass.
Leaves, soft, woolly, green, variegated with silvery
white.
"
"
CULTURE
:
Sbil, ordinary.
Position, edgings to beds or borders,
in clumps in borders.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Propagate
l)ydivision of plants in Oct., March, or April. Variegated kind only
in gardens.
grown
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
lanatus
: H.
albo-Tariegatna,6 to 12 in., Britain.
Holly
(Ilex aquifolium).êe Ilex.
Fern
Holly
(Aspidinm Lonchitis;. See Aspidium.
Hollyhock
(Althsearosea)." See Althaea.
Holly-leaved
Barberry
(Berberis aquifolium). See Ber
or
"
"
beris.
Holly-leaved
Olive
See
(Osmanthus aquifolium illicifolius).
"
Osmanthus.
Holly
Holm
Holy
Holy
Holy
Holy
Oak
Oak
See Quercus.
(Quercus ilex).
(Querous ilex). See Quercus.
Ghost-flowrer
(Peristeriaelata). See Periateria.
Grass
(Hierochloeborealis).See Hierochloe.
Rose
(Andromeda polifolia).See Andromeda.
". Silybum.
See Garbenia
Thistle.
"
"
"
"
"
"
Homeria.
"
Ord.
Irideso.
Handsome
greenhouse
bulb.
First introduced
1793.
CULTURE
POT
leaf-mould, " sand in equal parts.
: Compost, loam,
in.
in.
"
1
bulbs 1
Place
apart,
deep in 5 in. pots during Sept. " Oct.
"
in
cold
with
few inches of cocoanut-fibre
Stand
cover
a
a
frame,
to
then
refuse till growth begins,
remove
greenhouse. Plant in pots
active
Water
the glass.
growth.
near
Keep nearly dry
freelyduring
flowers
fade to facilitate ripening of bulbs.
after
Repot annually in
autumn.
bulbs
3 to 4 in. deep in light,rich,
CULTURE:
Plant
with
Protect
border
soil
in
south
between
Oct. and Jan.
a
well-drained
off
rains.
offsets
ward
to
litter
leaves
l)racken
or
heavy
Propagate by
at planting time.
removed
H. oollina (Syn. Mortea
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
ooUina), red and yellow, spring,
red
and
oollina aurantiaoa, orange,
yellow, spring, 1 ft.; elegaus,
1 ft., S. Afrioa;
1 ft., S.
and
Afrioa; lineata, red and yellow,
summer,
orange,
yellow, brown
spring, 1 ft., S. Afrioa; miniata, red, spring, 6 to 8 in., S. Africa.
Honesty
(Lunaria biennis). See Lunaria.
Locust
(Gleditschiatriacanthos), See Gloditschia.
Honey
Honey-plant
(Hoya camoaa). See Hoya.
See Louicera.
Honeysu'Ckle.
OUTDOOR
"
"
"
"
Honey-wort.
HOOdia.
Flowering
"
"
"
orn.
Ord.
See Oeriuthe.
Asclepiadeaa.Greenhouse
foliage.
First
introduced
leafless.
prickly,
^
^
202
1874.
succulent
plants.
Stems, cylindrical,
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CULTURE
bricks
to
sun
"
in
dry
cow
old
Repot every
three
broken
mortar,
pots, fully exposed
manure.
greenhouse.
warm
March.
Mar.
GABDENING.
OF
in Feb.
four years
or
or
Water
to Oct., keep quite dry Oct. to

moderately March
pagate
Temp., April to Sept. 65 to 75" ; Sept. to April 45" to 55". Proby portionsof fleshystems 3 in. long cut clean at base " laid on
shelf to dry for several days, then insert in small well-drained
sunny
pots of sandy soil in temp, of 55" to 65", April to Aug.
SPECIES
yellow and
CULTIVATED:
H.
Bainii, yellow, Anff., 1 ft,, S. Africa;
purple, July, 18 in., S. Africa.
(Humulus lupulus). See Humulus.
Gordonii,
Hop
Hornbeam
Hop
(Ostrya carpinifolia).See Ostrya.
See P-telea.
Hop-tree
(Pteleatrifoliata)."
"
"
Hordeum
Gramineee.
Ord.
(Squirrel-tailGrass).
annual
First introduced
Nat.
N. America.
flowering grass.
to Sept.; very
borne in spikes; June
Inflorescence, barley-like,
for cutting.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, open dryish borders.
or
April in borders where
\ in. deep in March
by seeds sown
"
are
required
SPECIES
Hardy
1782.
useful
gate
Propaplants
to flower.
CULTIVATED
2 ft.
Marrubium.
See
"
jubatum,
H.
Horehound.
Horminum
(Pyrenean Dead-nettle). Ord.

1820.
CULTURE:
"
Labiatae.
Hardy
baceous
her-
well-drained
borders.
1-16 in.
seeds
sown
or
April. Propagate by
roots
to
division
of
Oct.
March.
or
April; by
1 ft.,Pyrenees.
H. pyrenaioum, blue, summer,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Hornbeam
(Carpinus betulus). See Carpinus.
Horned
Poppy
(Glaucium luteum). See Glaucium.
Horned
Rampion
(Phyteuma orbiculare).See Phyteuma.
Violet
Horned
(Viola cornuta). See Viola.
Of Plenty
Horn
(Fedia Comucopiaea). See Fedia.
Chestnut
Horse
(.ffisculus
hippocastanum). See .ffisculus.
Radish
Horse
(Cochleariaarmoracia). See Cochlearia.
Vetch
Horseshoe
(Hippocrepiscomosa). See Hippocrepis.

deep outdoors in March
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Horse-tail.
Hose-in-Hose
See
"
Equisetum.
t"Olyanthus
(Primula
elatior
var.).
"
See
Primula.
Fig
Hottentot
(Mesembryanthemum edule).
"
See
Mesembryan-
themum.
"
CULTURE
in
March
Ord.
aquatic
Hardy
Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of ponds " rivulets

in
or
April.
Plant, March
soil in
shallow
water
in March
H.
palustris,lilac
April;
or
division
of
plants
April.
or
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
(Britain).
Houlletia.
"
Ord.
introduced
First
CULTURE
Primulaceae.
Testu-
bogs.
muddy
"
(Water Violet).
perennialherb
or
elephantipes).See
(Testudinaria
Bread
Hottentot's
dinaria.
Hottonia
Compost,
Position, baskets
Orchidaceae.
1841.
two
Stove
and
yellow, June,
ft., Europe
epiphytalorchids.
green.
Ever-
Flowers, fragrant.
parts fibrous peat, one
suspendedfrom
roof
303
of
stove.
part sphagnum.
Re-basket, Feb. or
ENCYCLOPEDIA
March.
70" ; Nov.
when

abundantly March
65"
to May, 60" to
to 85"; Aug. to Nov.
" March
Aug.
55"
to 65"
May,
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs
Water
Temp., May
to
to
growth
SPECIES
GASDENING.
OF
commences.
CULTIVATED
Brazil;
chrysantha,
lowiana, yellow and
2 ft., Colombia.
House
Leek
(Senipervivum teutorum).
Houstonia
and
2 ft.,
ft., Colombia;
odoratissima, red, summer,
: H,
brookenhurstiana, brown
and
yellow, chocolate
crimson,
1 ft., Colombia;
white, summer,
(Bluets).
Ord.
See
"
Rubiaceae.
yollow,summer,
summer,
Sempervivum.
herbaceous
perenuials.
First introduced
1785.
CULTURE
" sand.
:
Soil, leaf-mould
Position, crevices, nooks, "
of moist
crannies
rockaries.
March
Plant,
or
April. Propagate by
seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in pans of leaf -mould
in cold frame
in
" sand
division
of
Oct.
in Sept. or
roots
spring or autumn;
H.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
to July, 2 to 4 in.,
oarulea
(Bluets), blue. May
alba, white;
Virginia; oierulea
longifoiia,hlao, Aug., 6 in., N. America;
serpyli3 in., N. America.
folia,white, summer,
Ord. LeguminosEe. Greenhouse
Hovea"
green.
Everfloweringshrubs.
First introduced
Nat. Australia.
1818.
three parts peat, one
CULTURE
: Compost,
part loam " little silver
in
sand.
lightairy greenhouse. Pot, Feb.
pots
off
in spring to induce
of
March.
shoots
or
Nip
points
bushy
young
to
Water
growth.
freely April
Sept., moderately Sept. to April.
45" to 50".
to Sept. 55" to 65", Sept. to March
Stand
Temp., March
from
to
to
mature
for
outdoors
shoots
folJuly
Sept.
flowering
seeds
1-16
in.
in
well-drained
sown
Propagate by
owing year.
deep
or
April; cuttings
pots of sandy peat in temp, of 55" to 65" in March
in temp. 55" April to July.
bell-glass
H.
CULTIVATED:
Celsi, blue, spring, 3 ft., Australia; longifolis,
SPECIES
purple, spring, 5 ft., Australia.
Ureeuhouse
Ord.
Palmaceie.
HoVtfeEli
palms.
Elegant plant
decoration.
Nat.
Lord
Howe's
Island.
for hotise
Leaves, feather"
Hardy
"
filants
"
shaped, graceful.
CULTURE
:
parts loam " peat, little silver sand.
Compost, ecûal
during
pots in greenhouse,or in dwelling rooms
summer.
Pot,
to
March
afterwards.
Sept.
Feb.
55"
or
to
March.
65".
Water
moderately, Oct. to
liquidmanure
Apply weak
to
healthy plantsonce
Sept. Syringe plants daily. Sponge

once
weekly.
Propagate by
dwelling rooms
light soil in temp. 80" Feb. or March.
May
to
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
forsteriana, 6 to
15
H.
belmorcana
(Syu.
45"
Feb.
leaves
seeds
Kcntia
to
;
a
55";
freely
week,
of those grown
in
1 in. deep in
sown
bclmoroana),
to
10
ft.,
ft.
Ord.
Asclepiadese. Stove
(Honey-plant,Wax-flower).
PMrst introduced
greenhouse climbing floweringplants. Evergreen.
Hoya
"
"
1802.
;
Compost, equal parts peat and loam, little charcoal "
pots, beds, or hanging baskets, with
round
trained
trellises,up rafters, or against walls, " fully
CULTURE
sand.
shoots
to the
Water
light. Pot or plant Feb. or March.
freely
March
Temp., stove species,65"
to Oct., 55" to 65" Oct. to March;
55"
to 75" March
greenhouse species,
to Sept., 45" to 55" Sept. to March.
Prune
into shape,
to 65" March
not be removed
stalks of flowers should
after blooming,as
Foot
Feb.
of
flowers.
these will produce a second
Propagate
by cuttingsof
crop
exposed
204
April; division
of
roots
GARDENING.
OF
ENOrOLOPMDIA
in
March.
speciesinvariably sows
Annual
itself after first year.

japonious (Japanese Hop), 8 to 10 ft., Japan.
H. lupulas (Hop), 10 to 15 ft., Europe.
Lilac
Hungarian
(Syringa Josikaea). See Syringa.
Hunnemannia.
Ord. Papaveracese.
1827.
perennial. Pirst introduced
well-drained
der
borCULTURE:
Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny
cocoanut-fibre
with
Protect
at base of south wall.
Plant, Marchas
as
soon
refuse,tan, or leaves in winter.
ripe in a cold frame, planting out seedlingsfollowingJune.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
fumarisefolia,yellow, Ang., 2 ft.,Mexico.
: H.
Elm
Huntingdon
(Ulmus glabravegeta). See Ulmus.
Willow
Huntingdon
(Salixalba). See Salix.
Huntsman's
Cup
(Sarraceniapurpurea). See Sarracenia.
Horn
Huntsman's
(Sarraceniailava)."See Sarracenia.
Huon
Pine-tree
(DacrydiumFranklini). See Dacrydium.
HutChinsia.
Ord. Cruciferse.
Hardy annuals " perennials.
CULTURE
Position, open sunny rockeries or margins
: Soil, sandy.
of borders.
March
or
Plant,
April. Propagate annual speciesby seeds
ANNUAL
SPECIES
PERENNIAL
H.
SPECIES
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
sown
grow
or
by
slightlycovered with fine soil where plants are required to

similarly,
or
April; perennial speciesby seeds .sown
or
plants in March
April.
in March
division of
ANNUAL
PERENNIAL
petraea, white, spring, 3 in., Britain.

H.
alpina, white, spring, 1 in., Alps.
(Hyacinthusorientalis). See Hyacinthus.
Bean
vulgaris). See Dolichos.
(Dolichos
SPECIES."
H.
SPECIES:
Hyacinth
Hyacinth
Hyacinthus
"
"
(Hyacinth).
"
Ord.
Liliaceae.
Hardy
bulbous
ing
flower-
1596.
HYACINTHS
IN POTS
CULTURE
OF
COMMON
: Compost, equal
one-sixth
river sand.
fibrous
loam
and
well-decayed manure,
parts
in
to Feb-,
frame
outdoors
Nov.
cinder
ashes
cold
or
Position, under
Nov.
"
in
window
afterwards
Dec, placing one
or
greenhouse. Pot,
three
in
in.
8
in
6
bulb half its depth
in. pot or
an
a
only
pot. Water
afterwards.
and
when
moderately
Apply liquidmanure
growth begins,
After
flower spikes form.
flowering, plant bulbs
occasionallywhen
outdoors.
Place bulbs in glassesso that base just

IN GLASSES:
CULTURE
coal;
touches water.
Water, soft or rain, " little charTime, Nov. to Dec.
Put
roots
in dark
form,
add fresh as required.
positionuntil
stimulant
needful.
Plant
bulbs outdoors
to light. No
then
remove
after
flowering.
CULTURE
IN
BEDS
Soil, ordinary, enriched
with
manure
vious
prein. deep "
Protect
8 in. apart, Nov.
covering of cocoanut-iibre
twice
when
flower spikesappear.
once
refuse.
or
Apply liquidmanure
in cool place till planting time.
Lift " dry bulbs in June, storingthem
ROMAN
HYACINTH
OF
CULTURE
:
Compost, as advised above.
outdoors
till rooted, then
or
Position, pots under ashes in cold frame
in heated
Pot, Aug., Sept., " Oct., placing
greenhouse or window.
bulb in a 4 in. pot or three in a 5 in. pot. Depth for planting,1 in.
one
removed
from
the ashes, " moderately afterwards.
Water
only when
Temp, when in greenhouse or window, 55" to 65". Bulbs of no use
Plant
sunny.
surface of bed by
Position, open
autumn-
after
bulbs
to
flowering-
CULTURE
OP
SPANISH
HYACINTH
206
Soil, light rich.
Position,
ENOYGLOPMDIA
well-drained
sunny
with
decayed cow
borders.
manure
GARDENING.
OF
Plant, Sept. or
in
Feb.
Lift
"
Top-dress annually
bulbs
replant only when
Oct.
show
i in. de"p in
outdoors
in
cold frame
or
Sept.; by offsets
removed
from
old bulbs
when
lifted " planted 6 in. apart each way
in Oct.
outdoors
three years old, and
Seedling bulbs flower when
attain full size when
old.
seven
years
SPEOIES
CULTITATED
: H.
amethystintts (Spanish Hyaointli),blue, spring, 1 ft.,
Pyrenees;
amothystinus
orientalis
Hyacinth), Tarious
albus, white;
(Oommon
colours, spring, Mediterranean
Region; orientalis albulus (Roman Hyacinth), white.
ing
" hardy flowerOrd. Saxifragaceae.Greenhouse
Hydrangea.
signs of deterioration.
lightsandy soil in boxes in
"
shrubby plants. First introduced

variegatedwith yellow or white.
or
OTJLTTJEE
Leaves, egg-shaped,green
1736.
VARIETIES
;
Compost, two
"
river
sand.
Position,
one
parts
part well-decayedmanure
cool greenhouse, frame, or room,
heated
Oct. to March;
greenhouse
dantly
abunWater
to Oct.
or
warm
window, March
Pot, Feb. to March.
March
to Oct., moderately Oct. to March.
or
Prune, Aug.
Sept.,
Flowers
borne
cutting out all weak shoots " such as have flowered.
obtained
Best
blooms
shoots
of
on
vigorous
previous year'sgrowth.
OP
H-
HOETENSIA
AND
rich loam,
plants propagated by cuttings annually in Aug. Apply liquid or

manure
Temp, for early
frequentlyto plants showing flower.
55"
65".
to
to
flowering(Jan. May),
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
Soil,ordinary rich. Position, shady, welldrained
borders.
gling
stragPlant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Prune
dead shoots in March.
or
Top-dressannually with decayed cow
A good plant for seawhen
side
in flower.
manure.
Apply liquidmanure
gardens in S. " W. of England.
POTS:
IN
PANICULATA
OP
H.
CULTURE
Compost as above.
Pot, Feb.
greenhouses, or windows.
Position, cold frames, uuheated
on
artificial
base in
to Oct., keep nearly dry Oct. to
FebWater
Jan.
or
freely March
After
March.
frequentlywhen showing flower.
Apply liquid manure
until
Nov.
flowering, place in sunny positionoutdoors
Soil, two parts rich
OP
H. PANICULATA:
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
or
Prune
March.
previousyear's
part decayed cow

shaded, well-drained bed or
turfy loam,
one
shoots
manure
border.
Top-dress annually with decayed manure

Apply liquidmanure
to
within
in. of
Position, partially
Plant, Oct., Nov., or March.
"
river sand.
in
Feb.
when
March.
flower buds
or
Water
appear.
advised for pot culture in March.
Plant
H. petiolaris
SPECIES:
against a
OTHER
OF
CULTURE
species
south wall in well-drained border ; it will grow like ivy. Other
Blue
soil and positionto H. Hortensia.
similar
in
a
be
grown
may
be obtained
by planting in yellow loam, bog peat,
flowers
may
" one
of
five ârts loam
part iron
in
a
compost
or
or
clay,
solutions
a tablethe
: Dissolve
of
one
following
or
Prune
as
filings,
by applying
in a
of
tablespoonful
spoonfulof
alum
gallonof soft water, and use 12 hours

saltpetre" half a tablespoonfulof
afterwards;
of iron
afterwards.
both
hours
24
and
use
Apply
of
water,
gallons
shoots
inserted
of
singly
cuttings
week.
by
young
Propagate
twice a
bell-glassin temp. 55" to 65"
in 2 in. pots of light sandy soil under
firm
shoots 2 to 3 in. long
of
of
points
cuttings
April;
or
in March
in
cold
frame
in Aug. ; by
soil
of
well-drained
sandy
in
inserted
pots
the
thick
of common
of
soft
roots
or
rooted
pieces
cuttings
eraftinff or
one
in three
207
oxide
speciesin
65"
of
temp,
OABDENING.
OF
ENCrCLOPJFjBIA
70"
to
in Feb., March,
April;
or
division
of
plants in March.
old
SPECIES
U. States;
arborcscens, white, fragrant,
H.
CULTIVATED:
white,
aspera,
summer,
summer,
sinensis, white,
ft., China;
to
2
summer,
ft.,
to_6 ft.,
its varieties,
3 to 4 ft., and
or
Hortensia, white
blue, spring and summer,
Lindleyi (japonioa), white or blue, otftlcsa,ilesh, stellata, pink, rose, or pale blue,
Thomas
Hogg, white, and tricolor, leaves variegated; involuorata, rosy lilao or
4 to 6 ft.,Japan;
6 to 10 ft., Japan;
paniculata, white, summer,
pink, summer,
and
grandiflora), larger-flowered;petiolaris,
(Syn. floribunda
paniculata hortensia
quercifolia,white, July, 4 to 6 ft., Florida; Thunwhite, June, climbing, Japan;
3 ft., Japan.
or
bergii, rose
blue, summer,
China;
(Frog-bit). Ord. Hydrocharidaceae. Hardy
Hydrocharis
tic
aqua-
"
floating.
perennial.
lets.
OULTUEB
Position, shallow
:
Soil, muddy.
ponds, lakes, or rivudetached
shoots
Plant, March
or
April- Propagate by creeping
Stems
from
plant "
inserted
in mud
CULTIVATED
SPEUIES
under
water
Morsus-Ranse,
H.
in March
April.
or
white,
and
green
Europe
summer,
(.Britain).
Hydrocleis.
introduced
Alismaceae.
Ord.
"
Hardy aquaticperennial.
First
1831.
Position,
CULTURE
: Soil, two
parts loam and one part leaf-mould.
below
Plant
in.
6
in
tubs
sunk
shallow
or
ground.
ponds
sunny,
in
In cold districts plants best wintered
in March.
of water
surface
rich
soil
sunk
seeds
in
of
pots
by
greenhouse. Propagate
frost-proof
in water
or
July
division
Sept., Buenos
to
of roots
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
in
spring.
Humboldtii), yellow,
(Syn. Limnooharis
Commersonii
Ayrcy.
Hymenocallis.
bulbous
H.
"
plants.
Amaryllidaceae. Stove
Ord.
Evergreen
"
"
First
deciduous.
greenhouse
1758.
introduced
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE:
and
Compost,
loam,
parts sandy
two
one
decayed
part
half a part silver sandPosition, well-drained

pots in
March.
stove
of
"
Pot,
necessary
greenhouse.
Repottingpart
aunny
four
three or
abundantly April to Sept.,
only. Water
years
every
Apply liquid
moderately Sept. to Dec, keep quite dry Dec. to March.
stove
for
week
to
twice
a
species,
manure
or
Sept. Temp,
once
May
manure
to Sept.,55" to 65" Sept. to March;

70" to 80" March
greenhouse species,
55" to 65" April to Sept.,45" to 50" Sept. to April. Propagate by offsets
from
old bulbs in March
and treated as above.
removed
SPECIES:
H. maorostephana,
white, spring, 3 ft., hybrid; ovata, white,
STOVE
1 ft., W.
Indies; speoiosa, white, spring, 1 ft., W. Indies.
autumn,
SPECIES
GREENHOUSE
: H.
calathina, white, spring, 1 ft.,Peru.
Filmy Fern)." OrdHymenophyllum
(Tuubridge Fern;
cate,
ferns.
Filices.
Fronds,
feathery, deliStove, greenhouse, half-hardy
membraneous.
CULTURE
OF
STOVE
AND
SPECIES;
GREENHOUSE
Compost,
equal parts peat,loam, leaf-mould, charcoal, sandstone, " silver sand.

of rockeries,under
bell-glasses
Position, moist, shady, in damp recesses
Water
to Oct., moderately
March.
in cases.
Plant,
freely March
or
essential.
Shade most
Oct. to March.
Temp,
Syringing unsuitable.
55"
65"
to
65"
75"
March
Oct. to March
to
to Oct.,
;
for stove species,
to Oct., 55 to 65 Oct. to March;
greenhouse species,65" to 75" March
to Sept., 45" to 55" Sept. to
greenhouse species,55" to 60" March
March.
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES:
deep, moist, shady frames, pits,caverns,

ao8
Compost
or
as
tubs;
above.
away
Position,
from
direct
ENCYCLOPEDIA
light" sunshine.
other
times.
Plant, March.
No
CIJLTUEE
OP
Water
syringingrequired.
IN
CASES
GARDENING.
freelyin
Protect
in
moderately
summer,
severe
weather.
Position,
Compost as above.
Plant, March.
Top-dress with
fresh compost
rately
Water
annually in March.
freely April to Sept., modeafterwards.
"Ventilate case
few minutes
daily. Propagate by
sown
surface
on
of sandy peat in shallow
spores
with bellpan covered
glassin temp. 65" to 75" at any time ; by division of plant at potting
shady window,
not
IN
exposed
EOOMS:
to
sun.
time.
STOVE
SPECIES:
H. oaudiotilatum, Chili; chiloensie, dwarf. Chili and

Chiloe;
Chili; dilatalum
Brazil.
fosterianum,
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
H.
flabellatum,
Now
demissum.
Zealand, Malaya;
Australia; javanicum, Java; pulcherrimum, New
Zealand.
HARDY
SPECIES:
H.
tunbridg-ense, Britain;
tunbridgense Wilsoni, Norway,
diohotomum,
etc.
unilaterale,Britain.
Hyophorbe.
"
First introduced
Ord.
Palmaceae.
Stove
palm-
Orn.
foliage.
Leaves, feather-shaped,deep green.

GULTTJRE
leaf-mould, " sand.
Water
Position, shady, moist.
Pot, Feb. or March.
abundantly
March
March
to
Sept. 70" to
Temp.,
60" to 65".
85"; Sept. to March
seeds
1
in. deep in
sown
Propagate by
1866.
pots of lightsoil in temp. 85" in MarchSPECIES
CULTIVATED
Islands.
Versohaffeltii,5 to 10 ft., Masoarene
Rose
of Sharon;
St. John's-wort;
" herbaceous
" half-hardy shrubs
Tutsan). Ord.
"
deciduous.
perennials. Evergreen
CULTURE
OP
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
:
Soil, ordinary. Position (H.
banks
under
"
of
shade
borders.
trees; others in sunny
calyciniim)on
Prune
deciduous
Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb., March.
species into shape
Hypericum
H.
(Aaron's Beard;
Hypericineae. Hardy
"
Feb. ; evergreens
in April.
tion,
CULTURE
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
OP
: Soil,ordinary,sandy. Posidown
borders
rockeriesor
Plant, Oct. or April. Cut
sunny
in April.
in Oct.
stems
Propagate
in
soil
positionoutdoors in
by seeds sown
sunny
March; shrubby speciesby cuttings of firm shoots 3 in. long inserted in
sandy soil outdoors, Aug. or Sept.; perennialsby division of roots in
April or
Oct.
6 to
18 in., Levant;
H.
(egyptiacum, yellow, summer,
2 ft., Europe;
Asoyron,
or
(Sweet Amber
Tutsan), yellow, summer,
Rose
of Sharon),
3 ft., Siberia; calyoinum
or
Wort,
(St. John's
yellow, summer,
6 to 18 in.,
1 ft.. Orient
and
Britain; Coris, yellow, summer,
yellow, summer,
empetrifolium, yellow, summer,
S. Europe;
elatum, yellow, July, 5 ft., N. America;
i ft.,
hircinum
6 to 12 in., Greece;
(Goat-scented St. John's Wort), yellow, summer,
2 ft.,Nepaul;
moserianum,
yellow, summer,
yellow, summer,
Europe; hookerianum,
18 to 30 in., hybrid; moserianum
tricolor,loaves white and rosy carmine; patulum,
2 ft.,Nepaul.
6 ft., Japan;
uralum, yellow, summer,
yellow, summer,
H.
nummularium,
SPECIES:
elodes, yellow, creeping, Britain;
PERENNIAL
12
6 to
6 in., Pyrenees;
in.,
3 to
orientale, yellow, summer,
yellow, summer,
SHRUBBY
Androssemum
SPECIES:
Levant.
green.
Ever"
greenhouse ferns.
feather-shaped.
leaf-'
SPECIES
STOVE
: Compost, equalparts loam,
CULTURE
OF
in
pots or hanging baskets
mould, " sand.
Water
March
rately
modeMarch.
to
stoveof
Pot,
Sept.,
freely
shady part
to Sept. 65"
afterwards.
Syringing undesirable.
Temp., March
Ord.
introduced
HypoIepiS."
First
to
Filices.
1824.
Stove
Fronds,
75*; Sept. to March 55" to 65".

SPECIES
GREENHOUSE
OP
CULTURE
well-drained pans or beds in shade.
Compost
Pot, March.
as
above.
tion,
Posi-
Water
freely
GARDMNINO.
OW
ENOYOLOPMBIA
to Sept. 55"
March
Temp., March
45"
55".
on
face
surto 65" ; Sept.to March
to
under
of well-drained
bell-glass
pans of sandy peat " leaf-mould
in March.
in temp. 65" to 75" at any time ; division of creepingrhizomes
H.
STOra
Amerioa.
SPEOIES:
rbizomes,
creeping
Trop.
repens,
GBEEMHOnSE
SPECIES:
H. Iiergiana, oreeping rhizomes, B. Africa.
house
Hypoxis
(American Star Grass) Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Greenbulbous-rooted
First introduced
1752.
plants. Nat. S. Africa.
"
CULTURE:
sand.
of leaf-mould
Compost, two parts peat, one
Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
pots, or beds in cold^frame.
coveringpots with cinder ashes iu cold frame or greenhouse till growth
begins. Water
moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until flowers
fade, then gradually withhold
commences.
it, keeping bulbs dry until growth reTemp., Sept. to Feb. 40" to 50"; 50" to 60" afterwards.
old bulbs.
at pottingtime, " treated
as
Propagate by offsets,removed
SPECIES
H.
6 in.;
CITLTIVATED:
elegane, elegans, yellow and black, Bummer,
and
liemerooallidea, yellow, spring,8 in.; stellata, white
black, spring,6 in.;
villosa,yellow, spring, 6 m.
See Hyssopus.
Hyssop
(Hyssopus officinalis).
Labiatao.
shrub.
OrdHyssopus
(Hyssop).
Hardy evergreen
First introduced
"
aromatic.
Shoote
1548.
flowers,
Leaves, narrow,
infused iu water, are largelyused as an expectorant ; also for distilling
for yieldingoils for perfumery and flavouringliquors.
borders.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary, light. Position, dry, warm
Prune
into shape April.
to May, 12 in. apart each way.
Plant, March
Gather
shoots for medicinal
flowers open
at any season
; when
purposes
for distilling. Marketed
Average price per
by the dozen bunches.
30s. per cwt.
dozen. Is. 6a. to 2s-; for distilling,
Propagate by seeds
1-16 iu deep outdoors
in April,transplantingseedlingsin June
sown
or
July ; cuttings of shoots inserted in ordinary soil " shady positionin
April or May; division of roots in Feb., March, Sept. or Oct.
OCLTrVATED:
to Sept., 1 to 2 ft., S.
H.
SPECIES
otaoinalis, blue, June
Europe.
Crane's-bill
Iberian
(Geranium ibericum). See Geranium.
"
"
"
"
Iberian
Iberian
iberis
See Cyclamen.
(Cyclamen ibericum).-"
Cyclamen
Iris (Irisiberica). See Iris.

(Candytuft). Ord Cruoiferae.
Hardy
"
" evergreen
annuals
shrubs.
Flowers, fragrant.
CULTURE
OF ANNUAL
SPEOIES
: Soil,ordinary. Position,
sunny
seeds J in deep in patches or lines in March,
Sow
beds or borders.
ing.
Aug. or Sept.for spring flowerApril,or May for flowering in summer,
Thin
out seedlings to 2 in. apart in June.
CULTURE:
POT
Compost, two parts good soil,one
part decayed
"
sandSize of pots, 5 in. in diameter.
leaf
-mould,
Sow seeds
manure,
Place pots in cold frame
till June, then
J in. deep in April or May.
Thin seedlings
to an inch apart in June.
stand outdoors.
Water
rately.
modeweak
when
flowers show.
liquidmanure
Apply
occasionally
OP
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
CULTURE
: Soil,lightsandy loam.
tion,
Posiof
rockeries
fissures or ledges
or
sunny
margihs of well-drained
borders.
Plant, Oct., March, or April. Propagate annual
sunny
as
above; perennialspeciesby seeds sown
1-16 in.
deep in shallow boxes of sandy soil iu cold frame in April; cuttings
formed
shoots, from 1 to 2 in. long,inserted in well-drained
of partially
pots in cold frame or in beds under hand-lightoutdoors July to Oct. ;
divisionof roots Oct. or March.
"
310
ENOYCLOPMDIA
ANNIJAL
SPECIES:
I.
OF
amara
GARDENING.
6 in.,Britain;
(Bitter Candytuft), white, summer,
ooronaria
mer,
sum(Eooket Candytuft), wMte,
1 ft., 8. Europe;
Candytuft),
purple, summer,
/"
ir
hosperiditolia,
larger flowered;
amara
ft.; umbellata
(Common
several varieties.
SHKUBBT
SPECIES:
I. oorrffifolia,
and
white. May
June, 1 ft., hybrid; gibraltarioa, white or pink. May, 1 to 2 ft., Spain; Pruitii, white. May, 6 in., Sicily;
saxatilis
(Book Candytuft), white, spring, 3 to 6 in., S. Europe; semperflorens,
white, spring, 1 to a ft., S. Europe; sempervirens (Evergreen Candytuft), white,
spring, 9 to 12 in., S. Europe; sempcrvirens flore-pleno,double
flowered.
Iceland
Poppy
(Papaver nudicaule)."See Papaver.
Ice
Plant
(Mesembryanthemum
crystallinum). See
"
Mesem-
bryanthemum.
Idesia^
"
Deciduous.
trees; male
Ord.
Bixiueae.
Hardy flowering " orn.
foliage tree.
in panicles; male
Flowers
" female
borne
on
separate
flowers
female
Berries, small, purplish
orange,
green.
black.
Leaves, heart-shaped.
CTJLTUEE:
Soil, ordinary, sandy.
Plant,
Oct.
Feb.
to
Prune
into
shape
after
beries.
shrub-
flowering.
pagate
Pro-
sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75" in

by
deep
firm
of
3
to
4
March
in. long, inserted in well-drained
shoots,
; cuttings
under
in
soil
of
sandy
bell-glass temp. 65" to 75" in March or Sept.
pots
CULTIVATED:
I. polyoarpa, 10 to 16 ft., Japan.
SPECIES
Ilex
(Holly; Paraguay Tea). Ord. Aquifoliacese.Hardy " greenhouse
seeds
J in.
sown
in
"
shrubs.
Orn.
foliage. Flowers, greenish; May "
evergreen
June; male " female flowers usually borne on separate trees.
Berries,
with
white
autumn
"
winter.
dark
or
Leaves,
red;
variegated
green
and
used
for
cabinet
or
turnery puryellow. Timber, white,
making
poses.
Bark
used for making bird
Value, Is. to Is. 6d. per cubic foot.
lime.
sometimes
Wood
dyed blaek, and used as a substitute for ebony.
weight of wood
yield 17,000 plants.
Average
will
per
cubic
OULTUBE
HARDY
SPECIES;
OF
drained
shrubberies, banks, exposed
May
or
foot, 47^ lb.
One
bushel
of
seeds
Soil, ordinary. Position, wellPlant,

slopes,etc., or near the sea.
Sept. Prune, Sept.to April.
two
HEDGE
CDLTUBE
: Soil, ordinary, trenched
spitsdeep " 3 ft.
into
wide.
Plant hollies (18in. high), 18 in- apart. May or Sept. Trim
shape April and Sept. One holly " six thorns; or one Berberis Darhollies per lineal yard make
winii " two
splendid evergreen hedges.
Cost
POT
per lineal
CULTCHE:
yard
balconies,
Oct.,
"
for
plants " planting.Is.
6d.
to 2s.
Soil, ordinary. Position, window

greenhouses. Pot, Sept. Water
dors,
boxes, cold corri-
freelyMarch
to
Heat
unnecessary.
SPECIES
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE
: Soil,two
OP
parts loam, one
well-drained
sand.
Position,
"
pots exposed to full light.
part peat
in
other
Water
FebMarch.
Prune,
occasionally
freely summer,
Pot,
45"
50".
55"
to
Oct.
March
to
to
Oct.
to
March
times.
65";
Temp.,
common
gathered in Nov., buried
speciesby seed (berries)
1
then
in.
until
sown
in sand
deep " 1 in. apart in
following Oct.,
two
years old;
ordinary soil outdoors, transplantingseedlings when
in
species Aug.; grafting in
variegated kinds by budding on common
I'ropagate
March.
SPECIES
I. oaasine, red berries, S. U. States ; insignis, 15 to
:
paraguayeusis (Paraguay Tea), 10 to 15 ft., Paraguay.
10 to 30 ft.,berries red, Europe
SPECIES
Aquifolium (Common
HAEDT
:
H0II3;),
(Britain); oornuta, berries red, 20 to 30 ft., China ; orcnata, 10 to 15 ft., Japan ;
glabra (Ink-berry), 2 to 3 ft.,
berries, 15 ft., Himalayas;
dipyrena, brown
20 to 40 ft., U. States.
U. States:
latifolia, large-leaved, 20 ft., Japan; opaoa,
20
GREENHOUSE
ft., Malaya;
211
KNGYGLOPJSDiA
OAllDPNlNa.
OP
aureo-piota, aureo-pumila, pen: Aureo-marginata,

aureo-piota and webbiana.
Queen, tortuosa
SILVER-LEAVED
HOLLIES:
Argenteo-regina, argenteo-marginata, argenteoargentea, Ingram!, lucida,
medio-picta, ferox argenteo-marginata, handsworthiensis
Silver
Queen, ana
or
pendula albo-picta.
GREEN-LEA
VKD
HOLLIES:
Altaolerensis, angustitolia, balearioa, craasifolia,
Hendersonii,
(Hedgehog
Holly), Foxii, handswortliiana,
donningtonensis, ferox
heterophylla, Hodginsii (Hodgin's Holly), laurifolia,maderensis, myrtifolia, nobilis
and
Sheperdii.
green
Illicium
(Aniseed-tree).Ord. Magnoliaceae. Half-hardy ever1771
shrubs.
Flowering; " orn.
Flowers
fragrant. Leaves, oblong ; emitting odour of aniseed.
GOLDEN-LEAVED
HOLLIES
dula
aureo-marginata, Golden
"
" peat. Position,

CULTURK
:
Compost, equal parts sandy loam
sheltered
shrubberies
or
against south walls, S. of England in pots in
Plant
outdoors
cold greenhouses or
conservatories
N. of England.
plants in pots freelyin summer,

shape April or May. Propagate by
in well-drained
firm
shoots
2
of
to
.3 in. long, inserted
cuttings
young
55"
in
of
of
to
soil
under
65",
May to Aug.
sandy
bell-glass temp,
pots
April,Sept.,or
moderately
SPECIES
Oct.
Pot, Oct.
in winter.
OOLTIVATED:
I.
religiosum, yellowish white,
Imantophyllum."
"
See
Helipterum.
(Balsam) Ord.
" perennials.
Impatiens
hardy annuals
CULTURE
leaf-mould,
Sept
floridanum,
purple-red, summer.
and
4 ft., China
Japan.
See Olivia.
"
May,
to
moderately
ft,, Florida;
summer,
Immortelle-flower.
zia, and
Water
into
Prune
Geraniacea^.
"
Wait-
Helichrysum, Xeranthemum,
Stove, greenhouse, "
SPECIES
OF
STOAÊ
: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam,
sand.
well-drained
Position,
jjotsin light part of stove
Water
greenhouse June to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March.
March
to
Sept., occasionallyafterwards.
Temp.,
Oct.
to
55" to 65" ; March

65" to 75".
into shape, Feb.
to June
Prune
:
OF
CULTURE
BALSAM
(I.Balsamina) Sow seeds J in. deep in light
soil in temp. 65" to 75" in March
or
April. Transplant seedlingssingly
into 2 in. pots when
1 in- high. Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould,
March
"
Transfer
Position, near
glass in greenhouse, not shaded.
5 in., " then
into 6 " 8 in. pots. Apply liquidmanure
Water
to June,
plants showing flower.
freely. Temp., March
sand.
from
2 in. into
daily to
55" to 65".
June.
May
CULTURE
where
be grown
Soil, ordinary.
OF
plants are
seedlings to
in flower
garden during
Position, sunny
HARDT
to
SPECIES
borders.
Sow
seeds
the
Plant
summer.
i in. deep
in
April
borders.
grow.
Thin
6 in. apart when
1 in. high. Propagate stove species
1-16 in. deep in lightrich soil in temp. 65" in March;
by seeds sown
by
side
shoots inserted in small pots of light sandy soil in temp.
of
cuttings
to Aug.
75" March
SPECIES
I. auriooma, yellow, summer,
STOVE
2 ft., Comoro
:
Isles ; Hawkeri,
2 ft. ; Sultani, eoarlet, summer,
carmine, summer,
1 ft.,Zanzibar.
All perennials.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
I. Balsamina
:
(Balsam), rose, soarlet, and white,
2 ft., Trop. Asia.
Annual.
summer,
HARDT
SPECIES;
I. amphorata,
purple, Aug., 5 ft.,Himalayas;
biflora (Syn.
3 ft., N. America;
fulva), yellow and brown, summer,
Hoylei (Syn. glandulifera),
6 ft.,Himalayas.
purple, summer,
Crocus
Imperatl's
(Crocus Imperati)."See Crocus.
Imperati's
thus.
Incarvillea.
May be grown
OUTDOOR
Snowdrop
(Galanthus
Imperati)."See
Ord. Bignoniacese. Hardy herbaceous

in pots in cool greenhouses,as well as outdoors
CULTURE:
Soil,light, rich, " well drained.
"
212
Galau-
perennials.
Position,
April.
March
freelyMarch
Water
to
OABDENING.
OF
ENGYCLOr^DIA
to
Oct. 55" to 65"; Oct.
Temp.,
Oct., moderately afterwards.

to
45"
March
to
55"-
Stand
plants in
place outdoors June to Sept.

SPECIES:
OF HAEDT
CULTTJEE
Compost, equal parts loam, leafbed
or
border, with shoots
mould, " peat.
Prune
trained
moderately after
against S. wall. Plant, Oct. to Feb.
flowered.
Propagate
flowering,removing those shoots only that have
J in. deep in well-drained pots of sandy soil in temp.
by seeds sown
shoots 2 to 3 in.
75" to 85" in Feb. or March;
cuttings of firm young
in
long inserted in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass temp. 65" to 75"
sunny
May
to
Sept.
STOVE
I. tinotoria
SPECIES:
red,
(Indigo),
4 to 6 ft.. Tropics.
spring, 4 ft.,Australia; australis
summer,
SPECIES:
I. aastralis, rose,
GBEENHOUSE
alba, white.
SPECIES
HARDY
: I. gerardiana, red, summer,
6 ft.,Himalayas.
See
Baptisia.
(Baptisiatinctoria).
Stock
(Matthiolaannua). See Matthiola.
Indigo-plant
"
In'termedlElte
"
ceous
Compositae. Hardy herba(Flea-bane; Elecampane).
perennials.
ders.
OULTTTRE
Position,moist sunny beds or bor: Soil,ordinary rich.
flower
in
down
stems
Cut
or
April.
in
with
manure
by
Oct.
April. Propagate
well-deoajred
Top-dress
1-16 in. deep in partially
seeds sown
shady border outdoors in April;
Inula
Ord-
"
March.
ensifolia,yellow, Aug., 10 in., S. Europe; glandolosa,
grandifloia, yellow, July to Sept., 2 ft.,Himalayas;
yellow, Aug., 2 ft.,Canoasus;
yellow,
Hookeri,
Helenium
(Elecampane), yellow, July to Sept., 3 ft., Europe;
Ooulus-Onristi
(Christ'sEye), yellow, summer,
Aug. and Sept., 2 ft.,Himalayas;
18 in., Europe.
Cress). Ord. Crulonopsldium
(Carpet-plant;Violet-flowered
1845First introduced
ciferes. Hardy annual.
CtrLTTJBE
OtfTDOOR
: Soil,ordinary. Position,ledgesof rockeries
beds.
Sow
seeds where
flower
to
or
as
plants are to grow in
edgings
mould.
with
fine
April,justcovering
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " sand.
Position,shady window, cold frame, or greenhouse. Sov/ seeds 1-16 in.
division
SPECIES
of roots, Oct.
CULTIVATED:
or
I.
"
deep in 5 in. pot well drained " filled with

Sept. Thin seedlingsto 1 in. apart. Water
manure
occasionallywhen
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
in
April or
moderately. Apply liquid
above
flower buds show.

aoaule, lilao, white, and
I.
compost,
yiolet,
summer,
in.,
Portugal.
lonopsiSi
"
Ord.
OrcMdacesB.
Stove
epiphytalorchid-
First
Position, attached
to blocks
troduced
in-
1865.
CTJLTTTRB
of wood
Compost, sphagnum
suspended from roof;

to
Water
freelyMarch
moss.
in shallow
Ee-block, Feb.
or
pans.
other
times.
Sept.,moderately
Syringe
twice dailyFeb. to Oct.
Temp., Oct. to Feb. 50" to 55"; Feb. to Oct.
60" to 70".
Propagateby division of plantsat re-blockingtime.
CULTIV
ATBD
SPECIES
: I. panionlata, white, purple, and
yellow, winter, 6 in.,
March.
or
Brazil.
ipomsea
(American Bell-bind; Moon
Creeper; Morning Glory)."
ConvolvulacesB.
Stove, greenhouse " hardy perennial " annual
First introduced
1597.
climbers.
SPECIES
OF STOVE
CtTLTURE
: Compost, equal parts fibrous loam,
" silver sand.
leaf-mould, decayed manure,
Position, pots, beds, or
in stove ; shoots trained up roof, or on trellises. Pot or plant,
borders
to Sept. 65" to 75"; Sept.to
Feb., March, or April. Temp., March
Ord.
214
ENGTCLOPMDIA
March
GAUDENINO.
OP
55" to 65".
Water
freelyApril to Sept.,moderately afterwards.
stragglygrowths into shape, FebSow three seeds of the annual
Transfer
speciesJ in. deep in a 2i in. pot in temp. 65" in March.
seedlingswhen 2 in. high into 5 in. pots. Train shoots to trellis or
Prune
sticks.
CULTUEE
^ in.
OF
HALF-HARDY
ANNUALS:
Soil, light rich. Sow
Transfer
seedlings to
deep in pots in temp. G5" in March.
in May.
Plant, June.
Position, sunny walls or borders,
seeds
cold frame
shoots trained to trellis or to stocksCULTUEE
OF
tion,
PosiHARDY
ANNUAL
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary.
borders; shoots trained to trellis or sticks. Sow seed \ in.
sunny
deep where plants are to grow, in April.
OP
CaLTURE
SPECIES:
HARDY
PERENNIAL
Soil, ordinary.
pagate
ProPosition, sunny
walls, fences, or arbours.
Plant, Oct. or Nov.
of
annual
speciesby seeds as above ; perennialsby cuttings side
in sandy peat under
shoots inserted
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 85",
to Aug., or grafting in March.
March
POTATO
SWEET
CULTURE
OF
:
Compost, two parts loam " one
Plant
tubers
singly in 6 in. pots in Feb-, in
part decayed manure.
temp. 65", or 6 in. deep " 8 in. apart in prepared border in greenhouse.
then give none,
Water
moderately Feb. to May ; freely May to Sept.,,
edible."
are
keeping tubers dry. Tubers
shoots in April.
10 ft., Trop. America
; Horsf allies,
SPECIES
white, Bummer,
STOVE
: I. Bona-Noi,
10 ft., Trop. America;
W.
Indies; Learii, blue, summer,
rose, winter, 10 to 15 ft.,
ternata
6 ft., Tropics, annual;
(Syn. Thomsonii), white,
Quamoclit, red, summer,
Indies ; rubra
coerulea,red, Uexico.
10 ft., W.
snmmer,
tubers
I. batatus
SPECIES:
(Sweet Potato), white, summer,
GREENHOUSE
2
4
to
ft..
Tropics.
edible,
in Feb. ;
tubers
cuttingsof young
and its varieties

SPECIES
ANNUAL
: I. hederaoea
HALF-HAEDY
AND
HABDT
(violetand white), and
ffrandiflora
(blue), super.ba (blue and white), atro-violacea
Huberi
variegata (variegated leaved), 6 to 10 ft.. Tropics, half-hardy; purpurea
its
and
8 to 10 ft.. Tropical America;
Convolvulus
major), purple, summer,
(Syn
(blue), alba (white),
(purple), Burridgei (scarlet),Dioksonii
varieties atropurpurea
(Syn. Mina
tricolor
(red, white, and blue), and flore-pleno (double); versicolor
6 to 8 ft., Trop. America.
and yellow, summer,
lobata), rosy crimson
pandurata), white and
I- pandurata
(Syn. Convolvulus
SPECIES
:
PERENNIAL
purple,
climber,
summer,
America.
N.
Stove
Orchidaceae.
introduced 1840.
Ord.
Ipsea..
First
terrestrial orchid-
Flowers
grant.
fra-
Oompost, equal parts leaf -mould, peat, sphagnum moss,

Pot, Feb. or March, in
Position, lightpart of stove.
" small crocks.
to
March
moderately Aug. to
Aug.,
Water
freely
well-drained pots.
to Sept. 60" to 65"; SeptMarch
afterwards.
little
Temp.,
Oct., very
CULTURE
50" to
March
to
55".
flowering.
.
SPECIES
Iresine
orn
CULTIVATED
I. speciosa,
Ord.
(Blood-leaf).
"
foliagedplants.
First
"
yellow, spring,
Amarantacese.
introduced
1864.
of
pseudo-bulbsafter
,-,.
i
1
ft., nCeylon.
Stove
"
Leaves, heart
half-hardy
"
lance-.
golden,crimson.
shaiDed; deep blood-red, carmine, green,

CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf mould, "
POT
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
Position, sunny
part of stove.
sandOct.
to
March
times.
other
Temp.,
to Sept.,moderately
freely March
65".
55"
to
Soil, ordinary. Position, edgings to sunny
:
CULTURE
OUTDOOE
to stove in Sept.
Lift, repot, " remove
Plant, June.
beds or borders.
Pinch
off
pointsof
shoots
frequentlyto
215
induce
bushy growth. Propa-
KNCYOLOPJSDIA
gate ty cuttingsof
young
soil in temp, of 65" to 75
OF
shoots
inserted
GARDENING.
in
potsor
pans
of
lightsandy
Oct.
April,Sept,
and
OIJLTIVATED:
I. Herbstii, leaves maroon
crimson, 1 ft., Braiil ;
aureo-reticulata,leaves, green,
gold, and red; Lindonii, leaves blood red,
SPECIES
Herbstij
1 ft.
(Flag;Orrice
Iris
Root;
rhizomatous
and
Dwarf
Bearded,
evergreen
Bearded,
Feb., March,
or
Pleur
de Luce). Ord. Iridaceae.
Hardy
Sections : Tall
bulbous-rooted
perennials.
Beardless, Cushion, Japanese " Bulbous"
rooted.
CULTURE
TALL
BEARDED
SECTION:
OF
Ordinary, not overmoist
soil. Position, sunny
shaded
or
borders, or massed
partially
wild or woodland
of
Plant
in Oct.
water.
the
margins
garden, or on
with
rhizomes
surface.
or
near
March, keeping
Top-dress
decayed
in autumn.
Lift " replantevery
fourth year.
manure
BEARDED
soilCULTURE
OF
DWARF
SECTION
: Ordinary rich
Plant
borders.
and treat as advised
for
Position, sunny, well-drained
foregoingsection.
OP
CULTURE
ponds
Got.
March.
or
soil and margins of

SECTION
BEARDLESS
: Moist
I. versicolor, and varieties,pseudo-acorus. Plant,
borders
rockeries for
or
Ordinary rich soil and sunny
for
streams
or
graminea, missouriensis, monspur,

unguicularis. Plant in Oct. or March.
aurea,
orientalis, sibirica, spuria,
SECTION
JAPANESE
gins
CULTURE
OF
: Rich
loamy soil on the marand
sunk in garden in
of ponds, or in a half-cask filled with loam
in growing
Apply liquidmanure
spot. Plant in Oct. or March.
sunny
season.
in sandy soil on elevated

SECTION
CUSHION
: Grow
in
June.
Protect
Plant
borderby a cold frame
bed, rockery,
in
winter.
or
hand-light
choice kinds
SECTION
BULBOUS-ROOTED
: Plant
OF
CULTURE
in a compost of equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, and well-decayed
in Aug. or
Place bulbs 3 in. deep " 3 in. apart. Plant
manure.
cow
soil
in sunny
in
kinds
be
to
"
ordinary
planted
Sept. Spanish English
and
6 in.
in.
3
bulbs
in
borders
beds or
deep
Sept. or Oct., placing
CULTURE
OF
or
third year.
SPECIES:
BULBOUS
OF
CULTURE
Compost, equal j arts
POT
frame
in
till growth
Place
cold
sand"
silver
leaf-mould,
loam,
frame
to flower.
leave
in
cold
to
greenhouseor
begins, when remove
Give
water
in.
5
bulbs
in
a
pot.
only when
in Oct., placing five
Pot
after
leaves
water
Withhold
begin to decay.
growth has begun.
all
the speciesby
be placed in artificial heat.
Propagate
not
Must
rhizomes
in autumn
of
or
seeds in sandy soil in cold frame; division
Lift and
apart.
spring;
replant every
offsets in
autumn.
June,
I. Bartoni, creamy
wliite, purple and orange,
yellow, June, 3 ft., Asia Minor i
Biloti, purple, wliite and
in., Afghanistan;
and
orange.
white, June, 2 ft., Oregon; Ccngialti, violet
braoteata, purple and
1 ft., Oengialto; florentina
(Florentine Iris), white, lavender, and yellow,
May,
3 ft., S. Europe;
gormanioa
(Flag Iris), purple and lilac,
violet scented, May,
Grant
Duffli,sulphur yellow. May, 2 ft.. Holy
fragrant. May, 3 ft., S. Europe;
white
and
yellow. May, 2 ft. ; pallida, lilac,purple
Land
; neglecta, lilac,purple,
Region; squalens, lilac,purple, and
and white. May, fragrant, 3 ft., Mediterranean
variegata, claret and yellow. May, 18 in., E. Europe.
yellow. May, 3 ft., Europe;
described.
will be found
In trade lists a large numljer of lovely forms
IRISES
I. biflora, violet purple,April, 1 ft., S. Europe ;
BEARDED
:
DWARF
Chameeiris, violet, April, 4 to 6 in., S. Europe; pumila, lilac purple, April, 4 in.,
and
yellow ; and
S. Europe ; pumila cserulea, sky blue ; pumila, primrose, brown
varieties of this section will also be
Iris), greyish white.
albida
Many
(Crimean
TALL
BEARDED
IRISES:
18
fuuud
in
trade
lists.
210
ENCYCLOPJEDIA
OF
OABDENINO.
BEAHDLESS
IRISES:
fcetidisI. aurea,
golden yellow, June, 4 ft.,Himalayas;
sima
(Gladwin Iris), purple, June, 3 ft., Britain; fulva, coppery
June,
maroon,
3 ft., X7. States; graminea,
and
blue
purplo, June, 1 ft., S. Europe; japonioa,
lavender, June, 18 in., Japan;
longipetala, blue, lilao, and
gold, June, 2 ft.,
California ; Mileeii, purple blue, June, 2 ft., Himalayas
missouriensis, lilao and
;
yellow,
May,
ft., N.
yellow, fragrant, June, 3 ft.,

Monneri, lemon
lilao blue, Juno, i ft.,hybrid; orientalis (Syn. Oohroleuoa), white
Crete; monspur,
and yellow,June, 4 ft.,Asia Minor; pseud-acorus (Yellow Water
Flag), yellow. May
and
and
June, 3 ft., Britain; sibirica, blue. May
and
June, 3 ft., S. Europe
Siberia; spuria, lilao blue, June, 3 ft., Europe; unguioularis (Syn. stylosa),blue,
Jan._and Feb., 9 ft.,Algeria ; verna, Tiolet blue, fragrant, March, 3 in., N. America ;
versioolor, purple. May, a ft., N. America.
exist
varieties
Here
also numerous
America;
which
be found
in trade lists.
may
CUSHION
IRISES:
I. bismarckiana,
purple, yellow, blue, and white, June,' 9 in.,
Mt. Lebanon;
G-atesii,grey, purple, and white, June, 2 ft.,Armenia;
iberica, lilao,
and
white
purple. May, 6 in., Caucasus;
and
Sorolkowii, white
red. May, 1 ft.,
and
1 ft.; paradoxa, white,
Turkestan; Lortetii, creamy
white
S. Lebanon,
rose,
blue, and crimson. May, Persia; susiana (Mourning Iris),brown, black, and lilac.
May, 1 ft., Levant.
JAPANESE
IRISES
I. Itevigata (Syn. Ksempferi), white, lilao, magenta, purple,
:
and yellow, June, 2 ft.,Japan.
Numerous
varieties will be found
in trade lists.
BULBOUS-ROOTED
IRISES:
I. alata, lilao, purple and
yellow, Oct., 1 ft.,
S. Europe;
bakeriana, white, violet, and blue, fragrant, Jan., 1 ft., Armenia;
Histrio, lilao,Feb., 1 ft., Palestine; orchioides, yellow, April, 9 in., Turkestan;

persica, yellow, lilao and green,
Feb., 3 in., Persia; reticulata, violet,purple and
yellow, violet scented, Feb., 6 in.,Caucasus;
and its varieties,histrioides,Krelagei,
and
major; tingitana, lilac-purple,March, 2 ft., Tangier; xiphioides(English
Iris), various colours, 1 to 2 ft., Pyrenees; and Xiphium
(Spanish Iris},various
colours, June, 1 to 2 ft., S. Europe.
Irish
Furze
See Ulex.
CDlex europseus strictus)."
Irish
Heath
See
Daboecia.
(Daboecia polifolia).
Irjsh Ivy (Hederahelix canariensia).See Hedera.
Irish
Juniper
(Juniperus communis
hibernioa)."See Jiiniperus.
Irish
Yevw
baccata
fastigiata).See Taxus.
(Taxus
Iron-weed.
See Vernonia.
Isle
of
Bourbon
Tea-plant
(Angrajcum fragrans). See
"
"
"
"
"
Angrsecum.
Ismene.
"
Isoiepis'."
Isoloma.
See Hymenocallis.
See Scirpus.
Ord. Gesneraceae.
Stove floweringherbs.
The plants
in this genus.
two parts fibrous peat, one
part loam, one part
" silver sand.
leaf-mould, with a little decayed manure
Position, welldrained
to flower
Pot, March
pots or pans in shady part of plant stove.
June
to flower in winter.
in summer;
Place
tubers 1 in. deep singlyin 5 in. pots, or 1 to 2 in. apart in larger sizes.
Water
mo.deratelyfrom time growth begins until plants are 3 or 4 in
then
freely. After flowerings
gradually withhold water till foliage
high,
dies down, then keep dry till potting time.
Apply weak liquidmanure
buds
show.
twice
when
flower
week
a
once
or
Syringing not required.
to
March
65"
55" to 75".
to
March
to
Store
85"; Sept.
Sept.
Temp.,
their
sides
under
till
has
died
down
when
on
pottingtime
stage
foliage
50"
55".
seeds
surface
to
sown
of wellon
in temp, of
Propagate by
drained
or
April; cuttingsof
pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75", March
inserted
in pots of sandy peat in temp. 75" to 85" in
snoots
young
of pots of sandy peat
leaves pegged on surface
spring; fully matured
in temp. 75" to 85".
CULTIVATED
rose, purple, and white, winter, 1 ft. ;
: I. digitaliflorum,
SPECIES
den!
Linhondense
hondeu"e), yellow, red, winter, I ft.. New
Grenada;
(Syn. Gesnera
(Syn. Tydffia Lindeni), white and violet,winter, 1 ft.,Ecuador.
Bauunculacese.
Ord.
Hardy herbaceous
perennial.
Isopyrum.
known
as
CTJLTUEE
"
Tydseas are now

: Compost,
merged
"
217
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYGLOPJPDIA
1759.
First introduced
Orn. foliage.
Foliage finelydivided like that
of maidenuair
fern.
CULTURE:
Soil,ordinary. Position, sunny or shady rockery, bed
1-16 in.
border.
or
Nov.
in
Oct.
or
roots
division
of
in
April or May;
deep outdoors
I. thaliotroides,wMte,
spring, 8 in., Europe.
SPBOIBS
CULTIVATED:
Alkanet
Italian
(Anchusa italica).See Anchusa.
Italian
Cypress
(Onpressussempervirens). See Cupressus.
Italian
Pimpernel
(AnagallisMonelli)." See Anagallis.
"
"
(AsterAmellus)." See Aster.

(Pinus Laricio palassiana). See
Starwort
Stone
Italian
Italian
Pinus.
Italian
Pine-tree
"
(Jasminum humile)."See
Jasmine
Yellow
Jaami-
num.
(VirginianWillow). Ord. Saxifragaoeae. Hardy deciduous

1744.
Orn.
shrub.
foliage" flowering. First introduced
shrubberies.
moist
sheltered
Position,
CULTURE:
Soil, peaty.
after
Prune
moderately
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
seeds sown
i in. deep in sandy soil outdoors in April; suckers removed
in Oct. or Nov. ; layeringshoots in July or Aug.
6 ft., N. America.
SPECIES
OTTLTITATED
: I. virginioa, white, July, 4 to
See
Thistle
eburneum)."
Silybum.
(Silybum
Ivory
Ivy (Hedera helix). See Hedera.
panula.
Campanula
(Campanula hederacea). See CamIvy-leaved
"tea
"
"
"
Ivy-leaved
Ipomsea.
Ivy-leaved
Ivy-leaved
Ivy-leaved
(Ipomisahederacea
Cypress-vine
coccinea). See
"
Fern
(Hemionites cordata). See Hemiouites.
Groundsel
(Seneciomacroglossus). See Senecio.
Harebell
nula.
(Campanula hederacea). See Campa"
"
"
(P.peltatum). See Pelargonium.

Toad-flax
(Linariacymbalaria). See Linaria.
(Saxifragacymbalaria). See Saxifraga.
Ivy Saxifrage
Corn
Ixia
Lily). Ord. Iridaceaj.
Half-hardy bulbous
(African
First
1744.
introduced
Flowers
Africa.
S.
Nat.
fragrant.
plants.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Position,sunny well: Soil,light rich sandy.
drained
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep " 2 in.
surface of bed in March
Lift
" replantbulbs annually. Mulch
apart.
Ivy-leaved
Ivy-leaved
Pelargonium
"
"
"
"
with cow
manure.
CULTURE:
POT
part leafmould
Pots, 4J in. in diameter, well drained.
or
decayed cow manure.
with cocoanutPlace five bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., " cover
under
cool greenhouse stage until flowers
or
fibre refuse in cold frame
Temp., Sept.
fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan.
50" to 60".
40" to 50"; other times
to March
Propagate by oflsets
for bulbs.
advised
treated
as
CULTIVATED:
I. flexuosa, pink, spring, 1 ft.; maoulata, brown
SPECIES
and
1 ft. ; patens, purple,
white, spring, 1 ft. ; pauiculata, yellow and white, summer,
1 ft.;
purple and
crimson, summer,
spring, 1 ft.; speciosa (Syn. Craeteriodes),
varieties.
Tiridiflora, green, spring, 1 ft. See trade lists for numerous
ixia
Lily (Ixiolirion
tartaricum). See Ixiolirion.
"
IxiOlirion
plants.
First
CULTUEE:
(IxiaLily). Ord. Amaryllidaceie. Half-hardybulbous

"
introduced
1844.
Soil, light sandy loam.

218
aunny
EN0Y0L0PJ3DIA
border
OF
OARDBNINO.
foot of S. wall.
Plant
bulbs 3 in. deep and 4 in. apart in
Mulch
surface of bed with cow
ing,
in April. After flowermanure
with bell-glass
cover
or
thorough ripeningof
hand-lightto ensure
bulbs.
Lift bulbs in Sept. " store in dry sand in cool, frost-proof
place
tiU plauting time.
at any time, planted
" treated
advised
as
for normal
bulbs.
May also be grown in pots as
advised
for Ixias.
at
March.
SPECIES
OULTITATED
I.
montanum,
blue, June,
ft.,Europe.
Ixora,
(West Indian
iStove flowering
Jasmine). Ord. Rubiaceae.
shrubs. Evergreen. First introduced
Flowers
1690.
fragrant.
CliLTUEE
:
Compost, two parts good fibrous peat, one part fibrous
"
loam " silver sand.

Position,shady part of stove whilst growing, light
situation when
at rest.
Pot, Feb. or March;
good drainage indispensable.
Prune
rately
iuto shape in Feb.
to Sept.,modeWater
freelyMarch
afterwards.
to Aug.
Syringe twice daily March
Apply liquid
fl.ower. Temp., March
55" to 65".
of firm young
shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in small pots in
to May.
sandy peat under bell-glass
SPBOIES
CULTIVATED
I. ooooinea, orange-soarlet, summer,
3 to 4 ft., India,
:
Numerous
varieties and
in trade lists.
liybrids will be found
"la,borosai
Ord. Solanaceas.
perennial.First
Hardy herbaceous
manure
to
once
or
twice
to 85" ;
Sept. 75"
week
to
healthy plantsin
Sept. to March
"
introduced
1831.
OULTUEE
at base
border
: Soil, rich
loamy. Position, well-drained
S. wall.
in winter
with
Protect
covering
of ashes
1-16 in. deep in light
litter. Propagate by seeds sown
or
soil
65"
in
in
55"
in March
to
well-drained
or
April;
sandy
pots
temp.
handsoil
in
of
shoots
inserted
under
bell-glass,
cuttings young
sandy
in
division
stems
in
cold
of
to
light,or
creeping
frame, July
Sept.;
March
or
April.
9 in., Buenos
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
J. integrifolia,white, summer,
:
Ayres.
of
Jacaranda
Green
(Mimosa-leaved Ebony-tree;
Ebony-tree;.
"
Ord. Bignoniaceae. Stove evergreen

trees.
Flowering " orn. foliage.
1724.
First introduced
Leaves, fern-like, downy, very elegant.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts peat, fibry loam " silver sand.
pots in lightpart of plant stove Sept. to April,
Prune
into
outdoors
July to Sept. Pot, Feb. to March.
place
sunny
to
Oct.
March.
to
March
Feb.
Water
Oct.,
freely
moderately
shape,
55" to 65"; March
Plants
to July 70* to 80".
Temp. Sept. to March
to
when
3
1
decorative
ft.
form
high ; floweringspecimens
specimens
when
as
standards, 10 to 15 ft. high. Propagate by seeds sown
grown
in
pots under bell-glass
J in. deep in lightsandy peat in well-drained
of
firm
in
shoots
inserted
Feb.
to
to
75"
85",
June; cuttings
temp, of
in
June
of
to
75",
Sept.
sandy peat under bell-glass temp,
10 ft.,W.
CULTIVATED:
J. osrulea, blue, summer,
Indies; filioifolia,
SPECIES
15 ft., Panama.
blue, summer,
(Ornithogalum'umbellatum). See
Jack-SO-tO-bed-at-nOOn
"
Ornithogalum
vlaCK-in-priSOn
damascena).
(Nigella
Nigella.
primula vulgarisvar.).
"
"
"
"
"
JaCObinia"
introduced
See
See Primula.
(Clematis Jackmanii)." See Clematis
(Artocarpus integrifolia).See Artocarpus.
(Senecioelegans). See Senecio.
Lily (Sprekelia
formosissima). See Sprekelia.
Stove
Ord. Acanthaceae.
floweringplants. First
Jack-in-the-Sreen
Clematis
JacklYian'S
Jack-tree
iJacobsea.
Jacobean
"
1770.
"
219
ENOYOLOPMDIA
CULTURE
OARDENINO.
OF
June,
Sept. to
sand.
"
leaf-mould
pots in li^htstove
June
to Sept. Pot, March
to April. Water
frame
sunny
moderately Sept. to March,
freelyother
to June
times.
55" to 65"; March
65" to 75".
Prune
shoots to 1 in. of hase after flowering. Nip off points
of young
shoots occasionally
May to Aug., to induce bushy growth.
pagate
Proartificial
twice a week to plantsin flower.
or
manure
liquid
Apply
in
of
shoots
inserted
small
by cuttings
pots of
singly
young
soil
under
to
in
March
sandy
bell-glass temp. 75",
July.
RPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
.f. ohrysostephana, yellow, winter, 3 ft., Mexico;
ghiesbreghtiana (Syn. Sericographia ghiesbreghtiana), scarlet, Dec, 2 ft., Mexico;
magiiifica carnea
3 to 4 ft., Brazil.
(Syn. Justicia camea), rose, summer,
Jacob's-ladder
(Polemonium caeruleum). See Polemouiinii.
Jacob's-rod
(Asphodelusluteus). See Asphodelus.
Jalap-plant
(Mirabilisjalapa). See Mirabilis.
Jamaica
Pimenta.
Allspice
(Pimenta officinalis)."
Jamaica
Sag'O-tree
(Zamia purpuracea) See Zamia.
Jamesia.
Ord
deciduous
flowering
Raxifragaceae. Hardy
shrub.
First introduced
1820.
borders.
CULTURE:
rockeries
or
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
Plant Oct. to Feb.
tings
Prune
directlyafter flowering. Propagate by cutinserted under
hand-lightor in cold frame in autumn.
SPECIES
tains,
CULTIVATED
-TChite,spring, C to 8 ft.,Rocky Moun; J. amcrioana,
"
"
"
"
"
Japan
Allspice
(Chimonanthus fragrans). See Chimonanthus.
Clover
Japan
(Lespedeza bicolor). See Lespedeza.
Aralia
Japanese
(Fatsiajaponica). See Fatsia.
Japanese
Barberry
(Berberis japonica'. See Berberis.
Cedar
Japanese
(Oryptomeria japonica). See Cryptomeria.
Fern
Japanese
Climbing'
(Lygodium scandens). See Lygodiura.
Clover
Japanese
(Lespedezabicolor).See Lespedeza.
Cucumber
Japanese
(Cucumis sativus). See Cucumis.
Bell
Tree
Golden
Japanese
(Forsythia suspensa)."See
Forsythia.
Groundsel
Japanese
(Senecio japonicus). See Senecio.
See
Fern
Hare's-foot
Japanese
(Davallia Mariesi).
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Davallia.
Hop
(Humulus
Lady'S-Slipper
Japanese
Japanese
Cypripedium
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
japonica). See Humulus.

(Cypripedium japonicum).
"
"
See
Larch
Lilac
(Lari.xleptolepis).See Lari.x.
(Syringa japonica). See Syringa.
Maple
(Acer palmatum). See Acer.
Monlc's-hood
(Aconitum japonicum).
"
"
"
"
See Aeoui-
tura.
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Primrose
Privet
(Primula japonica). See
Primula.
See
(Ldgustrum japonicum).
Lignstruni.
Quince
(Pyrus japonica)."See Pyrus.
ITose
(Rosa rugosa). See Rosa.
Snow-flovver
(Deutziagracilis).See Deutzia.
See Veronica.
Speedwell
(Veronicasubsessihs)."
Spindle-tree
(Euonymus japouicns). See Euony
"
"
"
"
"
mus.
Japanese
Toad
Lily (Tricyrtis
hirta)."See Tricyrtia.
220
ENCYOLOPJUDIA
GARDENING.
OF
(Berberisvulgaris). See Berberis.

(Bhododendron jaTanicum).
Ja,unclice-berry
"
Javanese
Rhododendron
See Rhododendron.
Java
Primrose
(Primula
imperialis).See
(Twin-leaf).Ord. Berberidaceao.
Jeffersonia
herb.
First
CTJLTTJKE
"
"
introduced
"
Primula.
Hardy perennial
1792.
Soil,peaty- Position,shady edges of rockery or borders.

1-16 in. deep in
or
sandy soil in cold frame July to Sept.; division of roots Oct. or March.
:
Plant, Oct., March
CULTIVATED:
SPE0IB8
America.
Jerusalem
thus.
J.
Artichoke
Jerusalem
(Syn. diphylla),white, spring,
biunata
(Heliauthnstuberosus). See
"
in.,
Helian-
See
(Solanum Pseudo-caiDsicum)."
Cherry
N.
Sola-
num.
Jerusalem
naria.
Jerusalem
See
(Fulmonaria officinalis).
Cowslip
"
Fulmo-
(Lychnis chalcedonica). See Lychnis.

Jerusalem
Sage
(Phlomis fruticosus).See Phlomis.
See Jasminum.
Jessamine
(Jasminum officinalis).
See
Nut
Jesuit's
Trapa.
(Trapa natans).
Jew-bush
(Pedilanthustithymaloides).See Pedilanthus.
Mallow
Jew's
(TKerriajaponica). See Kerria.
Cross
"
"
"
"
"
"
laohryma).See Coix.
See Narcissus.
(Narcissus
jonguilla).
Tears
Job's
Jonquil
(Coix
"
"
See Cercis.
(Ceroissiliquastrum)."
Butter-nut)?Ôrd.
Juglandaceae. Hardy
(Walnut-tree;
Juslans
in 1592. ^
introduced
Walnut
deciduous
nut-bearing " orn. foliagetrees.
Soil,sandy " calcareous, or stiii loams on
OF WALNUT:
CULTUBB
S.
or
subsoil.
Position,
SW., open, not shaded
by trees or
gravelly
surface
to 4 in. below
3
roois
Oct.
or
Nov.,
Plant,
placing
buildings.
Apply
of ground previously
Pruning unnecessary.
deeply trenched.
to Oct., or \Va. of superJune
trees from
established
to
manure
phosphate
liquid
Judas-tree
for pickling
nuts
Gather
rod in June.
square
thin
in
tion
layers in dry posiRipe nuts place
before shell gets too hard.
alternate
in
fall off, then
layers with sand in
till husks
pack
trees
budded
or
barrels, casks, or jars sprinkled with salt. Grafted
other
above.
of
same
as
Culture
species,
seedlings.
bear earlier than
DATA:
gardens.
USEFUL
Juglans regia " nigra good for town
of
" veneering. Value
used for making gun stocks, furniture
Timber
of
bushel
will
foot.
nuts
cubic
One
6d.
yield
timber. Is. to 2s.
per
tree, 300 years.
Average
5,000 seedlings. Average life of a walnut
weight of timber per cubic foot, 471b.
in
2 in. deep in light soil outdoors
by seed (nuts)sown
of lime
to the
Propagate
transplantingseedlings follojWngOct.
Nov.,
in March.
SPECIES
budding
in
Aug. ; grafb
(Butter-nut),30 ft., N. America;

nigra
to Himalayas.
regia ("Walnut), 50 ft.,Caucasus
(Amelanchier canadensis). See Ainelanchier.
(Juniperuscommunis) .^See Juniperus.
(Juniper;Savin) Ord. Ooniferae. Hardy evergreen
CULTIVATED:
J.
oinerea
(Black Walnut), 30 ft., N. America;
June-berry
Juniper
Juniperus
"
"
Habit, pyramidal or bushy. Leaves, needle-shaped,

scale-like,green or variegated.
narrow,
well-drained shrubCULTURE
: Soil,good ordinary. Position,open,
coniferous
trees.
222
ENCYCLOPEDIA
beries
OF
GARDENING.
lawns
for erect species,

rockeries or banks
Nov.
or
CULTURE
trenched
two
: Soil,ordinary,
or
for dwarf
species.
Plant, Sept.,Oct.,
HEDGE
wide.- Plant,
spitsdeep " 3 ft.

Sept.to Nov., 18 in. apart. Ht. 1 to 3 ft. Junipers form
excellent screen
treesPropagate by seeds sown
J in. deep in beds of
liglitsoil in cold frame in April, transplantingseedlings singly into
small pots when
2 in. high " planting
tings
outdoors a year afterwards
; cutof young
branches
under
inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
or
hand-lightin Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
CULTrfATED:
J. bermudiana
(Bermuda Cedar), 20 ft., Bermuda;
leaves
and
sinensis, 13 ft., China
einensis
golden; communm
Japan;
aurea,
5 ft.; excelsa,
(Common
Juniper), 5 ft., Europe; communis
fastigiata Irish Juniper),
20 to 30 ft., Asia
Minor; excelsa stricta (upright growing): oooidentalis, 12 ft.,
N. America;
12 ft.. Orient;
sablna
macrocarpa,
oxycedrua, 15 ft., S. Europe;
(Savin), i ft.,Europe and N. America; virginiana (Red Cedar), 30 ft.,N. America;
and its yarieties,argontea, aureo-variegata, glauca, pendula, and viridis.
See Lychnis.
Jupiter's-flOVtfer
(Lychnis Flos-Jovis)."
Justicia.
"
Ord.
Acanthacese.
Stove
flowering ",
foliage
orn.
plants.
CULTURE:
" sand.
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould
in
frame
stove
to
June,
Sept.
light
pots
sunny
to
March
Water
March,
or
Pot,
April.
moderately Sept.
Sept.
June
to
to June,
times.
55" to 65" ; March
Temp-, Sept. to March
Prune
shoots to 1 in. of base after flowering. Nip off points
of young
shoots
occasionallyMay to Aug. to induce bushy growth.
pagate
Proartificial
twice a week to plantsin flower.
manure
Apply liquidor
inserted
in
small
of
shoots
pots of
singly
by cuttings
young
75"
to
March
soil
under
in
July.
bell-glass temp.
sandy
CULTIVATED:
J. oalyootricha (Syn. flavicoma),yellow, winter, 3 ft.,
SPECIES
freelyother
65" to 75"-
Brazil.
See
also
the
genus
Jacobinia.
Kadsura.
Ord.
Magnoliaceae. Half-hardy trailing,flowering
1846.
Flowers
succeeded
shrubs.
by
scarlet berries.
borders
CULTURE:
Soil,peaty. Position, well-drained
against S.
walls.
W.
Plant, Sept. Oct., or April. Prune
or
stragglingshoots
moderately in April- Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3 in.
iu cold greenhouse or
bell-glass
long, inserted in silver sand under
"
frame,
July
to
Oct.
K. chinensis, white,
variegated.
Ord.
Scitaminaceoe.
Ksempferiai
introduced
Orn.
foliage. First
or
lance-shaped,
Leaves, egg
green bordered
SPECIES
Tariegata,
CULTIVATED:
summer,
ft., Japan;
chinensis
leaves
"
and purple beneath.

CULTURE
:
Compost,
and charcoal.
silver sand
Stove
herbaceous
nials.
peren1728.
Flowers
fragrant.
flaked with white above
or
equal parts fibrous
loam
"
peat
pots
iu
with
little
lightpart
of
their sides undfer staging iu dry part of

stove during growing period;
Water
house
freely,
during resting period. Pot, Feb. or March.
afterwards.
almost
March
to Sept.
to Sept.,keep
March
dry
Temp.,
55" to 60".
Growing period,Feb. to Oct.
on
Resting period,Oct.
to
Feb.
Propagate by
division
of root
stocks
in
Feb.
K. Gilhertii,leaves variegated white 'and
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Kirkii, rosy purple, Aug., 6 in.,Zanzibar; rotunda, white and
Burma;
1 ft., India.
Ksempfer'S
Iris
(Irislaevigata).See
"
223
Iris.
1 ft.,
violet,Aug.,
green,
KNOYOLOFJSDIA
OF
QABDENING.
ing
Grreenhouse
Ord. Crassulaceae.
perennialflower1781First
introduced
Flowers,
plants.
fragrant.
OtjLTURE : Compost, equal parts sandy loam, brick rubble, dried
" rive"- sand.
cow
manure
pots in light greenhouse,
rately
close to glass. Pot, March.
Water
freely April to Aug., modeold
Prune
little
afterwards.
to
Nov.,
plants after
Aug.
very
1 in.
shoots
1
"
shoots
when
to
are
new
in.,
flowering,shortening
repot
March
45"
to
50".
March
55"
to
to
to
65";
Sept.
long. Temp.,
Sept.
of
well-drained
seeds
in
soil,
sown
or
sandy
pots
Propagate by
pans
just
covered
with fine mould, in temp. 60" to 70" in March
or
April,seedlings
to be kept close to glass" have little water
; cuttingsof shoots 2 to 3 in.
for
few
then
inserted
in June, July, or Aug.
to
sun
long, exposed
days,
in well-drained
of
soil,
on
greenhouse shelf " given
pots
sandy
placed
little
water.
very
18 in., S. Africa; flammea,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
K. oarnea,
flesli,summer,
2 ft,, Somaliland;
marmorata
orange-scarlet, summer,
(Syn. grandiflora), white,
2 ft., Abyssinia,
bummer,
Kale
(Borecole). See Brassica,
KallYlia,
tain
Laurel; Swamp Laurel; Moun(CalicoBusk; American
Ord.
Erieacese.
ing
flowerLaurel; Sheep Laurel),
Hardy evergreen
1734
shrubs.
First introduced
GULTUKE
: Soil, sandy
peat " leaf-mould free from lime or chalk.
",
moist
Plant
Position,
cool,partiallyshaded.
Sept.,Oct., April,or
May.
Foliage of K. latifolia poisonous to
cattle.
POT
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy peat,one part leaf -mould
" sand.
pots in greenhouse (temp. 45" to 55")
rately
modefrom
Novafterwards.
Water
to May;
place outdoors
sunny
in winter, freelyother times.
in April
Propagate by seed sown
shallow
of sandy peat in
or
Oct,, 1-16 in. deep, in well-drained
pans
Kalanchoe.
"
"
"
inserted
in pots of sandy peat
cold frame;
shoots
cuttings of young
under
bell-glassin shady cold frame April to Aug.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
K. angustifolia (Slieep Laurel), crimson, June, 3 ft.,
and
N. America, and
its varieties ^lauca,luoida, rosea
rubra; glauoa, lllao purple,
G to 10 ft,, N.
latifolia
May, 2 ft,, N. America;
(Calico Bush), rose, summer,
and
its varieties
America,
mjrtifolia and polypetal.
" Bochea.
See Crassula
Kalosanthes.
Vine
See Vitis,
Kansaroo
(Vitis antarctica),"
Bromeliaceae.
Karatas.
Ord.
Stove
flowering " orn,
foliaged
1739.
Bracts, green,
red, or
plants. Evergreen. First introduced
crimson.
neath,
Leaves, strap-shaped,green
above, purplish or whitish be"
"
"
"
spiny.
Compost, ec[ual parts fibrous loam, rough peat, leafPosition, well-drained pots in light,moist part
Water
of stove.
Pot, Feb.. or March,
moderately in winter, freely
to Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept, to March
at other times65"
Temp,, March
to 75".
Propagate by large-sizedoff-shoots inserted singly in small
pots of sandy peat,in temp, of 85", Feb, or April,
CULTURE:
mould,
"
silver sand.
CULTIVATED:
K, aoanthoorateo, blue, summer,
SPECIES
1 ft.,Brazil; ampuland
1 ft,, Brazil; Carolinse, blue
white, summer,
and
laoea, blue
summer,
green,
1 ft,,Brazil; humilis, purple, summer,
18 in., Brazil; fulgens, blue, summer,
18 in,,
18 in., Brazil.
Plumieri, purple, summer,
Mexico;
Kenilworth
Ivy (Linariacymbalaria). See Linaiia.

(CoralCreeper;Australian Beau Flower), Ord. LeguGreenhouse
flowering " twining plants. Evergreen. Nat.
"
Kennedya
rainosae.
Australia.
"
First
introduced
1788.
224
ENOYOLOPJEDIA
CULTUEE
OARDENINO.
OP
" loam, little silver sand.

shoots trained to trellis,
or
planted out in beds,
" shoots trained
rafters.
Water
Pot or plant,Feb. or May.
freely
up
March
to Sept-,moderatelyat other
times.
Prune
stragglingplants
into shape in Feb.
stimulants
Apply weak
occasionallyto healthy
plants in flower. Temp., March
40" to 50".
by seeds sown
J in. deep in well-drained pots
Proijaâte
of light sandy soil in temp, of 55" to 65" in March
or
April; cuttings
of firm young
pots of
under
to July.
sandy peat
bell-glass
SPECIES
10 to 15 ft.; prostrata,
CULTIVATED:
K. ooooinea, eoarlet, summer,
scarlet, spring, 3 ft, See also the genus
Hardenbergia.
:
Position, pots, with
Kentia.
Stove
(Umbrella Palm). Ord. Palmaceae.
palms. Leaves,
feather-shaped,graceful.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts loam " peat, little silver sand.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Temp. 70"
pots in stoveto 85" March
Water
to Sept.; 60" to 65" Sept. to March.
moderately
to healthy
Oct. to Feb., freelyafterwards.
a
week. May to Sept.
plants once
Syringe plants daily. Propagate
1 in. deep in lightsoil in temp. 80", Feb. or March.
by seeds sown
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
also the genera
Howea
Kentucky
Gymnocladus.
Kermes
Kerria,
shrub.
CULTURE
K.
australis, 6 to 10 ft.. Lord
Hedyscepe.
and
Howe's
Island.
See
See
(Gymnocladus canadensis).
Coffee-tree
"
Osik
(Quercus cocoifera). See Quercus.
Hardy deciduous
(Jew's Mallow). Ord. Eosaceae.
Nat. Japan- First introduced
1700.
W.
; Soil, good ordinary. Position, against S. or
"
"
fences, or in mixed shrubberies.

or
June, cutting off old or weak
Plant, Oct.
to March.
Prune
ing
flowerwalls or
in May
shoots
only.
parts loam,
"
part leaf-mould
moderately. After
till Oct.
Forcing ;
flowering,place plants in sunny
Water
moderately. Transfer
place plants in temp- 55" to 65" in Jan.
tings
positionoutdoors after flowering. Propagate by cutplants to sunny
bellshoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under
of young
layeringshoots in Oct.
glass or hand-lightor in cold frame in summer;
CULTUEE:
Pot, Oct.
POT
sand.
Compost,
in cold
Place
two
one
greenhouse " water

positionoutdoors
japouioa (Syn. Coohorus

japonioa),yellow. May,
flore-pleno (double), foliis argenteis variegatia
and foliis aureis
variegatia (golden-leaved).
(silver-leaved)
Bean
See Phaseolus.
Kidney
(Phaseolus vulgaris).
Kidney-bean-tree
(Wistaria sinensis). See Wistaria.
Fern
Kidney
(Trichomanes reniforme)."Stee Trichomanes.
See Anthyllis.
Vetch.
Kidney
Fern
(Trichomanes radicans). See Trichomanes.
Kiliarney
Willow
Kilmarnock
(SalixCaprea pendula). See Salix.
(Osmunda regalis). See Osmunda.
King^ Fern
See AnssctochUus.
King'-plant.
Flovwer
(Eueomis rcgia). See Eucomis.
King's
King's
Spear
(Asphodeluslutea " A. ramosa). See Asphodelus.
Ord.
Malvaceae.
ing
FlowerKltaibelia.
Hardy perennial herb.
" orn.
foliage. First introduced 1801. Foliage,vine-like.
bery.
CULTUEE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open, large border or shrubCULTIVATED:
SPECIES
to
10
ft., China,
K.
and
its
varieties
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Plant, Oct.
or
April;
seeds
down
or
April. Propagate by division

in April.
of roots
in
Oct-
outdoors
225
SPEOIBS
CU-LTIVATED:
Europe.
Kleinia
bluish
OABDENINO.
OF
MNOYOLOPMBIA
K.
Titifolia, white
and
rose,
summer,
to
ft., E.
with fleshycylindrical
Greenhouse
jperennials
and
curious
a
K.
articulata
leaves.
(Candle Plant),
grey
used
for
K.
in
windows.
carpet
for
culture
interestingplant
repens
Nat. S. Africa.
bedding in summer.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam, jjeat,leaf-mould, broken
(Candle Plant).
"
silver sand.
Pot in spring. Position, sunny
part of gfreen45" to 50";
March
to
windows
Oct.
house
in rooms.
or
near
Tempto
Water
March
March, freelyin
to Oct. 55" to 60".
sparingly Oct.
For
outdoor
summer.
culture, plant out late in May " lift again in
Oct.
Propagate by cuttings of shoots dried for a few hours before
insertion and then inserted in grittycompost any time during summer.
Plant,
K.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED."
articulata
(Syu. Gaoalia articulata). Candle
creeping, 8. Atrioa;
S. Africa;
fiooidee, white, summer,
yellow, IS in., sunimer,
1 ft.,
and
autumn,
Galpini, orange,
red. May, 2 ft., S. Africa;
fulgens, orange
S. Africa; nerifolia, yoUow, winter, i ft.. Canaries; pendula, vermilioii and
orange,
autumn,
Somaliland; repens, white, June, creeping, S. Africa.
Knee
Holly
(Euscus aculeatus). See Euscus.
Star
Knight's
Lily (Hippeastrum equestre). See Hippeas-
crocks, and
"
"
trum.
KniphOfia
(Eed-hot Poker Plant; Torch Lily;
Liliaceae.
Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Plants of
Ord.
aspect and
Formerly known
Club
noble
tall stems.
with showy flowers borne
in spikes on
of Tritoma.
under the genericname
with
CULTUEE:
manure.
Soil, sandy, well enriched
Nov.
well-drained
borders.
or
Plant,
April.
sunny,
Water
in April with
Lily)
"
Position,
nually
Top-dress anfreely in dry
week
once
a
Apply liquid manure
during spring " summer.
weather
in
Protect
in
covering
severe
summer.
by
plants
of dry leaves or straw.
f in. deep in sandy
boxes
in cold frame
in March
soil in shallow
or
April; transplanting
seedlingsoutdoors when large enough to handle; division of roots in
Nov.
or
April.
weather
to established
K.
aloides
uvaria), red and yellow,
(Syn. Tritoma
3 ft., B.
autumn,
Burohellii, scarlet, yellow and green,
apricot yellow, Sept., 1 ft.,Abyssinia; oaulescens, reddish salmon,
oarnosa,
yellow, Aug., 2 ft., Abyssinia; oorallina,
July, 4 to 6 ft., S. Africa; carposa,
scarlet,autumn, 3 ft.,hybrid; Lcitchlinii, red and yellow, Aug., 4 ft., Abyssinia;
Macowanii, orange-red, Aug., 1 ft., S. Africa; Northise, yellow and red, Jxily,1 ft.,
S. Africa
; pnmila, orange-red, Aug., 18 in., S. Africa ; Eooperi, orange-red,summer,
2 ft., Kaffraria;
Tuckii, yellow and red, June, 4 ft.. Cape Colony.
Knotted
Marjoram
(Origanum Marjoram), See Origanum.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
autumn,
Africa;
ft., S. Africa;
"
Knotweed.
"
Polygonum.
See
(Summer or Mock Cypress).Ord. Chenopodiacese. Hardy

annual.
" green,
Flowers, uninteresting. Leaves, narrow
tint in early autumn.
changing to a brilliant crimson-purple
seeds in
borders.
Sow
CULTUEE
55"
in
into
soil
in
of
a
March;
seedlings
pots
transplant
temp,
light
off
in
cold
each
out
2
harden
"
ftor
a
frame,
boxes,
apart
plant
way iu
Kochia
"
orn.-leaved
June.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
Koelreuteriai
Nat.
tree.
lawn
or
N.
K. eooparia, 2 to 3 ft.,Europe
Ord. Sapindacese. Hardy deciduous
flowering
First introduced
A gfraceful
for
tree
1763.
"
China.
shrubbery.
CULTUEE:
Oct. to March.
226
but
Propagate by
sheltered.
Plant,
cuttingsof young
BNOYCLOPMBIA
OF
shoots, inserted in sandy soil under
GARDENING.
BPE0IE8
CULTIVATED
in Sept.
K. bipinnata, yellow,
in
hand-light or
April or May; layeringbranches
or
cold
Crame
iu
Oct.
summer,
ft., China
10
paniculata,
yellow, July, 10 to 15 ft., China.

Kohl-Rabii
See Brassica.
"
Kolpakowsky's
Tulipa.
Korolkow's
Kramer's
Tulip
Tulip
(Tulipa
kolpakowskyana).
Sec
"
(TulipaKorolkowi)."See Tulipa.
Lily (LiliumKrameri)."
Kum-quat
(Citrusjaponica).
Ord.' Leguminosse.
"
LablChea^
Nat. Australia.
CULTUEE
well-drained
"
First introduced
See
See Lilium.
Citrus.
Greenhouse
flowering shrub-
1840.
Position,
into
Prune
pots in light,sunny greenhouse. Pot, March.
Feb.
Water
shape,
moderately, Oct. to April; freely afterwards.
45" to 55".
Temp., March
Requires
plenty of air, April to Oct. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots insorted in sand, under
in cool greenhouse,June
to Aug.
bell-glass
:
CULTIVATliiD
SPECIES
Labrador
Laburnum
L.
lanoeolata, yellow, spring,
Tearplant
to
6 ft.
Ledum.
(Ledum
latifolium)."See
Ord.
Leguminosse.
(Golden Chain)
First introduced
floweringtrees.
"
CTJLTtnRE
;
Oct. to March.
Soil, ordinary.
duous
deci-
Hardy
1596.
Position, sunny
shrubberies.
Plaut,
Prune
directlyafter flowering. May also be trained

doors
over
J in. deep outpergolas,arches, etc. Propagate by seeds sown
in March
or
April; by layers,Oct. or Nov. ; varieties by grafting
in March;
or
budding in July on common
species. Seeds are poisonous.
CULTIVATED:
L. Adami
(Purple Laburnum), yellow or purple,
and
Laburnum
20 ft., a graft hybrid between
tuICytisus purpureus
of flowers
often has its racemes
half-yellow and half -purple ; alpinum (Scotch
gare,
its
Parksii
varieties
and
Laburnum),
yellow, June, 15 to 20 ft,, Europe, and
L. vulgare (Common
Laburnum
Wateri.
Golden
or
Chain), yellow, spring, 20 to
its varieties foliis-aureis or aureum
30 ft., Europe, and
(golden-leaved),queroifolium
fasti(Oak-leaved), Carlieri (long racemes), serotinum
(late flowering), monstrosum
SPECIES
spring, 15
giatum
to
(erect growing).
Lace-bark
Lace
Fern
Lace-leaf
Lachenalia
Pine
(Pinus burgeana)." See Pinus.
(Cheilanthesmyriophylla elegans). See
"
Plant
Cheilanthes.
(Ouvirandra fenestralis).See Ouvirandra.

Liliaceae.
(Cape Cowslip; Leopard Lily). Ord.
"
"
Greenhouse
bulbous
Nat. S. Africa.
floweringplants. Deciduous1752.
First introduced
two
OTJLTUEE
: Compost,
parts fibrous sandy loam, half -part leaf" one
silver
mould, half-part
decayed cow
manure,
part tiver or coarse
well-drained
baskets
sand.
Position,
pots, pans, or
; light. Pot, Aug.,
plactng six bulbs ^ in. deep in a 5 in. pot, or 1 to 2 in. apart in pans
" placepots in cold frame
After potting,water
until Nov.,
baskets.
or
shelf
in
to airy
Water
then remove
greenhouse. Temp., 45" to 55".
well advanced.
moderately when
growth begins; freelywhen
Apply
when
flower
weak
stimulants
occasionally
spikesform; discontinue
After floweringgradually withhold
in bloom.
when
water, place pots
Growing
positionoutdoors, " keep quite dry to ripen bulbs.
June
to
color)
to
June;
restingperiod,
SeptForcing
(L. triperiod,Sept.
in sunny
:
Pot
55" to 65".
"
treat
as
Propagate
until Nov., then remove

above
offsets
removed
" placed in
by
into
temp, of
separate pots at
pottingtime.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
L.
anrea,
yellow, spring, 1 ft.; lilaoina,lilao,spring,
227
ENCYCLOPMDIA
8
1
in. J
pendula, yellow, red,
and
purple,
and
ft.; tricolor, quadrioolor, red, green,
spring,
GARDENINO.
OF
in.; trioolor, red and yellow, spring,

yellow; Tiolaoea, yiolet and green,
1 ft.
Lactuca
border
Hardy
(Flowering
perennials "
and
Edible
Compositae.
Lettuce)." Old.
duced
introlettuce
salad vegetables.
Edible
1562.
tion,
PosiLETTUCE:
Soil, sandy loam.
March.
border.
Oct.
Plant,
or
Propagate
dryish
open,
sunny,
in April; division of roots in March.
by seeds sown
J in. deep outdoors
CULTURE
OP
EDIBLE
LETTUCE
:
Soil, light,rich, deeply due.
well manured.
borders
for
south
Position,
spring " winter crops ; open,
for
Sow
seeds
in.
summer
J
deep in light soil in temp.
sunny
crops65" in Jan., Feb., or March,
in March, April, "
for planting outdoors
in
in
of
bed
rich soil in sunny
March, April,May,
spot outdoors
May;
in Aug.
" June, for planting out in April,May, June, " July; outdoors
" Sept., for planting out in Sept. " Oct.; in cold frames
in Oct., for
12 in. asunder.
Plant, 10 in. apart in rows
planting out in March.
Blanch
varieties by tying bast round
outside
week
before
cos
a
reeach newly planted seedlingwith a cordon
Surround
required for use.
of soot
Water
lime.
or
dry.
freelywhen first planted, if weather
able
Cabbage varieties best for poor dry soil ; cos for heavy " rich soil. Suitartificial manures
: Superphosphate of lime
appliedbefore planting
at the rate of li lb. per square
rod; nitrate of soda when plantsbegin to
freely,at rate of IJlb. to square rod
grov/
applylatter in showery
weather.
For producing
seed, plant in poor soil m April or Hay. Seed
CULTDRE
OP
FLOWERING
"
retains
grown
vegetative powers for four years; best heart produced by plants

lettuce ought to be grown in cold
two-year-old seed. Winter
from
frames
during winter, "
in 10 to 12 weeks.
Seeds
planted out
germinate
in March.
in 8 days.
Crop
reaches
maturity
or
dug " well manured
of
stable
:
dung and 3 cwt. superphosphate
winter.
in
during
ploughed
Apply 1 cwt. of nitrate
per acre
when
Sow
seeds under
nt soda per acre
glass in Feb.
crop is well up.
in open,
and onwards
and plant out 9 in. apart in April. Sow in March
One
" winter
pound of seed sufficient for an acre.
crops in Aug.
lettuce by tying with bast 10 days before cutting. Market
Blanch
cos
of
One ounce
Average yield per acre, 1,400 score.
by dozen or score.
for
seeds retain vegetativepowers
seed will yield3,000 plants- Lettuce
and germinate in 8 days. Average price per doz.. Is. to 3s.
5 years,
L. alpina (Syn. Mulgedium alpinum), blue, Aug., 3 ft.,
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
macrohiza
3 ft., Himalayas;
(Syn. Mulgedium
N.
laacroliiza),purple, autumn,
Europe;
8 ft., Pyrenees;
Plumieri
(Syn. Mulgedium
Plumleri), purple, summer,
Scariola
edible lettuce, Europe (Britain).
(Syn. Sativa), parent of the oultivated
Ladder
Fern
(Nephrolepis exaltata). See Nephrolepis. ,
Lad's-love
(Artemesia Aorotanum)." -See Artemesia.
Fern
Lady
(Asplenium Filix-foemina).See Asplenium.
Grass
Lady
(Phalarisarundinacea
variegata). See Phalaris.
Orchis
(Orchis purpurea). See Orchis.
Lady
Market
Culture
previous winter.
Soil, deeply ploughed
Manures
20
tons
"
"
"
"
Lady-in-the-Bower
Bovwer
Lady's
Lady's
Fingers
Garters
Lady's
(Nigelladamascena). See Nigella.

(Clematisvitalba). See Clematis.
See Authyllis.
(Anthyllisvulneria\"
(Phalaris arundinacea
variegata).
"
"
"
Phalaris.
Lady's
Lady's
Hair
(Briza media)." See Briza.
Pincushion
(Armeria maritima).
"
228
See
Armeria.
See
BNOrOijOPMDtA
OF
QABBMiJilfO.
SPECIES:
L. FIoe-Beginffi (Queen's Flower), rosy
purple, summer,
Asia.
6 to
GREENHOUSE
L. iudica
SPECIES:
(Indian Lilac), pink, summer,
Trop. Asia; indica
alba, white.
10
STOTE
20
to
ft., Trop.
10
ft.,
Hardy orn.
(Hare's-tail Grass)."Ord. Gramineae.
white,
borne
heads,
m
downy ;
grass.
egg-shaped
June
decorations.
to Sept. Very useful
in dried state for winter
Gather
CULTUEE
: Soil,ordinary.
Position,open dryish borders.
inflorescence
for drying in Aug.
seeds
sown
Jin.
by
deep
Propagate
outdoors
in April,where
plants are requiredto grow, or in well-drained
in April.
in Oct., planting outdoors
pans of light soil in cold frame
Lasurus
annual
Inflorescence
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
L. ovatus, 1 ft., S. Europe

(Britain).
Ord. Gramineae.
annual
Hardy orn.
grass.
First introduced
1770.
" golden; June
Inflorescence
plume-like, silky
to Sept.
Useful
in a dried state for winter
decorations.
CULTUEE
: Soil,ordinary.
Position, patches in open sunny borders.
Gather
inflorescence
for winter
in Aug.
use
Jin. deep outdoors in April where
are
required to grow, or in
plants
well-drained
.soil
of
in
in
cold
frame
Oct., planting outdoors
light
pans
in April.
Lamarckia.
SPECIES
"
"
CULTIVATED:
L. aurea,
8 in., S. Europe.
Mint
See Mentha.
(Mentha viridis)."
Lettuce
(Valerianellaolitoria). See
Lamb
Lamb's
Lamb's
Lamium
"
Valerianella.
Tongûe
(Stachyslanata). See Stachys.
(Dead-Nettle). Ord. Labiatae.
"
"
Flowering
egg or heart-shaped,with serrated
"
white.
bronze,
margins, golden,
green,
CULTUEE
borders.
L.
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish, sunny
effective
for
dwarf
borders
in
aureum
summer.
edging plant
very
"
Plant, Oct.
or
April. Propagate by
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
yellow,
Land
foliage. Leaves,
orn.
ft., Europe
L.
division
of roots, Oct. or March.

leaves -variegated with
golden
aureum,
(Britain).
Cress
Lantana
Verbenacese.
First introduced
POT
CULTUEE
maoulatum
(Barbarea prsecox). See

"
Barbarea.
Sage; Surinam
(Jamaica Mountain
Greenhouse
" half-hardy evergreen
Tea-plant). Ord.
"
flowering
shrubs.
1690.
:
Compost,
two
parts loam,
one
part peat,leaf-mould,
little sand, "
charcoal.
decayed manure,
in
March.
Water
light greenhouse. Pot, firmly,
pots
freely,Apiil
to Oct.; moderately, Oct. to April.
into shape, Feb.
Prune
Temp.,
Oct.
45" to 55"; March
to March,
to Oct., 55" to 65".
Apply weak
stimulants
twice weekly.May to Sept.
once
or
OUTDOOE
CULTUEE
:
Soil, rich sandy.
Position, sunny
dryish
beds or
borders.
Lift in Sept.; repot " replace in
Plant, June.
1-16 in. deep in wellgreenhouse for winter.
drained
of
"
or
in
leaf-mould,
sandy peat
pots
pans
temp, of 70" to B0"
in Feb., March,
or
April; by cuttings of firm shoots 2 to 3 in. long
inserted
in small pots of sandy peat under
in temp, of 55" to
bell-glass
65" in Aug. or Sept.
of
or
side
shoots 2 in. long
by cuttings
;
young
inserted
above
as
m
or
temp. 60" to 70", March
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
L. Camara,
G tb 8 ft., Trop. America;
violet, summer,
2 to 3 ft., Trop. America;
niyea, white, summer,
trifolia,red, summer,
3 ft.* Trop'.
Numerous
varieties superior to species in trade list".
America.
Lantern-flOVtfer
(AbutilonDarwinii)."See Abutilon.
Ord. Liliacsae.
Greenhouse
" half-hardy
Lapaseriai
flowering
Nat.
Chili.
climber.
First
introduced
1847.
Evergreen.
or
'
"
230
UNCYOLOPMDIA
OF
GARDENING.
three parts fibrous peat, one

part
sand " charcoal.
Position, shady
loam, on"
in large well-drained
pots, tubs, beds, or borders, with shoots trained
walls
to trellises or
rafters of greenhouse. Pot or plant, Feb.
or
up
Water
March.
Good
or
freely,April to
drainage very essential.
March
until flowers
afterwards.
from
Sept.; moderately
Syringe daily
March.
tilate
Venin
Prune
dead
shoots
or
sickly
develop.
only
away
March
40"
to
Oct.
to March,
50";
freely,April to Oct. Temp.,
INDOOR
CULTURE
to 65".
Foliage
Compost,
part equalproportionsof
to Oct., 55"
must
be
kept free
insects.
from
loam.
Position,
Soil, equal parts peat
:
Oct.
or
in
S.
of
March,
west
walls, sheltered,
England only. Plant,
Water
in severe
weather.
in weU-drained
bed.
Protect
freelyin dry
in
well-drained
in.
seeds
weather.
sown
pots or
J
deep
Propagate by
55"
65"
in
March
of
to
leaf
in
"
or
-mould
of
sandy peat
temp,
pans
autumn.
in
shoots
in
or
spring
sandy peat
April; by layering strong
OUTDOOR
SPEOIES
albiflora
"
CULTURE
OtJLTITATED
Lapeyrousia.1
plants.
Nat.
L.
rose,
rosea,
"
of Good
Cape
Hope.
15 to
summer,
superba, crimson.
Iridacese.
Ord.
(white),and
20 ft. ; and
its varieties
bulbous
Hardy
flowering
introduced
1791.
" leaf -mould.
loam
First
Position,
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
: SWl,
sandy
in.
4
rockeries.
bulbs
well-drained
borders
deep "
Plant,
or
sunny
Sin. apart, Sept. to Oct.
CULTURE:
POT
Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf -mould, "
sand.
Position, cold frame, Sept. to Feb.; cool or cold greenhouse
with
afterwards.
Pot, Sept.,placing six bulbs in a 6-in. pot, " cover
when
Water
newgrowth
cinder ashes till growth begins.
moderately
till potting time.
Propagate by
commences;
keep dry after flowering
at planting or potting time, " treated as old bulbs.
offshoots removed
oruenta), crimson, sumL. oruenta
OULTrFATED:
(Syn. Anomathcoa
SPECIES
in
1 ft.,tender, best grown
grandiflora,red and yellow, summer,
nier, 1 ft., hardy;
l)ota.
Larch
(Larix europsea). See Larix.
"
Lardizabala.!
Orn.
climber.
CULTURE:
border
drained
"
Berberidaceae.
Ord.
Hai:dy
evergreen
flowering
foliage. Nat. Chili. First introduced 1848.

" peat. Position,
Soil, equal parts sandy loam
at
of S.
base
or
W.
walls.
well-
Plant, Sept., Oct., March,
April. Prune away dead or straggly shoots only in April. Suitable

also for growing against walls in cold greenhouses or conservatories.
inserted in sandy
Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots, 1 to 2 in, long,
under
in
temp. 45" to 55",
" peat in well-drained
bell-glass,
loam
pots
or
spring
or
SPECIES
autumn.
CULTIVATED
"
:
L.
(Larch). Ord.
Larix
"
biternata, purple, autumn, IS to 20 ft.

trees.
Coniferae. Hardy deciduous
First introduced
Grown
1629.
timber
purposes.
tion,
stony, or any except heavy clay. PosiCULTURE
: Soil, gravelly,
situations
from
sheltered
north;
low,
damp
hill slopesor banks,
for planting,3 to 4 ft. each
Distance
Plant in autumn.
not suitable.
Land
old.
best trenched
a
two
good
to plant,
Best
years
largelyfor
way.
spit deep
acre
age
before
at 3
planting.
ft.,4,840;
Number
at 4
of trees
required to plant an
perial
im-
ft.,2,722. Average cost of two-year-old
Cost of planting trees per acie, 20s.

Thinning
per 1,000, 12s. 6d.
should
contain
Each
old.
acre
five
at
imperial
should commence
years
twentieth
at
fifteenth
at
900
600,
tenth
;
at
year ;
about 1,200 trees
year
and 300 in thirtieth
ber
at
twenty-fifth
450,
y
ear;
year; latter numyear;
when
30
to
40
to 70
attain
Trees
maturity
to be permanent crop.
231
trees
ENCYCLOPJUDIA
old.
years
a
pound, 5,000.
130 ft.
seed
Bears
Weight
when
of
of timber
Weight
GABDENING.
OF
per
of seeds in
Number
old.
years
bushel
of seed, 141b.
Average height,
of cubic feet
cubic foot, 33 lb.
Number
30
to 40
Average price per cubic foot, 9d. to Is. Timber

u.sed for fencing,pit wood, scaffold poles, and boat building. Quantity
1 in.
of seeds to sow
of bed.
100 ft. square
in
March.
Transplant
deep in beds 4 ft. wide with 1 ft. alleysbetween,
seedlings when two years old.
timber
to
SPECIES
ton, 58.
CULTIVATED:
to
120
ft.,
L.
dayurioa,
10
to
20
ft., Siberia;
(Common
europsea
and
its varieties
glauca pendula, pendula and
sibirica
(Siberian Larch) ; G-riffithii (Sikkim Laroh), 30 to 40 ft., Himalayas ;
(Japanese Larch), also known
as
leptolepis
japonioa,30 to 40 ft., .Tapan ; occi-
Laroh),
60
Europe;
dentalis
(American Larch), 100 to 150 ft., N.

ft., N. America.
S"e Delphinium.
Larkspur,
Las
land
See Tibouchina.
ra."
70 to
-pendula
America;
(Black Larch),
80
"
Lasthenia.
"
Ord.
Compositae.
Hardy
First
annuals.
duced
intro-
1834.
CULTUEE
beds,
Soil, ordinary.
borders.
Propagate by
plants are
required to grow for
similarlyfor spring flowering.
or
Position,
seeds
sown
sheltered
warm,
J in.
flowering; in
shimmer
rockeries,
deep in April,wheje
Sept. or
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
California;
Latania
L. glabrata (Syn. californica),yellow, summer,

glabrata glaberrima, yellow, June, 1 ft.
Stove Palms.
(Bourbon Palm). Ord. Palmaceae.
"
Oct.,
1
ft.,
Orn.
foliage.
Leaves, fan-shaped,bright green.

CULTURE
coal
: Compost, two
parts loam, one
part peat " a little char" sand.
in
stove.
of
Pot,
part
shady
pots
Feb.
March.
or
Water
freely,March
Sept.; moderately afterwards.

to
other times.
Temp., March
to 65".
soil in temp, of 80" to 90", Feb., March, or
to
Syringe once
daily in winter; twice
Sept,65'^ to 75"; Sept.to March, 55"
Jin. deep in rich light
April.
L. Commersonii,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
feltii (Syn. L. aurea), 7 ft., Mauritius.
Lathyrus
Hardy
ft.,Mauritius
(EverlastingPea; Sweet
herbaceous
perennial
annuals
1700.
"
Pea).
and
"
climbers.
Bourbon
Verschaf-
Ord.
Legumiuosse.
duced
introPea
Sweet
SWEET
PEA:
Soil, rich ordinary, well manured.
in sunny
borders, shoots supported by tree branches ;
in open
against sunny walls or fences; in sunny wyidow boxes; in rows
Sow seeds three or four in a 3-in. pot in light soil in temp.
garden.
outdoors
in May;
2ip.
55 to 65" in March.,
or
transplanting
seedlings
or
deep, and 3 to Bin. apart in March
April,where plants are to grow.
Water
twice
liberallyin dry weather.
once
or
Apply liquid manure
seed pods as they form, to ensure
weekly to plants in flower. Remove
Grow
other annual
plenty of flowers.
speciesthus.
CULTUEE
four seeds 1 in. deep in 3-in. pots in temp. 4j"
POT
: Sow
to 55" in March.
"
part leaf-mould
sand.
Transfer
four seedlings,when
2 in. high, to a Sin. pot. Support
shoots with small tree branches.
Water
liberally. Apply liquid
when
flowers show.
Grow
in cool greenhouse or window
manure
when
in flower.
EXHIBITION
OR
SPECIAL
CULTURE
Grow
in circular
:
groups
3 ft. apart, or
and
in trenches
2 ft. wide
18 in. wide
and
2 ft. deep.
Dig out soil to depth of 2 ft. Fork into subsoil 2 in. of rotten
CULTUEE
OF
Position, groups
manurej
232
UNOYCLOP^DIA
then
till up
hole
GARDENING.
OF
each of
trench to within 2 in. of top. Add
a handful
kainit
superphosphate
to each hole, or
lineal yard of trench, "
fork in.
Sow
seeds 1 in. deep " 3 in. apart in March
or
in groups
trenches ; or five seeds in a three-inch
pot of good soil in cold frames
in March, " plant out seedlings4 to 6 in. apart in April. Stake early.
Feed with half-ounce of sulphateof ammonia
Give
to gallon of water.
or
and
each group
lineal yard of row
or
of
shoots
when
of
sticks is reached.
points
top
gallonsto
once
Remove
week.
spent
Nip
off
blooms
daily.
CULTUEE
OF
PERENNIAL
Soil, ordinary deep
SPECIES:
rich.
Position, against sunny walls, fences, arbours, or tree stump or

Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Apply liquidmanure
occasionally
banks.
in
to
of
close
Prune
stems
away
pagate
Prowith
in
March.
ground
Top-dress
decayed manure
in
soil
55"
65"
in
in
to
planting
transMarch,
by
light
temp.
seedlingsoutdoors in May ; or outdoors in April ; by division
in March
roots
or
April.
summer.
Water
in Oct.
seeds sown
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
L. odoratus
(Sweet Pea), various, 6 to 10 ft., Italy;
4 to 6 ft.,Tangrier.
tiiig:itanus(Tangier Pea), purple and red, summer,
PEEBNNIAL
SPEOIES
5 ft., S. Europe;
grandiaorus, rofly crimson, summer,
: L.
latifolius or Sylvestris platyphyllus (Everlasting Pea), red, crimson
and violet/ 8 to
10 ft.,Europe;
latifolius altus, white; Isetlflorus,
10 ft.,California;
flesli,
summer,
to
magellanicus (Lord Anson's
Pea), purple, June
Sept., 6 to 8 ft.. Straits of
6 ft., Asia
undulatus
Magellan;
rotundifolius, rosy pink, summer,
Minor;
(Syn.
Sibthorpii), rosy purple.May and June, 2 to 3 ft.,Dardanelles; splendens, carmineOalifomia.
red, summer,
Lattice-leaf
See Ouvirandra.
(Ouvirandra fenestralis).
(Prunus Laurocerasus). See Prunus.
(Bay Tree; Sweet Bay; Victor's Laurel; Poet's Laurel).
Laurel
"
"
Laurus
Ord.
Plant
"
LaurinesB.
duced
tree.
Orn.
foliage. First introevergreen
1562.
Flowers, male " female born on separate trees, yellow,
insignificant. Berries, dark ;purple;
ripe,Oct. Leaves, lance-shaped,
dark
green,
CULTURE
shrubberies
Hardy
aromatic; used tor flavouringpurposes.

:
Soil, ordinary.
Position,open, sunny lawns, sheltered
borders.
in
or
Plant, Sept., March, or April. Prune
April.
TUBS
: Compcst, two
paits loam, one part leaf-mould
well-drained
in summer.
Position,
proof
or
April. Place outdoors. May to Oct., cool greenhouse or other frostWater
little,Oct. to April; freely
place, Oct. to May.
very
afterwards.
Propagate by cuttingsof shoots, 3 to 4 in. long, inserted
in sandy soil under
hand-lightsin shady place outdoors, Aug., Sept.,
in Sept. or Oct.
shoots
Oct.
or
; layering
CiTLTIVATED
SPECIES
: L. nobilis, 20 to 40 ft., S. Europe.
IN
CULTURE
" sand.
(Viburnum Tinus). See Viburnum.

Labiatse.
flowering
Hardy
(Lavender). Ord.
First
introduced
1568.
Flowers, highly esteemed
Evergreen.
for perfumery
fragrance in a dried state, and for distilling
Laurustinus
Lavandula
shrubs.
for their
purposes.
CULTURE
Plant, March
"
"
Position, warm,
dry, " sunny.
foot
in
asunder.
2
ft.
Water
rows
or
apart
Sept., a
weather.
Prune
into
in
plants
shape,March
occasionally dry
straggfljr
for
when
Gather
blossoms
a
drying or distilling
or
they assume
April.
colour.
brown
Dry slowly in shade " store in dry place. Leaves of
all species
pulled off large
fragrant. Propagate by small branches
:
Soil, ordinary light.
233
i}NOtCL0pMDiA
plants
Sept.;
inserted
"
also
by
in
ordinary soil in
seeds
positionoutdoors, April or
sunny
in
outdoors
sown
OAttDtlNING.
OF
April.
manured.
well
1 ft.
offsets
Plant
from
east.
sheltered
north
and
Position, southerly,
each
each
in
ft.
3
Oct.
way.
apart
apart
Following transplant
way
For
first two
three years
or
inter-crop with radishes, lettuces, etc.
with 20 loads of decayed dung and 1 cwt. superTop-dress in autumn
phosphate
Gather
flowers earlyin Aug. in dry weather
only.
per acre.
of planta."20 to ^640.
tion,
Average duration
Average returns
per acre,
Cultubb:
Mabket
10
years.
SPECIES
S.
"
gravelly loam,
Soil, deep
CULTIYATED
Europe.
Lavatera.
annuals.
L.
lilao
vera,
or
bltte,fragrant, July and
Aug.,
ft.,
Half-hardy biennials
(Tree Mallow). Ord. Malvaceae.
Flowering " orn. foliage. Leaves, hand-shaped, green, or
"
variegated with
white.
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
Soil; ordinary. Position,
sheltered, dryish borders.
Plant, June.
warm,
tion,
PosiCULTURE
OF ANNUAL
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary lightrich.
beds
borders.
Sow
seeds
in.
where
are
quired
reor
deep
plants
J
sunny
biennial
seeds
to grow
in Slept,
or
by
species
April. Propagate
in pots or boxes of light soil in temp, of 55" to 60" in March
or
sown
in
or
outdoors,
or
April;
position
May.
April
sunny
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
L. arborea
8 to 10 ft..
(Tree Mallow), purple, autumn,
Europe (Britain).
L. trimestris, rose, summer,
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
4 to 6 ft.,8. Europe; trlmestris
alba, white.
Lavender
(Lavandula vera). See Lavandula.
CULTURE
OF
"
Lavender
lina.
Lavender
Lawn
Lawn
Cotton
(Santolinachamsecyparissus).See
Santo-
"
Grass
(Molinia caerulea)."See Molinia.

(Sagina subulata). See Sagina.
See
Spurrey."
Sagina.
Lawson's
Cypress
(Cupressuslawsoniana). See Cupressus.
Layia
(Tidy-tipsFlower). Ord. Compositae. Hardy annuals.
Pearl-wort
"
"
"
First introduced
1834.
CULTURE
bed or borders.
pagate
Pro: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
1-16 in. deep in light mould
in temp. 55" to 65"
by seeds sown
in April,transplanting seedlings outdoors
end of May ; or outdoors
in
where
to
are
required
plants
April,
grow.
L. oalliglossa (Syn. Oiyura
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
ohrysantliemoiaes), yellow
1 ft., N. America;
1 ft., California
elcgans, yellow and white, Bummer,
summer,
1 ft., California.
platyglossa (Syn. Callichroa
yellow, summer,
platyglofi"a),
Lead
Plant
(Amorpha cauescens). See Amqrpha.
Lead-WOrt"
See Plumbago and
Ceratostigma.
"
"
Leaf-floweringr
Cactus
(Epiphyllum truncatum).
"
See
Epiphyllum.
Leather
Flower
(Clematis viorna)."See Clematis.
Leather-wood
See Cyrilla.
(Cyrillaracemiflora)."
(Cedrus Libani)."See Cedrus.
(Labrador Tea; Marsh Rosemary). Ord. Ericaceie.
floweringshrubs.
Evergreen. First introduced 1762.
Lebanon
Ledum
Cedar
"
CULTURE:
Soil, equal parts peat, leaf -mould, "
beds or borders
in company
with
open, well-drained
etc.
Plant, Oct., Nov..
Propagate by
seeds
sown
or
March, disturbing
roots
1-16 in.
deep, in
234.
Hardy
sand.
Position,
azaleas, kalmias,
little as possible.
as
well-drained pan of sandy
ENCYCLOPEDIA
peat in
in
cold frame
Sept. or Oct.
in March
GARDENING.
OF
by layering in Sept.; division
of roota
L. glandulosum, white, spring-,3 to 6 ft., California;

Tea), wliite,April, 3 ft., N. America;
palustre (Marali Kosernary), white, May, 2 ft., N. Europe.
Leea.
Orn.
Ord.
foliage. Nat.
Ampelidaceae. Stove Shrub.
Borneo.
First
introduced
1880.
Leaves, feather-shaped,bronzybelow.
above, and dark-red
gi"een, stripedwith white
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part well-decayedmanure
" one
leaf-mould
or
part sharp silver sand.
Feb.
to Sept..65" to
in
March.
March
shade.
Pot,
or
Temp.,
pots
SPECIES
latifolium
CULTIVATED:
(Labrador
"
to Sept.,
55" to 65"Water
March,
freely, March
to
afterwards.
moderately
Syringedaily,April Aug. Propagate by
inserted
in sandy soil under
of
side
shoots
bell-glassin temp.
cuttings
75" to 85" in spring.
L. amabilis, 3 ft. ; amabilis
splendenii,superior form.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
See Allium.
Leek."
Hardy flowering
Leioptiyllum
(Sand Myrtle). Ord. Ericaceae.
75"; Sept.
to
"
shrubs.
CULTUEE
First
Evergreen.
introduced
1736.
"
sand.
Position,
beds or borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., or
margins of well-drained
open,
in
in.
1-16
seeds
March.
sown
Propagate by
deep well-drained pan of
in
cold
frame
March;
by layering in Sept.
sandy peat in a
L. buxifolium
buxitolium), white. May,
(Syn. Ledum
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
1 ft., Carolina; buxifolium
prostratum (Syn. Lyonii), prostrate growing.
Grass
Lemon
(Andropogon Schsenanthus). See Andropogon.
Lemon
Oil-plant
(CitrusLimonum). See Citrus.
Geranium
Lemon-scented
(Pelargoniumcrispum). See
"
"
"
Pelargonium.
Gum-tree
Lemon-scented
(Eucalyptus citriodora).
See
citriodorus).
See
"
Eucalyptus.
(Thymus
Tiiyme
Lemon-scented
"
Thymus.
Verbena
(Lippiacitriodora).See Lippia.
(CitrusLimonum)." See Citrus.
duced
First intro(Lentils).Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy annual.
Lemon-scented
"
Lemon-tree
Lens
"
broad,
feather-shaped.
Pods, about fin. long, în.
in soups, etc.
Seeds, edible, used chiefly
borders.
Sbw
Position, sunny
Soil, light, ordinary.
Leaves,
1548.
containingtwo
CULTURE
seeds 2in.
the
Allow
seeds.
drills 18 in. asunder

early in April.
then
pullup, dry thoroughly
grow till quiteyellow,
in the sun,
gather pods " store in a dry placetill required for use.
to Aug., 1 ft..Orient.
L. esoulentea, blue, June
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
Rose
Lenten
(Helleboruscolchicus).See Helleborus.
Lentils
(Lens esculentea).See Lens.
See Narcissus.
pseudo-narcissus)."
Lent
Lily (Narcissus
and
halfGreenhouse
Ord.
Labiatse.
LeonotiS
Ear).
(Lion's
deep "
plants to
apart in
2 in.
"
"
"
hardy flowering
shrub.
CULTURE
INDOOR
First introduced
Evergreen.
Compost, two parts rich loam,
1712.
one
part equal
Position, wellproportions of leaf-mould, charcoal, " silver sand.

drained pots in light airy part of greenhouse, Sept. to June; sunny
into
or
April. Prune
place outdoors, June to Sept. Pot, March
moderately, April to Sept.,very sparingly
shape after flowering. Water
afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to April,40" to 50" ; April to June,
55^to
65".
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Soil,sandy loam.
235
"
.^.
Position,
warm
,
"
sheltered
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GABDENING.
OF
in winter
Protect
in mild southern
districts only. Plant, May.
in
inserted
of
shoots
bracken
straw.
or
cuttings
Propagate by
or
light sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March
April. Young plants
bushy
require tops of shoots to be removed
occasionally to induce
border
with
growth.
SPECIES
Africa.
CULTITATED:
L.
orange-soarlet,snmmer,
Leonoras,
Leontice
to
ft., S.
Ord. Berberidaceae.
(Lion'sLeaf; Lion's Turnip).
tuberous-rooted
1597.
Hardy
CULTURE
tion,
Posi: Soil, equal parts sandy loam,
leaf-mould, " sand.
sheltered
Plant
in
tubers
Sept. or Oct. ; base
rockery.
sunny
only of tuber to be buried in the soil,leaving the upper part exposed.
Mulch
with cocoanut-fibre
refuse or decayed leaves in summer,
" protect
tubers with covering of ashes in winter.
" planted in Sept. or Oct.
8PE0IBS
CULTIVATED:
L. Albert!
and
(Lion's Turnip), brown
yellow, spring,
6 to 8 in., Tnrkestan;
Leontopetalnm
(Lion's Leaf), yellow, spring, 1 ft., Canoasns.
Leontopodium
(Edelweiss). Ord. Compositse. Hardy perennial
herb.
Nat. Alps.
First introduced
1776.
CULTURE
:
Soil, well-drained, sandy.
Position, exposed sunny
rockeries.
from
in
Plant, March
or
April. Protect
heavy rains
autumn
of
" winter
glass,supported by sticks at
by placing a square
each corner,
above
few inches
the plants. Gather
flowers in Aug.,
a
"
"
dry for preserving. Best results are obtained

by raising fresh
pagate
plants from seed annually, or by dividing old plants in spring. Pro"
by
leaf-mould,
seeds
sown
in March
in
well-drained
pan
of
a
hand-light, or
granite chips,placed under
frame
in a cool shady spot, transplantingseedlingsoutdoors
or
Sept. ; by division of plantsin April.
"
fine loam,
in a cold
in Aug.
L.
OULTrrATED:
to July, suralpinnm
(Edelweiss), yellow, May
rounded
by star-sbaJped,
white, cottony involucre, 6 in.
Leopard-flower
(Belamacauda sinensis). See Belamacauda.
Leopard
Lily (Lachenaliatricolor).See Lachenalia.
Leopard'S-ba.ne
(Doronicum Pardalianches). See Doronicum.
SPECIES
"
"
"
Groundsel
Leopard'S-bane
(S"necio Doronicum).
See
"
Seneoio.
First
Lepidlum
(Cress). Ord. Cruciferas.
Hardy annual.
1548.
introduced
" largely
Leaves, finelydivided, agreeably flavoured
for salads.
used in conjunctionwith mustard
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
Soil, ordinary.
of soil, water,
surface
and
seeds on
with
Sow
boards
mats
cover
or
until they germinate; or in drills Jin. deep," Bin. apart. Make
first
sowing end of March, follow with successional sowings every 10 days
Gather
until Sept., then
for salading when
cease.
1 in. high. Two
off
of
sufficient
one
piece
ground.
crops
Sow
INDOOR
CULTURE:
seed on
surface
of light soil in shallow
with
moisten
with
sheet
water,
cover
of paper,
boxes,
tepid
slate, or
position in greenhouse or room.
board, " place in warm
Sow for succession
Two
be grown
in same
soil. Seeds
crops may
every 7 days.
"
te
may
year.
sown
on
flannel
kept
moist
jn
warm
room,
at
any
time
Make
Culture
the staging or on the
:
up a bed on
heated
glass-houseor pit. Place 2 in. of rough manure
on
" one
2 in. of sifted decayed^manure,
inch of fine soil on
Stjak the seeds in water
level.
for 12 hours, then rub
Mabket
of
then
Make
dry
236
of
floor
bed,
top!
with
OULTITATBD
SPECIES
Leucocrinum."
CULTUEE
argentenm, yellow, Aug., 16 ft., 8. Africa.

LiliacesB.
Ord.
Hardy bulbous-rooted
L.
Soil, sandy loam.
GABDBNINO.
OF
BNOTOLOPMDIA
nials.
peren-
Position, sunny, sheltered nooks of

from
Protect
Plant, Aug. to Nov.
rockery; good drainage needed.

in pots of sandy
rain in winter
by a hand-glass. May also be grown
Water
moderately when
soil in cold
greenhouse. Pot in August.
growing; keep dry when at rest. Propagate by offsets in autumn.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
spring,
L.
Leucojum
dacesB.
Soapwort), white, fragrant,

(Californian
montanum
in., Arizona.
(Snowflake;
bulbous
Hardy
Amarylh-
Snowdrop). Ord.
Summer
"
plants.
Snowflake
(L.
Position, Summer
Snowflake
borders
woodlands;
Spring
or
sunny
also be
Both
rockeries.
in shady borders
or
on
may
in grass.
naturalised
Plant, bulbs 4 in. deep, " 3 in. apart,Aug. to
Nov.
do not usually flower first year after planting, and only
Bulbs
to
be
lifted " replanted every five to eight years.
Propagate
require
Oct.
removed
"
in
or
offsets,
by
replanted
Sept.
and
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
L. testiynm
Snowflake), white
green.
(Summer
and
1 ft., Europe
antumnalis), white
green,
May,
(Britain); hyemale (Syn. Aois
Isles;
and
May, 1 ft., Balearic
April, 9 in., Portugal; pulchellum, white
green,
carand
March, 1 ft., Europe; vernum
Ternum
(Spring Snowflake), white
green,
paticum, white and yellow.
house
Leucoposon
(AustralianCurrant). Ord. Epacridaceae. GreenFirst
duced
introflowering shrubs.
Evergreen. Nat. Australia.
CULTURE
sestivum)in
(L. vernum)
or
shady
"
1815.
silver
fibry peat, one-fourth
doors
Sept. to July, sunny placeout-
CULTUEE:
Compost, three-fourths
sand.
Position, ligntairy greenhouse
July
to
May,
Sept. Eepot, April,
June;
or
good drainage
tial.
essen-
lin. of base directlyafter

of erect kinds to within
flowering; pendulous kinds about half-way. Water
moderately at all
times.
to July. Temp., Sept. to March,
Syringe plants daily,March
40" to 50"; March
pagate
ProStimulants
to July, 55" to 60".
not essential.
seeds
surface
of
sown
on
sandy
peat
immediately
they
ripen
by
under
bell-glass in temp. 55"; cuttings of ends of shoots inserted in
placed in cool greenhouse in
pots of sandy^peat covered with bell-glass
Prune
Aug.
or
April.
SPECIES
white.
shoots
May,
CULTIVATED:
4 to 6 ft.
Leucothoe.
CULTUEE
open sheltered
cold
Nov.
Ord.
introduced
"
First
not
lanceolatns, white.
Ericaceae.
1765.
May,

Propagate by
Feb.
or
March;
seeds
to
10
ft.; Reiohei,
Hardy flowering shrubs.
borders.
necessary.
frame,
L.
layeringshoots
in
sand.
Position,
April. Pruning
deep
sandy peat in
Oct. or
division,
Sept.;
1-16 in.
sown
"
green.
Ever-
or
in
CULTIVATED:
L. axillaris (Syn. Andromeda
SPECIES
white, May,
axillaris),
ft., N. States; Oatesbaei (Syn. Andromeda
Oatesbsei),white. May, 3 ft., Georgia;
DaTJeise, white, July, 1 ft., California; racemosa
and
(Syn. Andromeda
Lyonia
raoemosa), white. May, 4 to 6 ft., K. America.
3
Spatlum).
Levtfisia
Ord.
(Bitter-wort;
Portulacaceae.
Hardy
herbaceous
CULTURE:
Soil, equal parts sandy loam, peat, " sand.
Position,
crevices of moist sunny
rockeries.
Plant, Sept.,Oct., March, or April.
Water
Leaves
occasionallyin dry weather.
wither
at the
time
of
not
be produced at all.
flowering, or may
Growing
above
"
period
238
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
ground, about
six weeks.
Propagate by seeds
of
loam
"
in
cool shady frame
sandy
a
pans
peat
division of the roots in March
or
April.
SPECIES
pink,
CtTLTITATED:
L. rediviTa, rose,
i is., California.
snmmer,
eummer,
in well-drained
in March
or
April;
sown
in., California
Tweedyi,
Leycesteria
(Himalayan Honeysuckle; Flowering Nutmeg).

troduced
First inDeciduous.
CaprifoliacecB. Hardy-flowering shrub.
Ord.
"
1824.
CULTUEE
borders.
sheltered
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
into shape after flowering.
Prune
Plant, Oct., Nov., Feb., or March.
Propagate by seeds
deep in light soil in temp. 45" to 55"

in light soil and
side
of
shoots
inserted
April; cuttings
similar temp,in April, also of firm shoots inserted in sandy soil under
hand-lightlu Sept. or Oct.
L. formosa,
to Aug., succeeded
white
and purple, May
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
by 'purpleberries, 4 to 6 ft., Himalayas ; formosa
variegata, leaves variegated.
LiatriS
(Button Snake-root). Ord. Oompositse. Hardy perennial
herbs.
First introduced
1732.
beds
CULTUEE
rich, ordinary. Position, open sunny
: Soil, light,
in 'March
1-16 in.
sown
or
"
borders.
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Cut off decayed
in April. Water
with
in Oct.
Mulch
freelyin
decayed manure
soil
in.
in
1-16
seeds,
weather.
sown
sandy
light
deep
by
Propagate
dry
in Aug. or Sept.,transplanting
outdoors
seedlingsthe followingMay ;
or
April.
L. pyonostacbya, purijle,
CtTLTIYATED:
SPECIES
Aug., 3 to 4 ft.,N. America;
spicata, purple, Aug., 4 to 5 ft., N.
scariosa, purple, Aug., 2 to 3 ft., N. America;
or
stems
America,
ing
Iridaceae.
Hardy evergreen perennials.Floweror
1823.
introduced
First
sword-shaped
Leaves,
oru.
foliage.
dark
graceful,
grass-like,
green.
CULTUEE:
Soil, equal parts sandy loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Plant,
borders, or preferably,rockeries.
sunny
to
Nov.
covering
Protect,
April.,by
March,
or
April.
Sept., Oct.,
with dry fern, tree leaves, or strawy manure.
or
soil in cold frame
in
greenhouse, Aug. to Nov. ;
in.
Libertia.
Ord.
"
"
sandy
creeping rhizomes,
deep
division
of
Libocedrus
trees.
or
April.
wMte,
June,
formosa,
tricolor, white, June,
Zealand;
:
L.
"
Orn.
glossy, or
March
ft.. Chili ; grandiflora,

Zealand.
ft., New
Ord.
Couiferae.
Hardy
evergreen
Cedar).
(Incense
scale-like,
flat,
introduced
1847.
Leaves,
First
foliage.
CTTLTITATED
white, June, 3 ft.. New
SPECIES
milk-green.
small, oblong.
Soil, rich
CULTUEE:
Habit,
pyramidal
or
column-like.
,
loam;
Cones,
subsoil, gravelljr. Position,
warm,
districts in S. of England
sheltered;
seeds sown
Nov.
Jin.
to
deep
by
Propagate
Plant,
Sept.
only.
to April;
Oct.
frame
in
cold
or
soil
greenhouse,
of
in pans
sandy
cuttings of firm shoots or branchlets inserted
under hand-light in Aug. or Sept.
or
frame
L.
(Incense
chilensis, 60 to 80 ft., Chili; decurrens
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Zealand.
70 ft..New
douiana,
California;
100
ft.,
Cedar),
Greenhouse
Aoanthaceae.
Ord.
shrubby flowering
Liboriia.
1864.
introduced
plants. Evergreen. First
as
singlespecimens on
lawns
in mild
"
Compost, equal partsturfy loam, leaf-mould, or decayed

Position, light part of greenhouse, Sept. to
" little sand.
manure
or
to Sept. Pot, March
cold frame, June
Aprilin 5-in.
June;
sunny
to
after
withip
Iw. of b^se.
shoots
6-i'n.
sizes. Prune
flowering
or
CULTUEE
239
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Apply weak
moderately, Oct. to April; freely afterwards.
stimulants
twice
once
or
weekly during flowering period. Syringe
50" to 60" ;
to Sept.
foliagetwice daily, March
shoots
of
1 in
March
60" to 70".
to June
cuttings
Propagate by
young
soil
in
in well-drained
filled
with
to 2 in. long, inserted
sandy
pots
75"
Feb.
to
to
85",
May.
temp.
L. floribunda
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
(properly Jaoobinia
panoiflora),yellow,
winter, 2 ft,, Brazil; penrhoaieneifl,crimson, wiiiter, 2 ft., hybrid.
Licuala.
Stove
Ord. Palmacese.
palms. Orn. foliage. First
Water
"
1802.
introduced
Leaves, fan-shaped, green.
tion,
PosiCULTURE
:
Compost, two parts peat " one of loam " sand.
well-drained
in
of
Feb.
to
stove.
Pot,
April.
light part
pots
Water
Syringe twice
moderately, Oct. to March; freely afterwards.
March.
March
to
to
to
once
Temp., March
Sept.;
daily,
daily,Sept.
65"
65".
seeds
75"
March
55"
to
to
to
sown
Sept.
Propagate by
Sept.
;
iin. deep in lightrich soil in temp. 80" to 90", Feb., March, or April.
SPB0IE3
CULTIVATED
Britain; Veitohii, 6 to 8 ft.
: L.
grandis, 10 ft.. New
See Senecio.
Ligfularia.
"
Lisurian
"
(Privet). Ord. Oleaceae.

foliage" flowering.
terminal
panicles,fragrant. Berries round,
Leaves, oblong, oval, " pointed, green,
or
LigUStrum
shrubs.
See
(Campanula iaophylla).
Bell-flower
"
Orn.
Hardy
deciduous
"
Flowers, white,
shining,black
variegated with
or
panula.
Camgreen
ever-
borne
in
yellow.
white
or
yellow.
CULTURE
: Soil, loam
or
species
good ordinary. Position, common
of trees, in open
in shrubberies, under
shade
or
as
hedges; others in
kinds, Oct. to Feb.; evergreen
Plant, deciduous
open shrubberies.
in
Prune
deciduous
kinds in autumn,
kinds, Oct. to April.
evergreens
April.
two spitsdeep " 3 ft.
HEDGE
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary,trenched
wide.
Plant, privet (1 to 3 ft. high) 6 to 9 in. apart, Oct. to April.
Trim
into shape, June
" July.
Cost of plants per 100, 58.
Cost of
planting" preparing the soil per lineal yard, 9d. Privet and hawthorn
Varieties
mon
a splendidhedge.
suitable. Complanted alternately,makes
Privet
Privet
(L, ovalifolium),and
(L. vulgare).Oval-leaved
Golden
Privet (Ovalifoliumaureum).
Also suitable shrubs
for growing
seeds
in town
in.
1
s
own
by
Propagate
(berries)
gardens.
deepin open
largest seedlingsthe following Oct.,
ground in Nov., transplanting
next
the remainder
cuttings of young shoots 2 to 4 in. long, iuyear;
under
serted in a shady positionoutdoors
or
a hand-light, in summer
;
also cuttings of firm shoots 8 to 12 in. long, inserted in shady position
in ordinary soil outdoors, Sept. to Nov. ; layering shoots
in Sept. or
Oct.
L. Ibota
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
(Syn. amuronsis), 3 ft.,Japan;
japonioum,
6 to 8 ft., evergreen,
3 to 4 ft., Japan;
Japan; japonioum coriaoeum, evergreen,
luoidum
China;
luoidum, 8 to 12 ft., evergreen,
tricolor, variegated; ovalifolium
ovalifolium
(Oval-leaved Privet), 6 to 8 ft., evergreen,
Japan;
variegatum, leaves
blotched
with yellow or white;
ovalifolium
aureum
(Golden Privet), golden leaved,
much
boxes
and hedges ; sinense, 10 to 20 ft., evergreen,
used for window
China ;
sinense
variegatum, leaves variegated; vulgare (Common
Privet), 6 to 10 ft.,
Britain, deciduous.
Lilac
(Syringa vulgaris). See Syringa.
"
Lilium
(Lily)."Ord. Liliaceas.
floweringplants. First introduced
OLASSIFICATION
OF
Hardy
and
half-hardybulbous
1596.
LILIUMS
340
Erect, cup-shaped flowers (Isoli-
ENCYCLOPEDIA
rion
OF
GARDENING.
" vars.,
group). L. bulbiferum, L. concolor " Tars., L. dauricum
li. philadelphioum,L. elegans " vars.
flowers
(EuliTrumpet-shaped
riou group). L. Browni, L. candidum
L. cordifolium, L. gigan" vara.,
L. Krameri, L. longiflorum " vars., L. Parryi, L. washingteum,
tonianuni
" var.
Recurved
flowers (Martagon group). L. candadense,
Ii. caruiolicum, L. caroliueum, L. chalcedonicum, L. Hansoni, L. Humboldti, L. Leichtlini,L. martagon " vars., L. monadelphum " var-,
L. pomponum,
L. pyrenaicum, L. superbum " vars.,
L. tenuifolium,
"
L. testaceura.
Flowers
drooping'(Archeliriongroup). L. auratum
"
"
"
"
L.
vars.,
OUTDOOR
specioaum
"
vars.,
CULTURE:
L.
tigrinum vars.,
enriched
Soil, ordinary,
L.
"
"
roseum.
with
chalcedonicum, L.
decayed
croceum
for L. bulbiferum, L. candidum,
monadelL.
L.
" L. testaceum;
for L. auratum,
rich loam
martagon,
L. pomponum,
L. tenuifolium, L. tigrinum, " L. pyrenaicum;
cum,
for L. Browni, L. giganteum, " L. daurioam,
peat, and leaf-mould
L. Parryi, L. pardalinum, L. specioL. Hansoni, L. longiflorum,
L. superbum, L. Leichtlini. Peat, leaf-mould, " sand for L. canasum,
L.
manure,
f)hum,
dense, L. concolor,L. Humboldti, L. washingtonianum. Position, shady

beds or borders for L. Browni, L. cauadense, L- Hansoni, L. pardalinum,
L. concolor, L. polyphyllum, L. superbum, L. washingtonianum,
L. auratum,
shade.
L. Leichtlini;others in sun
Plant, Oct. to March,
or
stem-rootinglilies like auratum,

elegans, Hansoni,
" tigrinum 6 in.
speciosum,
Krameri,
longiflorum,nepalense.
Henryi,
the surface; all
beneath
L.
"
in.
6
giganteum only just
apart;
deep
inider
of silver sand
others 4 in. deep " 6 in. apart. Place a handful
of 3, 6, or 12
in groups
Batemanniaa
Brownii,
,
bulbs.
Plant
Dalhousoni,
croceum,
it.
each bulb and a little around
circumference
soil to depth of 18 in. and
Remove
Special
Beds;
6in.
Place
of 12in. for 3 bulbs, 24 in. for 6 bulbs, 3 ft. for 12 bulbs.
In
of
this.
in
bottom
and
case
on
heavy, wet
of cow
manure
compost
level.
Mulch
rise
in.
above
4
to
surface
of
bed
ordinary
subsoils, allow
inches
of
surface
first
few
in
with decayed cow
manure
removing
April,
with covering of cinder ashes
choice kinds during winter
soil. Protect
leaves turn
when
flower
stems
down
Cut
yellow.
or
strawy manure.
twice weekly
once
or
in very dry weather.
Water
Apply liquidmanure
when
plantsare in flower.
Remove
round
Bulbs
Impobted
:
injured scales " surTbeatment
of
in shallow
box
refuse
bulbs with thin layer of cocoauut-fibre
in cool positionuntil latter become
plump,then plant out. Transplant
Lilies should
in Aug. or Sept.; others in Oct. or Nov.
L. candidum
unhealthy.
when
only be transplanted
CULTURE
POT
"
Ckjmpost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould,
Pot, Sept- to March,

manure,
or
L.
auratum,
speciosum, L. Harrisi, in a 5 or
"
sand.
placing one
bulb
of
decayed
L.
6 in. pot, or three in an

L. neilL.
L.
of
or
philippense,
longiflorum,
or
pot;
with
then
half-fill
Put
post,
com8
in.
|
6
in
drainage,
a
or
pot.
gherense,
After
with
in.
of
"
cover
bulbs
potting,
compost.
thereon,
J
place
with
2 in. of
place pots in cold frame, greenhouse, or shed, " cover
remain
till
to
thus
Allow
them
refuse.
cocoanut-fibre
ashes
cinder
or
8
and
10 in.
three
"
crrowth
window
begins, then
or
cool
room
moderately when
Top-dress with compost
Water
manure
when
shoots
to
remove
of greenhouse or to a
until June, then stand outdoors.
in full growth.
begins; freelywhen
light airy part
till they flower, or
are
growth
equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " decayed
in3
high, filling
pots to within 4 in. of rim.
of
241
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Suitable
twice weekly to plants in full growth.
or
Soot- water, gruano-water (J oz. to a gallon),liquidcow
Temp, for forcing L. Harrisi, L. neilgherense," L.
philippense,55" to 65 '^, Repot L. Harrisi annually in Sept.; others in
Oct. or Nov., " treat as advised for first potting. After flowering,
place
water, " keep
plants in sunny positionoutdoors, gradually withhold
It. Harrisi should, however, never
be kept
quite dry from Oct. to Feb.
pagate
Proquite dry, only moderately for six weeks, then watered as beforeboxes of
or
pans
by seeds sown
or
seedlings
spring,
sandy soil in cold frame in autumn
when
large enough to handle into similar soil in boxes, " in specially
prepared bed outdoors when two years old; offsets or bulbils, planted
of sandy soil, or
in
inch deep " 2 or
3 inches apart in boxes
an
cold frame
autumn.
similar soil in sunny
m
Seedlings flower when
three to five years old.
six to seven
years old ; offsets or bulbils when
Apply liquidmanure
stimulants
horse manure.
transplanting
"
under
Those
best grown
L. longifloram Hairiei
gla^s are
:
to Bunmier"
3 ft., Japan;
(Bermada
Lily), white, winter
nepalense,
yellow and purple, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., Nepaul; neilgherense, sulphur-yellow, autumn,
3 ft., Nilghirisj sulphureum
superbum), sulphur-yellow and
(Syn. Wallichianum
3 ft.,Japan;
6 ft., Burma;
wallichianum, white, summer,
brown, summer,
philippinwhite, Aug., 2 ft.,Philippines.
ense,
4 to 5 ft.,
HARDY
SFEOIES:
L. auratum,
white, yellow, and purple, summer,
rarieties, platyphyllum, virginale, Wittei, etc.; Browni,
Japan, and its numerous
and
white
and brown,
3 to 4 ft., China
Japan; Bolanderi, purple and red,
summer,
3 ft., N. America;
3 ft.,Oalifornia; canadense, yellow and
red, summer,
Bummer,
Bourbon
3 ft., Europe;
candidum
or
bulbiferum,
red, summer,
(Madonna
Lily),
3 ft., 8. Europe;
3 ft., Garniolia;
chalcarniolicum, red, summer,
white, summer,
3 ft.,Greece ; concolor, red, summer,
rcdonicum
(Turk's Cap Lily), scarlet,summer,
2 to 3 ft., Japan;
oroceum
oordifolium, white, Aug., 3 ft., Japan;
(Orange Lily),
June, 3 ft.,8. Europe; Dalhousoni, purple, summer,
5ft., hybrid; dauricum
orange,
(Syn. daTuricum), yellow, red, and black, June, 3 ft.,Siberia; elegans (Syn. thunbergianum), scarlet, July, 1 to 2 ft., Japan, and its numerous
Tarieties; giganteum
(Giant Lily), white, July, 10 to 12 ft., Himalayas;
Hansoni, yellow, June, 3 to 4 ft.,
Japan; Henry), orange-yellow, July, 6 to 10 ft., W. China; Humboldti, yellow and
purple, July, 5 ft., Oalifornia; japouicum, rase, summer,
2^ ft., Japan, and its
varieties Alexandra
(white) and Colchesteri ; longiflorum, white, June, 3 ft.,Japan ;
and
I/eichtlini, yellow and purple, July, 3 ft., Japan; Lowil, white
violet, summer,
3 ft., Burma;
3 ft., Europe;
Marta(Turk's Cap Lily), purple, summer,
Martagon
white ; monadelphum
album,
Bzovitzianum,
yellow, June, 4 ft., Caucasus ;
gon
pardalinum (Panther Lily), orange -crimson, July, 4 to 6 ft., California; Parryi,
3 ft., California;
yellow, summer,
yellow, July, 4 ft., California; pomparTum,
3 ft., Lombardy;
ponium (Scarlet Fompono
Lily), red, summer,
pyrenaicum, yellow,
3 ft., Pyrenees;
layas;
roseum
(Syn. thomsonianum)
lilao, spring, 18 in., HimaBummer,
white
rubellum, pink, May, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; spccioeum (Syn. lancifolium^,
3 ft., Japan, and
and
its varieties album
pomene,
Melred, summer,
Eraetzeri, crueutum,
testaceum
roseum
maoranthrum,
superbum and rubrum;
(Nankeen
Lily),
4 to 6 ft.; superbum
yellow, summer,
(Swamp
Lily), ora.nge and crimson, summer,
6 ft.,U. States; tenuifolium, scarlet, summer,
1 ft.,Siberia; tigrinnm (Tiger Lily),
3 to 5 ft., Japan, and
its varieties
flore pleno
red, and black, sammer,
orange,
(double), Fortunei, and splendens; umbellatum,
red, June, 3 ft.; and waBuingtonianum,
white, July, 4 ft., Oalifornia.
Lily, See L'ilium.
Convallaria.
Lily of the
Valiey.~See
Lily Tiiorn
(Catesbaea spinosa). See Catesbaea.
Lily Tree
(Magnolia conspicua). See Magnolia.
or
TENDER
eziminm
SPECIES
"
"
"
"
Lime-fruit-tree
(Citrusmedica acida)."See Citrus.

Limestone
Fern
(Polypodium calcareum). See Polypodium.
Tree
Lime
(Tiliaeuropaea). See Tilia,
Limnanthemum
(Marsh-flower;Fringed Buck-Bean
; Fringed
Water
Lily). Ord. Gentianaceae.
Hardy floating
aquatics. Perennial.
"
"
"
CULTURE
OF
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
242
Soil,loam
" leaf-mould.
BNOTCLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Position^ tub or tank of water in greenhouse. Temp., Oct; to March

45" to 55"; March
to Oct. 55" to 65".
Plant in spring.
CULTURE
OF
HAEDY
SPECIES
Position, ponds,
; Soil, ordinary.
shallow
lakes.
or
Plant
in March.
tender
speciesby seeds
Propagate
in pot of lightsoil immersed
sown
in water, or division of the plants;
hardy speciesby
seeds
sown
in
mud
in
division
spring or
of roots
in
summer,
S.
March.
GEEBNHOrSE
SPECIES:
L. humboldtiauum,
America.
HARDT
SPECIES
L. peltatum
:
(Syn. Tillarsia
Europe, the Fringed Backbean
or
Fringed Water
Limnanthes.
Ord.
Geraniaceae.
introduced
1833.
"
First
CULTURE
beds,
Soil, ordinary.
rockeries.
white
and
yellow,
nymphieoides). yellow,
Lily.
Nat.
annual,
Hardy
Position, in
edges
masses,
to
Bummer,
fornia.
Cali-
sunny
spring floweringin Sept-, for summer

where
floweringin April. Propagate by seeds sown
plants are required
to flower 1-16 in. deep in Sept.or April.
or
on
SPECIES
and
CULTIVATED
white, April
to
LimnOCharis.
introduced
First
Sow
L.
Sept.,
"
for
alba, white,
ft., fragrant;
Ord.
summer,
rosea,
Alismaceae.
6
rose,
to
in.
summer,
Stove
Douglasii, yellow
1 ft.
aquatic perennials.
1822.
CULTURE:
part leaf-mould
sand.
Position, in shallow tubs, cisterns, or aquariums. Plant, 6
to
to 9 in. below
surface
of water, in March
or
April. Temp., March
seeds
sown
60"
60".
50"
70"
to
March
to
to
by
Propagate
Sept.
; Sept.
in soil below water
in March
or
April; division of plants in AprilSPECIES
CULTIVATED
: L. emarginata
(Syn. Plumeri), yellow, July, S. America.
See
also the
Hydrocleie.
genus
"
Linaria
(Toad-flax). Ord.
"
trailingperennial
herbs "
PERENNIAL
Scrophulariaceae.Hardy
shrubby
or
annuals.
SPECIES
OF
:
Soil,ordinary, mixed with
rockeries
moist
old
mortar.
or
Position,
margin of borders for
grit
or
L. alpina,L. pilosa,L. crassifolia," L. organifolia
shady
; sunny
borders
for L. dalmatica, L. purwalls for L. cymbalaria; open sunny
purea,
or
L. vulgaris," L. triornithophora.Plant, Oct., Nov., March
CULTURE
or
AprilSPECIES
Position, sunny
ANNUAL
; Soil,ordinary.
ing
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches in April,for flowerL.
tristis,a pretty
in summer;
in Aug., for floweringin spring.
dwarf
annual
for beds or rockeries.
L. CYMBALARIA:
CULTURE
OF
POT
dried
old mortar, " sand.
of
cow
of
manure,
one
equal
proportions
part
or
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in 3 or 5 in. pots in March
April. Place pots
in shady window
or
greenhouse until seedlings appear, then remove
CULTURE
beds
or
OF
borders.
wards;
Water
moderately at first,freelyafterlight" suspend in a basket.
winter.
This
is
a
species
perennial.
during
keep nearly dry
in ordinary soil in sunny
Propagate perennial speciesby seeds sown
division
in Oct. or Aprilin
outdoors
or
March,
April;
Sept.,
position
to
18 in., Europe
L. aparinoides, yellow and
black, summer,
:
1 ft.,
and
white, summer,
bipartita, red, -violet,purple,, rose
6 in.,Algiers;
Algeria; multipunotata, or Brousonetti, yellow and brown, summer,
2 to 4 ft.,Portugal.
reticulata, purple and yellow, summer,
L.
6 in.,
SPECIES:
alpina, blue, -violet,and
yellow, summer,
PERENNIAL
Mother
o' Millions},
or
lilac, summer,
(Ivy-leaved Toad-flax
Alps ; Cymbalaria
3 to 5 ft., Dalmatia;
pallida, blue,
trailing, Britain; dalmatica, yellow, summer,
brown,
trailing,Spain ;
3
summer,
in., Italy ; saxatilis, yellow and
summer,
1 ft., Portugal;
vulgaris (Common
triornithophora, purple and yellow, summer,
2 ft., Britain.
Toad-flax),yellow, summer,
ANNUAL
and
N.
SPECIES
Africa;
243
GARDMNING.
OF
ENOTOLOP^DIA
(Himalayan Lung-wort)." Ord. Boraginacese. Hardy
LIndclOfla
perennial herb.
1839.
introduced
First
j
borders.
well-drained
or
April. Cut off flower stems, Sept. Apply
,
CULTURE:
liquid
weak
into
manure
dig
occasionallyduring floweringperiod,or
manure
base
of
of soil round
in
in.
1-16
sown
deep
surface

in April
positionoutdoors
transplantingseedlingsfollowing
May,
or
cayed
de-
or
plantsin March
sandy soil in sunny
division of roots in Marchnext year;

speotabilis,purple, July, 18 in., Himalayas.
Tree
Linden
(Tiliaeuropsea). See Tilia.
Hardy
Lindera
(Benjamin Bush; Spice Bush)."Ord. Laurineae.
1683.
introduced
First
America.
Nat.
N.
Deciduous.
tree.
flowering
shrubberies
or
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
after
when
into
Prune
Febborders.
to
shape
necessary
Oct.
Plant,
of shoots, 6 to 8 in. long, inserted
Aug.
Sept.,for flowering the
or
L.
UULTIYATEDi
SPECIES
"
flowering. Propagate by cuttings

in sandy soil in shady sheltered
positionoutdoors,
in Sept. or Oct.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
Lindsaya.
"
j
Fronds,
parts turfy loam,
two
one
part lumpy peat, "
tion,
Posicrocks, charcoal, " sand.
part equal proportionsof broken
under
wardian
or
bell-glasses.
case,
moist shady part of stove, in
dantly
abunWater
Feb. or March.
well-drained
in
pots,
firmly
very
March
to
Sept.
Temp.,
March
one
Pot
55"
sandy peat, in
65",
at any
Lins
pans

in temp. 55
under
bell-glass,
on
to
L.
Zealand
linearis,6 in.. New
6 in.,
triohomanoides,
See Calluna.
Caprifoliaceae.Hardy
(Twin-flower).Ord.
(Calluna vulgaris).
"
Linnsea
trailing
"
Evergreen.
floweringshrub.
Soil, sandy peat. Position,
CULTURE:
as
well-drained
55".
to
time-
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
Zealand.
New
Water
50"
65"; Sept. to March
to
fine
or
ing
layer-
-,-,
ferns.
Greenhouse
evergreen
1813.
introduced
First
arrow-shaped.
Filices.
Ord.
Compost,
to Nov.
L. Benzoin, yellow, spring, 16 to 20 ft.
feather, kidney, or
CULTURE
Oct.
edgings to beds of N.
rockeries
Plant, Oct.
moist
shrubs.
American
or
to
banks,
March.
two
C QLTURE
: Compost,
parts peat " one part leaf-mould "
well-drained
little silver sand.
Position,
pots, with shoots trained to
in cool or unheated
in
baskets
trellises or stakes, or suspended
house
greento Oct.,
Water
frame.
or
freelyMarch
Pot, Feb. or March.
Propagate by division of plants in Oct- or
POT
March.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
N.
Europe
Linum
L.
borealis, white
(Flax; Linseed
annuals, perennials" shrubs.
OF
CULTURE
beds or borders.
plants are
CULTURE
sunny
to
and
pink, fragrant. May
to
July,
(Scotland).
ANNUAL
Sow seeds
Oil
Plant).
"
Hardy
Linacese.
Ord.
SPECIES
; Soil,ordinary. Position, sunny
where
in.
\
deep in April,in lines or masses
required to flower.
SPECIES
rockeries, borders, or banks.
OF
PERENNIAL
Plant,
Oct.
to
Dec,
or
Position,
Feb.
April.
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
leaf-mould, peat, " sand-
SHRUBBY
Position, warm
244
SPECIES:
sheltered
Soil, sandy loam,

rockeries
or
bor-
ENOYOLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
OF

^ in. deep in sandy soil outdoors,
March
or
Oct., Nov.,
April,transplantingseedlings two to three years
afterwards
; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov.
and
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
L. formosana
(Syn. aoerifolia), 20 ft., China
.Tapan; orientaliB,15 to 20 ft., Asia Minor;
styraoiflua (Sweet Gam), 30 to 40 ft.,
eary in Nov.
XT. States.
Liquorice-plant
(Glyoyrrhizaglabra). See Glycyrrhiza.

ous
(Tulip-tree).Ord. Magnoliacese. Hardy decidutree.
"
First
1668.
introduced
orn.
Flowers,
Flowering
foliage.
bright green.
very fragrant. Leaves, saddle-shaped,
CTJLTUEE:
sheltered
shrubSoil, sandy loam.
Position, sunny,
licries or as specimen on lawns.
Feb.
Prune
Plant, Oct. to
straggling
shoots only into shape, Nov.
Dec.
or
Jin.
deep, in moist sandy loam in sheltered positionoutdoors, Sept.to Nov. ;
"
Liriodendron
layering in
SPECIES
Ainerioa.
"
Oct. to Nov.
CULTIVATED:
L.
tulipifera, yellow, June
to
Aug.,
SO
to
100
ft., N.
Lissochilus.
Stove terrestrial orchids.
First introduced
1818CTTLTURE
: Compost,
equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, " silver
sand.
moist part
Position, shallow pans or well-drained
pots in warm
of stove
the
"
cool
when
at
rest.
Pot,
during
growing period,
part
Feb. or March.
Water
freelyMarch to Sept.,moderately Sept. to Nov.,
"
keeping (juite
dry Nov. to March.
March
to Oct. 65" to 75"; Oct.
days during growth. Temp.,
every ]0
March
60" to 65".
March
to
Oct-; restingperiod, Oct. to
Growing period,
March.
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs,Feb. or March.
L. giganteus, pinic,yellow and
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
10 to
purple, autnmn,
16 ft.. River
Congo; Krebsii, brown, purple and yellow. May to Oct., 3 ft.. Natal;
speciosuB, yellow, June, 3 ft., Cape of Good
Hope.
Ord.
Litiiospernriunn
Boragiuaceae.
(Gromwell).
Hardy
dwarf
trailingevergreen floweringshrubs " perennials.
CULTURE
: Soil,sandy
ders
or
loamy. Position, margins of sunny borto
"
or
ledges of
on
L.
sunny
prostratum
April.
cries.
Propagate seeds
an
sown
rockeries.
or
excellent plant for draping stones
rockon
pots of sandy
soil in cold frame

in March
or
April,transplantingseedlingswhen an
inch high singlyin 2 in. pots " grow
in frame
until followingspring,
then planting out ; cuttings of shoots of previous year's growth, 2 to
3 in- long, inserted in well-drained
pots of sandy soil in cold frame in
Oct.; layeringshoots
Aug., Sept.,or
in Sept.
yellow, July, 1 ft., N, America;
Gastoni,
1 ft., Pyrenees;
blue, summer,
gramlnifolium, blue, .Tune to Aug., 1 ft., Italy;
prostratum
(Gromwell), blue, summer,
trailing, S. Europe ; purpureo-CfCrulcum
bluish purple, June
and
July, 1 ft., Europe.
Lithy-tree
(Viburnum lantana). See Viburnum.
SPECIES
CDLTIVATBD:
L.
canosoens,
"
Littonia.
Ord.
Liliaceae.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
perennial
climber.
First introduced
1853.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part each of leaf-mould,
"
silver
sand.
peat,
Position, well-drained pots or bed in warm
house.
greenPot or plant, March.
Train
shoots
Water
up roof or wall.
freelyduring spring " summer,
" winter.
moderately autumn
Syringe
" evening during earlyperiod of
morning
growth. Plant likes plenty
of sunshine.
to Sept. 65" to 75"; Sept- to March
Temp., March
50" to
60
Propagate by division of the plant at potting time.
SPECIES
CULTIVlTED:
L. modesta, orange,
April, 3 toi ft.. S. Africa.
*
'
Live-Ions:
(Sedum
teleDhiumV--SeR
ins
(Sedum
telephium).-^SeesJnm
Sedum.
"
246
bnoyolopjbdia
Liver
oabdenino.
of
Leaf
(Anemone Hepatica triloba).See Anemone.

Ord.
Palmace86.
Warm
greeukouse palm.
1816.
foliage. Leaves large,fan-shaped. First introduced
Livistona.
"
Orn.
"
CTTLTUEE
Compost, two
pots
part peat, little

greenhouse, Sept. to June;
parts loam,
in
warm
one
sand.
doors
out-
in cool greenhouse in summer.

Water
Pot, Feb- or March.
March
twice
to
afterwards.
daily
freely
Syringe
Sept.,moderately
March
to Oct. ; once
Oct. to March.
Temp., March to Sept. 60" to 70" ;
55" to 60". Propagate by seeds sown
Sept. to March
J in. deep in rich
in
soil
80"
March.
to 90" in Feb.
light
or
temp.
SPECIES
OTJLTITATED:
L. sinensis
borbonica), 5 to 10 ft.,
(Syn. Latania
and
China
Japan.
Lizard
Orchis
(Orchis hiroina)."See Orchis.
or
Llavea.
Ord.
"
Filices.
Stove
evergreen
First
fern.
introduced
large, three times divided; upper portion contracted,

fertile;lower portion broad, barren.
CXJLTTJEE
sand.
Position, well: Compost, equal parts loam, peat
drained
in
March
Water
stove.
of
or
Pot,
April.
shady
pots
part
March
to
March.
to
to
March
Temp.,
freely
Sept.,moderately Sept.
70"
60"
70".
to
to
to
March
sown
80";
by
Sept.
Propagate
Sept.
spores
fine sandy peat,in well-drained
on
pans under
1853-
Fronds,
to 80" at any
SPECIES
time.
OULTITATED
oordifolia,2 to 3 ft., Mexico.
L.
(Mountain Spider-wort). Ord. Liliacese. Hardy bulbous,

floweringplant.
CULTURE
:
Soil, sandy loam.
or
Position, sunny dryish borders
rookeries.
Plant, Sept. or Oct.
Depth for bulbs, 3 to 4 in. Lift "
" planted
removed
replantwhen unhealthy only. Propagate by offsets,
in Sept.or Oct.
Lloydia
"
and
CULTIVATED:
L.
SPECIES
June, 6 in., Britain
alpina, white
green,
(Snowdon).
Greenhouse
" half-hardy
Loasa
(ChillNettle). Ord. Loasaceae.
1822.
annual
climbing " twining plant. First introduced
CULTURE
Sow
seeds 1-16 in. deep in light mould
in
OUTDOOE
:
in
65"
in
March.
in.
3
Feb.
or
Transplant
seedlings
singly
pots
temp.
in temp. 55" till June, then plant outdoors.
when
1 in- high, " grow
walls or fences.
Soil, ordinary.
Position, againstsunny
seeds
above.
CfULTURE:
Sow
INDOOR
as
in.
when
into
in.
6
5
into
and
in.
3
size,or place three
high
pots,
singly
two
8 in. size.
in an
loam,
one
parts sandy
part leaf -mould
Compost,
wire trellis or stakes inserted in the soil.
Train
shoots round
" sand.
Water
sionally
occaApply stimulants
moderately at first,freelyafterwards.
55"
65".
to
All
the
to plantsin bloom.
Temp.,
speciesare
not be touched
furnished
with stinginghairs, " hence should
by naked
"
hands.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Blumenbachia.
L.
lateritaV ooral-red, Aug.,
to
10
ft.. Chili.
See
also
Lobelia
(Cardinal Flower). Ord.

perennials. First
half-hardy herbaceous
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
moist
Position, sunny
"
Campanulaceae-
Hardy
"
introduced
1629.
SPECIES
:
OP
HARDY
borders.
Plant, Oct., March
or
April.
On
cold,
best lifted in Oct.,

damp soils all the species(except L. syphilitica)
cold
till
then
frame
in
stored
March,
replanted.
placed in pots,
CULTURE
POT
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part leaf -mould
Position, cold frame, Oct. to March;
" sand.
Pot, Oct. or Mardi.
247
cool greenhouse^,March
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYOLOPMDIA
till
past flowering,then
Water
outdoors.
very
to
Apply stimulants. May
freely afterwards.
AugOULTUEE
OF
Position,
: Soil, ordinary.
to
to
June
as
Oct.
55",
edgings
;
temp.
Oct.
Plant, June, 3 to 6 in. apart. Lift
SPECIES
HALF-HAEDY
pots in greenhouse heated

beds, etc., outdoors, June
to
to
in greenhouse to furnish
before
lifting.
fortnight
spring.
" sand.
CULTURE
: Compost, equal parts good soil,leaf-mould
plants in
Sept.,place in
cuttingsin
POT
Cut
small pots, "

off flower stems
kinds
in
Position, dwarf
baskets, in shady or sunny
Water
freely in
plants
in
in.
pots, "
trailing kinds
window.
greenhouse
other times.
moderately
in
pots
Apply stimulants
Propagate hardy perennial species
by
or
to July.
Pot, March
or
summer,
flower.
or
store
seeds
to
sown
in cold frame
in Sept- or Oct.,
loam " leaf-mould
of
shoots
inserted
in small pots in
or
; cuttings
55"
division
in
in
March.
Half-hardy speciesby seeds
temp.
sj)ring;
in heat
in Feb., transplanting seedlings2 in. apart in boxes,
sown
hardening off in cold frame, " planting out in May ; cuttings of young
shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75" in spring; division in
March
or
April.
HARDY
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
L. cardinalis
(Cardinal Flower), scarlet, snmblue,
fulgens, scarlet, May, 1 to 3 ft.. Mexico;
raer, S ft., N. America;
syphilitica,
July, 2 to 3 ft., N. America;
Gerardi, violet, July, 3 to 4 ft.,hybrid; splendene,
scarlet, 2 to 3 ft., N. America.
PERENNIAL
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
:
CaTanilleeii,red, July, 2 to 3 ft..Chili ;
6 in.,parent of bedding varieties,S. Africa ;
Erlnua, blue, blue and white, summer,
Erinus
than
6 to 12 in.,stronger and
the type.
more
ramosa,
straggly growers
Lobster-flower
(Euphorbia pulcherrima). See Euphorbia.
1-16
in.
deep in sandy
"
Locks
See Dicentra.
(Dicentra spectabilis).
See
Robina.
(Robina pseudacacia).-
and
Locust
Keys
Tree
"
"
Loganberry."
See
Rubus.
Loiseleurea
(AlpineAzalea; TrailingAzalea). Ord.

Hardy trailingfloweringshrub.
Evergreen.
CULTURE
: Soil, deep sandy peat.
Position, open moist
Plant, Sept. to NovPropagate by layeringshoots, Sept. to
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Azalea
prooumbens.
L.
prooumbens,
rose,
July
to
Aug., N.
EricacesB.
rockeries.
Nov.
Europe.
Syn.
Lomaria
(Deer Pern). Ord. Filices. Tree " dwarf
evergreen
ferns.
Stove, greenhouse, " hardy.
CULTURE
STOVE
OF
SPECIES
: Compost, equal parts loam, leafmould, peat, " sand.
Position, pots, beds, or rockeries in shady part
of stove.
Pot or plant, Feb.
March.
Water
or
abundantly April to
Temp., March to Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept.
60" to 70"
to March
Syringe tree speciestwice daily,Feb. to Sept.
CULTURE
OF
GREENHOUSE
aboveSPECIES
Pot,
: Compost, as
March
or
April. Position, pots, beds, or rockery in shady part of
house.
Water
to
Oct., moderately Oct. to March.
freely March
Syringe as advised for stove species. Temp., March to Sept. 55" to 65";
Sept.to March 50" to 55".
CULTURE
OP
HARDY
SPECIES
:
Soil, two parts sandy peat, one
" pounded limestone.
Plant,
Position, shady rockeries.
part loam
"
Oct.
to
very
severe
Water
weatherpans in
April.
well-drained
plants,Oct.
or

temp. W" any time; dwarf
April.
2^
Protect
on
fine
L.
alpina in
sandy peat
speciesby
division
in
of
ENCTCL0P.T1DIA
OASDENINQ.
OF
attenuata, TropioB ; gibba, New Caledonia, and its Tarietiee,

L'Hermmieri, Tropical America.
ita
GEEENHOUSB
SPECIES:
L. boryana,
Tropics; discolor, Australia, and
Zealand.
varieties bipinnatifida and riuda; lanoeolata. New
Zealand; pumila. New
HARDY
SPECIE,?:
T,. alpina, New
Zealand, etc.; Spioant (Hard Fern), Britain;
Spioant trinerva.
Orn.
shrubs.
Lomatia.
Ord. Proteaceae.
Greenhouse
evergreen
"
First
feather
introduced
1792.
egg-shaped,green
foliage.
Leaves,
STOTB
SPECIES
Platyptera
and
L.
rosea;
"
glaucous.
or
Position,
CULTURE:
to
Feb.
well-drained
April. Prune
pots in sunny airygreenhouse. Pot,
into shape when
Water
Feb.
moderately Sept. to April,
necessary,
wards.
Ventilate
freelyafterwardsfreelyApril to Sept., moderately after55".
45"
to
March
March
to Oct. 55" to 65"; Oct. to
Temp.,
Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted

peat under bell-glassin temp. 60" to 70", June to Sept.
L. Bidwillii, 10 ft., N.S.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
New
Zealand;
longifolia,8 to 10 ft., N.S. Wales.
Wales;
in
sandy
elegantissima,8 ft,.
(Populus nigrapyramidalis).See Populus.

London
Plane
(Platauus acerifolia).See Platanus.
London
Pride
(Saxifragaumbrosa). See Saxifraga.
Lonfcera
(Honeysuckle). Ord. Caprifoliaceae. Hardy " halfshrubs.
" evergreen
Flowering "
hardy, erect " twining, deciduous
orn.
foliage. Flowers fragrant.
Lombardy
Poplar
"
"
"
"
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF TWINING
: Soil, rich
ordinary. Position,
in
kinds ; fences, walls, or arbors
W. walls or fences for evergreen
or
kinds.
Plant, Oct. to April. Top-dress with
any aspect for deciduous
L.
in
JMarch
fragrantissima
or
manure
April. Prune
well-decayed
shoots of preother
kinds
in
after
Feb.,
shortening
vious
slightly
flowering;
in
Water
of
base.
in.
within
to
1
3
dry
freely
or
year'sgrowth
in
to
summer,
weak
manure
weather.
occasionally
liquid
Apply
S-
healthy plants.
POT
CULTURE:
part leafCompost, two parts sandy loam, one
Dec.
to
saud.
Oct.
"
Position,
Pot,
mould
or
well-decayedmanure
to
Nov.
warm
cold frame
Feb.;
greenhouse, Feb- to
or
greenhouse,
Nov.
Water
June
to
freely,Feb. to Oct. ;
June; sunny place outdoors,
stimulants
occasionallywhen in flower.
Apply
2 in. of base in June.
within
1
shoots
to
or
Prune
previous year's
GREENHOUSE
IN
SEMPERTIRENS
: Compost,
L.
CULTURE
OP
Position, small wellPlant, Oct. to March.
for pot culture.
same
as
drained
bed, or tub with shoots trained up rafter or trellis. Prune
slightlyafter flowering.
afterwardsTemp., March
to
to Sept.,moderately
freely March
40"
Water
to
50".
CULTURE
OF
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
Soil,ordinary. Position,
open
weak
shady
Feb.
with
or
decayed manure,
growths only, Dec. to Feb.
in.
inserted
in
firm
8
of
shoots,
March.
cuttings
long,
Propagate by
in
in
"
outdoors
Oct.
Nov.
sheltered
or
cocoasoil
in
;
position
sandy
or
nut-fibre refuse " silver saud in pots in cold frame
greenhouse; layering
shrubberies.
or
shoots, Aug.
to
Oct.
Mulch
Plant,
to
March.
Prune
away
Nov.
and
L. Caprifolium (Goat-leaf
SPECIES:
Honeysuckle), yellow, May
8 to 10 ft.,
or
yellow, sununer,
(Britain)
; confusa, white
June, 10 to 15 ft.,Europe
8 to 10 ft., Europe;
flava, yellow, June,
.Japan; etrusca, purple and yellow. May,
TWIMNG-
flesuosa, yellow or purplish, June, 10 ft., Japan;

America;
frag:rantiswhite
yellow, Jan. and Feb., 10 to 12 ft., China; japonica, red
or
sima, creamy
and white, July to Sept., 8 to 10 ft.,Japan ; japonioa aureo-retloulata,leaves netted
10 ft., N.
249
mNCYOLOPMBlA
with
to
May
white
10
EVENING.
OA
to Sept.,
Honeysuckle), red and yellow, June
(Evergreen Honeyfiuckle), scarlet and yellow.
America
only in S. of England ; Standisliii,
; hardy
10 ft., China;
tartarica, rosy, April and May, 8 to
(Oommon
yellow; Periolymennm
10 ft., Britain;
sempervirens
to
OF
10
Aug.,
and
to
15
ft., N.
purple, spring,
8 to
ft., Siheria.
SHRUBBY
SPEOIBS:
L. alpigena, red, April and
May, 6 ft., Europe; angustibella, rosy yellow, April and
folia,yellow, April and May, 4 to 6 ft., Himalayas;
May, 4 to 6 ft., hybrid; Morrowii,
yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft,, Japan; Xylosteum
(Flag Honeysuckle), yellow. May and June, 4 to 6 ft., Europe.
Loofah
Gourd
(Luffaoigyptica).See Iiuffa.
Loosestrifep
See Lysimachia and Lythrum.
First introduced
Ord. Onagraceaa. Hardy annuals.
Lopezia.
"
"
"
1804.
CULTURE
seeds sown
1-16
SPECIES
CULTITATED

in.
deep in April in patches or

to
in light soil in temp. 55"
flower,
or
required
in May.
outdoors
borders.
Propagate ty
lines where
plants are
to 65" in March, transplanting
L. cordafa, purple, Aug., 18 in., Mexico

:
red,
; cornata,
grandiflora, red, Aug., 1 ft.,Mexico.
See Mauraudia
LophOSpBrmuiTIi
and Bhodochiton.
Loquat
(Eriobotryajaponica). See Eriobotrya.
Pea
Lord
Anson's
(Lathyrusmagellanicus). See Lathyrus.
Lord
Yew
Harrington's
(Cephalotaxuspedunoulata). See
Aug., 1 ft., Mexico;
"
"
"
"
Cephalotaxus.
Loropetaiunii
shrubs, adapted
OUTDOOR
sheltered
after
"
for
Ord. Hamamelideae.
outdoor
and cold
Hardy
greenhouse
deciduous
culture.
ing
flower-
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary,light,rich.
Position,
borders.
Prune
to maintain
Plant, Oct. to Febgood
warm
shape
flowering.
GREENHOUSE
CULTURE:
liberal
a
part leaf-mould,
greenhouse;
sunny
"
must
Compost,
parts sandy loam, one

Position, pots in cold,
of sand.
amount
be forced.
not
two
freelybetween
Water
March
" Oct., moderately afterwards.

Pot in Oct. ; stand outdoors
in full sun
from
June to Oct. to ripen wood.
Propagate by cuttingsin sandy soil
in
frame
in
cold frame
at any time.
SPECIES
spring or
CULTIVATED:
summer
L.
by seeds in similar soil in
sinonse, white,
autumn
winter, 3
to
cold
to
ft.,
China.
Lotus
(Bird's-foot
Trefoil).Ord.
hardy perennials.
"
CULTURE
loam, one
Pot, Feb-
Apply
OP
SPECIES
Greenhouse
"
Compost, two parts sandy
part leaf-mould, half-parteach pounded charcoal " sand.

March.
or
Position,pots in lightairy part of sunny greenhouse.
Water
to Sept., very
little afterwards.
moderately March
weak
Sept. 55"
GREENHOUSE
Leguminosa?.
to
stimulants
to
healthy plants m
45* to 55".
flower.
Temp.,
March
to
65"; Sept.to March
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES
:
Soil, ordinaryrich.
Position,
rockeries
elevated
beds.
or
Plant, March
or
sunny
April. This
speciesmakes a verj pretty rock plant. Propagate greenhouse species
1-16 m.
by seeds sown
deep in sandy soil in well-drained
pot or pan in
55"
65"
in
to
March
or
April; cuttingsof shoots inserted in welltemp.
drained
in
pots of sandy soil under bell-glass
55" to 65" in summer.
temp.
Hardy
are
speciesby
requiredto grow;
seeds
division
in- deep in April where

of plantsin March
or
April.
Bortholetii (Syn. peliorynohni),scarlet,
sown
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
L.
:
ft.. Canaries.
HAEDT
SPECIES
oorniculatufl
: L.
ing, Britain.
2
.
1-16
(Bird's-footTrefoil),yellow,
250
summer,
plants
summer,
creen- '^
MNOrCLOPMBlA
Lotus
OF
GARDENING.
(Nymphsea lotus). See Nymphsea.

(Diospyroslotus). See Diospyros.
Love-apple
(Lycopersicumesculentum). See Lycopersicum.
Love
Grass
(Eragrostiselegans). See Eragrostis.
Love-in-a-Mist
(Nigelladamascena)." See Nigella.
AmaranSee
Love-lies-bleeding'
"Amaranthus caudatus).-"
Lotus-tree
"
"
"
thus.
Love
Pea
Lovie-tree
Luculiai
"
orn.
(Abrus precatorius).See Abrus.

(Cercissiliquastrum). See Cercis.
"
"
"
Ord.
Rubiacese.
foliage.
First
Greenhouse
introduced
1823.
evergreen
sbrubs.
ing
Flower-
CULTTJEE:
Oompoat, equal parts fibrous loam, peat, charcoal, "

sand.
Position, in large well-drained
pots, or preferablyin beds 2 to
3 ft. wide
" 18 in. deep. Put
of
in.
6
drainage into latter. Pot or
March
or
plant,Feb.,
April. Prune shoots moderately after flowering
to within
2 or
3 inof base.
Water
freelyApril to Nov., withhold
afterwards.
twice
entirely
Syringe foliage
daily,Aprilto Sept. Temp.,
April to Sept. 60" to 70"; Sept. to Dec. 55" to 65"; Dec. to April 45"
to 55".
of
pans
soil
in
lightsandy
temp, of 60 to 70" in Feb., MarcTi or April; cuttings
of young
shoots
inserted
in sandy soil under
in temp. 70"
bell-glass
to 80" in June
or
July. Seedlingsflower when 3 to 5 years old.
SPECIES
8 to 10 ft.,Himalayas;
OTJLTIVATBD:
L. gratissima, rose, autumn,
10 ft.,Himalayas.
pinoeana, rose, autumn,
Luffa
Ord.
Cucurbitacese.
Stove
(Loofah).
climbing annuals
curious
fruitsbearing
gourd-like
CULTTJEE
seeds in a compost of equal parts leaf-mould
" loam
: Sow
in a temp, of 75" in' Feb.
when
leaf
Transfer
third
forms
seedlings
into
in.
3
and
later
three
to
8
10
in.
on
or
singly
pots,
pots, using
parts
Train
to one
of loam
of leaf-mould.
shoots up roof.
Water
freely.
when
fruit has formed.
Syringe daily. Feed with weak liquidmanure
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
L. iKgyptioa, yellow, spring:; fruits long and
club
sliaped.Tropics.
Lunaria
(Common Honesty; Money Flower; Satin Flower). Ord.
Cruciferae.
Biennial
" perennial flowering " orn.
fruitingplants.
First introduced
1595.
Seed pods flat,oval, containinga satinypartition;
decorations.
very useful for drying for winter
CULTTJEE
SPECIES
OP BIENNIAL
: Soil,ordinary- Position,partially
shrubberies.
shaded
borders
of
or
Plant, Aug. to Nov.,
margins
singlyor in groups of 3 or 6. Discard plantsafter flowering.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES
CULTUEE
OF
:
Soil, light rich ordinary.
or
Position,partiallyshaded borders.
April.
biennial
seeds
in
shallow
drills
sown
or
speciesby
Propagate
patches
outdoors
in sunny
positionin April,transplantingseedlingswhen third
6 in. apart each
leaf is formed
larly,
perennialspeciesby seeds simiway;
March
division
in
roots
of
or
or
April.
by
L. annua
ANNUAL
SPECIES
:
(Syn. biennis),lilac,wliite, or purple, May and
June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe. Common
Honesty.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
: L.
rediviva, purple, fragrant, June, 2 to 3 ft., Europe.
See Pulmonaria.
Lung-wort
(Pulmonaria ofiicinalis).
See
Lupine
(Lupinus polyphylliis). Lupinus.
Lupinus
(Lupineor Lupin). Ord. Leguminosse. Hardy shrubby
" herbaceous
perennials" annuals.
Flowering and orn. foliage- First
"
"
"
"
"
introduced
CULTUEE
sunny
1596.
OF
SHEUBBY
rockeries
or
open
PEEENNIALS
sheltered
251
borders.
Soil, sandy loam.
Plant,
Oct.
or
tion,
Posi-
April.
Protect, Nov.
GARDENING.
OF
ENOYOLOP^DIA
to
April,with
OF
HERBACEOUS
bracken
layer of
or
litter around
^
GtTLTURE
Position, open
PERENNIALS:
Plant,
borders.
partially-shaded
or
sunny
of
base
Oct., Nov.,
April. Cut down

with
March
decayed manure
or
Ajjril.Mulch
in Oct.
flower stems
seeds J in- deep " 1 in.
Sow
SPECIES
ANNUAL
:
CULTURE
OF
Thin
flower.
seedlings in
to
apart in April in patches where required
form
to ensure
seed pods directly
they
May to 2 or 3 in. apart. Remove
flower.
in
when
stimulants
continuous
Apply
display of flowers.
doors
in.
seeds
sown
deep outJ
Water
Propagateby
to
June
in April,
seedlingsinto floweringpositions,
in
transplanting
plants in April.
; division of
SPECIES:
SHRUBBY
Aug.
(Tree Lupioe), yellow, fragrant, suDimer,
L. arboreus
3 to
alba, white.
4 ft. ; arboreua
SPECIES
HERBAOEOTTS
Cruioksliankii, blue, purple, and yellow, .July, 4 It.,

America;
1 ft., N.
polyyellow, summer,
3 to 6 ft., California;
polyphylUls albll.s,
L.
blue, purple, and

phyllua (Perennial Lupin), blue, summer,
nootkatensis,
Peru;
ANNUAL
2 ft., hybrid;
hybridus, crimson, summer,
Sept., 2 ft., Mexico, really a perennial,
densiflorus
annual;
(Syn. Menziesii), yellow, fragrant, Aug.,
an
3 to 4 ft.,
mutabilis, white, blue, and yellow, fragrant, summer,
subcarnosus, blue and
1 ft., California;
lilac and
blue, summer,
SPECIES."
Hartwegii, blue, white,

but
best grown
as
2 ft., California;
Colombia; nanus,
yellow, summer,
ft., Texas
to
blue
eleâna,
tricolor
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
First introduced
orchids.
Lycaste.'
deciduous
CULTURE
with
moss,
L. atroooooineus
and rose,
Aug.
white,
and
summer,
greenhouse,
Warm
"
evergreen,
ft.
"
1790.
Compost, equal parts fibrypeat
"
chopped sphagnum
little sand " charcoal.

pots, pans,
mencesnew
growth comor
baskets, in light part of greenhouse. Pot when
deciduous
Water
growth begins
speciesfreelyfrom time new
to
until Nov., then occasionally; evergreen
speciesfreelyfrom March
whilst
twice daily
to March.
or
Syringe once
Nov., moderately Nov.
making growth. Ventilate freelyMay to Sept. Temp., April to Oct.
55" to 65"; Oct.
April 45"
to
to
Feb.
when
in
restingperiod,Oct.
cool
conservatory
to
55".
Plants
flower.
Growing period,Feb.
to
March;
in sitting-room or
grown
of new
Flowers
at base
appear
form.
may
be
begins to
pseudo-bulb
pseudo-bulbsimmediatelyafter flowering.
when
latter
L. aromatica,
June, 1 ft., Mexieo ;
CULTIVATED
yellow and orange,
SPECIES
:
to July, 1 ft., Mexico
; macropurple, yellow, and crimson, March
Deppei, green,
brown,
and
measuresiana,
crimson,
winter, Bolivia ; maorophylla
phylla, white
to
Oct,
crimson,
Skinneri, white, rose, and
white, and, purple, winter;
green,
Skinneri
alba, white;
white, purple,
tetragona, green,
March, 1 ft., Guatemala;
1 ft., Brazil.
and
crimson, fragrant, summer,
Ord.
Lychnis
(Campion; German
Catchfly;Rose Campion).
Caryophyllacese.Hardy annuals "_perennials.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
for L.
CULTURE
OF
: Soil, lightrich loam
alpina " L. Lagascae; open dryish beds, borders, or banks for other
Cut down
flower stems
species. Plant, Oct. to Deo. " Feb. to May.
Nov.
" L. vespertinain Oct. or
of L. chalcedonica
Top-dress border
in March
or
Ajiril.Apply weak
species with well-decayed manure
occasionallyto border specieswhen in flower. Lift "
liquidmanure
replantborder species every other year.
SPECIES
OF ANNUAL
CULTURE
; Soil, ordinary. Position,sunny
in borders.
in March
Sow
beds or edgings to or masses
or
April for
for
Sept.
floweringPropagate
summer
spring
by seeds
blooming;
soil
in
outdoors
in.
in
March
in
or
light
position
deep
\
sown
sunny
."
252
for
plants
two
wide,
12 in.
2 ft. long, 9 in.
deep.
Cultural
"GARDENING.
OF
ENOrOLOPMIlIA
wide,
9 in.
deep ; for
deep,
18 in.
long;
for
four
plants 18
in.
wide, 36 in. long, 12 in.

fruit sets, then
top-dress.
eightplants18 in.
Half-fill with
details same
compost only, until

for pots.
as
BEDS
: Compost,
decayed turfy soil only;
manure.
no
IN
OTJLTTJEE
on
Place compost in ridge 18 in. wide " 12 in. high in centre
staging
front of house, or in beds on floor 2 ft. wide " 18 in. deep, enclosed
near
3ft.
Plant
with dry bricks or turves.
12 in. apart for single stems;
Eemove
all side shoots from
stems.
singlestem,
apart for 3 or more
also any
that issue from
the side of the three-stemmed
plants- Water
stimulants
till
fruit
little
has
then
set,
only when
freely.
Apply
very
Fertilise as for pot plants. Ventilate
fruit has formed.
freelywhen
temp, reaches 90". Top-dress when several bunches of fruit have formed
for pot plants. Temp., Feb. to
with similar compost to that advised
June., 55" to 65".
Plant in heated frame

above.
CULTITEE
IN FRAMES
: Compost, as
in Feb., March
in
June.
Allow
cold
one
on
frame,
plant to
April;
each light,
and train to three stems, these restingon trellis or branches
tilate
near
glass. Water
moderately until fruit forms, then freely. Venmiddle
Shade
not
of
day.
required. Stimulants,
freelyduring
top-dressingand training as above.
Temp, for heated frame, 55" to
65".
Syringing unnecessary.
CULTUEE
: Compost
WINTEE
beds.
or
Sow
seed
sparingly. Apply
to
one
or
three
in June.
stimulants
to
only
Dry
stems.
setting. Temp., 55"
as
Position, pots preferably
above.
Plant
or
to
Water
Aug. or Sept.
plants bearing freely. Train
pot,
atmosphere
necessary
to
flowers
ensure
65".
tion,
PosiCULTUEE
; Soil, ordinary, not
recentlymanured.
in.
12
S.
W.
walls
in
or
or
or
fences,
Plant,
June,
against
open.
walls
each
in
Train
"
2
to
ft.
one
apart against
apart
way
open.
Place
stout
stakes to plants in open.
stem, removing all side shoots.
Apply stimulants when fruit has set. Plants should bear their first
old.
fruit
11 weeks
when
Average yield of fruit: Single-stemmed
lb.
6
to
8
in
in.
10
plant
pot,
; in beds, 7 to 10 lb. ; outdoors, 4 to 6 lb.
lb.
8
tc
15
Triple-stemmed,
OUTDOOE
Market
Cultube
Best
of
type
house
wide). Distances to plant: 1 ft. apart in

training: Single stem secured to a strand
Span-roof (15
to
25 ft.
Mode
of
of twine
stake.
or
a bamboo
Manures
loam.
barrow-load
of dung, 12 oz. of superSoil : Good
: One
phosphate,
of kainit to each three square
" 6 oz.
yards before planting.
of plants grown
in pots after third truss Tias set;
Stop main stems
others when
they reach the roof. Plant firmly. Best results obtained
from
after third
plants reared from seed. Soil should be removed
to
Oct.
5s.
to
Feb.
to
Jan.,
6s. to
prices:
6s.;
Average
May,
crop.
12s. ; May to Sept.,3s. to 5s. per 12 lb.
Suitable
two
parts
Mantjees
nitrate
fob
of
Tomatoes:
soda,
two
rows
1. Cue
parts
2 ft. asunder.
part nitrate
double
of
potash,
superphosphate
Use 1 oz. to a gallon of water, or apply dry at same

of lime.
rate to
nitrate
of
six pots. 2. One
dried
soda,
one
blood, one
part
part
part
kainit, " two parts superphosphate of lime.
Apply to plants in beds
of 2 oz.
rate
fruit has set.
at
yard when
Apply above
per square
week.
a
once
quantities
USEFUL
DATA
Seeds
germinate in
254
10
to 12
days.
One
ounce
of
MNOYOLOPMBIA
seed will yield 2,000 plants. Seeds

for six years.
Propagate by seeds or
SPKOIES
OULTIVATBB:
L.
Lycopodium
diaceae.
GARDENING.
OF
will
retain
germinating powers
cuttings.
esoulcnteum.
(Fir Club Moss; Stag'shorn Moss). Ord. LycopoOrn.

foliage. Habit,
hardy perennial mosses.
"
Stove
"
creepingor erect, stems
clothed with scale-like,dark green leaves.

OF
STOVE
SPECIES
: Compost,
equal parts loam, peat,
limestone
under
" silver sand.
well-drained
shallow
Position,
pans,
in
Feb.
Pot
to
beds
in
wardian
o
r
cases.
or
April.
bell-glass
plant,
Water
to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
freely,March
Syringe once
twice daily,April to Sept. Shade
from direct rays of sun.
or
Temp.,
March
55" to 65".
OULTUEE
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES:
bed on
open
sunny
Water
CULTURE
SPECIES
OF HARDY
Position, low
Soil, deep, moist, sandy pea,t.

or
April.
rockery. Plant, March
IN
WARDIAN
CASES
Compost,
liberal
Bed
to be well drained.
tufa.
Plant,
twice
week
a
Feb. to April. Water
once
or
a
April to Sept., once
month
Dec. to April. Syringe or dew
a
fortnightSept. to Dec, once
Ventilate a little daily.
from
sun.
over
daily April to Oct. Shade
to
Feb.
division,
by
April.
Propagate
Indies ; vertioilla1 ft.,India ; taxif olium, W.
STO vE SPECIES
: L.
s(iuarrosum,
tum, Tropics.
L. claTatum
HAEDT
SPECIES:
(Club or Stag's-horn Moss), creeping, Britain;
See also the genus
Selaginella.
Selago (Fir Club Moss), 3 in., Britain.
ing
flowerLycOris
(Golden Lily)^ Ord. AmaryllidaceiB. Greenhouse
1758.
First introduced
Deciduous.
bulbs.
two
parts peat,
quantity of
part leaf-mould,
one
limestone
part charcoal,
one
"
chips or
"
CULTURE
part equal proportions

Pot dry bulbs Sept.to Dec,
manure.
repotting annuallyimmediately after flowering. Bury
Compost,
of
two
"
leaf-mould
cow
afterwards
two-thirds
of their depth. Water
moderately from time
bulbs
about
flowers
show till leaves appear, then freely
; keep quitedry after leaves
65".
Place
pots from April to
fade.
Temp., Sept. to April 55" to
Sept. in light sunny cool position. Propagate by offsets treated as
Dec.
OTJLTITATBD
bulbs, Sept. to
SPECIES
OMna;
China
white); squamigera,
(Syn. Amaryllis aurea), yellow, Aug.,
aurea
japouica
ft.,
in.,
and
Filices.
Stove " greenhouse
1793.
introduced
First
evergreen.
(ClimbingFern)." Ord.
Lygodium
climbing
rosy
L.
and
Amarjrllis radiata), scarlet,June, 18
alba
varieties
(white), and Tariegata (orimson
2 ft,,Japan,
lilac, fragrant, summer,
radiata
(Syn, Nerine
its
and
and
Japan;
ferns.
Deciduous
"
Fronds, slender, twining; divisions tongue
or
hand-shaped.
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, sand, " charcoal.

round
Position,well-drained pots or beds in shade with fronds twined
Water
to
April.
string,or trellis. Plant or pot, Feb.
sticks, p'illars,
Stove
afterwards.
Temp.:
species.
to
Feb.
moderately
Oct.,
freely
65" to 75"; Greenhouse
to
March
55"
to
65";
Sept,
March
to
Sept
45" to 50"; March
gate
PropaSept. to March
species,
in
under
of
fine
surface
bell-glass
sandy
peat
on
by spores sown
CULTURE:
temp.
75" to 85" any
time; division of plantsat pottingtime.
Trop. Asia; reticulatum, Polynesia.

L. dichotomum,
SPECIES:
L. japonicum (Syh. L. scandens),Japan, etc, palmaSPECIES
:
GREENHOTJSE
tum, U, States.
STOVE
Lyonia."
Ord. Ericacese.
1748.
Hardy-floweringshrubs.
First introduced
255
Evergreen.
ENCYCLOPJUDIA
CULTURE:
Sept.
to
seeds
sown
frame
or
SPECIES
8
Soil, peaty.
Nov.
on
"
Feb.
greenhouse
OARDENlNd.
Position, moist
borders.
shady
Plant,
Propagate by
April. Pruning unnecessary.
sandy peat under bell-glassin shade in cold
Oct. or April; layeringshoots, Sept. or Oct.
to
surface
OULTIVATED:
America.
ft., N.
OF
of
in
L.
(Syn. L. panioulata), white, June,
ligustnna
Shell-flovwer
(Chelone Lyoni). See Chelone.
Lyon's
Lyre-tree
(Liriodendroutulipifera).See Liriodendron.
Lysimachia.
(Yellow Loose-strife; CreepingJenny ; Yellow
to
"
"
"
Ord.
Primulaceae.
Hardy
erect
or
herbaceous
creeping
pernel).
Pimnials.
peren-
tion,
Posi: Soil, ordinary rich.
streams.
Oct.
of
or
Plant,
shady borders, margins
ponds
Nov.
down
Cut
flower
to April.
stems,
JENNY.
CREEPING
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
OF
Soil, ordinary.
of
moist
rockeries
or
beds, ponds, or streams.
Position,
margins
shady
to
March
June.
Plant,
two parts good ordinary soil or loam,
CULTURE
INDOOR
: Compost,
cocoanut-fibre
or
refuse, " one
one
part leaf-mould, decayed manure
well-drained
baskets
Position,
suspended in shady
pots or
part sand.
Water
to
cool
March
window
or
May.
freelyApril
greenhouse. Pot,
to
to Sept.,moderately Sept.
Dec, keep nearly dry Dec. to April.
ceous
Apply stimulants once or twice a week May to Aug. Propagate herbaof
division
March.
to
Dec, or
plants Oct.
Creeping
speciesby
to May.
Jenny by division, March
2' ft., Greece;
L.
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES:
atropui-purea, purple, summer,
3 ft.,
white, summer,
cletbroides, white, July to Sept., 3 ft., Japan; ephemerum,
18 m.,
N. America;
S. Europe;
lanceolata, yellow, summer,
punctata
(Syn. Terticiland
1 ft., Europe
July, 3 ft.,N.
; thyrsiflora,yellow, June
lata), yellow, summer,
Europe;
vulgaris (Yellow Loose-strife),yellow, July and August, 3 ft., Britain.
L. nemorum
SPECIES
CREEPING
(Yellow Pimpernel), yellow, May to July,
:
Britain; L. nummularia
(Creeping Jenny), yellow, June to Sept., Britain; nummu
laria aurea
(Golden Creeping Jenny), golden leaved.
Lythrum
(Purple Loose-strife; Willow-weed). Ord. Lythracese.
" shrubby perennials.
Hardv
herbaceous
CUt/TURE
gins
Position, moist shady borders or mar: Soil, ordinary.
streams.
of ponds or
Plant, Oct. to Dec. or Feb. to April. Out
in Nov.
Water
down
flower stems
Top-dress
March
with well-decayed manure,
or
April, lift, divide, and replaut
Propagate by division of plants,Oct. or April.
every third year.
SPECIES
CULTITATED;
L. alatum, purple, July to Oct.. 2 to 4 ft.,N. America;
Salicaria
Loose-strife),reddish purple, July 3 to 4 ft., Britain, and its
(Common
and
varieties roseum
3 ft.,Europe.
superbum;
virgatum, purple, summer,
Rose
Macartney
(Rosa bracteata). See Rosa.
Mace
Reed
See Typha.
(Typha latifolia)."
Ord.
Acanthaceae.
Greenhouse
Mackayai
floweringshrub.
Deciduous.
First introduced
1869.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts decayed fibrous loam, one part dried
half a part sharp silver sand.
cow
Position, light airy greenmanure,
house.
Prune
after flowering,shortening shoots to 2 or
Pot, March.
Water
3 in.
to Sept.,moderately Sept. to Nov., keep
freely March
quite dry Nov. to March.
Temp., April to Oct. 55" to 65" ; Oct. to April
45" to 55".
Propagate by cuttings inserted singly in 2 in. pots filled
to Aug. Transfer
with aandy soil,June
to 5 in. pots when
rooted;
in
and
shift into 8 in. " 10 in. pots. Plants flower
closely April
prune
old.
two to three years
when
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
M.
bella, lilao and purple, April to June, 4 to 6 ft.,
CULTURE
moist
OF
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES
"
"
"
"
Natal.
256
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mackerel
See Meutha.
Mint
(Meutlia viridis)."
Macleania.
Greenhouse
Ord. Tacciniaceae.
trailingflowering
shrubs.
1848.
First
introduced
Evergreen.
tion,
PosiCULTURE:
Compost, equal parts turfy loam, peat " sand.
front of staging,or in
well-drained pots with shoots drooping over
"
or
suspended baskets.
Pot, March
April. Water freelyMarch to Sept.,
afterwards.
Prune
moderately
straggling shoots into shape March.
March
45" to 55*". Propato
55"
to
gate
65"; Sept.to March
Temp.,
Sept.
55"
to 65" in summer.
inserted
in
fine
sand
in
by cuttings
temp.
CULTIVATED:
M.
pulohra, yellow and
scarlet, spring, 8 to 10 ft.,
speoiosissima, yellow and scarlet, spring, trailing, Colombia.
Madura
Hardy deciduous
(Osage Orange). Ord. Urticacese.
tree.
Orn. foliage.First introduced
1818.
Flowers, yellowishgreen,
inconspicuous. Fruit, round, golden yellow, 3 to 5 in. in diameter;
rardy borne in this country. Leaves, egg-shaped,bright green.
beries
CXTLTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, in open sheltered shrubwhen
Prune
into
to
sary,
necesFeb.
Oct.
or
Plant,
shape
hedges.
SPECIES
Colombia;
"
Nov. to Feb.
Soil to be
HEDGE
CULTUEE
Plant
12 in. apart in singlerow.
:
into
wide.
Trim
trenched
two
"
3
ft.
spitsdeep
shape, July " Nov.
inserted
in
in.
6
to
8
long,
ordinary soil, in
Oct.
to
March.
shady position,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
M. aurantiaoa, 10 to 16 ft.,N. America.
Macrozamia
(Swan River Feru Palm; Giant Fern Palm).
Ord.
perennials. Orn. foliage.
Cyoadaceae. Greenhouse
evergreen
First introduced
1846.
Leaves, feather-shaped,
green;
very graceful.
CULTURE
Position, well: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam " sand.
from
drained pots, in light, greenhouse, shaded
sun.
Pot, Feb. or
March.
Water
Syringe
freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
dailyApril to Sept. Temp., March
in sandy peat in temp. 75" in
55" to 60".
offsets in Feb. or March.
March; division of plants in March;
M.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
:
Fraseri, W. Australia ; Hopei, Australia ; poroffskyana, Australia; tenuifolia,Australia.
Jasmine
Madagascar
(Stephanotis floribunda). See
"
"
Stephanotis.
Periwinitle
Madagascar
Orchis
Vine
Madeira
Madeira
(Vinea rosea). See Vinca.

(Orchisfoliosa).See Orchis.
(Boussingaultiabasselloides). See Boussin"
"
"
gaultia.
(Madia
Madia
First
introduced
by
thinning
deep in
seedlingswhen
out
CULTIVATED:
yellow, Aug.,
Hardy
annuals.
ft., N.
M.
Aprilin
2 in.
patches where
borders.
Propagate
required to flower,
3 in. apart.
high, to
elegans, yellow, Aug., 1 ft.,N.W.
America;
sativa,
America.
"
See Lilium.
saxatile).See
Alyssum.
(Alyssum
(Cucumber Tree; Yulan). Ord. Magnoliaceae. Hardy
trees " shrubs.
Flowering " orn. foliage. First
evergreen
"
Magnolia
"
1688.
introduced
GREENHOUSE
"
CULTURE:
"
part peat or leaf-mould
in
walls
or
against
sunny
freely in
CompositES.
Lily (Liliumcandidum).
Madonna
Mad-wort
deciduous
"
J in.
sown
SPECIES
Plant).Ôrd.
Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
CULTUEE:
seeds
Oil
1794.
summer,
Compost,
sand.
two
Position, welt-drainedpots or tubs,
greenhouse. Pot
257
Water
plant, March.
to
Syringe daily March
or
OF
BNOYOLOPMDIA
Sept. Temp
for
OABDENINO.
forcing,55" to 65". Prune stragglingshoots only into

April. M. Campbellii,Lennei " Stellata,good kinds
or
shape, March
for greenhouse culture.
tered
Position, shelCULTURE
: Soil,rich,deep sandy loam.
S.W.
walls;
parts of lawn or pleasure garden, or against S. or
against S. or W. walls for M. grandiflora" M. glauca. Plant, March
or
April; deciduous species
or
speciesMarch
April. Prune evergreen
weather
in
after flowering. Protect
speciesin very severe
evergreen
sionally.
to healthyspecimensoccacold districts.
Apply weak liquid manure
in
J in. deep in spring or autumn
OUTDOOR
cold frame
or
greenhouse; layering
heat in July or Aug.
DEOIDTTOUS
SPECIES
oonepioua (Tnlan), white, spriiig,20 to 25 ft., China
: M.
to July, 30 to
and
acuminata
yellow. May
and
(Cucumber
Tree), green
Japan;
purple, April; Campbellii,
60 ft., N. America, and its variety cordata, yellow and
crimson, fragrant, April, 20 to 30 ft., Himalayas, does best in greenhouse;
rosy
States; hypolenoa,
yellow, fragrant. May, 30 to 40 ft., S. United
Fraseri, creamy
white, fragrant, spring, 30 to 40 ft., Japan; Lennei, rosy purple, April and
creamy
and
purple, fragrant, June, 20 to
May, 10 to 15 ft., hybrid; macrophylla, white
and
30
purple, fragrant. May, S ft., Japan;
ft., N. America;
obovata, white
obovata
deeper coloured; parviflora, white and rose. May, 8 ft.,Japan;
purpurea,
to May, 6 ft., Japan;
tripetala (Syn. M. Umbrella),
stellata, white, fragrant, March
States;
the Umbrella
Tree, white, fragrant, April and May, 20 to 30 ft.,S. United
and
soulangeana, white
Watsoni, creamy
white, fragrant, June, 4 ft., Japan;
purple. May, 20 ft., hybrid.
EYEBGKEEN
SPECIES:
M. grandiflora, white, fragrant, July and
Aug., IS to
States ; glauca (Sweet Bay), creamy
20 ft., S. United
white, fragrant, June, 20 ft.,
well-drained
in
summer
E. United
graftingin
autumn;
or
States.
Cherry."
Mahaleb
Maianthemum
See
Prunus.
Ord. Liliaceae.
(Twin-leavedLily-of-the-Valley).
perennial. Leaves " habit similar to the Lily-of-the-
Hardy herbaceous
Valley.
OULTURE:

under
or
open,
weather.
in the
Position, shady borders
Water
Plant, Sept. " Oct.
freely in dry
shrubs.
Propagate by
division
creeping
of
root-stocks
in
Sept. or
April,
SPECIES
6
in.,
CULTIVATED:
Maiden-hair
"
See
M.
oomrallaria
(Syn. Smilacina
bifolia),white. May,
Europe.
N.
Fern
" A. cuneatum).
(Adiantum capillus-veueris
Adiantum.
IVIaiden-hair
Maiden-hair
minus). See
"
Grass
(Briza
MeadOW-Rue
media)." See Briza.

(Thalictrum
adiantifoUa
Thalictrum.
Maiden-hair
Spleen-wort
(Asplenium trichomanea)."See
Asplenium.
Maiden-hair
Maiden
Maiden
Tree
Oalc
Pinic
Maiden's
(Gingko biloba)."See Gingko.

-See Quercus.
(Quercus sessiliflora)."
(Dianthus deltoides).See Dianthus.
"
Wreath."
Maid's
Maize
Malabar
See
Prancoa.
Love
(Artemesia Abrotanum). See Artemesia.
.(ZeaMays). See Zea,
Glory
Lily (Gloriosasuperba)."See Gloriosa.
Malcomia
(Virginian Stock)."Ord. Cruciferaa. Hardy annual.
Pirst introduced
CULTURE
:
"
"
1713.
Soil,ordinary. Position, edging to sunny beds, masses

on
borders, or on banks
rockeries.
Sow
or
seeds for summer
sunny
1-16 in. deep in March, April, May
flowering
or
June, where plants
are
requiredto grow, and similar depth in Sept.for flowering
i^ spring.
268
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
POT
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts good ordinary soil, one
part
Position
" sand.
leaf-mould, cocoanut-fibre
refuse, decayed manure
in 6 in. pots, well drained, in cold sunny
Sow
gpreenhouseor window.
seeds 1-16 in. deep in above pots in March, April or May.
rately
modeWater
when
first sown,
freelywhen in full growth. Thin
when
1 in. high.
stimulants
Apply weak
iin. apart
buds
flower
show.
SPECIES
6
mer,
seedlingsto
when
CULTIVATED:
M.
maritima
(Tirginiaa Stock),
Tarions
colours,
sura-
in., S. Europe.
Male
Male
Dog-wood
(Cornus Mas). See Coruus.

(Nephrodium Filix-mas). See Nephrodium.
Fern
"
Mallovy."
See
Mallow,
Malmaison
Malope
"
Malva.
See Malvastrum.
False."
See Dianthus.
Carnation."
(Large-floweredMallow-wort). Ord. Malvaceae.
"
Hardy
annuals.
First introduced
1710.
CULTURE
: Soil, rich ordinary.
Position,sunny beds, or in masses
in borders.
Sow
seeds J in. deep " 4 to 6 in. apart, where
required to
in
in
lants
stimuWater
weather.
or
freely
dry
May.
Apply
grow,
April
occasionallywhen plants show flower. Propagate also by seeds
sown
i in. deep in pots or boxes of li^htsoil in temp. 55" in March,
into floweringpositions
m
May or June.
transplanting
M.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
1 ft.,
malaooides, rosy pink and purple, summer,
2 to 3 ft.,Spain;
trifida
S. Europe;
trifida,purple, summer,
alba, white, trifida
grandiflora, orimson.
Maltese
Clover
(Hedysarum coronarium). See Hedysarum.
Malva
" perenHardy annual
(Musk Mallow). Ord. Malvaceae.
nial
"
"
floweringplants.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
OF
beds or borders.
or
partiallyshaded
sunny
in autumn.
Mulch
with manure
SPECIES:
ANNUAL
CULTURE
OF
Plant, May or June.
Propagate annual speciesby seeds sown
sunny.
or
i in. deep in light,sandy soil in temp. 55" in March
April; perennial
similarly,or by cuttingsinserted in cold
by seeds sown
species
CULTURE
frame
in
July
or
Aug.
SI'BOIES:
M.
mauritanioa,
purple, June,
ANNUAL
SPECIES
PERENNIAL
grown
mofiohata
as
an
annual;
orispa, white
4 to
M.
:
moschata
and
purple,
summer,
3 to 6 ft.,Europe;
ft., 8. Europe.
4
Aloea, rosy
purple, summer,
(Musk Mallow), rose, summer,
ft., Europe, best

3 ft., Britain:
alba, white.
Malvastrum
(False Mallow)." Ord. Malvacea).
Hardy perennials.
1811.
First introduced
Soil, ordinary. Position,sunny rockeries
for dwarf
borders
for tall species.
species;sunny well-drained
in severe
Protect
winters
with a layerof cinder
leaf-mould.
or
ashes, manure
| in. deep In
or
light,sandjrsoil in temp. 55" in March
April; cuttingsinserted in
in July or Aug.
cold frame
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
M. oocorneum,
scarlet,July to Sept., 6 in., U. States;
Gilliesii (Syn. Modiola
6 in., S. America;
geranoides), red, summer,
lateritum
1 ft., Monte
laterita),salmon-pink, summer,
Video.
(Syn. Malva
Mammillaria
(Nipple Cactus; Elephant'sTooth Cactus)."Ord.
Greenhouse
Cactacese.
succulent
and
Flowers, generallyexpanding about 11 a.m.,
closingat 1 p.m. ;
somewhat
or
fugitive. Stems leafless,cylindrical
globular,bearing at
their surface small tubercles or teats, crowned
distance over
even
with
rosettes or stars of spines.
259
k2
ENOYOLOPJSDIA
OV
GARDENING.
"
Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar
window.
Pot,
Position, sunny,
pounded bricks.
airy greenhouse or
March
or
April,in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate
Water
moderately,
roots.
Eepot every third or fourth year only.
afterwards.
March
none
to Sept.; once
a
fortnight,Sept. to Dec,
of
to
June
warm
days,
Sept. Apply soot water
Syringe on evenings
Ventilate
to Sept.
Temp.,
to healthy plants,June
freely in summer.
CULTURE
50" to 55".
March
Propagate by
to Sept.,60" to 70"; Sept.to March,
well-drained
in
seeds sown
J in. deep
pans or pots of sandy soilin temp.
75" in March,
keeping soil moderately moist ; bjrcuttingsof the topsof
the plants inserted in small pots of sandy, gritty compost in spring;
by graftingon Cereus speciossimuaat any time.
6
to
12
CULTIVATED:
in., Uexioo;
SPECIES
M.
bioolor, pnrijle,
June,
4 in.,
6 in., Mexioo; cirrMfera,
ohlorantha, greenish yellow, smnmer,
rose, Bummer,
Mexico
olava, green,
red, and
yellow, June, 1 ft., Mexico ; compressa
(Syn.
;
4 to 8 in., Mexico;
dasycantlia (Thimble Caotus),
augnlaris), rosy purple, summer,
3 in., Mexico;
dolichooentra, pale
red, summer,
disoolor, rosy red, 2 in., Mexico;
6 to 8 in., Mexico
6 in., Mexico
purple, summer,
summer,
; echinus,
; echinata, rose,
for ite stem
yellow, June, 2 to 3 in., Mexico;
elegans, 2 in., Mexico, grown
only;
6 in., Paraguay;
elephantidens, violet-rose, autumn,
elongata, yellow, summer,
3 in.,Mexico;
5 in.. Chili;
floribunda, rose, summer,
fissurata,rose, 2 in., Mexico;
2 in., Mexico;
gracilis, yellow or white, summer,
Grahami,
July, 3 in.,
rose,
Colorado;
haageana, carmine-rose, June, i in., Mexico:
lon^mamma, citron-yellow,
June, 4 in., Mexico;
macromeris,, carmine, Aug., 4 in.,Mexico;
maorothele, yellow,
June, Mexico;
or
micromeris, white
multiceps, yellow
pink, Aug., 4 in., Mexico;
and red, summer,
1 ft., Mexico;
6 in.,Mexico;
ncumanniana,
Ottonis,
rose, summer,
white. May, 3 in,, Mexico ; phellosperma, 5 ft., Mexico ; pulchra,rose, .Tune, 4 in.,
Mexico;
pusilla,yellowish white and red. May, 2 in., Mexico;
pyonaoantha, yellow,
July, 6 in.,Mexico; sanguinea, crimson, June, 6 in., Mexico;
Scheerii, yellow and
7 in., Mexico;
and
cream,
summer,
4 in., Mexico;
Schelhasii, white
rose,
summer,
3 in.,Mexico; semperviva, 3 in.,Mexico; senilis,scarlet,
sohiediana, white, summer,
2 in., Mexico;
stella-aurata,white, summer,
summer;
subpolyhedra, yellowand red,
8 in., Mexico
4 in., Mexico
summer,
; sulcolonata, yellow, summer,
; tetraoantha,
rose, July, 9 in., Mexico;
tuberculosa, pale purple, May, 6 in., Mexico; turbinata,
yellow, June, Mexico ; uncinata, purple. May
and
June, 4 in., Mexico ; vetula,
yellow. May and June, 3 in., Mexico; -villifera,
and purple.May, 3 in.,Mexico;
rose
viridis,yellow. May and June, 4 in., Mexico; vivipara, purple. May and June, 3 in.,
N.
America;
3 to 4 in., Mexico;
wildiana, rose, summer,
Wrightii, purple. May,
Mexico
and June, 3 in., Mexico.
; zucoariniana, purple. May
Mammoth
Tree
of
California
(Sequoia gigantea)."See
Sequoia.
Mandarin
Mandevilla
Orang:e-tree
See
(Citrusnobilis)."
(ChiliJasmine). Ord. Apocynacess.
"
Citrus.
Greenhouse
Deciduous.
First introduced
floweringclimber.
1837.
CULTtJEE:
"
loam, halt part each
of
" pounded
sand
charcoal.
Position, well-drained beds or borders;
shoots trained
roof of sunny
or
up trellis,pillars,
greenhouse. Plant,
Feb.
Water
freely,Feb. to Sept.
; moderately,Sept. to December
; none
afterwards.
Syringe twice daily,Feb. to July. Temp., Feb. to Sept.
55" to 65" ; Sept.to Deo.
45" to 55" ; Dec. to Feb.
40" to 50".
Prune
shoots to within two
of their base
buds
immediately after flowering.
in pans or bed of sandy
peat slightly covered
with fine soil in a temp, of 65" to 75", Feb. to
April; cuttingsof firm
side shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sand under
bell-glass in temp,
of 70" to 85" in
summer.
.
BuenM
**" '"""'"='"'"""" frasrant, summer,

Ayres.^'^'^^^'*''^^"'
Manettia."
First introduced
CULTTJEE:
Ord.
1832.
Eubiaceje.
Greenhouse
evergreen
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, pounded

260
15
to
SO
ft.,
climbers.
charcoal
"
SPECIES
Ohili.
CULTIVATED:
Marica
M.
Betosus, green,
(Toad-cupLily)."Ord.
introduced
First
Iridacese.
white,
berries
summer,
herbaceous
Stove
in
frame
in cold
long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glass
in Sept. or Oct.
layering branches
1 to 2 in.
summer
OABDENINO.
OF
BNCYOLOFMBIA
to
(t.,
nials.
peren-
1789.
tion,
PosiCULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould " sand.
March.
Feb.
or
Pot,
well-drained
pots in light part of stove.
to Feb.
Apply weak
Water
to Oct. ; keep dry, Nov.
freely,March
stimulants
occasionallywhen in flower. Temp., 65" to 75", March to
Sept.; Sept. to March, 55" to 65". Propagate by division of rhizomatoug roots, Feb. or March.
18 in., Trinidad;
red, summer,
CULTIVATED:
M. brachypua, yellow and
SPECIES
and
summer,
oserulea, blue, yellow, brown,
orange,
3 to 4 ft.,Trop. America.
northiaua, white, yellow, and
red, summer,
See Calendula.
Marigold
(Calendula officinalis).
Mariposa-lily
(Calochortusvenustua). ^See Calochortus.
"
"
(Origanum vulgare).
Marjoram
(Horehound).
Marrubium
medicinal
Origanum.
Labiatce.
Hardy
See
"
"
Leaves
herb.
"
Ord.
used
shoots
young
as
perennial
popular remedy for
coughs.
CULTURE
March
or
Soil, ordinary.
18 in.
April,
apart.
Position,
Propagate
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Jin. deep in
by
in shady
inserted
cuttings
seeds
to May;
March
of roots in March.
M.
Tulgare, white, June
shady positionoutdoors,
border in April; division
Plant,
borders.
dry
sunny
sown
Sept.,
to
ft., Britain.
CistUS
Marsh
(Ledum palustre). See Ledum.
Elder
Marsh
(Viburnum opulus). See Viburnum.
See Swertia.
Fel-WfOrt
Marsh
(Swertia perennis\
See Nephrodium.
Fern
Marsh
Thelypteris).
(jSTephrodium
See Limuanthemum.
Marsh-floweir.
Gentian
'Marsh
(Gentiana pneumonanthe). See Gentiana.
Helleborine
Marsh
palustris).See Epipactis.
(Epipactis
Marsh
Marigold
(Caltha palustris).See Caltha.
Orchis
Marsh
(Orchislatifolia).See Orchis.
santhemum
Marsh
Daisy
(Chrysanthemum lacustre). See ChryOx-eye
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
(Ledum palustre). See Ledum.

(Menyanthes trifoliata).See Menyanthea.
See Viola.
Violet
(viola palustris).^
See Lilium.
Lily (Lilium Martagon).
Martagon
Unicorn
Trunk;
Martynia
(Elephant's
Plant). Ord. Pedaliaces.
Rosemary
Marsh
"Marsh
Marsh
"
Trefoil
"
"
"
"
First
annual.
Half-hardy
making pickles.
POT
manure
in
CULTURE
"
of
temp,
60"
1731.
Fruit
edible
"
used
for
equal parts loam, leaf-mould, decayed

deep singly in 2-inch pots " place
Transfer
to 5-in. pots in
70", Feb. or March.
7-in. pots in June.
Pot firmly. Position, light
Compost,
sand.
introduced
Sow
to
6 or
seeds
lin.
April or May;
window.
sunny greenhouse or
in full growth.
Apply weak
to
Water
moderately at first,freelywhen
stimulants
occasionallyto healthy plants
to May, 60" to 70"; afterwards, 55" to 65".
in flower.
Temp., Feb.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinaryrich.
OUTDOOR
wellPosition, sunny
Sow seeds 1 in. deep singly in 3-in.
drained sheltered beds or borders.
boxes of lightsoil in temp, of 60" to 70"
3 in. apart in shallow
or
pots,
in
Feb.
or
March,
transplanting"seedlings8
262
to
12 in.
apart early in
BNGTCLOPMDIA
June.
Mulch
planting.
SPEOIES
2
with
Water
CULTIVATED
OF
GARDENING.
after
cocoanut-fibre
refuse
or
decayed manure
in dry weather.
: M.
fragrans (Unioorn Plant), orimaon-purple,summer,
ft., Mexico.
Marvel-Of-Peru
See Mirabilis;
(MirabilisJalaâ)."
(Cassiamarilaudica)."See Cassia.
Pink
Root
See Spigelia.
(Spigeliamarilandica)."
Masdevallia
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Orchid).
(Spectral-flowered
Greenhouse
1842.
epiphytal orchids.
CULTtfEE:
Compost, for robust species(M. Coccinea, etc.),two
" sand; for other
parts fibrous peat, one part sphagnum moss
species
" lumps of charcoal, " a
(M. Chimsera, etc.),equal ârtspeat, moss
little sand.
Pot annually in Feb. or March.
Position, well-draiued
Maryland
Maryland
Cassia
"
for
M.
Coccinea;
teak-wood
for M.
baskets, lined with moss,
essential.
Water
sun
freely,April to Sept.;
moderately afterwards, and keep atmosphere moist all the year round.
Syringe staging,floors " pots dailyin summer.
Temp., Nov. to March,
45" to 55"; March
to Nov., 55" to 65".
Ventilate
freely in summer.
at base of last-made
Flowers
leaves.
amiear
Propagate by division of plants in Feb.
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
and
M.
amabilis, rose, crimson, orange,
mer,
yellow, sum6 in., Colombia;
bella, yellow, crimson, and white, spring, 6 in., Colombia;
4 in., Colombia;
oaadata, yellow, purple and
red, summer,
Cnestertonii, yellow,
purple and pink, spring, 6 in., Colombia
purple, spring, 8 in.,
; Cbimsera, yellow and
scarlet and
crimson, spring, 6 to 8 in., Colombia;
Cocoinea
Colombia; coccinea,
harryana, a variety; Davisii, yellow and orange,
Aug., 8 in., Peru;
ignea, red,
and
purple, spring, 6 in., Colombia; rosea, orange, red, and carmine, summer,
orange
6 in., Peru;
torarensis, wMte, winter, 6 in., Venezuela;
veitoMana, vermilion,
and
There
also numerous
are
purple, spring, 1 ft., Peru.
hybrids.
Mask-flower
See Alonsoa.
(Alonsoa iucisifolia).
Ord. Compositse. Hardy
Matricaria
(Double May Weed).
herb.
perennial
CULTTJEE:
Soil,ordinary. Position,open sunny beds or borders.
pots
Chimsera.
Shade
from
"
"

in
in
April. Propagate by cuttingsinserted

shady positionoutdoors in spring; division of roots
ordinary soil in
Oct. or
March.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
summer,
M.
or
inodora
pleniseima (Double Mayweed), white, double,
ft., Britain.
Matthiola
(Ten-week, Brompton,
Cape
Giant,
and
German,
Wallflower-leaved
termediate
Night-scented,InStock). Ord. Cruci"
" biennials.
First introduced
ferae. Half-hardy annuals
1731.
CULTURE
TEN- WEEK
STOCK
OP
OUTDOORS
:
Soil, deep, rich,
well manured.
beds or
borders.
Sow
seeds
1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March,
transplanting
seedlingsoutdoors ejid of May; or in cold frame or outdoors in April,
Plant, dwarf kinds 9 in. " tall kinds
transplantingseedlingsin June.
Mulch
surface
12 to 15 in. apart each
of soil after planting
way.
Remove
seed pods as they form.
with decayed manure.
CULTURE
OP
TEN-WEEK
POT
Sow
STOCKS:
seeds
above
as
advised.
Transplant three seedlingslin. high into a 3-in. pot, "
3 to 4 in. high into a 5-in. pot. Compost, two
when
parts good soil,
" sand.
Position, cold frame during May ;
one
part decayed manure
outdoors.
Water
afterwards
freely. Apply stimulants when flower
buds
form.
CULTURE
OF
WALLFLOWER-LEATED
OF
NIGHT-SCENTED
STOCK
Same
as
for ten-
week.
CULTURE
STOCK
263
Soil, ordinary.
Posi-
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
beds
tion, sunny
required to
bord'ers.
or
Sow
GARDENING.
seeds
Jin. deep
in
April
where
flower.
deep
seeds J in.
in
STOCK
: Sow
in Aug. or Sept.
boxes in cold frame
high singly in a 2-in. pot or four in a
old
mortar.
"
4-in. pot.
Water
frame.
in
cold
ashes
in
cinder
to
rim
sunny
Plunge pots
s^parout in rich soil in
Plant
freely in fine weather.
ingly. Ventilate
March, or transfer single plantsto a 5-in. or three plants to a 6-in. pot.
flowers show.
stimulants
when
Position,
Water
moderately.
INTERMEDIATE
OF
CULTUEE
well-drained
pots or
light soil in
1 in.
Apply
For
in flower, light,airy greenhouse.
autumn-flowering,sow
when
in
out
June.
"
in
March
seeds
or
April, plant
STOCKS
Sow
seeds \ in.
" QUEEN
:
BEOMPTON
CULTURE
OF
in
June
soil
in
cold
frame
or
July. Transplant seedlings
deep in light
lin. high 8 to 12 in. apart where
when
required to flower following
" plant out
2-in. pots ; keep in cold frame
in
year, or place singly in
of
double
flowers
obtained
March.
Seed-Saving: Largest percentage
from
plants grown in poor soil, " of the dwarfest habit.
M.
OULTIVATED:
annua), parent of the Ten-week
SPECIES
annua
(or inoana
and Intermediate
Stooke, S. Europe, annual ; bicomig, purplish-red,spring, fragrant
1 ft.,
shmb;
at night, Greece, perennial or
fenestralia,scarlet or purple, summer,
Stock), purple
biennial, Crete ; inoana
(Brompton, Queen, and Wallflower-leaTed
1 ft.,
lilao,summer,
1 to 2 ft., Levant, biennial;
triouspidata,
or
Tiolet, summer,
tristis (Night-soented Stock), purple, fragrant at night, 1 ft.,
8. Enrope, annual;
E. Europe, biennial.
Maurandia^
Ord.
Scrophulariacea;. Half-hardy climbing
"
" leaf-mould
INDOOR
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal partsloam
little sand.
to May.
Pot, March
pots with
trained
shoots
front of stage, or
draping over
up trellis,walls, or
rafters, or suspended in baskets in sunny
greenhouse. Water
freely,
March
wards.
to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov. ; keep nearly dry afterin
flower
stimulants
to
healthy
Temp.,
plants
only.
Apply
March
45" to 55".
S.
CULTUEE
OUTDOOR
Position, against
window
walls or in sunny
boxes.
Plant, June.
vases
or
Lift, repot
in dry weather.
" place in greenhousein Sept. Water
gate
Propafreely
in
seeds
in.
in
soil
of
1-16
sown
by
deep
ordinarylight
temp, 60" to
lin.
70" in March,
when
transplanting seedlings
high singlyinto
"
shoots inserted in sandy soil under

young
55"
March
to
to Aug.
65",
bell-glass temp.
M. barolayana, Tiolet-purple,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Mexico;
trailing,
summer,
embescens
and white, summer,
(Syn. Lophospermnm
Mexico; scan
erubescens), rose
dens (Syn. Lophospermnm
scandens), purple and violet,snmmoT,
4 to 6 ft.,Uexico.
Maxillaria.
Ord. Orchidacese.
Stove terrestrial orchids.
First
introduced
1832.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts fibry peat " choppedsphagnum
with
little
sand " charcoal.
moss,
pots,pans
in light part of greenhouse.
baskets
or
Pot when
new
mences.
growth comWater
deciduous
speciesfreelyfrom time new
growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally;
to
evergreen
Nov. ; moderately, Nov. to March.
Syringe once or twice dailywhilst
making growth. Ventilate
freely.May to Sept. Temp., April to
55" to 65"; Oct. to April 45" to 55".
Oct.
Growing period, Feb. to
March;
resting period,Oct. to Feb.
Plants may
be grown
in sitting
cool conservatory when
in flower.
or
room
Flowers
base of
at
appear
2
or
3-in.
pots; cuttingsof
"
261
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GABDENINO.
pseudo-bulb when latter begins to form.

pseudo-bulbs immediatelyafter flowering.
new
of
SFEOIES
CULTIVATED
M.
:
and
grandiflora, white
yellow, fragrant, autumn,
Peru; luteo-alba,yellow, white, and purple, fragrant, various seasons,
Colombia;
piota, yellow, purple and white, winter, Colombia; sanderiana, white and crimson,
spring, Peru; Tenusta, white
and yellow, winter, Colombia.
Max
LeiChtlin'S
See Lilium.
Lily (Lilium Leichtlini)."
May
(CrataegusOxyacantha). See Crataegus.
"
May
May
May
Apple
(Podophyllum peltatum)."See Podophyllum.

FlOVtfer
(Epi^searepens)."See Epigsea.
Lily (Convallariamajalis). See Convallaria.
Meadow
See Khexia.
Beauty
(Ehexia virginica)."
MeadOVtf
Crocus
(Colchicum autumnale)." Stee Colehicum.
Meadow
Geranium
(Geranium pratense)."5ee Geranium.
Meadow
Meadovtf
Meadow
Meadow
"
Pink
(Dianthus deltoides)."See Dianthus.
Rue
(Thalictrum flavum)." See Thalictrum.
Saffron
(Colchicum autumnale)." See Colchicum.
Saxifrage
(Saxifragagranulata)."See S'axifraga.
(SpiraeaUlmaria)." See Spiraea.
MeconopsiS
(Welsh Poppy; Himalayan Poppy; PricklyPoppy;
Nepaul Poppy). Ord. Papaveraceae. Hardy biennial " perennial
Meadow-sweet
"
herbs.
CULTURE
OF
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
Sow
soil
in
light sandy
or
temp. 60" to 70" in March
April. Transplant
"
seedlingslu April into bed of loamy soil enriched with manure,
with cold frame
until June.
Remove
cover
or
followingMarch
April
to where
required to flower.
rockery.
sunny
Water
Cover surface
freelyin summer;
keep dry as possiblein winter.
of soil under
leaves with small lumps of sandstone.
Plants flower
when
die.
2 to 4 years old, " afterwards
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF PERENNIAL
: Soil,deep,rich
loam, mixed
leaf-mould.
with
"
sheltered
Position, sunny
decayed manure
freely
March
above
rockeries.
Water
borders
Plant,
or
or
as
April.
seeds
Wallichii
1-16
M.
in.
in
advised.
sown
by
deep
light
Propagate
sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March or April; M. cambrica
by seeds
in March
1-16 in. deep in moist soil outdoors
or
sown
April.
oambrioa
M.
1 ft.
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
(Welsh Poppy), yellow, summer,
iiore-pleno,double flowered ; aouleata, purple, summer,
Europe (Britain); oambrioa
3 ft., Himalayas.
a ft., Himalayas
; nepalensis (Nepaul Poppy), yellow, summer,
M. Wallichii
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
4 to 6 ft.,
(Satin Poppy), blue, summer,
Himalayas.
See Asparagus.
Medeola.
of Thorns). Ord.
LegumiMedicagfO
(Calvary Clover; Crown
Flowers
succeeded
"
annuals
nosae.
perennials.
by
curiously
Hardy
"
"
twisted legumes.
Sow seeds J in. deep in ordinary
:
Thin
April or May.
seedlings
CULTURE
: Compost, two
POT
parts good soil,one part leaf -mould,
Sow seeds thinlyin 5-in. pots
" sand.
half a part each of old mortar
lin. high, thin to 3
When
are
seedlings
with
above
filled
compost.
vrindow
Position,
Water
or
each
moderately.
in
sunny
house.
greenpot.
CLOVER
CALVARY
OF
CULTURE
soil in sunny
positionoutdoors,
lin. high to 6 in. apart. Water
when
CULTURE
dryish sunny
OP
PERENNIAL
borders,
banks,
SPECIES
: Stoil,
ordinary.
rockeries.
Plant, Oct.
or
265
Position,
or
March.
Propagate by seeds
division
in
of roots
ANNUAL
in. deep
March.
or
sown
Oct.
OARDSNINO.
OF
MNOYOhOFMDIA
in
in March;
ordinary soil outdoors
(Oalyary Clover), yellow,
echinus
M.
SPECIES:
sTimmer,
Europe.
SPECIES
PEEBNNIAL
M.
faloata
(Siokle-poddedMediok), yellow, Bummer,
in.,
B.
ing,
trail-
Britain.
Melastomacese.
Stove
flowering
Ord.
Medinilla.
evergreen
First introduced
1845.
shrubs.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam, half
moist
half
PositioUi sunny
sand,
part well-decayed manure.
part
afterwards.
"
to
of
Feb.
dry
stove,
Sept.; light moderately
part
part
70" to
Pot. Feb.
Temp., Feb. to Sept. 75" to 85"; Sept. to Nov.
rately
to Sept.,modeWater
65" to 75".
80"; Nov. to Feb.
freely,March
afterwards.
twice
March
to
Sept. Moist
daily,
Syringe
"
essential.
Appljrstimulants when plants commence
shoots
into shape,Jan. or Feb.
Prune
flowering.
Propagate
straggly
of
side
3 to 4 in. long, inserted in sandy
firm
shoots,
by cuttings
young
in temp. 85" in spring or summer.
peat " leaf-mould, under bell-glass,
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
M.
magnifioa, rosy pink. May, i ft., PbilippineB;
amabilis
(Syn. Teysmannii), rosy pink, spring, i ft.,Java.
E. carnea)."
Mediterranean
Heath
or
(Erica mediterranea
atmospherevery
See Erica.
Mediterranean
See Pancratium.
Lily (Pancratium maritimum).
"
Mediterranean
Steele
(Hesperismaritima). See Hesperis.
Medlar
(Pyrus germanica)." See Pyrus.
Medusa^S
Head
(Euphorbia Caput-Medusse). See Euphorbia.
Medusa's
Head
Orchid
(Cirrhopetalum Caput-Medusas)."
See Cirrhopetalum.
"
"
See Saxifraga.
Megasea^
Gentleman
Melancholy
(Hesperistristis).See Hesperis.
Melia
Half-hardy
(Bead-tree; Indian
Lilac]).Ord. Meliacese.
First
duced
intro"
deciduous
"
trees.
oru.
foliage.
Flowering
evergreen
1656.
Leaves, graceful,feather-shaped,green.
CULTUEE
Position, large well-drained pots in
: Soil,sandy loam.
S.
shrubberies
outdoors
cool greenhouse or conservatory, or sheltered
of England.
Pot or plant, Oct. to Feb.
Water
(in pots),
freeljr
to Oct. ; little afterwards.
March
Propagate by cuttingsinserted in
sand under
in temp. 55" to 65", summer
autumn.
or
bell-glass
"
"
"
SPEOIES
20 ft., India
CULTIVATED:
and
China.
M.
(Great Cape Honey-flower).
Melianthus
Half-hardy
evergfreen
leaves
Azedaraoli, lilao, summer,
shrubs.
Orn.
fragrant, 10
Ord.
"
foliage. First
to
Sapindacesa.
introduced
1688.
graceful, feather-shaped,green.
CULTURE
POT
:
Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould "
sand.
pots in sunny greenhouse. Pot, Feb. or
April. Water
freely,March
Temp.,
March
40" to 50".
OUTDOOR
CULTUEE
: Soil,
ordinaryrich. Position, sunny beds or
Leaves,
borders.
Plant, May or June.
Lift roots in Sept. or Oct., " store
in cool frost-proofshed or
like dahlias
greenhouse until planting
time.
May be grown
entirelyoutdoors in warm
sheltered parts of
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
England.
in
temp. 65" to 75" in January, Feb., or March, or in similar soil in
temp. 55" to 65" in Aug. or Sept.; by
inserted
soil under
in
bell-glass
temp.
65"
cuttings
in spring
to 65"
266
in light sandy
or
summer
ENCTOLOP^DIA
SPECIES
OULTITATED
Melissa
GARDENING.
OF
M.
major, brown,
(Common
4 to
summer,
ft., 8. Africa.
Ord. Labiatae.
Balm).
Hardy lierba:oeouB
perennials. Aromatic
foliage. Leaves, egg-shaped, dark green, or
variegated with yellow; fragrant.
CULTURE:
beds
or
Soil, ordinary light. Position, warm
sunny
"
borders.
in groups
12 in. apart in rows.
Plant, Oct. or March
or
Gather
stems when
flowers open for drying for winter use.
Cut stems
off close to ground after flToweriug.
seeds
sown
Jin.
Propagate by
deep outdoors in March; division of roots in Oct. or March.
SEEOIES
CULTIVATED:
M. offloinalis (Balm), white
(Britain); offloinalis yariegata, leaves golden.
Melittis
(Bastard Balm). Ord. Labiatae.
or
yellow,
summer,
ft.,
Europe
"
CULTURE
borders.
of roots
directly after flowering.
SPECIES
18
Hardy perennial.
Sbil, ordinaryrich.
Position, partiallyshaded beds or
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by division
:
OTJLTIVATED:
in., Europe
M.
meliasophyllum,
creamy
white
and
pink. May,
(Britain).
MelocaCtUS
Melon
Thistle; Turk's Cap Cactus;
Cactaceae.
Greenhouse
succulent
perennials.
1788.
Stems
globular,ribbed, spiny, surmounted
by
(Melon Cactus;
Ord.
Pope's Head).
"
First introduced
cylindricalcap.
CULTURE
rubble, old
Compost,
mortar
two
fibrous sandy loam, one

part brick
pots in sunny
parts
sand.
"
window.
four years in March.

or
week
afterwards.
Temp.,
April,
50 to 55"; March
Propagate by
Sept. to March
of sandy soil in temp. 75'-'
seeds sown
-Jin.deep in well-drained
pans
in March, keeping soil moderately moist ; cuttingsof stems
inserted in
small potsof sandy soil kept barely moist in summer
mon
com; graftingon
kinds in April.
communis
OtTLTIVATED
SPECIES
: M.
(Turk's Head or Melon Cactus), rosy red,
greenhouse
or
Water
summer,
once
month,
12 to 18 in., W.
Melon
every
three
once
Indies.
(Cucumis melo).
"
See Cucumis.
(Melocactus communis).
Melon-ca.CtuS
Melon
Repot
Sept. or
"
(Melocactuscommuuis).
Thistle
"
See Melocactus.
See Melocactus.
Ord.
Filices.
Stove
MeniSCium.
rhizomatous
evergreen
Fronds
entire or once
First introduced
1793.
divided.
ferns.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, peat " sand.
pots or ledges of rockery in shady part of stove.
Water
freely,April to Sept.,moderately
afterwards.
55"
Temp., March
of
surface
of
sown
fine
to 65'.
on
by
Propagate
spores
sandy
pans
peat in teinp.75" to 80 any time; division of plants at potting time.
OXTLTITATED:
M.
SPECIES
reticulatum, and its Tariety macrophyllum,
W.
Indies; simplex, Tropioal Asia.
Indies; serratum. West
Menispermum
(Moon Seed; Moon
Creeper). Ord. Menisperdeciduous
First introduced
climber.
1691.
flowering
maceae.
Hardy
rich.
moist
CULTURE
borders
Soil,
with
Position,
:
ordinary
shady
trellises.
twined
shoots
Plant, Oct. or
up walls, arbours, pergolas,or
weak or unhealthy shoots, Nov. to Feb.
Prune
March.
gate
Propaaway
shoots inserted in sandy soil in shady posiby cuttings of young
tion
hand-light in spring; division of roots, Oct.
outdoors, or under
"
"
to
March.
SPECIES
Mentha
uials.
CUI/TITATED
(Mint;
Aromatic
10 to 15 ft.,N. America.
oanadense, yellow, summer,
Ord.
Labiatss.
Pennyroyal).
Hardy pereu:
M.
"
foliage.
267
ENOYOLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
OF
tion,
Soil, rich, moist, ordinary. Posi2
in
in.
roots
border.
Plant
or
deep
rows
partiallyshady
sunny
March.
Mulch
with
9 in. apart in Feb.
or
layer of decayed manure
Water
in March.
Cut
off stems
close to
in
"
bed
with
in.
soil.
Lift
2
"
of
ground
Sept. cover
replant every
three
Gather
shoots
for drying when
flowers
first open.
years.
roots
close together (with ordinary soil 'between)in
Forcing: Place
large pot or box, " put in a temp, of 55" to 65", Oct. to March.
Keep
soil moist.
OF
CULTURE
PEPPERMINT:
advised
Same
for Spearmint.
as
Gather
when
in flower for distillation.
CULTURE
OP
PENNYROYAL:
Soil, moist
loamy. Position,
shaded
border.
March
Plant, Se^t.,
or
partially
April,6 in. apart in
15 in. asunder.
Water
rows
Mulch
with decayed
in April.
manure
CULTURE
OF
OTHER
SPECIES
:
Soil, light rich. Position,partially
or
Plant, March
shady borders.
cellent
April. M. Requienii an excreeping plant for covering surface of soil in moist places. M.
should
be wintered
in a cold frame, " planted
Pulegium gibraltarica
in April or May.
out
" Peppermint by division
Spearmint
Propagate
of roots in Feb. or March
also
of
in.
3
;
cuttings young shoots,
long
inserted
in shady position
outdoors
in summer;
shoots
Pennyroyal by offdivisions
in Oct. or March;
or
ordinary speciesby division in
Oct. or Feb.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
M. aquatioa (Bergamot
1 ft.,
Mint), purple, rammer,
Earope; piperita (Peppermint), purple, autumn, 1 ft., Europe; pulegium (Pennyroyal),
purple, Aug., 4 to 6 in., Europe; pulegium gibraltarioa (Gibraltar Mint),
2 in., used
for carpet
bedding;
Requienii, purple, summer,
creeping, Corsica;
Tiridis (Spearmint or Lamb
Mint), purple, Aug., 2 ft.,Europe.
Ord. Loasacese.
Mentzelia..
First introduced
Hardy annuals.
1811.
CULTURE
seeds J in. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55" to
: Sow
65" till May; place in cold frame, " plant outdoors
in June.
SoU,
CULTURE
SPEARMINT:
OF
"
ordinary.
Lindleyi (Syn. Bartonia

white, fragrant, Aug.,
Menyanthes
Water
CULTURE
pools
well-dfained
Position, sunny
brvrders in April
sunny
SPEfclES CULTIVATED:
1
or
borders,
M.
bartonloideB, yellow,
aurea), golden yellow, summer,
ft., N. America.
(Buck-bean; Bog Bean;
Trefoil). Ord.
"
marshes
or
"
1 ft., U.
summer,
1 ft., California;
March
to
SPECIES
to June,
Europe
First
CULTURE:
leaf-mould.
lawns
foil;
Tre-
Hardy perennialaquatic.
Position,shallow streams,
Plant, Sept. to Nov. " March
or
CULTIVATED:
M.
trifoliata,white, red
(Britain).
See Babdecia.
in the
mud,
Spruce
purple, fragrant, March
(Picea pungens)." See Pjcea.

Saffron),"Hardy bulbous
(Pyrenean Meadow
introduced
1820.
SmI, lightsandy
Position, moist beds
shade
nials.
peren-
Flowers fragrant.
loam, enriched with
of
decayed manure
rockeries,shrubberv borders,
bulbs
3 in. deep " 3 in; apart in
or
trees.
Plant
^^"s down
in June "
until after plant has flowered.
Propagate
bed
of fine soil outdoors
in
Aug. or
near
and
"
Merendera
or
Marsh
States;
ornata,
Oct.
Menziesia.
Menzies'
or
in
bog.
bogs.
April. Propagate by insertingpiecesof creeping stems
or
outdoors
sow
Bog Trefoil;
Gentianaceee.
Soil, ordinary mud
ponds,
or,
May.
%/^^-, JP^'^g?
J"ly,
July, " ôesnot
by seeds
Sept.,or
268
sown
in pans
reappear
Jin. deep in
or
boxes
of
pink, July,
golden yellow.
leaves
in. ;
M.
SPECIES."
8UC0ULENT-LEATED
GREENHOUSE
floribundum,
OARDENINO.
OF
ENCYOLOPMBIA
spcotabile, red, May,
SPECIES:
M.
Crystallinum (Ice Plant), wMte,
and
1 ft. ; pyropeum
(Syn. M. tricolor),rose
SPECIES:
M.
ednle
(Hottentot Fig), yellow,
ANNUAL
yellow, July,
HAEDT
pink, June, 6 in. ;

-janegatum,
densum,
1 ft. ;
cordifolinm
July; pomendiannm,
white, June, 6 in.
red,
July; uncinatum,
summer.)
See
MespilUS."
Metake
Fyrus.
(Bamljusa Metake).
Bamboo
Meum
See
"
(Baldmoney
aromatic
or
Callistemon.
; Spignel). Ord.
TJmbelliferae.
"
Hardy
nial
peren-
herb.
CULTTJEE:
rockeries.

beds, borders, banks
flower
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Cut down
stems, Sept. Water

freely in
the roots, Oct., Nov., March,
SPECIES
Bambusa.
See
"
Metrosideros.
CULTIVATED
dry weather.
April.
Propagate by
white, May,
athamantioum,
See Cuphea.
ivy (Cobseascaudens). See Cobsea.
Liiy. See Furcrsea.
Mexican
Mexican
Mexican
Mexican
Mexican
division
of
or
M.
Cig'ar-flower.
ft., Europe
(Britain).
"
"
"
Marig'Old
(Tagetes mexicana)." See Tagetes.
Mocic-orange
(Fhiladelphus micropbyllus). See
"
Philadelphua.
Mexican
Oranse-flovver
(Choisya ternata)." See Choisya.
Poppy
(Argemone mexicana). See Argemone.
Soap-piant
(Agave saponaria). See Agave.
Flower
Tiger
(Tigridiapavonia). See Tigridia.
Mexican
Mexican
Mexican
"
"
"
Meyenia.
See
Thuubergia.
(Daphne mezereum).
"
Mezereon
Michaelmas
Michauxia
"
Daisy.
"
See
See
Daphne.
Aster.
(Michaux's Bell-flower). Ord. Campanulaceae.Hardy

"
perennials.
First
introduced
1787.
moist
Soil,
sandy loam.
CTJLTUEE
sheltered
:
Position, warm
borders.
in.
in
J
deep
sunny
sunny
position
lowing
in April,transplantingseedlingsinto floweringpositionfoloutdoors
July or Aug. ; or by sowing seeds in April where plants are
required
to
SPECIES
grown
as
Michaux's
Michauxia.
Miconia.^
grow.
CULTIVATED:
hiennial,
M.
oampanuloidea,
Bell-flovtfer
white,
July, Asia
Minor.
Best
(Michauxia campanuloides).
"
See
Ord.
Melastomaceae.
Stove
orn.
foliage
evergreen
First
introduced
1858.
Leaves, broad, upper surface velvety
plants.
under
side reddish
purple.
green,
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts fibrous peat " leaf-mould, fourth
Position, pots in moist shady plant stove.
part silver sand.
Pot, Feb.
Water
March.
or
moderately in winter, freelyother times.
Syringe
to Sept. Temp., March
to Sept. 75" to 85"; Sept. to
foliage March
60" to 70".
March
in fine light compost in
85"
in March
or
April; cuttings of shoots of stems inserted in
temp.lightsoil in temp. 80" to 90" in spring.
OULTltATED:
Species
O. flammea, leaves
1 to 2 ft.,Brazil; hookeriagreen,
and
leaves
white, 1 to 2 ft. ; magnifloa, leaves bronzy ereen
green
num,
2 to 3 ft
J
B
"
Mexioo.
MicroslOSSa
(Shrubby Star-wort)."Ord. Composite.
Hardy
shrubby perennial. First introduced 1883.
CULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
borders.
Plant
Oct
270
BNOYCLOPMDIA
Nov., March, or April.
positionoutdoors. March
division
of roots, Oct.
SPECIES
or
CULTIVATED:
OF
GARDENING.

J in. deep in sunnyin
soil
in
cold frame, April;
or
April,
sandy
or
March.
M.
albescens, blue
and
Himalayas.
Microlepia."
to
Labiatae.
ft.,
Half-hardy shrubby perennials.
Soil, ordinary.
Oct., Nov., March,
sandy
Ord.
"
SPECIES
See Davallia.
Micromeria,
CULTURE
white, autumn,
or
soil under
CULTIVATED:
rockeries.
Position, sunny
Propagateby cuttingsinserted
April.
hand-lightm
M.
cold frame, Sept. to Nov.

Piperella, purplish white, July to Oct.,
Plant,
in ordinary
3
in., S.
Europe.
Mignonette
(Reseda odorata)."See
Mikania,
Reseda.
(German Ivy; Parlour Ivy). Ord. Compositae. HalfPirst introduced

1823.
hardy perennial floweringclimber.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
:
Soil, good ordinary. Position, against S.
W.
arbours
or
trellises.
walls, sunny
Lift in Oct.,
or
Plant, May.
" store in pots in frost-proof
greenhouse or frame.
INDOOR
CULTURE:
part leafmould
" little sand.
or
manure
well-decajred
or
pots with shoots trained round trellises,
up rafters, or in suspended
"
baskets
with
Pot, Feb. or
'
shoots
hanging down, in sunny greenhouse or window.
March.
Water
wards.
freely,March to Oct., moderately afterApply stimulants occasionally.
May to Sept. Temp., March
to Oct.
40" to 50".
Propagateby cuttings
of shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
M.
6 to 8 ft.,
soandens, yellow and white, summer,
Trop. America.
Milfoil."
See Achillea.
Orchis
Military
(Orchis militaris).See Orchis.
Milk-Thistle
(Silybum Mariannm)." See Silybum.
Milk
See Astragalus.
Vetch."
Milk-weed
Gentian
(Gentiana asclepiadea).See Gentiana.
See Polygala.
Milk-wort."
See Brodisea.
Milla.
Miltonia.
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
First
epiphytal orchids.
1830.
introduced
CULTURE
peat " chopped sphagnum
with
few lumps of charcoal.
a
moss,
pots or
in shady paj:t of stove.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
pans
freely,
Shade
" moist
March
from
sun,
to Oct.
65" to 75"; Oct.
to
atmosphere essential.
Temp., March
60" to 65".
March
Growing period,Feb. to Sept.; restingperiod,
Flowers
at base of last-made
pagate
pseudo-bulb. ProSept.to Feb.
appear
division
of
time.
at
pseudo-bulbs
potting
by
M.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Candida, red, brown, yellow, and white, autumn,
13 to 18 in.,Brazil ; Clowesii, yellow, brown, white, and purple, Sept. and Oct., 2 ft.,
Brazil; ouneata, brown, yellow, white, and rose, Feb., 12 to 18 in.,Brazil; phalsenopsis, white and purple. May, 1 ft.,Colombia; Uegnelli, rose, purple, and white,
1 ft.,Brazil; Uoezlii,
white, purple and green, autumn, 1 ft., Colombia;
autumn,
schroederiana, yellow, brown, purple, and white, fragrant, 1 ft.,Sept., Costa Bica;
8 to 10 in., Brazil; spectabilis moreliana,
and
purple, summer,
speotabilis, rose
1 ft.; speotabilis bicolor, white
and
purple, November,
purple; spectabilis
rosy
vexillaria,
white, rose, yellow, and orange, spring, 18 in., Colombia;
rose;
rosea,
Warsoewiczii, brown, purple, white, and lilao,spring,1 ft.,Colombia.
Ord.
Mimosa
(SensitivePlant; Humble
Leguminosae.
Plant}."
1638.
Stove perennials. Orn.
Leaves,
"
"
"
"
feather-shaped,
green, sensitive.
271
OF
ENCYGLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
sand.
"
Position,
Compost, equal parts peat, loam
well-drained
M.
"
sensitiva),
pots-in
plants (M. pudica
shoots
trained
with
of
for
M.
but
stove
similar,
marginata
;
light part
rately
modeMarch
Water
to
March.
roof.
Feb.
or
Pot,
freely,
Sept.,
up
afterwards.
65" to 75".
to Oct.
Propagate by
Temp., March
1-16 in. deep in lightsoil in temp. 65" to 75", Feb. or March
seeds sown
;
cuttings of young shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75", at
CULTUEE:
sensitive
for
time.
M. pudica " M. sensitiva, though strictly
perennials,are
generally treated as annuals.
any
SPEOII^
CULTIVATED:
L. marginata,
6 to 10 ft., Mexico;
pink, summer,
12 to 18 in., Brazil; sensitiva,
pudica (Sensitive or Humble
Plant), rose, summer,
3 to 6 ft., Brazil.
purple, summer,
Mimulus
(CardinalFlower; Monkey Flower; Musk; Harrison's
Ord.
Greenhouse
"
Musk).
hardy annual "
Scrophularinaceae.
herbs.
First
introduced
1826.
Flowers, fragrant.
perennial
POT
CULTURE
OF MUSK:
Compost, two parts loam, one part each
of leaf-mould
" decayed cow
" sand.
manure
Pot, Feb. to April.
Position, shady window
Water
to Oct. ;
or
greenhouse.
freely,March
lants
moderately,Oct. to Dec; keep nearly dry afterwards.
Apply stimutwo
three times weekly. May
to Sept. Suitable
stimulants
or
:
Soot water, liquidguano,
nitrate of soda, cow
" horse manure.
Temp.
to Oct.
March
40" to 50".
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
OP
MUSK:
Soil, ordinary rich. Position,
moist shady border.
Plant, April or May.
CULTURE
OP
SPOTTED
MIMULUS
seeds on surface of light
: Sow
soil ; slightlycover
with fine mould
" place in temp. 55" to 65", Feb.,
three leaves have formed
March, or April. Transplant seedlingswhen
1 in. apart in shallow
boxes of light mould.
Place in temp. 55" until
Plant, outdoors, 4 in. apart, in
May, then transfer to cold frame.
June.
Soil, light,moist, well enPosition, shady bed or border.
riched
with
Mulch
with
refuse or
cocoanut-fibre
decayed manure.
decayed manure.
Apply stimulants
occasionally,
July to Sept.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF
(M. cardinaUs, etc.):Soil,
to
Position, moist, shady border.
Plant, March
ordinary rich.
to
Mulch
stimulants
J
une
Oct.
with
June.
occasionally,
Apply
in Oct.
in pots similar to common
decayed manure
May be grown
"
musk.
SPECIES:
"
sand.
Position, well-drained pots
leaf-mould, decayed
sticls or trellis. Pot,
trained
in light airy greenhouse; shoots
on
Water
March.
Oct.
to March, freelyafterwards.
Prune, Feb.
moderately
to
Oct.
March
40"
to
50"
50"
60".
March
to
Oct.
to
Temp.,
;
seeds
Feb.
to
on
surface
of
sown,
May,
Propagate by
light soU, "
with a little sand or fine mould, in temp. 55" to 60" ; cuttings
covered
of youn^ shoots inserted in lightsandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" at any
time; division of roots, Feb. to May; by cuttingsof shoots 2 in. long
in
bell-^lass
temp. 55" to 65" in March,
cool
in
or
window,
in
greenhouse
or
summer.
SPECIES
oardinalis
PERENNIAL
i M.
(Cardinal Flower), scarlet, summer,
1 to
luteus
(Syn. M. ouprens), orang-e
3 ft., N. America;
and
6 to
crimson, summer,
luteus guttatns or maoulosus
12 ins., N. America;
(Spotted Mimnlus), parent of the
large-floweredspotted kinds, various, 6 to 8 in., summer:
mosohatns
(Must)
CULTURE
OF
SHRUBBY
cow
Miniature
manure
Sun-flower
See Heliopsis
(Heliopsisisevis)."
272
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Minorca
Box
OF
GARDENING.
Tree
See Buxus.
(Buxug balearica)."
Holly (Ilexbalearica)."
See Clematis.
Mint
See Mentha.
(Mentha viridis)."
Mirabilis
of
(Marvel
Peru)." Ord. Nyctaginaceae. Half-hardyperennials. Tuberous rooted.
1596.
First introduced
CULTUKE
: Soil, good, ordinary.
beds or borders.
Position, sunny
Plant tuberous
in April; seedlingsin June.
roots
Apply stimulants
when
in
tubers
Lift
Oct., and store
occasionally
plants are flowering.
in sand, cocoauut-iibre
refuse or cinder ashes in frost-proof
place until
soil
in
in.
in
temp. 65"
light
^
deep
to 75", Feb. or March,
in May "
cold
frame
to
transferringseedlings
of
Marvel
planting out in June; division of tubers at planting time.
Minorca
Peru
be treated
annual.
2 ft., hybrid;
hybrida, Tarious
colours, snmmer,
.Talapa (Marvel of Peru), various
colours, summer,
fragrant, 2 to 3 ft., Trop.
America
colonrs, summer,
; lougiflora, various
fragrant, 3 ft., Mexico ; multiflora,
8 to 3 ft., N.W.
America.
purple, summer,
Miscanthus
Hardy
(Zebra-stripedPush). Ord. Gramineae.
Nat.
orn.
Leaves, narrow,
deep green,
foliaged grass.
Japan.
may
SPECIES
as
an
OULTITATBD:
M.
"
yellow.
creamy,
CULTUBE
heated,
Soil, ordinary.
Position, pots in cold, or
borders.
Pot
or
on
or
lawns,
plant,
greenhouse;
groups
sunny
March
or
April. Water
plantsin pots moderately in winter, freelyin
:
in
best adapted for pot culture.

Propagate
in
March
or
plants
April.
by
M.
red,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
japonica (Syn. Eulalia japonioa), infloreeoenoe
leaves striped white
6 to 7 ft.; japonica folius-striatus,
and leaves green,
summer,
and
and
3 to 4 ft. ; japonioa zebrina, leaves
banded
yellow, 3 ft. ;
green,
green
and
sinensis
graceful, 3 to 5 ft., China
(Syn. Eulalia graoillima), leaves, green,
centre.
Japan; sinensis unvittata, leaves with yellow band down
Currant
Missouri
(Bibes aureum). See Bibes.
Variegated kinds
summer.
division
of
"
Missouri
macrocarpa).
"
Missouri
Mistletoe
Mistletoe
(CEnothera missouriensis
Evening'-Prlmrose
See
CEnothera.
See Brevoortia.
Hyacinth.
(Viscum album). See Visoum.
"
"
Cactus."
See
Bhipsalis.
MitCheila
(Chequer-berry; Deer-berry; Partridge-berry).Ord
First introduced
1761,
Bubiaceae.
trailingherb.
Hardy evergreen
Flowers
succeeded
by small scarlet berries.
leaf-mould.
CULTUBE
Position, shady
: Soil,equal parts peat "
rockeries.
borders
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate
or
by division of roots in Oct. or March.
3 in.,
and purple, fragrant, summer,
white
CULTIVATED;
M, repens,
SPECIES
"
N.
America.
la (Mitre-wort;Bishop'sCap). Ord. Saxifragacese. Hardy

First introduced
1731.
perennial herbs.
CULTUBE:
Soil, sandy peat. Position, partiallyshaded rockeries.
or
Plant, March
April. Propagate by division of the roots, March or
Mitel
"
April.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
M.
diphylla (Mitre-wort), white, spring,
in.;
N.
America.
(Mitre Flower; Scarlet Mitre-pod). Ord. Gesneracese.

First introduced
1848.
flowering shrub.
Position,
Stoil,two parts fibrous peat, one
CULTUBE
part sand.
:
rockeries.
or
Plant, Sept. or April.
moist sheltered borders
CULTUBE:
parts sandy peat, one
POT
Compost, two
part leafOct.
well-drained
Position,
" sand.
mould
pots in
Pot, Sept. or
Mitraria
Hardy
"
evergreen
273
OF
ENOYCLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
to Oct.;
Water
freely, March
shady cold greenhouse or fernery.
inserted
in
shoots
of
afterwards.
cuttings
by
Propagate
moderately
to
frame
under
i
n
cold
or
soil
greenhouse,April
shady
light
bell-glass
Sept. ; division of roots in April.
SPECIES
oocoines, scarlet, May to Aug., trailing,Chiloe.

(Mitraria coccinea). See Mitraria.
(Mitelladiphylla). See Mitella.
Ord.
Eubiacce.
(Citron-scentedGardenia).
First
introduced
1856.
shrub.
flowering
OULTITATBD
'Mitre-pod
M.
"
Mitre-wort
"
Mitriostigrma
Stove evergreen
CULTURE:
"
part peat, one part wellwell-drained

charcoal.
Position,
decayed manure
pots,or beds in
into shape, Feb.
Pot or plant, Feb. or March.
Prune
plant stove.
March.
55" to
or
Temp., March
65".
Water
moderately, Oct. to Feb., freely afterwards.
Syringe
to Sept.
daily (exceptwhen in bloom), March
Apply liquidmanure
occasionally
by cuttingsof firaj
Propagfate
side shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
well-drained pots of
in
young
in temp. 75" to 85", Jan. to April.
sandy peat under bell-glass
OTTLTIYATED
axillaris (Syn. Gardenia
SFEOIES
wbite, fragrant,
: M.
oitriodora),
tpring,3 to S ft.,S. Africa.
Mocassin
Fiovwer
(Cypripedium spectabile).See Cypripedium.
Mock
Cypress
(Eochia scoparia). See Kochia.
Compost,
part loam,
one
one
"
"
"
(Philadelphuscoronarius). See Philadelphus.

(Acer pseudo-platanus). Stee Acer.
(Phillyreaangustifolia).See Phillyrea.
MOCk-Oranse
"
Mock-Plane
Mock-Privet
See Malvastrum.
IVflodiola."
Mohria
(Frankincense). Ord.
"
"
introduced
Greenhouse
Filices.
"
First
ferns.
Fronds,
1842.
evergreen
feather-shaped, green,
fragrant.
two parts peat, one
stone,
part small lumps of sandsand.
well-drained
in
silver
Position,
part
pote shady part
in dwelling room.
Pot or
of greenhouse, or in beds in wardian
cases
March.
to
Feb.
Water
Oct.
wards.
or
Feb., freelyaftermoderately,
plant,
55"
to
March
65"
55".
to
to
to
March
45"
; Sept.
Temp.
Sept.
in
surface
of
fine
on
sandy peat
pans "
in
85"
time.
temp. 75" to
placed
any
OnLIIYATED
SFEOIES
: U.
oaSrorum, S. Africa.
Balm
Moldavian
(Dracoccphalum moldavicum). See Draco-
CULTURE
Compost,
one
"
cephalum.
Molinia
(IndianGrass; Lavender
Grass). Ord. Graminete. Hardy
perennialgrass. Leaves, smooth, rigid,variegatedwith white.
CULTUB.E:
Soil, ordinary. Position, open or shady, as edgings to
beds or borders.
Plant, Oct. or March
to June.
sion
Propagate by diviof roots, autumn
or
spring.
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
to 3 ft., Britain.
M.
ouerulea
Tariegata, leaves variegated
with
white,
Ord.
Molopospermum
UmbelliferEe.
Hardy perennial;
foliage. Leaves, fern-like " graceful.
CULTURE:
Soil,deep, rich. Position,sunny, fullyexposed borders,
naturalisingin wild garden. Plant in March.
Propagate by seeds
"
orn.
or
outdoors
when
of roots in April.
ripe,or
sown
SPBOIES
tral
OULtaVATED:
M.
in cold
frame
oicutarium, yellow
and
also by division
'
white. May,
""
JjjUrope.
Momordlca
in March
(Balsam Apple)."Ord
274
Oucurbitacere.
3 to 4 ft
Cen'
Half-hardy
BNOYCLOPMBIA
annuals
GABDENINO.
OF
climbers.

1568.
Fruit, round,
reddish orange;
cylindrical,
Sept.
INDOOR
CULTUEE:
Compost, two parts decayed turfy soil, one
horse
part
droppings or decomposed manure.
Position, pots or beds
with shoots trained
up roof of sunny
greenhouse. Pot or plant,April
Size of pots, 8 or 10 in. Water
or
May.
freely. Syringe twice
Moist
daily.
occasionally
atmosphere essential.
Apply stimulants
when
fruit forms.
Nip off point of shoot at first jointbeyond fruit.
Shade
from
hot sun.
Temp., 65" to 75".
OUTDOOR
CULTTJEE:
Position, against
Soil, ordinary, rich.
walls, trellises,
banks.
Plant, June.
sunny
arbours, or trailingover
Water
occasionallywhen
Apply stimulants
fruit forms.
Pruning of shoots not required. Propagate by seeds
sown
singly in 2-in. pots filled with light soil in temp. 65" to 75" in
oblong, or
Feb.
March.
or
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
M.
Balsamina
Tropios ; Gharantia, yellow, June, 4

East
Monarch
of the
to
(Balsam
ft..Tropics.
Apple), yellow, June,
(Sauromatum guttatum).
"
See
ft,,
Sauro-
matum.
Monarda
(Sweet Bergamot; Wild Bergamot; Bee Balm; Oswego

duced
perennials. First introHardy herbaceous
1656.
Leaves, mint, balm, or sage-scented.
in open
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, singly,or in masses
borders.
or
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.
partiallyshaded
in autumn
or
spring. Propagate by
Top-dresswith decayed manure
doors,
1-16 in. deep in lightsoil in partially-shaded
seeds sown
positionoutMarch
or
April,or in boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse
Ord.
Mint).
"
Labiates.
in March;
SPECIES
summer,
4 ft., N.
Monardella"
introduced
First
CULTURE
borders.
dldyma
M.
America;
Ord.
"
in Oct. or Nov.
(Oswegro Tea or Sweet
Bergamot), scarlet,
flstulosa (Wild Bergamot), purple, summer,
3 to
of roots
division
CULTIVATED:
1 to 2 ft., N.
America.
Labiatae.
Hardy
annual
perennialherbs.
"
Leaves, fragrant.
Soil, ordinary. Position, open or partially shaded
:
annual
species
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Sow
outdoors, where
1877.
required to
grow,
in March
April. Top-dresswith
or

in
soil
in
positionoutdoors, March
partially-shaded
light
deep
soil
in
cold
frame
or
of
in
boxes
or
or
greenhouse in March ;
light
AprU,
division of roots, Oct. or March.
1 ft.,N. America.
SPECIES
oandioans, white, summer,
ANNUAL
: M.
fragrant, 1 ft., N.
M.
SPECIES:
scarlet, autumn,
PERENNIAL
maorantha,
decayed
1-16
manure
in
autumn
or
spring.
in.
America.

Money-in-bOth-PocketS
See Lysimachia.
nummularia).
Money-wort
(Lysimachia
Mimulus.
See
Monkey-flower.
Nut
(Arachishypogsea). See Arachis.
Monkey
(Araucaria imbricata). See Araucaria.
IVIonkey-puzzle
Monkshood
(Aconitum Napellus). Stee Aconitum.
Money-flower
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Ord.
Monochaetunii"
floweringshrubs.
CULTURE:
Compost,
part leaf-mould
greenhouse, Sept. to
"
one
March.
Prune
two
Melastomacese.
shoots
peat,
one
sunny
close
moderately
276
evergreen
part light loam,

pots in light
to Sept.
Pot,
frames, June
after
flowering.
immediately
fibrous
parts
little sand.
cold
June;
Greenhouse
OABDMNINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Syringing twice
freely afterwards.
June
to Oct.
stimulants
occasionally,
Apply
65".
55"
to
June
to
55"
March
45"
gate
PropaMarch
to
to
;
Temp., Sept.
well-drained
inserted
in
in.
3
of
2
to
shoots,
long,
by cuttings
or
April.
of sandy peat under
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75", March
Oct.
moderately,
Water
daily, March
March,
to
June.
to
pots
off
Nip
induce
points of shoots
bushy growth.
of young
plants occasionally,April to Aug.,
to
M.
OtJLTlTATED:
alpestro, red, winter, 2 ft., Mexioo; hEirtwegiannm,
red
and purple, winter, 2 ft., Caraccas;
2
humboldtianum,
winter,
ft.,
Peru;
rose,
and
mnltiflorum, mauve,
spring,
rose
violet,winter, 2 ft. ; sericeum
lemoineanum,
2 ft.. New
Grenada.
SPECIES
Aroideae.
(Shingle Plant). Ord.
Monstera.
climbers.
Oru.
"
foliage
fruiting.
"
Stove
evergreen
forated,
peraerial roots.
large, handsome,
Leaves,
with
dark
Stems, creeping, furnished
green.
Fruit, cylindrical,fragrant, pine-appleflavoured; ripe in autumn.
" loam, little
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould
sand.
border
against damp wall of stove or
to Oct.,
warm
freely,March
fernery. Plant, Feb. to April. Water
twice
March
to
afterwards.
once
daily,
Syringe
Sept.,
moderately
daily afterwards.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
in temp. 70"
80", any
to
the
stems
inserted
in
light soil
time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Gravia
M. aonminata
paradoia),
:
(Syn. M. tenuis and
the Shingle Plant, yellow, aummer,
fruit,
Trop. America
; deliciosa,yellow, summer,
delicious,Mexico.
Montbretia."
See
Tritonia.
Cypress
(Cupressus macrocarpa). See Cupressus.

See
Pinus.
(Piuus insignis)."
Eosa.
See
Monthly
indica)."
Moon
Creeper
(Menispermum canadense). See Menispermum.
Moon
See ChrysantheDaisy
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum).
mum.
Monterey
Monterey
"
Pine-tree
CRosa.
Rose
"
"
Moon
Fern
Moon-seed
(Botrychium lunaria) See Botrychium.

(Menispermum canadense). See Menispermum.
(Botrychium lunaria). See Botrychium.
(ButterflyIris; Wedding Flower). Ord. Iridaeese.
."
"
Moon-Vtfort
Morsea
"
Halfbulbous
CULTURE:
well-drained
Soil, light rich sandy.
Position, sunny
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs 4 in. deep " 2 in. apart.
Lift " replant bulbs annually.
Mulch
of bed in March
surface
with
"
hardy
cow
manure.
POT
mould
Place
fibre
CULTURE
or
decayed
cow
Compost,

part leafPots, 4i in. in diameter, well-drained.
deep, in each pot in Nov., " cover
with cocoanutmanure.
five bulbs 3 in.

refuse in cold frame
begins.
two
under
moderately from
Water
or
cool greenhouse stage until

time
bulbs
begin to grow
growth
until
fade, then graduallycease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan.

Temp.,
to
March, 40" to 50"; other times, 50" to 60".
Sept.
Propagate by
flowers
offsets treated
as
advised
for
bulbs.
M.
bioolor, yellow and
SPECIES. CULTIVATED:
2 ft.,
brown, summer,
fl"""',J"t"'^?''^'"'
S^^-?-,
^'i^robinsoniana),the Wedding Flower, white, summer,
to 6
Lord
and
ft..
red, summer,
Moreton
Moreton
Araucaria.
Howes
Islands; unguioulata
(Syn. Vieusseiia
1 ft.
Bay
Bay
Lily
S.
white
unguioularis),
'
(Eurycles Cunninghami)." See Enrycles.
Pine-tree
(Araucaria
Cunninghami).
'
276
"
See
ENOTOLOP^DIA
sand.
Sept.
GARDENING.
OF
to
cold frame, June
greenhouse, Sept. to June;
wards.
afterWater
to Oct., moderately
freely,March
after
repottinguntil
Apply stimulants
occasionally a month
March
45"
to 55";
cease.
expand, then
Temp., Sept. to
Position,
Pot, March.
flowers
to June
March
55" to 65".
shoots
to within
3 in. of their
Cut down
base
after flowering.
Young plants: Insert cuttings 3 in. long of
in light sandy soil in temp. 65" in Feb.
shoofs
March.
or
young
When
main
rooted, place singly in SJin. pots.
Nip off point of
Shift into 5 or 6 in.
3 in. long.
shoots, also of succeeding shoots when
Water
former
freely. Apply
pots when
pots are filled with roots.
stimulants
to
pagate
occasionally. Place in cold frame, June
Sept. Proby cuttingsinserted in sandy soil in a temp. 65" in spring.
M.
and
SPEOIES
CULTIVATED:
purple, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
riparium, white
S. Africa.
MosSi"
Moss
See
Selaginella.
Campion
Moss
Silene.
Moss
Mossy
Mossy
Pink
Silene.
(Silene acaulis). See

"
(Phlox
subulata
Silene
and
Rose
Phlox
acaulis).See
Phlox
"
and
(Rosa centifolia muscosa). See Eosa.

(Phlox subulata). S"e Phlox.
Saxifrage
(Saxifraga hypnoides). See
"
"
Saxifraga.
(LinariaCymbalaria). See Linaria.
Mother-Of-Thousands
(Linaria cymbalaria " Saxifraga
Linaria
"
See
sarmentosa).
Saxifraga.
Moth-plant
(Phaleeuopsisschilleriana).See Phalaenopsis.
'Mountain
Ash
(Pyrus aucuparia). See Pyrus.
'Mountain
Avens
(Dryas octopetala).See Dryas.
Mountain
Bladder
Fern
See
(Cystopterismontana).
Cystopteris.
Mountain
Fern
Buckler
(Nephrodium montanum)." See
Nephrodium.
"
Mother
O'
Millions
"
"
"
"
"
"
Mountain
Mountain
'Mountain
Mountain
{Mountain
sotis.
Centaury
(Centaurea montana)." See Centaurea.

(Clematis montana). See Clematis.
Clematis
"
Elm
(Ulmus
Flea-bane
montana).
"
(Erigeron
Forget-me-not
See
TJlmus.
alpinus). See
"
Erigeron.
See Myo(Myosotis rupicola)."
Mountain-Fringe
Mountain

Houseleek
(Sempervivum montanum).
"
See
Sem-
pervivum.
Mountain
Mountain
Ixia-Lily
Kidney
(Ixiolirionmontanum).
Vetch
See
"
Ixiolirion.
(Anthyllis montana).
"
t^ê
Anthyllis.
'Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mad-wort
See Alyssum.
(Alyssum montanum).
(Monarda didyma)." See Monarda.
Fern
Parsley
See
(Cryptogramme crispa).
"
Mint
"
Cryptogrammo.
'Mountain
Pink
Mountain
Mountain
Mountam
Mountain
Sage."
Mountain
Mountain
(Dianthus cBsius)."See Dianthus.

See
Lantaua.
Sandwort
(Arenaria montana)." See Arenaria.

(Arabis albida)."See Arabis
Spider-wort
(Lloydia alpiua).-See Lloydia
Spinach
(Atriplexhortensis)."
See Atriplex.
Snow
Sweet
(CeanotfiuB
americanus)."See
278
Ceanothus.
MNOTOLOPMDIA
Mountain
theiia.
Mountain
OABDSNING.
OF
(Gaultheria procumtens).
Tea-plant
"
Gaul-
See
Violet
(Viola lutea). See Viola.
Atlas
Cedar
(Cedrus atlantica)."'See Cedrus.
Widow
(Scabiosa atro-purpurea)."See Scabiosa.
Iris (IrisSusiana)."See Iris.
"
Mount
Mournful
Mourning'
(Cerastium tomentosum).
Clliclcweed
Mouse-ear
Cerastium.
Mastaoanthus)." See Caryop(Caryopteria
Plant
Moustache
teris.
(Gloriosavirescens).See Gloriosa.
(Native Ivy of Australia). Ord. Polygonaoeae.
Plants with fernlike
climbing plants. Evergreen.
Lily
Mozambique
Muhlenbeckia
"
"
trailing"
Hardy
foliage.
introduced
First
1822.
SoiU sandy
Oct., Nov., March, or April.
CULTTJEE:
Nov.
Protect,
April by covering
to
in
cuttings inserted
litter or
Propagate by
to Sept.
shady position outdoors, June
fern.
adpressa, Australia
: M.
Zealand.
variety ; Tarians, New
Morns.
See
CULTIVATED
SPECmS
plexa
dwarf
nana,
Mulberry.
(Hemionitiapalmata).
Fern
Mule
Pink.
"
varieties
Hybrid
"
Mulgedium.
See
"
Mummy
of Dianthus.
Verbascus.
Pisum.
(Banana; Plantain)." Ord. Scitaminacese.

perennials. Orn. foliage " edible fruiting.
^WlTTJEE
in
borne
by oblong pods
Compost,
"
Jan.
yellow,scarlet, green;
Inflorescence,
"
oom-
Hemionitis.
See
"
manure
Lactuca.
(Verbascum Thapsus)." See

Pea
(Pisum elatius).See
Mullein
1690.
Zealand
New
of
soil in
sandy
"
Mule
Musa
compleia,
Plant,
rockery.
Position, junny
loam.
dry
See
"
huge
Leaves,
clusters.
parts good loam,
two
ceous
herbaStove
First introduced
April; succeeded
to
large, oblong,
very
part well-decayed
one
lofty sunny
Position, pots, tubs or
part sand.
Feb. to Oct ;
Water
copiously,
to
Jan.
April.
or
plant,
to
Syringe twice daily,leb.
fortnightly afterwards.
essMitial.
Apply
Moist
atmosphere
daily, Sept. to Feb.
beds
one
stove.
~"Pot
about
once
Sept.;
once
in
to Oct.
Temp., March
times weekly, March
60" to 70".
to March
to Oct.
sheltered
Position, sunny
ENSETE
:
M.
OF
CULTTJEE
OUTDOOR
week
second
first or
m. June,
in position
Place
borders or nooks.
Water
rfm in the ground.
plunging pot or tub to its
May
stove m
Sept
Lift " replace m
week.
a
stimulants once
lifted m
watered
in
soil
freely
June,
rich
also be planted in ordinary
in temp. 45" to 55" until following
Sept " roots stored close
stiWants
three
70" to 85"; Oct.
twice
or
copiousl
Ippll
lôgether
June
Propagate
by suckers
parent plant
from
removed
placed m
"
5"
Pt'EÛTl?iT"Df"M!'cIveXMif
used
AbyS.ktad
20
k, Tripios;
sapientum
plants.
OD'TOOOE
borders,
beds
(Banana). 10
to
paradisiaoa (Plantain).
-rr
j
Hardy
Liliaceae.
x,
tu
bulbous
Deciduous.
CULTUEE:
or
sapientum
summer;
(Grape Hyacinth)."Ord.
Muscari
flowering
in
10 to 20 ft
En.ete,
ft., CMna;
for garden decoration
rockeries.
Position,
SttforplaWng:
Plant,
Small bulbs
Aug.
deep
2 in.
279
to Nov.
"
in.
in
lines
or
sunny
masses.
apart; large
bulbs
Encyclopedia
deep
4 in.
"
in.
to
gardening.
of
decayed
witli
Mulch
apart.
Nov.
manure,
replant every third year.

part leaf:
sand.
Pot, Aug.
" one
mould
manure
or
well-decayed cow
part river
to Nov., placing 18 to 20 small
bulbs, lin. apart, in a 5-iu. pot; or
1 in. deep in similar
3 to 5 large-sizedbulbs
pots. Position, under
time
of pottingtill growth commences,
layer of cinder ashes from
till past flowering,
window
then
in cold frame,
cool greenhouse or
in sunny
Water
afterwards
moderately from time
spot outdoors.
till foliage fades, then
keep dry. Eepot annually.
growth commences
twice
pagate
stimulants
or
once
during floweringperiod. ProApply weak
cold
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil in boxes
or
by seeds sown
removed
when
in Sept. ; offsets from
old bulbs
frames, or outdoors
Seedlings flower
lifting" planted as advised for full-sized bulbs.
Lift, divide, "
CULTURE
POT
when
to
old.
years
M. botryoides, bine, spring,6 in., Europe; botryoidea

(Tassel Hyaointl^, blue, April, 8 in., Europe; comofium
monstrosum
(Feather Hyacinth), blue, April, 8 in. ; conlcum
(Heavenly Blue variety),
moschatum
blue, April, 8 in., Trebizond;
Heldreiohii, blue, May, 8 in., Greece;
(Musk Hyacinth), yellow and violet,April, 8 in., Asia Minor;
racemosum
(Starch
Hyacinth), blue, April, 6 in.,Europe.
Mushroom.
See Agaricus.
Musk
See Mimulus.
(Mimulus
moschatus).
Musk
Grape
Hyacinth
(Muscari moschatum)." See Muscari.
TMalva moschata). See Malva.
Musk
Mallow
Orchis
Musk
(Herminium monorchis). See Herminium.
Musk-scented
Rose
(Rosa moschata). See Rosa.
Musssenda.
Ord.
Eubiacese.
Stove
flowering
evergreen
shrubs.
First introduced
1805.
CULTURE
:
" silver
sand.
in
moist
stove.
light
pots
Pot, Feb.
CaLTIVATED:
SPECIES
albnm,
white;
comosum
"
"
"
"
"
"
April.
to
65"
to
Prune
85";
Oct.
moderately
flowering.
after
Feb., 55"
to
to
65".
moderately, Sept. to
Temp.,
Feb.
Water
to
Oct.,
freely,AprU
Sept.;
April; keep somewhat
dry, Nov.
Propagate by cuttingsof young
to
" Feb.
Nov.
to
Feb.
Oct.
to
Syringe daily,
shoots in sandy soil under
in temp. 70" to 80", May to July.
bell-glass
SPECIES
M.
CULTIVATED
:
erythrophylla, yellow, bracts crimson, winter, 1 ft.,
Trop. Africa; frondosa, yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft., India; niacrophylla, orange.
May,
4 to 6 ft., Nepanl.
Mustard
(Salading)."Stee Brassica.
to
Feb.
Mutisia.
"
Ord.
Greenhouse
Compositse.
First introduced
Evergreen.
floweringshrubs.
OP
CULTURE
one
GREENHOUSE
part leaf-mould,
trained
Prune
up
rafters
slightlyafter
or
half
SPECIES:
-part
round
sand.
trellises.
flowering. Water
Apply stimulants
or
Compost
Position, pots
Pot
or
hardy climbing
1823.
two
or
parts loam,
beds; shoots
pl^nt,Feb.
freely,March
to
March.
rately
Sept.,modeor
afterwards.
to
occasionally.May
Sept
March
40" to 50"
OF
CULTURE
HARDY
SPECIES:
Position,
well-drained
border
against sheltered,
shaded
wall.
Plant
Temp.,
partially
Oct., March,
April. Water
freelyxn dry weather.
Protect
from
slugs by placing layer of fine coke or cinders round
base
of stems.
Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings of half-ripenedshoots inserted
sand
under
in
bell-glass
May or Junehardy speciesby cuttingsof similar shoots inserted in sand in shady
cold frame
or
greenhouse in April or May.
or
2:0
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GBEBNHOUSB
SPECIES
HARDY
SPECIES:
M.
olomatis, eoarlot, summer,
deourrons,
JVIyOSOtidium
ginacese. Hardy
M.
GARDENING.
orange,
(Chatham
herbaceous
Islands
G to
10
ft.,Peru.
ft.. Chili.
6 to 10
summer,
Ord.
Forget-me-not)."
Bora-
perennial.
1858.
First introduced
CTJLTTTEE:
der.
Soil, ordinary. Position, cool " damp sheltered borPlant, Oct. or March.
Water
gate
Propa1-16 in. deep in April where
by seeds sown
plants are required to
This plant should
be disturbed
little as possible.
as
grow.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: M.
nobilo, blue and white, spring, 12 to 18 in.,Chatham
Island.
MyOSOtiS
(Forget-me-not; Scorpion Grass).-Ord. Boraginaceae.
Hardy perennials.
CUiiTUEE
OF
M. ALPESTEIS
Position,
: Soil, moist
grittyloam.
sandstone.
small
of
partiallyshady roctery, surrounded
by
pieces
Plant, March
or
April.
"
CULTTJEE
OF
in
OTHEE
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary.
Position,
as
Plant,
edgings
partiallyshady beds or borders.
in.
4
to
best
These
treated
6
Nov.,
Oct.,
or
March,
are
as
apart.
in April,May
outdoors
biennials
or
^namely,raised from seed sown
June, transplantedinto the beds or borders in Oct. to flower following
in spring or
1-16 in. deep outdoors
year.
inserted
in
soil
under
sandy
hand-light in June or
summer;
cuttings
in
division
March
Oct.
roots
of
or
July;
CULTIVATED
M.
white,
SPECIES
:
rupioola), blue and
alpestris (Syn. M.
and
July, 3 in., Europe ; alpestris elegantissima, white, rose, and
fragrant, June
blue ; alpestris striota, ereot growing, sky blue ; alpestris "victoria,sky-blue, 6 in. ;
azorica
6 to 10 in., Azores;
alba, white; azorica
Imperatrice
azorioa, blue, summer,
to July, 8 to 10 in.,Alps ; disElisabeth, bluish purple : dissitiflora,sky blue, March
to July, 6 to 12 in., Britain;
sitiflora alba, white; palustris,sky blue. May
palustris
Thumb,
sky blue, 3 to 6 in. ; sylvatica,
semperfiorenB, long flowering ; palustris Tom
and
its varieties, grandiflora and
blue and
1 to 2 ft., Britain;
yellow, summer,
I
elegantissima.
Ord.
duous
Myrica,
Myricacese. Hardy deci(Candle-berry Myrtle).
shrubs.
grant.
" evergreen
Leaves, lance-shaped,green, highly frato,
or
in
masses
"
"
ders.
Position, open sheltered bordeciduous
Nov. to Feb. ;
Prune
species,
| in. deep in
species,April. Propagate by seeds sown
evergreen
in autumn
serted
ordinary soil in sheltered positionoutdoors
; cuttings inin sandy soil in sheltered
position outdoors, Sept. or Oct. ;
layering shoots in Sept. or Oct. ; division of plants, Oct. to March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
M.
asplenifolia),brown,
asplenifolia (Syn. Comptonia
oerifera
(Candle-berry or Wax
Myrtle), brown, May,
April, 3 to 4 ft., N. America;
15 to 20 ft., Amerioa;
Gale
(Sweet Gale), brown. May, 4 ft., N. Europe (Britain).
ciduous
Myricaria,
Hardy de(German Tamarisk). Ord. Tamaricaceae.
CULTTJEE
Soil, moist
sandy peat.
"
flowering shrub.
First
introduced
1582.
CXILTXJEE
Position, open sunny borders or
; Soil, ordinary,sandy.
pagate
Proto Feb.
into shape,
Nov.
banks.
Prune
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in open sunny
position
by seeds sown
in March
outdoors
or
April; cuttingsof firm young shoots inserted in
sandy soil outdoors, Aug. to Nov.
M.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
germanioa (Syn. Tamarix
germanioa), pink, July,
:
6 to 8 ft.,Europe.
Plum
Myrobalan
(Prunus cerasifera). See Prunus.
"
MyrrhiS
aromatic
(Sweet
herb.
Orn.
Cicely). Ord.
"
foliage.
Leaves
281
Hardy perennial
grant.
finelydivided, fern-like, fra-
UmbellifcrtE.
OF
ENOTOLOPMDIA
aAIlDENINO.
borders.
Plant,
CULTURE
sunny
Oct. or March.
J in. deep in ordinary soil
outdoors, Sept. or April; division of roots, Oct. or March.
M.
CULTITATBD:
SPECIES
odorata, white. May, 3 "t., Europe (Britain).
See Asparagus.
Myrsiphyllum."
Myrtle
(Myrtus communis). See Myrtus.
(Acorus calamus). See Acorus.
Myrtle-Flag'
" half-hardy
Myrtus
(Myrtle). Ord. Myrtaceae. Greenhouse
First
introduced
"
shrubs.
1597.
orn.
Flowering
foliage.
evergreen
Flowers, white, fragrant; May to July.
Fruit, oblong or round,
"
"
"
purplish black berries; fragrant

shaped, green, fragrant.
CULTURE
GREENHOUSES
IN
"
edible.
Leaves,
Compost,
egg
or
lance-
parts sandy loam,
two
part sand.
pots
in
beds
with
shoots
trained
to
tubs, or
or
walls, in light sunny
airy
greenhouses. Place pot plants in sunny
positionoutdoors, June to
into shape, Feb.
Prune
AVater copiously,
Sept. Pot, Feb. or March.
March
to Oct. ; moderately afterwards.
to
Syringe daily, March
Oct.
once
a
week. May to Sept.,to healthy plants
Apply stimulants
to Sept.,55" to 65"; Sept. to March, 45" to 50"
only. Temp., March
in dwelling rooms
windows
under
similar treatment.
or
May be grown
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary sandy.
Position, welldrained
borders
against sheltered S. walls in S. or S.W. of England
Protect, Oct. to March, in severe
only. Plant, Oct. or March.
winters, with mats or straw.
J in. deep in
60"
70"
soil
in
in
to
autumn
or
sandy
spring; cuttingsof young
temp.
in temp. 65"
shoots, 2 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under
bell-glass
of
firm
to 75", springand
2
to
3 in. long,
shoots,
summer;
cuttings
soil
in
cool
inserted
June
window,
in
or
greenhouse or
sandy
July;
branches, 5 to 6 in. long, inserted in bottles of water
suspended in
window
or
greenhouse, summer.
sunny
M.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
communis
Zealand;
bullata, 10 to 15 ft.. New
(Common
Myrtle), 6 to 10 ft., S. Europe, hardy ; communis
flore-pleno,doubleflowered; communis
(Syn. Eugenia Lnma), 3 ft.,Chili;
varieg;ata,variegated; Luma
TJgni (Syn. Eugenia Ugni), 4 to 6 ft., Chili, hardy; Ugni Tariogata, Tariegated.
Ord. Gesneriaceae.
herbaceous
Stove tuberous-rooted
Nsegella.
"
1840.
introduced
orn.
foliage. First
part leaf-mould, half
one
"
heart-shaped,green
Leaves,
CULTURE
Compost,
part leaf-mould, with
or
two
crimson, velvety.
parts fibrous peat,
part loam,
one
little
" silver
decayed manure
shadjrpart of plant stove.
sand.
one
Position,
well-drained
to
pots or pans in
Pot, March
flower in summer;
June to flower in winter.
1 in. deep singlyin 5 in. pots, or
Place
tubers
1 to 2 in. apart in larger
sizes.
Water
moderately from time growth begins until plants are
4 in. high, then
3 or
freely. After flowering,gradually withhold
till foliage dies down, then
water
keep dry till potting time. Apply
weak
twice
once
or
week
when
flower buds
a
show.
liquid manure
Syringing not required. Temp.,

March
under
seeds
March
peat
55"
stage
sown
or
in
March
Store
when
foliage has decayed on their sides
till potting time
in temp, of 50" to 55".
Propagate by
surface of well-drained pots of sandy peat, in temp. 75",
to
on
75".
April; cuttings of
temp.
75"
to
85"
in
young
shoots
inserted in pots of sandy

of rhizomes
at potting
spring, division
time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N.
oinnabariua, scarlet, summer.

282
ft.,Mexico;
multi-
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Nail-wort."
See
OF
Paronychia.
Naked-flowered
Azalea
(Ehododendrou
Rhododendron.
Naked-flowered
nudiflora)." See
Crocus
See Crocua.
(Crocus nudiflorus)."
(Heavenly Bamboo)." Ord. Berheridaceae.
Half-hardy
Nandina
evergreen
floweringshrubs.
CULTURE
: Soil, peat "
loam.
mild districts only. Plant in
in
inserted in sandy peat in a warm
OTJLTITlTED:
SPECIES
i-eadisa
GASDBNIN0.
tint
autumn,
in
Nankeen
N.
Position, sheltered
May
or
beds
or
borders
Sept. Propagate by cuttings
greenhouse
domestioa, white,
in
spring
summer,
4 to 6
or
summier.
ft.,leaves
aBBume
Japan.
Lily (Lilium testaceum)."See Lilium.
Nanodes.
Narbonne
Narcissus
Flower; Lent
See
Flax
Epidendrum.
(Linum narbonenae). See Linum.
Sacred
(Daffodil;Jonquil; Chinese
Lily; Chalice
Lily).Ord. Amaryllidaceas. Hardy bulbous perennials.
Classification
"
"
"
Narcissi
sections or
main
Medio-CoroII.
groups,
Magni-Coronati (Trumpet Daffodils).
nati (Chalice-cupped
Daffodils
Star Narcissi). III. Parvi-Coronati
or
Poet's
or
(Dolly-cup
Narcissi).Group I. have large trumpets; II.,
short trumpets or cups;
III., very short cups or trumpets. To first
the
"
belong
group
followingtypes: Yellow, white " yellow (Bicolor),
:
are
divided
into
three
viz.: I.
trumpet kinds, Johnstonii, cyclamineus, bulbocodium, Humei,

Backhousei, " tridymus; to second
incomparabilis,Barrii,
group,
Leedaii,montauus, Bernardi, Machai
Nelsoni, triandrus, juncifolius,
" odorus; to third
Burbidgei, Engleheartii, poeticus,poetaz,
group,
tazetta
or
Daffodil
polyanthus, biflorus, and jonquilla. The name
usuallyappliesto kinds with long trumpets.
cream
OUTDOOR
loam for
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary for common
kinds; sandy
" vars.
bulbocodium
; peaty soil for N. cyclamineus. No
must
be applied. Position, partiallyor quite shady beds or
manure
borders facing N. or N.E. for robust
kinds; rockeries sheltered from N.
N.E. winds
for choice or dwarf
kinds.
or
Plant, June to Oct.
Depth
for planting,3 to 4 in. on
in.
6
on
soils;
heavy
light soils. Distance
Lift N. bulbocodium
in July " replant in Oct.;
apart, 2 to 6 in.
other kinds every three or four years in July. Do not remove
foliage
until quite dead.
for
Manures
of basic slag or 4 oz. of bonemeal
: 4 oz.
of
for
above
of
soils.
heavy soils; ôz.
sulphate
potash
sandy
Apply
quantitiesper square yard before planting.
holes 2 to 3 in. wide, 3 in. deep. Place
CULTURE
: Make
IN TURF
"
Grass
bulb in each
with soil " turf.
one
cover
Plant, July to Oct.
until
must
leaves turn
not be cut
yellow.
INDOOR
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts fibrous loam, one
part
or
leaf-mould, one part sand.
Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
well-decayedmanure
placing 3 large, 6 medium-sized, or 12 small bulbs in a 5-in. pot.
Depth for planting: Allow apex to just appear above surface of soil.
in frame
until growth begins,
or
Position, under cinder ashea outdoors
window.
Water
then remove
to greenhouse or
only when
growth
weak
afterwards.
stimulants
when
Apply
moderately
commences;
for
55"
65"
to
After
flowers appear.
flowering,
forcing,
Temp,
" N. cyclamineus, outplant bulbs, except those of N. bulbocodium
after
latter
the
aoil
of
doora.
flowering.
dry
Keep
N.
283
gabdhnino.
of
enoyoloPjEdia
fill a Japanese
CHINESE
LILY:
Half
OP
CULTUEE
SACKED
this.
to just cover
bowl with shingle or gravel, " add 8uflB.oieut water
Put
bowl
in
"
surround
with
Place
bulb
the
on
shingle
pebbles.
then
to
dark
until
remove
light. Change
cupboard
growth begins,
water
once
a week;
use
tepidwater only. Bulbs usually flower 5 to 6
weeks
after being placed in
bowls; useless after flowering. Propagate
seeds
sown
Jin. deep in pans of sandy loam in cold frame in
by
autumn,
transplantingseedlingsfollowingyear 1 in. apart in bed of
soil
in shady positionoutdoors; by offsets, removed
from
old
sandy
in
for
advised
bulbs
as
July or Aug., " replanted at onoe
parent bulbs.
Seedlingbulbs flower when three to six years old.
SPEOlls CULTIVATED:
and
N. biflorus, white
yellow. May, 1 ft., Europe;
Bulbooodium
(Hoop-pettiooat Daffodil), yellow, April, 6 in., S. Europe, and its
Graellsii
Tarietiea, oitrinus (sulphur-yellow), conspicuus (yeliow),
(sulphur-yellow),
and
1 ft., Pyrenees ;
monophyllus
white, sprmgr,
cyolamineuB
(white); oernuus,
and
(Oyclamen-ilowered Daffodil), lemon
yellow, springr,1 ft., Portugal; gracilis,
yellow,April, 1 ft.,France ; inoomparabilis (Chalice-cup Daffodil),
yellow, April.l ft.,
Europe; Johnstonii, pale sulphur, 1 ft., Portugal; jonquilla (Jonquil),yellow, April,
9 in.,Spain; jonquilla flore-pleno,double; juncifolius (Bush-leaved Daffodil),yellow,
spring, 1 ft.,S. Europe; MaoLeayii, cream,
March, 6 in., Pyrenees; major, yellow,
March, 1 ft,,Europe; maximus, yellow, April, 1 ft.,Europe; minor, yellow, March,
9 in., Europe;
minor
minimus, sulphur-yellow, 6 in.; mosohatus
(Musk Daffodil),
odorus
white, April, 1 ft., Pyrenees;
(Campernel), yellow. May, 1 ft., Spain;
terranean
poeticus (Poet's Daffodil and Pheasant's
Eye Narcissus), white. May, 1 ft., MediDaffodil or Lent
(Common
Region; Pseudo-narcissus
Lily),yellow, March,
1 ft.,Europe (Britain); pseudo-narcissus bicolor, white
and yellow ; serotinus, white
and
and
Chinese
yellow, Sept., 1 ft., S. Europe; Tazetta
(Polyanthus Narcissus
and
Sacred
triandrus
Lily), white
yellow, March, 1 ft., Mediterranean
Region;
(Angel's Tears), white, April, 6 to 9 in., Spain; triandrus
calathinns, sulphuryellow.
N.
PRINCIPAL
HYBRIDS:
Backhousei, sulphur and
yellow; Barrii, sulphur
and
Burbidgei, white, yellow and red; Humei, sulphur and lemon-yellow;
orange;
varieties of each of above.
Leedsii, white and sulphur. Numerous
DOUBLE-FLOWERED
PRINCIPAL
DAFFODILS."
Capax plenus, lemon; cemuus
plenus, white; lobularis plenus, yellow; minor
plenus, yellow; Telemonius
plenus,
and Eg^s, yellow and orange;
yellow; Butter
Eggs and Bacon, white and orange;
and
and
Codlins
white
Cream,
sulphur; Queen Anne's
Jonquil (N. odorus plenus),
yellow; and Camperuelli plenus, yellow.
NartheciUiYl
(Common Bog Asphodel). Ord. Liliaceae.
Hardy
herbaceous
perennials.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, moist beds, borders or margins
"
ponds. Soil, ordinary, or boggy peat. Plant,
of
Oct.
March.
or
seeds sown
in March
or
April, where plants are required
to grow;
division of roots in Oct. or March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N. ossifragum, yellow, July, 6 in., Europe (Britain).
Nasturtium.
A
term
commonly but erroneously applied to
Propagate by
"
Tropaeolum majus.
Nasturtium
(Water Cress)."Ord.
Aquatic.
herb.
CULTUEE
Dimensions
length.
IN
Leaves,
BEDS
of
beds, 3
Depth of soil, IJ
to
Cruciferse.
Hardy perennial
brown; largely used for salads.

: Soil, ordinary.
Position, open.
green
IN WATEE
to 4ft. wide;
or
to
3 in.
Gin.
deep;
no
limit
as
to
water
IJin. when
Depth
flow
growing freely; 6 in. in winter.
must
Water
through beds, not be stagnant.
Plant, May and June for gathering
in Aug. to Feb.; Sept. to Nov.
for gathering Feb. to May.
Eeplant
beds twice annualljr.Distance
for planting,6 in. apart m
2 ft.
rows,
between
Soil must
rows.
be removed
each planting. Gather
the tops
planted; 3
once
CULTUEE
water
first
in. when
week;
of
cut, not
IN
open
air
PANS
or
off.
break, them
:
Soil, ordinary.
under
glass.
284
Stow
Position, tubs
seeds
1-16 in.
or
deep
tanks of
in March
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING.
4 in. deep " 2 in.

well-drained
border.
Plant, Jan., placing bulbs
of bed
Mulch
surface
in
apart. Lift " replant bulbs annually.
with
March
manure.
cow
POT
CULTTJBE:
part leafmould
Pots, 4i-in.in diameter, well drained.
or
decayed cow manure.
Place
five bulbs 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., " cover
with cocoanut
in cold frame
under
cool greenhousestage until growth
fibre refuse
or
Water
commences.
moderately from time bulbs begin to grow until
flowers
fade, then gradually cease, keeping bulbs dry till Jan.
Temp.,
Sept. to Mar., 40" to 50" ; other times, 50" to 60". Propagate by offsets
for bulbs.
advised
treated
as
6 in., California ;
N.
SPECIES
OtTLTITATED:
ooeleBtina,blue, summer,
gemini6 in., California.
flora,yellow and black, summer,
Ord. Scrophulariacese. Half-hardy annuals.
Nat.
Nemesia..
S. Africa.
First introduced
1774.
Flowers, fragrant.
beds
rockeries.
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary.
or
:
Position, sunny
seeds
in
in
well-drained
1-16
March
in.
sown
Propagate by
pots or
deep
with
in
fibrous
"
filled
loam
little
ashes.
Place
wood
light
temp.
pans,
55" to 65", transplantingseedlings when
they have formed three leaves
1 in. apartin well-drained
pots, macing in temp, of 55", " plantinginto
in June;
in May
1-16 in.
outdoors
also seeds sown
flowering position
in
where
outdoors
to
wards
flower, afterpatches
plants are required
deep
2
in.
3
or
apart.
thinning seedlingsto
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N. bioornis, purple, July, 2 ft.; strumosa
Suttoni,
"
TariouB
colours, summer,
ft.
Nemophila,
Hardy
Ord.
(CalifornianBlue-bell).
First introduced
1822.
trailingannuals.
"
Hydrophyllacea.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
:
in
Soil, ordinary.
Position, in masses
or
lines as edgings to sunny
beds or borders.
Sow
March
in Aug. or Sept. for flowering
or
April for floweringin summer;
in spring. Thin seedlingsto 1 or 2 in. apart when
i in. high.
two
POT
CULTURE
; Compost,
parts good ordinary soil, one
part
leaf -mould
Size of pots itîn. diameter.
or
manure.
well-decayed
Place 1 in. of drainage in pots, cover
with moss
" fillup to within J in.
of rim with above
Sow
seeds thinly,slightly
compost pressed firmly.
"
with
in
fine
cool
mould,
place pots
covering
shady frame or window.
when
at
Water
first,freely
moderately
seedlingsappear.
Apply weak
stimulants
twice weekly when
once
or
plants begin to flower. Position
in flower, cold sunny
when
frame.
or
greenhouse, window
CULTIVATED:
N. aurita, purple and
1 ft., California;
SPECIES
violet,summer,
1 ft., Cfalifornia;
insignis alba, white; insignia
jnsignis,blue and white, summer,
and
white
blue ; maculata, white
and
'grandiflora,
6 in., California;
purple, summer,
6 in., California.
Menziesii, white or blue, summer,
Laburnum
Nepaul
See Piptauthus.
(Piptanthus nepalensis)."
Nepaul
Nepaul
Poppy
See
(Meconopsis nepalensis)."
Trumpet-flowrer
(Beaumontia
Saxifraga.
See
grandiflora)."
Beaumontia.
(Pitcher-plant). Ord. Nepenthacese. Stove ever

sub-shrubby perennials. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1789.
Flowers, greenish,dioecious, insignificant. Leaves, oblong or lanceshaped, terminating in a pitcher-likeappendage; green
variously
Nepenthes
"
green
with
mottled
CULTURE
red, brown
:
sphagnum moss.
part of stove.
Compost,
"
two
Position
Plant,
or
crimson.
fibrous
parts good brown
suspended from
in baskets
re-basket, Feb.
286
or
March.
peat,
roof
one
in
part
shady
Temp., March
BNOYCLOPMDIA
to
Sept.
OF
70"

GARDEN
IN 0.
Water
copiously,
all the
twice
daily
Syringe
Moist atmosphere very. essential.
pagate
ProShade
from sun.
year round.
surface of mixture
on
of fibrous peat " sphagby seeds sown
num
in well-drained
moss
covered
with
bell-glass" placed in a
pan
moist frame
heated
to temp, of 80" to 85"; cuttings of one
year old
shoots inserted singly in small pots plunged in bottom
heat of 85" any
time.
March
to
65"
75".
to
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N. alto-marginata, green,
red, and white, Singapore;
bioalcarata, green, Borneo ; Curtisii,green, crimson, and purple, Borneo
; northiana,
and
India ; eanguinea,
green
red, and
brown,
purple, Borneo ; rafflesiana, green,
blood red, Malaya;
Veitohii, green, Borneo; Tentricosa, green, brown, and crimson,
Philippines. Numerous
pretty hybrids.
Nepetcl,
(Cat-mint; Ground
Ivy). Ord. Labiatae.
trailingperennials. Leaves, heart-shaped,dark
"
Hardy
or
herbaceous
gated
varie-
green
with
white.
CULTTJEE
or
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
beds, borders
rockeries.
N. Glechoma
variegata also makes
a pretty basket
plant for a cool greenhouse or window; or for draping
1-16 in. deep where
in
greenhouse.
staging
division
of roots, Oct. to
to
to
March
are
May;
plants
required
grow,
March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
N. Glechoma
variegata (Variegated Ground
:
Syn.
Itj;),
Gleohoma
; Mussinii, blue,
hederacea, leaves
silvery, trailing, Europe (Britain)
2 ft., Caucasia.
summer,
Nephrodium
(Buckler Fern)." Ord. Filices. Stove, greenhouse,
"
hardy
ferns.
CTTLTTJEE
OP
GREENHOUSE

pots, borders or
SPECIES;
loam, leaf-mould, peat " sand.
or
Pot or plant, Feb., March,
rockeries, in shade.
Water
April.
Temp., Oct. to March,

moderately,Oct. to Feb.; freelyafterwards.
40" to 50" ; March
55" to 65".
to Oct.
leafSPECIES
STOTE
CULTUEE
OF
: Compost,equal parts loam,
pots in shady part of
mould, peat " sand.
wards.
Water
stove.
moderately, Oct. to March, freelyafterPot, March.
65'^
to 75".
March
to
55"
March
to
to
60";
Stept.
Temp., Sept.
rich.
tion,
PosiSPECIES
HAEDY
CULTUEE
OP
: Soil, ordinary light
in dry
Water
rockeries.
freely
Plant,
borders
April.
or
shady
wellor
weather. May to Sept. Top-dress annually with leaf-mould
litter.
bracken
or
with
weather
in
severe
Protect
decayed manure.
Do
dead fronds until April. Propagate stove and
house
greennot remove
bellsurface of fine sandy peat, under
sown
on
speciesby spores
glass,in temp. 75" to 85", any time;
by spores
plantingtime ; hardy species
shady cold frame; division in Aprili
division
sown
on
of plants at potting or
surface of sandy soil in
Islands; dissectum. Tropics.

(Syn. Lasterea
ouspidatum, Ceylon ; deoompositum
erythrosa), Japan; hispideoomposita), Australia, etc.; erythrosum (Syn. Lastrea
its varieties
and
corymbiform
moUe,
Zealand;
lepidum, Polynesia;
dum. New
ing
aristata), Japan; patens (Spread(Syn. Lastrea
and
grandiceps. Tropics; Otaria
New
multifidum.
Caledonia; Sieboldii (Syn.
Wood
Tropics; Eiohardsii
Fern},
its variegated form,
Japan.
Lastrea
Sieboldii), and
reourva), Hay-soentcd Buckler
ajmulum
N.
SPECIES
(Syn. Lastrea
HABDT
:
Lastrea
and
cristatum
oristata).Crested
(Syn. Aspidum
Fern, Britain; cristatum
Filix-mas
Filix-mas), Male
Buok'erFern, Britaih, and N. America;
(Syn. Lastrea
and
the
Zone;
fragrans
Temperate
varieties, Britain
its numerous
Fern, and
hirtipes (Syn.
goldieanum, N. America;
Fern), N. America;
(Fragrant Wood
BuokOreopteris), Mountain
(Syn. Lastrea
Laetiea atrata),Trop. Asia; montanum
SPECIES:
STOVE
GREENHOUSE
N.
SPECIES
albo-punotatum, Masoarene
:
N.
287
"
,,
FjNOyolopmdia
ler
Fern,
Lastrea
Shield
and
N.
varieties, Europe
America;
rigidum (Syn.
(Britain), and
Temperate
dilatum). Prickly
Zone;
spinulosum
(Syn. Lastrea
Zone
Temperate
(Britain); Thelypteris (Syn. Lastrea
Theiypteris),
Zone
Fern, N. Temperate
(Britain).
N.
Fern,
Buckler
N.
Nephrolepis
ferns.
plain
(Ladder
First
introduced
crested.
or
CULTURE
lumpy
gardening.
its
rigidum),
Female
of
JPern). Ord.
"
1793.
Stove
Filices.
Fronds, linear,
Compost,equal parts loam, leaf-mould

Position, in baskets suspended from
evergreen
divided,
once
narrow,
"
sand,
two
parts
in welldrained
in
of
beds
or
stove.
Pot
or
pots
shady part
plant, Feb. or
Water
March.
to
Oct.
afterwards.
March; freely
moderately,
Temp.,
55" to 60"^;
March
Sept. to March
Propagate by
surface of pans of sandy peat under
on
" placed
bell-glass,
spores sown
in temp. 75" to 85", any
division
of
time;
plants, Feb., March, or
April ; pegging down creeping stems bearing young plants " removing
peat.
roof,
or
rooted.
when
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N. Bausei, 12 to 18 in.. Garden
origin; cordifolia,1 to
ft., Tropics; dayallioides, 1 ft., Java;
Duffli, 1 ft., Australia; exaltata
(Ladder
rufescens, 2 to 3 ft., Tropics;
Fern), 2 to 3 it., Tropics; i-luma, 1 ft., Madagascar;
tripinnatiflda,2
Nerine
to
ft., Solomon
Lily;
(Guernsey
Greenhouse
ryllidaceae.
Islands.
bulbous
Several
varieties.
Guernsey Lily).Ord.
Scarlet
"
plants.
Deciduous.
First
Ama-
introduced
1680.
CULTURE
cow
manure
placing one
or
Compost,
part well-decayed
sand.
Pot, Aug. to Nov.,
part coarse
depth in a 4J-in.pot, or three in a 6-in. pot;
two
leaf-mould,
bulb
half its
one
Position, light cool greenhouse, Sept. to

good drainage essential.
rately,
modeor
May ; cold frame
spot outdoors. May to Sept. Water
sunny
flower spikesshow; keep quitedry.
as
Sept. to May, or as soon
TopMay to Sept. Apply stimulants
occasionallyduring growth.
h
dress annually with
manure
cow
loam,
decayed
sandy
parts
eqûal
sand
in Aug.
Repotting only necessary every three or four years.
of rest. May
to Sept.
Season of growth, Sept. to May ; season
with
CULTURE
OUTDOORS
:
Soil, lightsandy, enriched
decayed
cow
manure.
Position,
Plant,
Aug. to Nov.,
covering of dry litter.
manure.
decayed cow
by
offsets
well-drained
borders
at
sunny
to 3 in. deep. Protect, Nov.
base
to
of S. wall.
April, with
Top-dress annually in Aug. with leaf-mould or

" replant every
four or five years.
pagate
Pro-
Lift
removed
when
repotting " treated as old bulbs.

appendioulata, pink, autumn, 1 ft.. Natal; onrvi1 ft., S. Africa;
ourvifolia
folia, scarlet, autumn,
Fotliergillii,
deep scarlet; fili1 ft., S.
Africa;
folia, red, autumn,
flezuosa, pink, Sept., 2 ft., S. Africa;
flexuosa
pink, Sept.,2 ft. ; flexuosa pulchella, pink and
red, Sept..
anûstifolia,
3 ft.; samiensis
(Guernsey Lily), salmon, autumn, 2 ft., S. Africa; samiensis
sarniensia
scarlet;
Plantii, crimson;
sarniensis
orange
corusca,
rose;
rosea,
samiensis
and
venusta, scarlet;pudica, white
pink, autumn, 18 in., S. Africa;
1 ft., S. Africa; undulata, pink. May,
Moorei, scarlet, autumn,
1 ft., S. Africa.
Numerous
hybrids.
Nerium
(Oleander; Rose-Bay). Ord. Apocyuaceae. Greenhouse
First introduced
grant.
floweringshrubs.
1596.
evergreen
Flowers, fraSPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N.
"
CULTURE:
Compost,
two
posed
part well-decompart sand.
Position, pots,
greenhouse or window; place
" one
manure,
part leaf-mould
well-drained
tubs
beds in light sunny
or
pot or tub plants outdoors, June to Sept.
one
immediately
previous year's growth
Prune
after
flowering,or
to
within
288
or

in Oct., shorteningshoots
of
4 in. of their
b.ase.
Temp
ENOYOLOPMDIA
OF
OABDENING.
45" to 55"; March

55"
to June
Sept. to March
to 65".
Water
to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov. ; keep nearly
copiously,March
twice weekly. May to
dry, Nov. to March.
once
or
Apply stimulants
Remove
shoots
that
issue
from
base
of flower trusses
Sept.
young
No
shade
as
soon
as
they appear.
required. Syringe twice daily,
March
to June.
Propagate bjrcuttingsof firm young shoots, 3 to 6 in.
long, inserted
greenhouse
in bottles
in
summer;
parts peat, loam,

60" to 70,
of rain
or
singly in 2-in.
leaf-mould
springor
or
suspended in sunny window
pots in a compost of equal
sand, placed under bell-glass
in temp.
water,
"
summer.
OCrLTITATED:
SPECIES
6 to 12 ft.. Orient;
and
its
(double rosy pink) ; Madonna
N. Oleander
lOleander or Rose
Bay), red, Bummer,
varieties, album
plenum (double white); Henri
Mares
grandiflorum (double cream) ; and splendens (double
red); variegatum ((leaves

variegated).
Nertera,
"
Greenhouse
(Fruiting Duckweed). Ord. Eubiaceae.
Orn. fruiting. First introduced
half-hardycreepingperennial herb.
Berries
1868.
red or
crimson.
round, bright orange
INDOOR
CULTTJEE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part leaf"
mould
"
sand.
Position, small
Pot, Feb.
part of greenhouse.
well-drained
pots or pans in shady
March.
Water
to
freely,March
to Oct.
50" to 60";
Temp., March
or
40" to 50".
Oct. to March
OUTDOOE
CULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary light rich.
Position, moist
sheltered
ledges of shady rockery. Plant, March
or
April. Water
in dry weather.
in severe
Protect
weather
with
bell or
hand-glass.
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55"
to 65" March
or
April; division of plants in March or April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
N. depressa, 1 to 2 in., flowers green,
Australasia.
Ferrii
See Gleichenia.
Net
"
Netted-flOMrered
Toad-flax
(Linaria reticulata).
See
"
Linaria.
Nettle
Geranium
Nettle-leaved
See Coleus.
(Coleusfruticosus)."
Bell-flower
(Campanula Traohelium)."See
Campanula.
Nettie
Tree
See Celtis.
(Celtisaustralis)."
Lily (Lilium washiugtonianum). See Lilium.
duous
(Alabama Snow Wreath). Ord. Eosacese.
Hardy decishrub.
flowering
CULTUEE
: Soil, good ordinary.
Position, sunny sheltered shrubbery.
of
Plant in autumn.
shoots
Propagate by cuttings half-ripened
in summer;
inserted
also by layering in
Nevada
Neviusa
"
"
autumn.
SPECIES
New
"
See
New
New
New
CULTITATED:
alabamiensis, white. May, 6 ft., N. America.

Pine-tree
(Araucaria Cookii " A. Euleii).
N.
Caledonia
Araucaria.
England
England
Jersey
Mayflower
Star-wort
Tea-plant
(Epigaearepens)."See Epigaea.
See Aster.
(AsterNovse-Angliae)."
(Ceanothusamericanus). See Ceano"
thus.
Newman's
beckia.
New
Zealand
Grisellina.
New
Zealand
Cone-flower
"
Broad-leaf
Bur
Eud-
(Eudbeckia speciosa).See
(Grisellinamacrophylla).
"
(Acaenamicrophylla). See
"
289
Acaena.
L
See
(Clematis indiviaa lobata)."See
Clematis
Zealand
New
Olematia.
New
cuius.
New
New
OABDSNINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Eanun-
(RanunculusLyalli). See
OOt
Zealand
Crovw-f
Zealand
Zealand
Bush
Daisy
Dragon-plant
"
(OleariaHaastii)." See Olearia.

See
(Cordylineaustralis)."
Cordyline.
New
(Phormium
Flax
Zealand
"
tenax
P.
See
Colensoi)."
Phormium.
New
thus.
New
New
Zealand
Zealand
Clian-
(Clianthuspuniceus).See
Glory-Pea
Zealand
"
See Osmanthus.
(Osmanthus ilicifolms)."
See
tetraptera)."
(Sophora
Holly
Laburnum-tree
Sophora.
New
(Ehogalostylesapida)."See
Palm
Zealand
Rhopalo-
style.
(Cortadeiraconspicua). See Cortadeira.
Spinach
(Tetragonia expansa)."See Tetra-
Zealand
Zealand
Nevtf
Nev\r
Reed
"
gonia.
Ord.
(Apple-of-Peru)."
Nicandra
nunculus.
Ra-
See
(Ranunculus Lyallii)."
Water-Lily
Zealand
New
(Dicksonia squarrosa)."See
Tree-tern
Zealand
New
Dicksonia.
Hardy
Solanaceae.
annual.
1759.
introduced
pagate
Proborders.
CULTURE:
Position, sunny
Soil, ordinary.
open
soil in temp.
J in. deep in pots or boxes of liglit
by seeds sown
55" to 65" in March,
transplanting seedlings 3 ft. apart outdoors m
ing
May ; or by sowing seed in sunny positionoutdoors in April,transplantFirst
seedlings in
SPEOIES
2 ft., Peru.
NiCOtiana
June.
OULTIVATED:
N.
physaloides, bine
(Tobacco Plant).
foliage.
Flowering " orn.
annuals.
First
annuals.
POT
CULTURE
"
introduced
:
and
white,
summer,
18
in.
to
Half-hardy
Solanacese.
Ord.
as
All the speciesbest grown
1570.
Compost,
two
parts loam,
one
part leaf-mould
or
or
" one
Position, sunny
shady greenhouse
part sand.
window.
Water
freely when in full growth; moderately at
in flower.
when
other
times.
twice a week
once
or
Apply stimulants
50".
40" to
Temp., March
beds or
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
Position, sunny
:
Soil, ordinary.
of three
Protect
in June
in groups
N. alba
Plant
six.
borders.
or
Will
in winter with covering of cinder ashes, tan or decayed manure.
soils.
only survive winter in well-drained
TOBACCO
CULTURE
OF
PLANT:
SoU, ordinary. Position,
beds
borders.
June.
Gather
Plant,
leaves of N. tabacum
or
sunny
Water
in Sept. for drying.
Propagate by
the surface
of fine light mould
seeds sown
in a shallow
box
on
or
pan
in shade, in a temp. of 65" to 75", in March
also
or
by
cuttings
April,
inserted
in sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in autumn
of the roots
or
decayed
manure,
or
spring.
OULTIVATED:
8PE0IES
white, fragrant, eummer,
summer,
America;
N.
3
alba
(Syn.
ft., strictly a
Afflnia), the Sweet-soented

Tobaooo,
perennial, Brazil; sylvestris,white,
(Tobaooo Plant), rose, summer,
i ft., S.
to 4 ft., Argentina ; tabaoum

tabaocum
maorophyllum, red, rose,
290
or
purple, summer;
tomentosa
(Byn.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OABDENING.
OF
2 ft.,
Coloaeea), pink and white, 10 to 13 ft.,S. America; Buavolens, white, summer,
Sanderse,
S. America;
8 "t., S. America;
yoUow and white, summer,
wiâ"diodes,
3 to 3 ft., hybrid.
red, pinlc,carmine,
etc., summer,
Ord.
Nieremberg'ia
(Tall Cup-flower;Trailing Cup-flower)."
First
Solanacese.
Hardy and half-hardycreepingperennial herbs.
introduced
1831.
CULTURE
OF
leaf-mould.
HAEDY
Position, sunny
Plant, Oct., March,

dress
SPECIES
border
or
ledges of rockery.
Topfreelyin dry weather.
moist
or
Water
April.
or
"
Soil, equal parts sandy loam
in March
with decayed cow
weather
with covering of litter.
OF
CULTURE
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
annually
Protect
manure.
in very
severe
: Compost, two
parts sandy
" one
tion,
Posimanure
part well-decomposed cow
part sand.
well-drained
pots or pans in shady part of greenhouse or cold
in shady spot.May to Oct.
frame
all the year round, or outdoors
Pot,
Feb.
March.
Water
wards.
to Sept., moderately afteror
freely, March
in light sandy soil in temp. 55" to
65", Nov. to April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glassin
well rooted
shady part of cool greenhouse in Aug., transferringwhen
singlyinto 2-in. pots, " placingin light airy positionin greenhouse or
loam,
one
window.
N. rivularis (Cup-flower),
6 in., S. America.
HARDY
SPECIES
:
white, summer,
N.
frutesHALF-HARDT
SPECIES:
oalycina, yellow, July, 6 in., S. America;
18
frutescens
blue, summer,
in., S. America;
atroviolacea, Tiolet, 1 ft.;'
cens,
6 in., S. America;
and
Yeitohii, lilao, summer,
gracilis, white
purple, summer.
6 to 9 in., S. America.
(Fennel-flower; Devil-in-a-bush; Love-in-a-mist; Love-in-
NiSelia.
a-puzzle).
Ord.
Flowers
EanunculaceaEi.
"
Hardy
surrounded
annuals.
First
involucre.
mossy
introduced
by
Foliage,
green
graceful, feathery.
green,
CULTURE
beds or borders.
:
open
in
seeds
bands
in March
or
sown
lines,
Jin.
masses
deep
Propagate by
or
April; thin seedlingsout 6 in. apart each way. May or June.
1548.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
damascena
1
summer,
Bark.
Noble
Noisette
"
Silver
Rose
Nolana
annuals.
CULTURE
rookeries.
1 to 2 ft., Asia
blue, summer,
Minor;
alba, white ; N. hispanica, blue,
damascena
(Cereusgrandiflorus)."See Cereus.
(Hesperistristis).See Hesperis.
"
See Neillia.
See Polypodium.
Fir
See
(Mammillaria bicolor)."
See Abies.
(Abies nobilis)."
introduced
plants are
May
or
Ord.
Hardy
1761.
Soil, ordinary.
Propagate by
in
Rosa.
Convolvulaceae.
"
"
First
Mammillaria.
See
(Rosaindicauoisettiana).
(ChilianBell-flower).
April where
apart
Cactus
"
Niphobolus.
Cactus
Nipple
3 in.
blue
Stock
Nig'ht-scerttecl
or
damasoena,
N.
fiore-pleno,double,
to 2 ft., Spain.
Nisht-blooming
Nine
seeds
Position, open
sown
required to
1-16 in.
grow,
sunny
beds, borders
or
deep in patches in March

thinning seedlingsto 2 or
June.
CULTIVATED
N.
blue and
;
atriplioifolia,
white, summer,
trailing;
6 in., Peru;
lanoeolata, blue, white, and green,
summer,
paradoxa, white,
12 to 18 in., Peru;
prostrata, blue, summer,
summer,
trailing.Chili; tenella,pale
Peru.
blue, trailing,summer,
None-SO-Pretty
(Saxifragaumbrosa)." See Saxifraga.
Nootka
Fir (Pseudotsuga Douglasii). See Pseudotsuga.
SPECIES
Peru;
"
Nootka
Nootka
Sound
Sound
Arbor-vitse
See Thuia.
(Thuya plicata)."
(Cupressus nootkateusis).
Cypress
"
Cupressua.
291
l2
See
EXOVCLOPJllDIA
Nordman's
Norfolk
Fir
Island
GARDENING.
OF
See Abies.
(Abies nordmanniana).
See EhopaloPalm
Bauerij.
(Ehopalostyle
"
"
style.
Norfolk
caria.
Norfolk
Island
Pine-tree
Island
Tree-fern
See
(Araucaria excelsa)."
Aiau-
(Alsophilaexcelsa). See
"
Also-
pbila.
North
North
North
Actomeris.
Northern
Northern
Crab
American
American
Maple
Spruce
NothOChlaena
Filices.
Ord.
"
Sunflower
Grape
Rock-cress
Northoscordium."
Norway
Norvt/ay
Isevis).See Eeliopsis.
(Heliopsis
Ox-eye
American
Fox
(Pyrus coronaria)."See Pyrus.
(Actomeris squarrosa)."See
(VitisLabrusca). See
(Arabis petrsea). See
"
"
Vitis.
Arabis.
See Bloomena.
(Acer platanoides).See Acer.

(Piceaexcelsa). See Picea.
(Cloak Fern; Gold " Silver Maiden-hair
"
"
Ferns).
"
Stove
First introduced
1778.
greenhouse ferns.
thrice
underneath
surface
or
Fronds, once
divided, upper
green,
with white powder or scales.
covered
Ht. 3 to 18 in.
C ULTUEE
;
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, peat " sand,
with little charcoal
" sandstone
broken
small.
Position, pots in shady
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
part of house.
moderately, Oct. to
Feb., freely other times.
Syringing not required. Temp., stove
55" to 65" ; March
to Sept. 65" to 75"^;greenspecies,Sept.to March
house
45" to 50"; March
species, Sept. to March
surface of fine sandy peat in pans under
on
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 85" any time ; division at potting time.
N. flaTens (Syn. Ohrysophylla), Central
SPECIES:
America; nivca (Silier
STOVE
Maiden-hair
and
Pern;
tricIiomanDidee,
Fern), Mexico
sinuata, Trop, America;
"
and
Jamaica
Cuba.
N.
SPECIES:
dealbata
GREENHOUSE
(Syn. Cinoinalis
dealbata), N.
Hookori
(Syn. Cincinalis
HoolEeri), N. America;
lanuginosa, S. Earope
tralia; Marantse, S. Europe, N. Africa, etc.; Newberryii, California.
America;
Aiuand
Nuphar
(Yellow Water-Lily; Brandy Bottle).^Drd.
Nymphaceae.
Hardy aquatic perennial herbs.
CULTURE
: Soil, two
parts strong rich loam, one part well-decayed
manure.
water,
shallow
Position, sunny
12 in.
Plant, March
or
lakes.
or
Depth of
of planting:
Methods
place the plant in it "
ponds
streams,
to
Oct.
wicker
basket
with compost,
shallow
the surface, then lower
into the water.
on
(2) Place some
with canvas
compost round the roots, then add a few stones " surround
or
matting " lower into the water.
i in.
deep in rich soil in a shallow basket immersed in water, Oct. to April;
division of the _plantin March.
N. adrena, yellow, July, N. America;
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
luteum
(Brandy
Bottle
Yellow
or
Water-Lily), yellow, June, N. Europe (Britain); minimum,
yellow,
(1) Fill
a
few
stones
July, Europe.
Nutmes-scented
Geranium
(Pelargonium fragrans)."
See Pelargonium.
Nuttallia
Ord.
Rosacese.
(Oso-berry-tree)."
Hardy deciduous
First introduced
1848.
flowering shrub.
Flowers, succeeded
by
purplish plum-like fruit.
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, shady or sunny shrubberies.
Prune
when
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
ing.
necessary immediatelyafter flower-
Propagate by seeds
sown
Jin. deep in ordinary soil in shady

292
OABDBNINO.
OF
ENOTOLOP^DIA
to Sept.
rately afterwards.
Syringe daily,Feb. to Oct. Temp., March
60" to 65".
Propagate by cuttingsof firm
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy peat under bell-glassin temp.
65" to 75" summer.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED."
O.
atropurpurea, purple, spring, 1 ft., S. Africa:
ff ft.,Trop. Africa.
multiflora,yellow, eummer,
Ocimum
(SweetBasil; Bush Basil). Ord. Labiatae. Half-hardy
annual
aromatic
1548.
First introduced
herbs.
Leaves, egg-shaped,
aromatic; used for flavouringstews, soups " salads.
CtTLTUEE
: Soil,ordinary
lightrich. Position, sunny, well-drained
Shade
border.
in May.
9 to 12 in. asunder
from
first few days after planting. Water
sun
Gather
leaves
and
coming into flower, dry " reduce to
tops when
1-16 in. deep in light
powder for winter use.
soil in shallow
lings
box in temp. 55" to 65" in March,
transplantingseedsimilar
inch
"
when
three leaves are
in
formed
soil,
an
apart
"
graduallyharden
off in cold frame.
1 ft.,
Basil), white, summer,
in., Trop. Asia.
Yiolet-sceuted
OdontOSlOSSUlYl
(Almond-scented Orchid;
terrestrial
Ord.
Greenhouse
Orchidaceae.
epiphytal "
Orchid).
Flower
orchids.
1835.
First
introduced
spikesproduced
Evergreen.
from
base of pseudo-bulbs.
CTJLTUEE
two
: Compost,
portions
parts fibrous peat, one part of equal probaskets
of sphagnum moss
and charcoal.
Position, teak-wood
or
roof, blocks of wood, well-drained
pots ; partial
pans suspended from
shade
in summer,
Pot, Feb.,
exposed to full light at other times.
March
or
sherds
April. Fill pots or pans two-thirds of their depth with pot" charcoal.
Place
on
drainage, " fill remainder
layer of moss
with
Secure
of space
plant on this by
compost to 1 in. above rim.
of fine copper
wire, and top-dresswith layer of sphagnum moss,
means
and secure
firmly with copper wire. Water
dailyApril to Sept., twice
a week
Sept.to Nov. " Feb. to April; keep almost dry during remainder
formly
of year.
Syringe lightly daily in summer.
Keep atmosphere unimoist in summer
by damping stages, floor, etc., several times
moderately other times. Temp.,
daily. Ventilate freely in summer,
Sept. to Feb. 45" to 55"; Feb. to May 50" to
May to Sept. 55" to 65'^;
60".
Growing period,Marcli to Nov. ; resting period,Dec. to Feb.
Propagate by division of the pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
CULTIVATED:
O. apertum, white
SPECIES
and
red, May, 1 ft.,Ueiioo; Oerand
vantesii, white
brown, spring, 6 in., Mexico ; oirrhosum, white
and
purple,
oitrosmum, white, rose, and
spring, 1 to 2 ft., Ecuador;
yellow, fragrant. May,
6 to 8 in., Mexico;
crispnm (Syn. Alexandra), white, rose, crimson, etc., spring,
beautiful
13 to 18 in., Colombia,
varieties; Edwardii, purple and yellow,
many
gloriosum, yellow and
fragrant, spring, 2 to 3 ft., Ecuador;
brown, fragrant,
a ft., Colombia;
1 ft., Guatemala;
grande, yellow and red, autumn,
Hallii, yellow
and
and red, spring,2 to 3 ft., Peru
Ecuador; harryannm, yellow, white, purple,
and brown, spring,
loteo-purpurenm, yellow, white, and red,
spring, 1 to 2 ft., Colombia;
maoulatnm,
yellow, brown, and white, spring, 1 to
2 ft., Mexico;
nobile
(Syn. Pesoatorei), white, purple, yellow and
red, spring
and
pulohellum, white
yellow, fragrant, spring 1 ft.!
and
Guatemala;
Ilossii,white
brown, winter, 6 in., Mexico; triumphans
yellow
brown
and
white, spring, 1 to 2 ft., Colombia; Uroskinneri, yellow, brown
and
1 to 2 ft., Guatemala.
Numerous
rose,
spring,
hybrids.
OEnOthera
(Evening Primrose; Sun-drops; Tiee Primrose)."
SPECIES
Trop. Aîa;
OULTITATED;
minimum
O.
Baailionm
(Bush Basil), white,
(Sweet
summer,
"
Ord.
OnagracesB.
perennials. First
CULTURE
OF
Hardy
annuals, biennials, herbaceous
introduced
1629.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
294
"
shrubby
Soil,ordinary. Position,sunny
MNQYOLOI'MDIA
where
plantsare
to
GAEDENINO.
OF
flower,or in boxes
of lightsoil in
April, transplanting seedlingsoutdoors in May.
outdoors
sown
to 6 in. apart in June.
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two
good soil,one
in
parts
manure
well-decayed
"
frame, greenhouse or
or
eight in each pot.
'
growth. Apply liquid
sand.
window.
Thin
seedlings when
temp. 55" to 65"

Thin
seedlings
part leaf-mould,
6 in.
1 in.
pots
in cold
high
to six
in full
first,freelywhen
moderately
twice a week when
plants show flower.
SPECIES:
Water
at
manure
CULTURE
OF
BIENNIAL
beds
doors
borders.
Sow
seeds 1-16 in. deep in shady positionoutor
sunny
in April,transplantingseedlingswhen
1 in. high, 3 in. aparteach
lowing
border, again transplantinginto floweringpositionfolway, in sunny
March.
or
Sept.
OULXURB
OF
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
Soil, lightsandy loam.
Position, sunnj, well-drained
rookeries.
or
Plant, Oct.,
in
Mulch
weather.
or
April.
annually with
freely dry
Lift
three
four
and
manure.
or
decayed cow
replant every
years.
pagate
shoots
of
after
Prune
flowering. Proshrubby species
straggling
away
box
in
soil
in
seeds
shallow
sown
light
perennialspeciesby
well-drained
in
cold
under
in
March
frame
or
or
or
hand-light
pans
April,transplantingoutdoors end of May or June ; cuttingsof young
in sandy soil under
shoots inserted
hand-light in shade in spring or
suckers
with
roots
removed
attached, spring or autumn;
summer;
division of roots, March
or
April.
(E. amoena
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
and
rnbicanda, rose
orimson,
(Syn. Godetia
1 to 2 ft., Galifomia;
rubicunda,
lilao-parple; bistorta, yellow
amcena
summer,
1
and
ft., Oalifornia;
tenella, purple, June, 6 in,, Oalifornia;
red, slimmer,
12 to 18 in., California,
Whitneyi), red and orinjison,summer,
Whitneyi (Syn. Godetia
of York,
known
Godetia
as
Lady Albemarle, Duke
parent of the annuals
1 ft., Mexico,
Bridesmaid, etc. ; tetraptera, white, summer,
(B. biennis
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
(Evening Primrose), yellow, fragrant, June
to Oct., 1 to 3 ft,, N, America:
to Oot,, N. America;
Drummondii,
yellow, June
6 in,, CMli,
taraxacifolia,white, summer,
2 ft.,
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
: CB.
califomioa, white and pink, fragrant, summer,
and
fornia;
Oalifornia;
marginata), white, fragrant, July, CalicEespitosa (Syn. eximia
3 to 3 ft., TT, States, and
its
fruticosa
(Sun-drops), golden yellow, summer,
1 to 2 ft,, N.
America;
glauca, yellow, summer,
varieties, major and Toungii;
12 to 18 in,, V.
States; missouriensis, yellow and red,
linearis,yellow, summer,
1 ft,, N.
America; speoiosa,
summer,
rosea,
rose,
summer,
trailing, N. America;
2 to 3 ft,,N. America.
white, summer,
OKra,
(Hibiscusesculenteus). See Hibiscus.
Old
Man
(Artemesia Abrotanum). See Artemesia.
Old
Cactus
Man
senilis).See Pilocereus.
(Pilocereus
Old
Man's
Beard
vitalba). See Clematis,
(Clematis
Old
Woman
(Artemisiaargentea). See Artemisia.
Olea
(Olive; Oleaster). Ord. Oleaceae.
First introduced
1570.
floweringshrub.
CULTURE:
Position, sheltered sunny borders or
Soil,sandy loam.
S.
of
S.
W.
walls,
or
against
England only. Plant, Sept., Oct, or
when
Protect
in very severe
Prune
weather
April.
necessary,
April.
with litter or mats.
POT
CULTURE:
part leafcool
and
sand.
to
Position,
mould,
greenhouse, Sept.
May; outdoors,
Water
June to Sept. Temp., Sept.to May, 40" to 50".
moderately in
in
to
summer.
Syringe daily,April
winter, freely
Sept. Propagate
1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in greenhouse in
or
by seeds sown
spring
in shade
in
autumn;
cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass
greenhouse in summer.
295
March
borders, beds,
Water
"
"
"
"
"
"
of
TjNGYOlop^bia
O.
CULTIVATED:
10 ft., S. Europe.
SPECIES
6
to
gardening.
"
-nt
Oleander
",
Oleandra
Fronds,
" scandent.
rhizomatous
Stems
1837.
introduced
two
CULTURE
parts peat "
: Compost,
Position, hanging baskets,

layer of peaty soil secured by
division
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Olearia
Compositse. Hardy evergreen
sown
on
85
,
any
Daisy Bush;
floweringshrubs.
,.
Indies.
nodosa, w.
Victorian Snow
Zealand
Syringe
to Sept.,
pottingtime.
artionlata, Trop. Africa;
O.
(New
at
rhizomes
of creeping
March.
or
copiously March
to Oct.
March
walls
"
daily,
pillars
plants
65".
55" to
Propagate by spores
65" to 7b'';Sept. to March
in
temp. 75 to
bell-glass
surface of fine sandy peat under
",
covered
walls
afterwards.
Temp., March
or
,,
ieat-mould
loam,
Plant, Feb.
netting.
Water
time
First
of
one
against pillarsand
or
wire
ferns.
green.
strap-rshaped,
with
rammer,
oleander)."See Nerium.
Fern
(Oleandra articulata)."See Oleandra.
(Oleander Fern)." Ord. Filices. Stove evergreen
(Nermm
Oleander
sand.
fragrant,
(Wild OliTe). white,
enropsea
Bush)." Ord.
First introduced
1793.
borders
Position, sunny
Soil, sandy loam.

:
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
rockeries for 0. Haastii, S. or W. walls for O. dentata, O. gunniana
or
Plant
" O. Forateri.
Sept. to Nov. or April. Protect those grown
weather
by coveringof mats or straw.
againstwalls during very severe
dead
or
unhealthy shoots in
Pruning not required,except to remove
of
in
N.
culture
outdoor
England.
for
April. Not adapted
CULTURE:
Compost, two partssandy loam, one part leafPOT
pots or in beds
mould
or
peat, one part sand.
walls
in
cold
or
greenhousesor
against
with shoots trained
up pillars
to
Water
March
to
freely
April.
Pot or plant,Sept.
conservatories.
when
in
afterwards.
summer,
except
Syringe freely
Sept.,moderately
positionoutdoors until they
Place
in bloom.
pot plants in sunny
flower.
Plunge pots to rim in cinder ashes. Propagate by cuttings
pots of
shoots 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in well-drained
of firm young
frame
or
greenhouse in
soil under
bell-glassin cold shady
sandy
summer.
"
"
.,
...
Daisy Bush), white, Aug.,

0. Haastii
{New Zealand
6 ft..New
(Syn. dentata), white, summer,
New
Zealand; maoro-donta
4 to 6 ft
6 ft.,
white,
summer,
Snow
gnnniana,
Bnsh),
Syn.
Zealand ; stellulata (Victorian
Zealand.
10 to 20 ft., New
Australia; Traversii, white, summer,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
(Olea europaea). See Olea.

(Olea europsea). See Olea.
Mullein
(Verbascum olympicum). See Verbascum.
Olympian
Rock
ing
Forgetme-not ; Creep(Venus'sNavel-wort:
Omphalodes
"
annual
perennial
Ord.
Boraginacese. Hardy
Forget-me-not)."
Oleaster
Olive-tree
"
"
"
herbs.
First
introduced
1633.
SPECIES
ANNUAL
:
Soil,ordinary. Position, parOF
where
Sow seeds in masses
requiredto grow in
borders.
to flower in
April to flower in June, June to flower in Sept.," Sept.
CULTURE
linllyshaded
^^CULTUREOF
moist.
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinaryrich,
PERENNIAL
rookeries,or in
or
Position, partiallyshaded, well-drained borders
Water
March
copiously
or
Nov.,
Oct.,
April.
beds.
Plant,
rhododendron
in
manure
annually
with
cow
spring.
M\ilch
decayed
in dry weather.
semi-shaded
in
rich
soil
in
in.
light
seeds sown
deep
i
Propagate
by
positionin
seedlingswhen
transplanting
April,
roots
in Marcli
or
April.
296
1 in.
high; division
of
ENOYOLOPJilDlA
ANNUAL
S.
SPECIES:
0.
OF
liuifolia
OAlWBNlNti.
(Veius'a Navel-wort), white,
June,
to
in.,
in.,
Europe.
PERENNIAL
Asia
Minor;
alba, white.
SPECIES
O.
Luciliaa
:
(Rook NaTOl-wort), blue, BUmmer,
(Creeping Forget-me-not), blue, spring, 6 in., Europe;
verna
-verna
Oncidium
Stove " green(ButterflyOrchid)." Ord. Orchidacese.

house
orchids.
base
of
Flowers
at
new
epiphytal
pseudo-bulb
appear
First introduced
1791.
directlylatter is fullygrown.
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
portions
parts fibrous peat, one part of equal proof sphagnum
and
charcoal.
or
moss
Position, pots, wood
earthenware
Fill pots
blocks.
Pot, Feb. or March.
or
depth with potsherds.Place layer of moss
rim.
on
of
space with compost to lin. above
Put plantson this, cover
and secure
roots with compost " layer of moss,
then fill
Baskets ; line interior with
firmly with copper wire.
moss,
with compost and
place plant on top, securing it firmly with copper
wire.
with
Blocks : Place
roots next
wood, cover
peat and sphagnum
and secure
moss,
firmlywith copper wire. Water plantson blocks twice
times ; those in pots " baskets
once
once
a day other
dailyin summer,
a
day April to Sept., twice a week Sept. to Nov. and Feb. to April,
Moist
mosphere
atweek
afterwards.
a
once
Syringe lightlydailyin summer.
essential.
sunshine
tilate
VenShade
from
bright
only.
highly
freelyin summer.
Temp, for stove species,Nov. to April 60" to
baskets, rafts
thirds of their
pans
this, then fill remainder
or
two
70"; April
to
70"
Nov.
65" to 75"; Oct.
to
restingperiod,Oct.
potting time.
to
55"
May
Feb.
to
85";
for
greenhouse species.May
to
Oct.
to 65".
March
to Sept. ;
Growing period,
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbsat
SPECIES
to May,
13
O.
:
ampliatum, yellow, red, and brown, March
in.. Central
jonesianum,
America;
white, brown, and red, Oct. to Feb., 1 ft.,
and
to Oct., 8 to 10 in.,
kramerianum,
red, brown,
yellow, March
Paraguay;
18 in., Guiana
Ecuador
summer,
yellow, rose, purple, and brown,
;
; lanceanum,
to Oot., 8 to 10 in.,
Papilio (ButterflyOrchid), red, crimson, and yellow, March
ST07B
16
to
Indies.
W.
6 in., Brazil;
O. ooncolor, yellow. May,
crispum, red,
Feb., 1 ft., Brazil; Forbesii, red, and yellow, autumn,
and
1 ft., Mexico;
white
2 to 3 ft., Brazil;
inourvum,
yellow, fragrant, autumn,
purple, spring, 18 in., Trop. America;
maoranthum,
yellow, brown, white, and
1 ft., Brazil;
ornithorynchum,
marshallianum,
rose,
yellow and brown,
summer,
spring, 1 to
phalfenopsis, white, purple and -violet,
lUac, and yellow, 1 ft.,Mexico;
2 ft., Ecuador;
Barcodes, yellow and bro-wn, spring, 1 ft., Brazil; sphacelatum,
and
brown
yellow, spring, 2 ft., Mexico ; splendidum, yellow and brown, winter,
I ft., Guatemala;
superbiens, yellow, brown, and purple, spring, 1 ft., Colombia;
and
-violet scented, autumn
winter, 1 ft., Mexico
brown,
;
tigrinum, yellow and
winter, 1 ft., Brazil; varicosum
Rogersii, superior
varicosum, yellow and
brown,
GREENHOUSE
brown,
and
variety.
Onion."
SPECIES:
yellow,
See
June
Allium.
(Ornithogalum longibracteatum).
Onion-plant
lum.
Onoclea
deciduous
once
to
"
First
divided, green;
Ornithoga-
Ostrich
Fern). Ord. Filices. Hardy
introduced
1799.
broad,
Fronds, barren
ones,
fertile ones,
divided,
once
contracted,
narrow,
(SensitiveFern;
fern.
See
"
brown.
CSULTURE
OUTDOOR
: Soil, two
parts good
cool
moist
border
semi-shaded
mould.
Position,
loam,
or
one
margin
part
of
leaf-
ponds.
Plant, April.

part leafwell-drained
in
cold
frame
Position,
shady
pots
mould, one part
Water
to
March
or
copiously,
April
Sept. ;
or
April.
greenhouse. Pot,
Repot
moderately Sept. to Nov. ; keep nearly dry Nov. to March.
POT
CULTURE
Compost,
two
sand.
297
OASDENING.
OF
EN070LOPMDIA
gathered just before the cases burst "

with
of sandy peat " leaf-mould
surface
on
pan
in
moist
in
shady position cold
of glass, " kept moderately
March
or
April.
or
greenhouse ; division of plants,
annually. Propagate by
spores
of well-drained
sown
square
frame
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Ostrich
Fern, 2 to 3 ft., N.
and
N. America
N. Asia.
O.
(Syn. Struthiopteria gsrmanioa), the
germanioa
Temperate Zone; eensibilie (SensitiveFern), 2 to 3 ft.,
Leguminosse. Hardy
(Eest-harrow). Ord.
Ononis
"
herbaceous
1570.
First introduced
deciduous
shrubs.
SPECIES:
PERENNIAL
OP
rockeries.
or
banks
Nov., March
Plant,
Oct.,
or
April.
borders,
sunny
Lift "
March.
with
Mulch
Cut
down
flower stems, Oct.
manure,
replantin fresh soil every four or five years.
OP
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
CULTURE
into shape,Jan.
Feb.
Prune
to
borders
banks.
Oct.
or
Plant,
sunny
1-16 in. deep in ordinary soil in
to Feb.
or
April; or in shallow boxes or
semi-shady position.outdoors, March
frame
in
March
in
cold
or
greenhouse
; perennialsby division of
pans
perennials"
CULTUEE
roots, Oct.
SPECIES
and
white,
(Rest-harrow), rose
1
(Ooat Root), yellow and red, summer,
arvensis
O.
(Britain); Natrix
in., Europe
6
S.
March.
to
PERENNIAL
enmmer,
to 2 ft.,
Europe.
2 ft., Europe.
Scotch
Thistle). Ord. Compositae.
Orn. foliage.
Hardy biennial "
nary
CULTURE
OP
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
seeds i in. deep in ordi: Sow
lings
soil in sunny
positionoutdoors, March or April. Transplant seedfollowingSept. to where required to flower.
PERENNIAL
tion,
CULTURE
OP
SPECIES:
Soil, ordinary rich. Posiin
well-drained
borders.
Oct.
or
Plant,
March,
singly
sunny
seeds
in.
in
soil
of
three.
sown
by
ordinary
i
Propagate
deep
groups
March
or
in
positionoutdoors
April, transplantingseedlings
sunny
SHUUBBT
SPECIES
f ruticoaa, purple, summer,
O.
(Cotton Thistle;
perennial herbs.
Onopordcn
"
flowering position Sept.
to
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
S. Europe.
PERENNIAL
O.
SPECIES:
Onosma,
Oct.
or
arabicum, 8
0. Aoanthinm
to
"
introduced
ft., S. Europe;
illyricum, 6 ft.,
(Sootoh Thistle), 5 ft., Europe
(Golden Drop). Ord.
herbs.
First
CULTUEE
10
Boraginacese. Hardy
(Britain).
perennial
1683.
Soil,two
parts sandy loam,

rockery, where roots can
part gritor small stones.

descend
close to cool moist
stones
and shoots trail over
edge.
Plant, March
or
April. Place a few
of soil around
small stones
surface
on
Water
plant.
occasionallyin
Mulch
with
in March
dry weather.
cow
manure
annually
decayed
1-16 in. deep in sandy loam
or
" gritin
shallow pans in shady cold frame
cool greenhouse in March, planting
or
in May ; cuttingsof shoots inserted in sandy soil in close shady
outdoors
under
frame
or
hand-lightin July or Aug.
:
Position, sunny
SPECIES
OULTIYATED:
O.
one
albo-roseum, white
and
rose,
summer,
in., Asia
yellow,
6 in., Armenia;
Minor;
Bourgssi, yellow, summer,
echioides
(Golden Drop),
May, 1 ft.,Europe; stellulatum, yellow and white. May, 6 in.,Europe.
Ord. Filices.
Stove " greenhouse
OnychiuiTli
evergreen
Fronds, four times divided, lightand graceful,
"
ferns.
green.
CULTURE:
Compost,two
parts peat
and
loam,
leaf-mould
" sand
rockeries in shade.
Water
rately
copiouslyMarch to Sept., modeafterwards.
Moist
for stove
atmosphereessential.
Temp
March
to Sept.65" to 75", Sept.to March
species,
55" to 65"; for
greenin
equal parts. Position, well-drained pots,beds, or
298
ENOYGLOPMBIA
house
species,March
Propagate by spores
pans
in
shade
"
to
OF
Sept. 55"
sown
temp.
on
70"
65"; Sept.
to
surface
to 80"
GARDENING.
of fine
time;
any
to
40" to 50".
well-drained
March
sandy peat in
division
of
plants
at
pottingtime.
STOVE
SPECIES:
GREENHOUSE
O.
auratum,
SPECIES:
O.
1 ft.,Malaya.
japonioum, 1 ft., Japan
and
Himalayas.
OphiOglOSSUm
Adder's
(Adder's Tongue Fern;
Spear)."Ord.
Filices.
Hardy deciduous ferns.
Fronds, barren, egg-shaped, pale
fertile,contracted, spike-like.
green;
OUTDOOR
CJULTUBB:
Soil, moist loamy. Position, in tufts of
partiallyshaded rockery. Plant, April to Aug. Lift plants
grass on
" plant in same.
Water
growing wild with large sod attached
freely
in dry weather.
POT
CULTURE
" leaf-mould
in equal parts.
: Compost, sandy loam
Position, shallow
well drained, in cold, shady frame.
Plant,
pans,
to Sept.,keep just moist
wards.
afterApril to Aug. Wate" freely March
on
Propagate by spores gathered when ripe in July, " sown
surface of pans of above
soil,covered with a sheet of glass" placed in
frame
a cool, moist
or
greenhouse; division of plantsin April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
0.
Tulgatum,
4 to
in., Britain, in moist
meadows.
Ord.
Hsemodoraceae.
Ophiopogon
(Snake'sbeard).
"
herbs.
perennial
orn.
Flowering
"
Leaves, long, narrow,
variegatedwith yellow or creamy
green
"
Hardy
1784.
white.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Soil, sandy loam.
:
Position, edgings to or
in
borders.
Lift, divide " replant
sunny
groups
five
four
or
every
years.
CULTURE
POT
:
part leafCompost, two parts sandy loam, one
" one
mould
or
decayed manure
part sand.
greenhouses, conservatories,
pots or in small beds in cold or heated
ferneries or windows.
Pot or plant, Feb.
Adapted for sun or shade.
March.
Water
copiously March
or
twice weekly, April to Sept. Propagate by
once
or
Apply stimulants
division of plants in Feb. or March.
O.
intermedins
CULTIVATED
argenteo-marginatus,
lilac, summer,
:
SPECIES
with
1 ft., leaves
white, Himalayas ; Jaburan
margined
Tariegatus, white, July,
and
white, Japan;
1 ft., leayes
striped with
japonious Tariegatus, white,
green
white,Japan. See also Liriope spicata.
1 ft., leayes striped with
creamy
summer,
Ophrys
(Bee Orchis; Fly Orchis; Spider Orchis). Ord. OrchiDeciduous.
dacese.
"
CULTURE:
Soil, sandy loam mixed with pieces of chalk
rockeries.
limestone.
Position,
broken
Plant, Aug. to
dry sunny
or
with
stone,
of
Cover surface of soil between
Nov.
plants
pieces chalk or limerefuse.
with
of
cocoanut-fibre
mulch
or
layer
OUTDOOR
two
: Compost,
parts sandy loam, one part piecesof
chalk.
Position,
small, well-drained
limestone
or
pots or pans
Pot,
frame
or
greenhouse.
Aug. to Nov., placing tubers
sunny
soil firmly. Place five tubers in 6 in. pot.
1 in. below surface " pressing
cocoanut-fibre
refuse or ashes during growing
rims
in
Plunge pots to
time
from
growth begins till foliagedies down,
freely
period. Water
then keep nearly dry. Repot every two or three years.
Propagate by
roots in March
or
April.
division of tuberous
O. apifera (Bee Orchis), purple, orange,
CULTIVATED:
and
SPECIES
yellow,
and yellow,
April to June, 1 ft.,Europe (Britain); aranifera (Spider Orchis), brown
(Ply Orchis), brown, blue, and
April to June, 6 in., Europe (Britain); musoifera
white, purple, and
blue.
yellow. May, 6 in., Europe (Britain); insectifera, green,
tenthredinifera
(Sawfly Orchis), green, brown, and
and
June, 8 in., Europe;
May
yellow, May and June, 1 ft.,Europe.
POT
broken
in cold
CULTURE
OF
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
GARDENING.
(Papaver somniferuni). See Papaver.

house
GreenPanioum;). Ord. Gramineas.
(Variegated
1867.
perennial,trailing grass.
Flowers
insignificant. Stems, small, wiry, trailing. Leaves, green,
variegated with white and pink.
CTJliTUEE:
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, " sand.
Position, small pots with shoots draping front of staging,or in baskets
Water
Pot, March.
suspended from roof ; sun or shade.
freelyMarch
occasionallyin
Apply stimulants
55" to 65".
summer.
Temp., March
in light sandy soil
shoots
inserted
in small pots under
or
bell-glass
hand-lightin temp. 65" to 75" at any
Opium
Poppy
Oplismenus
"
"
time.
SPECIES
OULTIYATED:
0.
Tariegatns {Sjn. Paniomn
Burmannii
variegatum),
trailing, Xropios.
(Indian Fig; Prickly Pear; Cochitieal Cactus; Barbary

Greenhouse
" hardy succulent plants. First
Fig).
introduced
portant,
1596.
Stems, fleshy,flat, bristly. Leaves, small, unimfugacious.
CULTURE
OF GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts sandy
Opuntia
"
loam,
Ord.
one
Cactaceae.
part powdered brick rubbish
" old mortar.
Position,
sunny
or
Pot, March
airy greenhouse or window.
April in pots filled ^ of
accommodate
roots.
pot
Redepth with potsherds, " just large enough to
moderately March to Sept.;
every three or four years only. Water
afterwards.
once
a
fortnightSept. to Nov.; none
Apply stimulants
June to Sept. Ventilate
to healthyplants,
freelyin summer.
Temp.,
March
50" to 55".
CULTURE
spersed
OP
HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, sandy loam,
freelyinterwith
wellPosition, sunny,
powdered brick or old mortar.
drained
of soil
rookeries.
surface
or
Plant, March
April. Cover
between
plants with small piecesof stone.
Sprinklesoot freely between
plants occasionallyto keep away
slugs. Apply weak
liquid manure
to healthy plants only.
occasionallyduring summer
Propagateby
seeds sown
in.
in
well-drained
of
or
deep
J
sandy soil in temp.
pots
pans
75" in March.
Keep soil moderately moist; cuttings of portionsof
stems
exposed for a few days, then inserted in small, well-drained
of
lime " brick dust in temp. 65" to 75" summer
pots
; delicate
species
robust
kinds
in
on
by grafting
April.
O.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
arboreeoens, purple, June, 5 ft., U. States;
not
BigeloTli, flowers
known, 10 ft., California; brasiliensis,yellow, June, 10 to
15 ft., Brazil; cylindrioa, soarlet, summer,
4 to 6 ft., Peru;
and its orested variety
10 to 15 ft., S. America;
oristata; decumana, orange,
summer,
eohinocarpa, green,
18 in., TJ. States;
Bmoryi, yellow and purple, Aug. and
summer,
Sept.. 18 in.,
floUB-indioa
Mexico;
(Indian Fig), yellow. May, 2 ft., Trop. America; fllipendula,
purple.May and June, 2 ft.,Texas ; leuootriolia,yellow, June, Mexico ; monaoantha
variegata, yariegated, 1 ft., 8. America;
rosea,
rose,
tuna, reddish
June, Mexico;
July, 10 to 20 ft., 8. America; Whipplei, red, June, XJ. States.
orange,
HAKDT
O. Eugelmanni,
SPECIES:
yellow, May and
June, 6 in., S.U. States;
mesaoantha
(Syn. Tulgaris), the
Prickly Pear, yellow, June, 2 ft., U. States;
mescantha
Bafflnesquii,yellow and red, June, 1 ft. ; missouricnsis
yellow. May and
June, 6 in., N. America, etc.
Orach.
See Atriplex.
"
Orang'e
(Citrus aurantium). See Citrus.

Tree
Oranse-ball
(Buddleia globosa)."See Buddleia.
Orange
Daisy
(Erigerou aurantiacus). See Erigeron.
Liiy (Lilium croceum). See Lilium
Orangfe
Orangre
Monlcey-flower
(Mimulus glutinosus)."
See Mimu"
"
"
lus.
300
GARDENING.
OF
MNOYOLOPMBIA
1 ft.,
CULTIVATED:
O. diotamnns
(Dittany of Crete), pink, snmmcr,
2 ft., N. Africa;
Marjoran
(Sweet Marjoram), purple or white, flummer,
Onites
1 ft., 8. Europe,
(Fot Marjoram), white, summer,
Onion
of
Bethlehem;
Ornithoealum
Plant)."Ord. Lilia(Star
and
bulbous
ceae.
Hardy
plants.
greenhouse
OUTDOOR
OTjLTUEE."
Soil, rich ordinary,sandy. Position,sunny
borders, rockeries or turf.
Plant, Aug. to Nov., placing small bulbs
3 in., " large bulbs 4 to 6 in. below
Mulch
surface, " 2 to 3 in. apart.
in
March
with
stimulants
annually
decayed manure.
Apply weak
INDOOR
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part equal
SPECIES
Crete;
proportionsleaf-mould, peat
" sand.
house
greenPot, Sept. to Feb., placing several small or one large
window.
or
in a 5 or 6 in. pot. Good

drainage essential. Water
moderately
when
growth begins, freelywhen in full growth, gradually withholding
when
foliageturns yellow, " keeping dry till new growth begins. Apply
stimulants
occasionallywhilst in full growth.
Repot annually.
bulb
March
40" to 50".
CULTURE
OP ONION
PLANT
two parts sandy loam, one
: (Jompost,
" well-decayedmanure
" little sand.
Position, sunny
part leaf-mould
window
outdoors
June to Sept. Pot, Feb. or March.
or
Good
drainage
Water
" firm potting essential.
to
Feb.
moderately
May, freelyMay
Temp.,
Sept.,moderately Sept. to Nov., keep quite dry Nov.

week
a
May to Sept. Propagate by
repotted, Sept.to Feb.
to
stimulants
once
from
old bulbs "
GREENHOUSE
to Feb.
Apply
offsets removed
SPECIES:
O.
2 ft., S.
arabioum,
April, 1 ft.. Chili and
Peru;
longibracteatnm
(Onion
2 ft., S. Africa; and
ita variety variegatum.
O. nutans,
HAUDT
SPECIES:
white, spring, 1 ft., Europe (Britain); nutans,
boucheanum,
a
superior form;
pyrenaioum,
yellow and
June, 2 ft., S.
green,
umbellatum
Europe;
(Star of Bethlehem), white. May, 1 ft., Europe, and
its
varieties Leiohtlinii
and
splendens.
OrobUS.
See Vicia.
biflorum, white,
Plant), white. May, 1 to
Europe;
"
Orontium
(Golden Club).-Ord.
"
First
CULTURE:
introduced
Aroideae.
Hardy aquatic
nial.
peren-
1775.
Soil, boggy. Position, margins of shallow ponds or

Plant, Oct. to March, placing roots 6 to 12 in. below surface
rivulets.
of water.
Propagateby
SPECIES
division of root stock in Oct. or March.

O. aqnaticum,
May, 6 in., N. America
green,
See Iris.
(Irisfloreutina)."
OULTiyATED:
Orris-root
Osagfe
Orange
(Maclura aurantiaca)."See
Madura
Osier."
See Salix.
Wiiiovtr
Osier
(Salixviminalis)."See Salix.
Osmanthus
(Fragrant Olive; Holly-leaved
Olive)."Hardy
floweringshrubs.
CULTURE
againstS.
:
or
W.
First
Soil, loamy.
walls.
introduced
Position, sheltered
Plant, Sept.,Oct.
green
ever-
1771.
or
April.
sunny
Prune
borders,
when
or
sary,
neces-
April.
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leafsand.
Position, cold sunny greenhouse, Sept. to June; outdoors,
June
to Sept. Pot, Sept. or
Oct.
Water
April to Oct.,
Temp., Sept. to
40" to 50"
mould,
"
frefiy
May
by
seeds
sown
1-16
in.
deep
in
sandy peat
in cold
autumn;
by cuttings of firm young shoots inserted
liand-ligntoutdoors, or in frame in summer
SPKCISS
CULTIVATED;
O.
Aquifolium, white, Aug.,

302
Propao-ate
frame
in spring
or
in sandy soil under
4
ft., Japan-
and
its
'BNGYGLOPMDIA
varieties
OF
iUioifolius (small-leaved),latifolius
(yanegated),
GARDENING.
(broad-leayed),latifolius
and
(purple-leaved),
myrtifolius (myrlle-leaved);
pnrpureus
(83". Olea
Tariegatoa
f ragrans
fragrans),white, fragrant, June to Aug., 6 to 10 ft., China and Japan.

OsmMnda
house
(Eoyal Feru; Plowerin? Fern)." Ord. Pilicea. Greenand hardy
evergreen " deciduous ferns. Fronds, feather-shaped,
plainor
crested ; fertile portionscontracted.

OF
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
turfy loam and peat, little sand.
Position,pots or beds in moist shady
part of greenhouse or fernery. Pot or plant,March
or
April. Water
copiously April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Temp., 55" to 65"
April to Sept.,45" to 55" Sept. to April.
CULTURE
OP
HARDY
SPECIES
:
Soil, one
part each loam, leaf
" sand, two
mould
Position, bases of sheltered moist
parts peat.
rockeries or margins of ponds in shade or partialshade.
Plant, April.
in April with compost of peat, leaf-mould
Top-dressannuafly
" loam.
dead fronds in March.
Remove
Water
plants growing otherwise than
the margins of ponds copiouslyin dry weather.
on
Propagate by spores
surface
of sandy peat " leaf-mould
in well-draiued
on
sown
pans,
with sheet of glass or hand-lightin shady part of cool
covered
house
greenat any time ; offsets from
established plants in April.
GEEBNHOUSB
SPECIES:
O. bipinnata, 2 ft..Hong Kong;
javanioum, 2 to 4 ft.,
CULTUKE
Java.
HARDY
O. cinnamomea,
SPECIES:
Claytoniana, 2 to 3 ft., N. America
6 ft., Britain, etc., and
its varietiee
to
4 ft., N.
America, West
Indies, etc.;
Himalayas;
regalia (Royal Fern), 3 to
corymbifera, cristata, palustris, and
pur-
and
purascens.
(Nuttalliacerasiformis).See Nuttallia.
(Onocleagermanica). See Onoclca.
Ord. Cupuliferae. Hardy deciduous
Ostrya,
(Hop Hornbeam).
trees.
1622.
Flowers, greenishwhite, hop-like; May. First introduced
CULTURE
Position, by the side of streams,
: Soil, ordinary moist.
in damp situations.
pagate
ProPlant, Oct. to Feb.
lakes,or in shrubberies
outdoors
till
seeds
in
then
in
a
sown
spring,
placed
heap
by
in
inserted
outdoors
soil
outdoors;
cuttings
autumn;
by
by
sandy
by grafting on the Hornbeam
(Oarpinusbetulus)
layeringin summer;
Oso-berry-tree
"
Fern
Ostrich
"
"
in March.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
virginica (Ironwood),
O.
20
ft., N.
Tea,-plant
Osweso
Othonna,
carpinitolia (Hop
Hornbeam),
20
ft., S. Europe;
America.
(Monarda didyma). See Monarda.

Ord.
Compositae. Greenhouse
"
(AfricanRag-wort).
"
trailingherbs.
First
introduced
Compost
CULTURE:
two
1752.
parts
afterwards.
"
one
part leaf-mould
pots or baskets suspended
rately
freely April to Oct., mode-
sandy loam,
Position, small well-drained

part sand.
from
roof.
or
Pot, March
April. Water
one
Apply stimulants
to
healthy plants occasionally
essential.
to light " sun
Full exposure
Propagate
during
soil
in
cool
in
frame
inserted
or
of
shoots
greenhouse
sandy
by cuttings
division of plants in April.
in summer;
orassifolia,yellow, summer,
CULTIVATED
trailing,S. Africa.
: O.
SPECIES
summer.
Ord. Scrophulariaceae.
Hardy
Ourisia.
Soil, moist loamy. Position,
CrULTURE:
"
perennialcreepingherbs.
shaded
rockery,
partially
soft
of
stone.
to
close
Plant, March
a lump
with its roots placed
porous
not be exposed to sunMust
shine.
or
April. Water
in
March
of
roots
division
or
April.
Propagate by
6 in.. New
Zealand;
0. oseepitosa,white, summer,
OULTIVATBD:
SPECIES
8 in.
Fearoei,orimson, summer,
8 in., CUloe;
scarlet, summer,
coooinea
303
OF
ENCYCLOPJEDIA
(Silybum Marianum).
Thistle
Lady's
Our
See
"
Stove
Silybum.
Ord.
Naiadaceae.
introduced
1855.
PlantV
foliage. First
Lace-leaf
(Lattice or
Ouvirandra.
GAUDENING.
"
aquatic perennials. Orn.

Leaves, broad, oblong, lace-like.
CULT
[TEE:
Compost equal parts
and
leaf-mould.
loam
Position,
of
tub
water
12
to 18 in. deep. Pot^
immersed
in
tank
or
pot
March.
sionally.
occaChange water
Temp, of water, 65" to 75".
March
65"
75"
March
55" to 65".
to
to
to Sept.
Temp.,
; Sept.
^ in. deep in above
compost in small pot
immersed
heated
in water
to temp. 75", any
time; division of roots,
in small
Feb.
or
Feb.
March.
to
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
OxaliS
"
O.
fenestralia, white, Aug., Madagaeoar.
house
Green-
Sorrel; French
Sorrel). Ord. Geraniacese.
hardy annuals, herbaceous
perennials,and bulbous
(Wood
"
rooted
plants.
tion,
Posiabove.
OF
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES
; Compost,as
Pot
autumnwell-drained
pots in sunny greenhouse or window.
kinds in Sept. or Oct., springfloweringkinds in Aug., winter-flowering
or
flowering kinds, Jan. or Feb., " summer-flowering kinds, March
April. Put bulbs J in. deep and \ in. apart in 5 in. pots. After potting,
Water
place in warm
moderately till
part of greenhouse or window.
leaves appear,
then freely. Apply stimulants
occasionallywhen flowers
form.
when
water
flowers fade, " keep quite dry
Gradually withhold
CULTUEE
"
cool
till
growth begins. Eepot annually.
CULTUEE
SPECIES:
Position,
Soil, sandy loam.
rockeries.
Plant bulbous
on
species,
Aug.
ceous
below
surface, " 6 to 12 in. apart; herbaor
April. Lift bulbs of choice speciesin
Sept. or Oct. Store in sand in cool, frost-proofplace till March, then
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil
plantout. Propagate by seeds sown
m
temp. 55" to 65" in spring; division of roots or offsets at potting or
plantingtime.
O.
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES:
6 in., Chili;
yellow, antamn,
cernni
oarnosa,
(Bermuda Butter-oup), yellow, epring, 6 in., S. Africa; cemua
flore-pleuo,double;
Deppei, red, March, 4 to 6 in., S. America;
floribunda, rose, March, 1 ft.,Brazil;
3 in., S. Africa;
hlrta, red, summer,
6 in.,
pentaphylla, lilao and yellow, summer,
S. Africa;
6 in.,
rosea, rose, spring-,6 to 8 in.. Chili; tetraphylla, red, snmmer,
Mexico;
TariabiUs, red, white, or crimson, autumn,
3 in., S. Africa.
The following
bulbous'-rooted : cemua,
are
floribunda, Deppei, and
tetraphylla.
HARDT
SPECIES:
O. Acetosella
(Wood
Sorrel), white, spring, 2 to 3 in.,
Britain; corniculata
rubra, yellow, summer,
6 in., leaves
purple, Britain; elegans,
6 in.. Pern;
purple, summer,
enneaphylla,
Isles;
rose, white, June, i in., Falkland
purpurata
(Syn. doweana), purple, Oct., 3 in., S. Africa.
See Bupthalmum
Oxeye.
and
Adonis.
OF
HAEDT
edgings to sunny borders or

to Nov., placing bulbs
2 in.
perennials in March
"
Ox-eye
Oxeye
Chamomile
Daisy
See
(Anthemis tinctoria)."
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum).
Oxiip
See Primula.
(Primula elatior)."
Oxycocus
(Common
Cranberry; American
Vacciniaceffl.
Hardy ever^freen trailing

shrubs.
globular,deep red;
Soil,peat
or
CULTUEE
:
streamlets-.
"
to
Excavate
place 9 in.
percolateto
apart each
of
withm
ripe
or
Anthemis.
See Chrysanthemum.
Cranberry). Ord.
ries,
fruiting.Ber"
Edible
summer.
bog.
soil to
peat or bog
Sin.
"
of
Position,open moist beds near

ponds
depth of 6 in. below surrounding surface,
soil " loose stones in, and allow water

surface.
Plant, Sept. or March, 2ft.
way.
30*
ENCYCLOPEDIA
CTJLTUEE
IN SMALL
drained
pots immersed
OF
PONDS
in water
GARDENING.
Soil,peat or bo^.
Position, slightly
in. of rim.
Pot, Sept. to
Oct.
or
in
summer.
Propagate
Syringe sprinklefoliageevery evening
by cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy moist peat under hand-lightin
shade
in summer;
division of plants in
layering shoots in autumn;
March.
or
Sept.
SPECIES
witMn
to
CULTIVATED:
O. maorooarpus
(American Cranberry), pink, spring,
palustris (Common Cranberry), pink. May, creeping, Britain.
Ord. Asclepiadeae. Stove and warm
Oxypetalum.
greenhouse
climbers.
First introduced
1823.
evergreen
CULTTJEE
tion,
Posi: Compost, equal parts fibrous
peat, loam, " sand.
well-drained
or
pots; shoots trained up roof.
Pot, March
April.
Water
" winter.
ing
freelyin summer,
moderately autumn
Syringe morn" evening in spring time.
Prune
into shape Feb.
Eepot, March.
55" to 65".
Temp., March
gate
Propain sandy peat, in a temp, of 75" in spring,or by
by seeds sown
bottom
heat
in spring.
cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glassover
CULTITATED:
O.
SPECIES
C"ernleum
(Syn. Tweedia
oserulea), blue, summer,
and
fragrant, 3 ft., Argentina;
solanoides, blue, rose, orange
purple, fragrant,
creeping:,N. America;
"
summer,
ft., Brazil,
Oxytropis
herbs.
CTJLTGEE
rockeries.
(Oxytrope).
"
Ord.
Leguminosse.
perennial
Hardy
or
: Soil,dry, gravelly,
sandy loam.
healthy.
unor
Plant, March
April. Lift " replant only when
^ in. deep in April or May where
requiredto
division
grow;
of roots
in March.
O. oyanea,
6 in., Oaueasus
CULTITATED
:
purple and blue, summer,
;
1 ft., N. America; pyrenaica, purple
Lambertii, wbite, blue and purple, summer,
and
4 in., Europe.
6 in., Pyrenees; uralensis, purple, summer,
lilac,summer,
SPECIES
Ozothamnus.
Nat.
shrub.
"
Australia.
Ord.
Compositae.
First introduced
Hardy
flowering
evergreen
1827.
sheltered
borders
or
W. walls, S. or W. of England only. Plant, Sept.,Oct.
in April. Propagate by cuttings of
Prune
when
necessary
in sandy soil under
firm young
inserted
shoots
hand-light in shady
positionin summer.
CULTIVATED:
O. rosmarinifolius, white, July and
SPECIES
Aug., 6 to 10 ft.,
leaves fragrant, Australia.
orchids.
terrestrial
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove
PachystoiYia..
CULTURE:
against S.
or
April.
or
"
First introduced
1866.
CULTUEB
:
Compost, good fibry peat. Position, pots or hanging
time
mences
Water
new
baskets, well drained.
growth comfreely from
to
until leaves fall off, very little other times.
Temp., March
60" to 70".
Sept. 65" to 85"; Sept.to March
of
plant
at
SPECIES
Africa.
Pseonia.
herbaceous
CULTUEE
potting
time.
CULTIVATED:
"
P.
thomsonianum,
wbite
and
purple,
(Paeony; Peony; Piony).-Ôrd. Eanunoulacese.

1548.
shrubby perennials. First introduced
OP
TEEE
OUTDOOES
P.5;0NIES
Soil, two
in., Trop.
Hardy
parts loam,
Position, sheltered nooks " sunny

one
manure.
part decomposed cow
shrubberies or borders.
Plant, Sept.,Oct. or March., in beds of above
Bury point of union
compost, 18 in. deep and 2 ft. wide, well drained.
Mulch
in spring with
surface.
between
scion 3 in. below
stock and
in
weather
with covering
Protect
severe
thick layer of cow
manure.
after
flower three years
of litter. Plants
planting.
305
CULTURE
IN
POTS:
Compost,
manure
and
sand.
Pot, Oct.
cow
then
March,
June
to
Apply weak
two
or
parts loam,
Place
Nor.
Stand
in sunny
one
in
part decayed
cold
frame
Water
manure
till
positionoutdoors,
greenhouse.
to Sept., moderately in
freely March
March
water
to Sept. Plants
occasionally,
only. Temp, for forcing, 55" to 65".
to
remove
Oct.
GARDENING.
OF
TSNOrOLOPMBIA
winter.
flower
in three years
OP
HERBACEOUS
well
CULTUEE
SPECIES:
Soil, moist loam
with cow
" trenched
enriched
3 ft. deep. Position, sunny
manure
or
Plant, Oct. to April,4 ft. apart each way.
shady borders.
Top-dress
annually with well-decayed manure
lightlyforked into surface in Oct.
Mulch
Not.
or
on
dry soils in April. Apply liquid or artificial manures
once
Shade
occasionally,
April to Aug. Water
herbaceous
blooms
sun.
required for exhibition from
Propagate
iin. deep in boxes, pots or pans of sandy soil
in cold frame
in Sept.; also by division of roots in March
or
April. Tree
the
roots
of
"
P.
P.
albiflora
officinalis in
on
by
species grafting
fleshy
in
of
March
Oct.
division
or
or
roots,
Sept.
layering
;
Aug.
April.
;
P.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED;
and
albiflora, white
pink, May, 3 ft., Siberia;
Corallina, crimBon, May, 3 ft., Europe
(Britain); Moutan
(Tree Pfleony),rose, May
3 ft., China;
Horbaceons
ofiioinalis (Common
May, 2 to 3 ft.,
Pffiony), crimBon,
2
tenuifolia, crimson, May,
ft., Europe;
wittmanniana,
Europe;
yellow, May.
2
ft.. Orient.
Many
garden
varieties.
See Paeonia.
(Pseoniaofficinalis).
Poppy
(Papaver somniferum). See Papaver.
Painted
See Oastilleja.
Cup.
First introduced
Palaua,.
Ord. Malvaceae.
Half-hardy annuals.
1830.
Formerly called Palava.
Pseony
"
Pseony
"
"
"
rockeries.
borders
CULTUEE:
Position, sunny
or
Soil, ordinary.
of light sandy soil in temp.
seeds 1-16 in. deep in pots or boxes
to 65" in March
or
April. Transplant seedlingsoutdoors in May
Sow
55"
or
June.
6 to 9 in., Peru.
P. disseota, manve,
summer,
Ehamnaceae.
deciduous
Hardy
floweringshrubs.
1596.
Branches, spiny. Fruit, ornamental.
walls.
Plant,
or
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies
in.
in
soil
doors,
outseeds
sown
\
Propagate by
deep ordinary
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Paliurus.
First introduced
CULTUEE
to Feb.
Oct.
"
Ord.
Oct. to Nov. ; cuttings of roots planted 3 in. deep " 6 in. apart,
with
Oct. to Feb. ; layering shoots, Sept. to Nov. ; removing suckers
to
Dec.
roots attached, Sept.
P. australis, green
and
CULTIVATED."
SPECIES
yellow, June, 4 to 6 ft., S.
Europe.
Palma-Christi
Lily
Palm
Pampas
(Eicinus communis). See Eiciuus.

(Cordylineindivisa).See Cordyline.
Grass
argentea)."-See Cortaderia.
(Cortaderia
"
"
Ord. Araliaceae.
Stove
Panax.
shrubs.
Orn. foliage.
evergreen
1740.
First introduced
Leaves, coarsely " finelydivided, green "
Pretty plants for table decoration.
variegatedwith white.
"
"
OULTUEE:
loam, peaty leaf -mould, charcoal
Compost, equaljparts
Water
sand.
Pot, Feb. to March.
to Oct., moderately
freelyMarch
afterwards.
Temp.,
70".
Propagate by
roots in lightsoil in
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
white,
6
to
March
60" to
grafting in heat in spring; insertingportionsof
temp. 80" in April.
P.
ft.,Trop. Asia;
frutioosum
frutioosum
Guilfoylel,leaves
Viotoriee, leaves
green
and
green
and
oreamy
white, 4 to
ft.
Pancratium
(Mediterranean Lily; Sea Daffodil)."

Ord. Amaryl306
MNGYCLOPMBIA
GARDHNINO.
OF
lidacese. Stove " hardy, evergreen

introduced 1596.
CULTURE
OF
STOVE
SPECIES
" deciduous
:
Compost,
bulbous
two
plants.
First
parts sandy loam,
Position, wella
part decayed
part silver sand.
drained
in
of
sary
March.
stove.
pots
Repotting necesPot,
part
sunny
three
to
four
Water
or
every
abundantly,April Sept.;
years only.
moderately, Sept. to Dec.; keep quite dry, Dec. to March.
Apply
to
to Sept. Temp., 70" to 80" March
once
a week. May
liquidmanure
55"
65"
to
to
March.
Sept.,
Sept
CULTURE
OF HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil,three
Plant
borders.
Position, warm
part leaf-mould.
exposed well-drained
bulbs
3 to 4 in. deep, Oct., Nov., or
in
winter
Protect
March.
by
Mulch
cocoanut-fibre
refuse or cinder ashes.
layer of decayed manure,
after growth commences
with
manure.
Apply weak
decayed cow
stimulants
Lift, divide " transplant
Propagate greenhouse " stove speciesby offsets
every three years.
in March;
removed
from
old bulbs
planting.
rehardy kinds similarlywhen
one
STOTE
Isles.
HARDT
SPECIES:
P.
SPECIES;
(Mediterranean Lily
half
"
manure
canariense, vfhite, Oct. and
Nov.,
18
in., fragrant, Canary
1 ft., S. Europe;
P. illyricum, -vrliite,
summer,
Sea Daffodil),white, June, 18 in., Mediterranean
maritimum
Eegion.
Pandanacese.
Stove
evergreen
shrubs.
1771.
Leaves, narrow,
like,
strapwith
white.
serrated, green or variegated
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part equal proportions
leaf-mould, charcoal " sand.
Pot, Jan. to April. Position, sunny
moist part of stove.
Water
moderately Oct. to Feb., freelyafterwards.
to Sept. 65" to
Syringe twice daily, March
55" to 65".
85"; Sept. to March
Propagate by offsets,Feb. to April.
4 to 6 ft.. New
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
P. Baptistii, leaTes yellow and green,
:
20 ft., Trop. Africa;
Caledonia; candelabrum, leaTes green,
javanious Tariegatus,
leaves green
and
white, 2 to 3 ft. ; Sanderi, leaves green,
white, and yellow,
3 ft. ; Teitchii, leaves green
and
white, 3 ft.,Polynesia.
Panicum
(Panick Grass). Ord. Gramineae.
Hardy and half"
hardy annual
Inflorescence, light,feathery,
perennial grasses.
Pandanus
or
(Screw
Pine]).Ord.
"
"
graceful. Leaves, green.

CULTURE
ANNUALS:
OP
HARDY
borders.
Sow
seeds
in.
in
J
patclies where
required to
deep
sunny
flower in March
when
Thin
in.
1
to
2 in. apart.
or
seedlings
April.
high
Gather
inflorescence in July or Aug. " dry for winter use.
CULTURE
PERENNIALS
OF
HARDY
tion,
: Soil, good ordinary. Posiborders.
Oct.
divide
"
Plant,
or
Lift,
April.
sunny
replant
Propagate stove speciesby division; hardy
every two or three years.
outdoors
in April or May, " by division of roots
kinds of seeds sown
in Oct. or March.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
P. oapillare, 2 ft.,W. Hemisphere.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES
P. altiasimum, 3 to S ft.. Central
America
:
; bulbosnm,
fi ft.,Mexico; virgatum, 3 to 4 ft.,N. America.
See
also the genus
Opliamenus.
Pansy
(Viola tricolor). ^See Viola.
See Primula.
Pantaloons
Polyanthus.
Panther
Lily (Liliumpardaliuum). See Lilium.
"
"
"
Papaver
(Poppy).
"
Ord.
Papaveracese. Hardy
annual
"
peren
nial herbs.
CULTURE
Bvnny
beds
or
ANNUAL
OF
borders.
Sow
SPECIES
seeds
Soil,good ordinary. Position,
1-16 in.
307
deep
in
patches
where
re-
guiredto
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYOLOP^DIA
April for floweringin summer;

seedlingsto 1 or 2 in. apart when
Sept. for flowering
in
grow;
Thin
in. high.
tion,
PosiSPECIES
PERENNIAL
: Soil,deep sandjrloam.
rockeries
orientalis
for
dwarf
borders
tall
P.
for
as
species
;
sunny
Plant, Oct., March
or
April.
speciesas P. alpinum " P. nudicaule.
with
March
P.
nudicaule
best
in
manure
or
decayed
April.
Top-dress
from
raised
seeds annually. Propagate annual
speciesby seeds as
in sunny
above;
perennial species by seeds sown
place outdoors in
March
or
or
April ; division of roots in March
April.
P. arenarium, orimson
9 in.,Gaucasas;
ANNUAL
SFEOIES.
and blaok, suiniuer,
18 in., Syria; Irovigatum, scarlet, black
glaucum (Tulip Poppy), crim"on, summer,
2 ft., Greece; pavoninium
and white, summer,
(Feaoook Poppy), scarlet and black,
18 in., Afghanistan;
Bhseas
(Corn or Shirley Poppy), various
colours, 18 in.,
3 ft., China.
Britain; somniferum
(Opium Poppy), various colours, summer,
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
nudicaule
and white,
(Iceland Poppy), yellow, orange
: P.
1 ft., Arctic
Uegions; alpinum (Alpine Poppy), yellow, orange,
summer,
salmon,
and
6 in.,Europe;
orientale
white, summer,
(Oriental Poppy), orange-scarlet, June,
3 ft., Asia
2 ft., Greece;
Minor;
pilosum, orange,
rupifragnm (Spanish
summer,
3 ft., Spain;
Poppy), terracotta, summer,
2 ft.,
rupiorens, cerise-scarlet,summer,
best
hybrid. Alpinum and nudicaule
biennials.
as
grown
in
spring.
CULTUEE
OP
"
Paper
Paper
Birch
(Betula papyrifera)."See Betula.

(IBroussonettia
papyrifera). See
Mulberry
"
Brousso-
nettia.
Pappoose-root
See Caulophyl(Caulophyllumthalictrioides).
"
lum.
Paradisea
(St. Bruno's
Lily).
"
Liliaceae.
Ord.
Hardy
ceous
herba-
perennials.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary well enriched

Position, partially
shady
leaf -mould
with
and decayed
borders.
Plant, Oct. or
Oct. or March;
seeds sown
manure.
March.
Increased
by division of roots in
in cold frame
or
greenhouse in spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. Liliastrum, white, fragrant. May
and
June, 1 to
2 ft., Alps; Liliastrum
major, 4 to 5 ft., larger flowers than the parent. Formerly
known
as
Anthericum
Paradise
Liliastrum.
Apple
Paragûay
Parasol
Parchment
(Pyrus
malus
prsecox).
"
See
Pyrus.
Tea
-See Ilex.
(Ilexparaguayensis)."
Fig-tree
(Sciadopitysverticillata).See Sciadopitys.
Bark
See Pittospo(Pittosporinmcrassifolium)."
"
rium.
Pardanthus."
See Belamacanda.
Paris
(Herb Paris). Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy perennial herbs.
CULTUEE:
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, shady borders, woods, or
shrubberies.
in
moist position outdoors
in autumn
of roots, Oct. or March.
; division
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: P. (juadrifolia(Herb Paris),green
and yellow, summer,
"
in., Britain.
Paris
Daisy
(Chrysanthemum frutesceus).See Clirysanthemum.

Chequered
Meadow-Saffron
(Colchi"
Parkinson's
Parkinsoni). See Colchicum..

Ivy (Mikania soandens)." See Mikania.
Palm
(Aspidistralurida)."See Aspidistra.
Ord.
(Grass of Parnassus)."
Saxifragacea;. Hardy
perennialherbs.
CULTUEE:
Soil, peaty or boggy. Position, moist shady borders,
cum
"
Parlour
Parlour
Parnassia
boga
or
margins
of
streams
seeds
April. Propagate by
outdoors
autumn
or
or
sown
ponds.
in moist
spring; division
308

or
boggy peat in shady position
of roots
in March
or
April.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GABDENING.
SPECIES:
GREENHOUSE
Compost, as for stove
trained
" shoots
beds
in pots, tubs or
species. Position, grown
up
for
stove
advised
rafters.
as
species. Temp.,
Prune, pot, " water
45" to 50".
March
to Oct. 5b" to 65"; Oct. to March
with a
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF HARDY
: Soil, good ordinary,mixed
south-west
walls.
little decayed manure.
Position, south
or
Plant,
Oct. or March.
Prune in Feb., shortening small shoots to 3 " 6 in.,and
Water
to 2 " 3 ft.
strong ones
Apply liquid
month
in summer.
to healthy plants once
manure
a
Propagate stove
J in. deep in pots of sandy soil in temp. 65" to
75" at any time ; by cuttings of young
shoots 4 to 6 in. long inserted in
under
in
soil
65",
temp.
bell-glass
April to Sept. Hardy species,
sandy
inserted
cold
frame
similar
in
in summer
by
; layeringyoung
cuttings
shoots in summer.
P.
and
STOVE
SPECIES
15 to 30 ft.,
alata, orimson, white
:
purple, summer,
and
20 ft., Brazil;
edulis (Granadilla), white
purple, summer,
Peru;
quadrangii20 ft., Trop. America;
larie, red, violet, and white, fragrant, Bummer,
Tacemosa,
20 ft., Brazil.
Boarlet, summer,
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
P.
15 to 20 ft., Trop.
inoarnata, flesh, summer,
CULTURE
OP
America.
HABDT
SPECIES:
P.
20 to 25 ft.,
oserulea, white, blue and
purple, summer,
Elliot.
Brazil, and its white variety. Lady Constance
Passion-flower.
See Passiflora and Tacsonia.
Paternoster
Pea
(Abrus precatorius).See Abrus.
Paullinia.
Ord. Sapindacese. Stove evergreen
twining plants.
First cultivated
1816.
Leaves, finelydivided, green, downy.
"
"
"
CULTURE
Compost,
sand.
shoots trained
wire trellis or
Prune
Water
slightlyin Jan. " Feb.
moderately Oct. to Feb., freelyafterwards.
Syringe twice daily,March
to Sept. Propagate by cuttingsof firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
in small pots of sandy soil under bell-glass
in temp. 75" to 85" any time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P.
Cupania, white, June, 15 to 20 ft., Venezuela;
thaliotrifolia,
pink, Sept., 10 to 15 ft., S. America.
Paulownia.
Ord.
tree.
Scrophulariaceae. Hardy deciduous
Orn. foliage" flowering. First introduced
1840.
Leaves, large,soft
:
parts loam,
two
two
parts leaf-mould
pots with
Pof, March.
up rafters of roof.
"
round
"
"
downy.
CULTURE
lawns.
Soil,sandy loam.
Position, sunny sheltered shrubberies

to
Oct.
Feb.
Prune
Plant,
shoots
annually in Feb. to
within two or three inches of their base if
only foliageis desired ; leave
unpruned for flowering. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep in sandy
loam
in cold frame
in sprin^r
or
autumn;
by cuttings of firm ycung
shoots inserted in sandy soil in frame
in summer.
or
SPECIES
Pavetta
shrubs.
CULTIVATED:
P.
imperialis,violet, June,
15
to 20
ft., Japan.
Ord.
Rubiaceae.
(Wild Jasmine).
Stove
evergreen
foliage. Leaves, oblong lance-shaped,dark olive-green,
"
Orn.
with
white, salmon-red
spotted
mid-ribs.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts good fibrous peat, one
part fibrous
loam " silver sand.
Position,shady part of stove whilst growing,light
situation
when
at rest.
Pot. Feb. or March; good drainage indispensable.
Prune
into shape in Feb.
Water
freelyfrom Marck to Sept,;
Syringe twice
March
to
liquidmanure
once
or
twice
week
to
March
daily,
healthy plants in
Aug.
Apply
Temp.,
Propagate by
flower.

55" to 65".
cuttings of firm young shoots 2 to 3 in. long,inserted singly in small
pots m sandy peat under bell-glass
ip temp. 75" to 85". March
to JIay.
310
MNOTOLOP^BIA
SPECIES
OF
OAMDBNINO.
CULTIVATED
Pavia."
Pavoniai
See
"
P. borbonioa, 3 to
:
iEsoulus.
Ord. Malvaceae.
Stove
tt.,Bourbon.
plants.
^
evergreen
^
1778.
CTJLTXJEE
:
March.
Position,pots in shade.
Water
one
part peat
"
First
duced
intro-
sand.
Pot,
rately
to Sept., modefreelyMarch
to Sept.
Syringe daily in summer.
Temp., March
March
55" to 65".
Propagate by cuttings inserted
afterwards.
65" to 75"; Sept. to
in fine sand under
in temp. 75" at any
bell-glass
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. coooinea, fioarlet,
eummer,
1 to 2 ft., Brazil.
flora,purple, autumn,
Pea
(Pisum sativum). See Pisum.
See Lathyrus.
Pea, Sweet."
time.
1 to 2
ft.,Brazil:
multi-
"
Peach
(Prunus persiea). See

"
Peach-leaved
Prunus.
Bell-flower
See
(Campanula persicifolia)."
Campanula.
Peach
Trumpet-flower
See
(Solaudragrandiflora)."
Solan-
dra.
Peacock
Anemone
(Anemone Pavonia). See
Peacock-flower
(Csesalpinia
pulcherrima). See
Peacock
Iris (IrisPavoma)." See Iris.
Peacock
Treasure-flower
(Gazania
Gazania.
Pear
(Pyrus communis). See Pyrus.
"
"
Anemone.
Ceesalpinia.
Pavonia)."See
"
Pearl-berry
(Margyricarpus setosus).See Margyricarpus.

"
Pearl-bush
(Bxochordagrandiflora).See Exochorda.
Pearl
Cud-vweed
(Anaphalismargaritacea). See Anaphalis.
"
"
Pearl-grass
(Briza maxima). See Briza.

Pearl-wort
(Sagina glabra)."See Sagina.
Pearly
Everlasting^
(Anaphalis margaritacea).
"
"
Pedilanthus
(SlipperSpurge; Jew-bush).Ôrd. Euphorbiaceae.
Stove succulent
shrub.
First introduced
1874.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
loam,
sandy
parts
half a part decayed cow
" silver sand.
manure
Position,dry sunny
March
to Sept. 60
March;
once
Propagate by
phalis.
Ana-
See
week
part
of stove.
cuttingsof
shoots, 2
Pot, March
Temp., Sept
80".
Water
afterwards.
No
to
once
part brick rubbish,

or
April.
one
in three
March
60" to 70";
from
weeks
Sept. to
stimulants
required.
to
syringingor
long, exposed to
to 3 in.
sun
for
one
inserted
days,
singly in sand in 2 in. pots, " placed on a
the glass,any time during summer.
shelf near
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. tithymaloides, stems
fleshy, 6 ft., S. America.
Peerless
Daffodil
See Narcissus.
(Narcissusiucomparabilis).'
baceous,
"
Ord.
Geraniaceae.
Greenhouse
Pelargônium.
hardy her"
tuberous-rooted
perennials.
Flowering
shrubby,
evergreen,
" orn.
P. grandiflorum
"Geraniums."
as
foliage. Popularly known
first introduced
1794; P. peltatum, 1701; P. zonale, 1710.
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES:
OP
roundish, cor(1) Zonal." Leaves
horse-shoe
mark
near
date, lobed, pubescent, green, with or without
Sub-classes : Bicolor.
Leaves
edged
margin of upper surface.
green,
with
Tricolor.
Leaves, green,
white; or white, edged with green.
Bronze.
Yellow
with
bronze
white, yellow, " crimson.
zone.
(2)
Show : Leaves, palmately lobed, toothed
margins, wrinkled, green ;
wrinkled
smooth
flowers large, with
or
edges. Sub-class : Eegal.
simflar
Leaves
to show kinds; flowers
Flowers semi-double.
(3)Fancy:
or
two
then
"
"
"
"
"
"
311
"
OF
ENCYOLOPMDIA
smaller, spotted
OARDENINO.
(4)Ivy-leaved: Leaves ivy-shaped,fleshy,

trailing or climbing. (5)
variegated; stems
blotched.
or
five-angled,green
or
; scented.
SPECIES:
Soil, sandy
HERBACEOUS
Plant, March
well-drained
loam.
rockery or border.
Position, sunny
or
April. Protect in winter with covering of cocoanut-fibre refuse.
Scented-leaved
OULTUEE
variously shaped
Leaves
OP
HARDY
ing:
FlowerSummer
in.
2
in
Insert
pots.
or
Sept. singly
cuttings in
Aug.
to
4 in. size.
transfer
then
Place
in
temp. 45" till March,
also
of side
Peb.
March,
in
or
shoot
Nip off point of main
roots
when
to
6 in. pots
shoots
when
2 in.
long. Transfer
reach
Pot
side of 5 in. sizes.
firmly. Compost for first potting,
half a
two pai'tsyellow fibrous
loam, half a part well-decayedmanure,
CULTURE
part leaf-mould,
or
potting,
of
of
coarse
"
sand
bone-meal
Por
phate,
tablespooufulof superphos-
to each
bushel; for final
" leaf-mould, quarter part
loam, manure
charcoal, tablespooufulof superphosphate or
pint
of
proportionof
same
each
part
one
quarter
a.
PELARGONIUMS:
ZONAL
OP
sand
coarse
"
flower
buds until fortnight
bushel.
Remove
ten
first
final potting. Water
days after potting;
moderately
month
after
final
stimulants
afterwards.
potting. Shade
Apply
freely
40"
to 50"; March
March
in
to
from
when
bloom.
sun
Temp., Aug.
window
afterwards.
cool
55" to 60"; ordinary
to May
greenhouse or
ing
soil
"
shorten shoots
After flowering,
keep
just moist, repottingfollowWinter
Flowering: Insert
large plants. Por
spring to make
in
temp. 55" to 65".
cuttings singly in 2 in. pots in Peb. or March
Transfer
when
well rooted
into 4 in. " again into 6 in. in June.
Nip off
Pinch
point of main shoot in April," of side shoots in May or June.
cold frame, or
off flower
buds appearing before
Sept. Stand in sunny
plunge to rim of pots in cinder ashes in open position,June to Sept.
Remove
into greenhouse in Sept. Water
freely outdoors, moderately
week
twice
a
indoors.
a
week, June to Sept., once
Apply stimulants
50"
55".
to
to
March
afterwards.
above.
as
Temp.,
Sept.
Compost,
pint of bone-meal
to each
after
ing,
After flowerDry atmosphere essential to prevent damping of blooms.
shorten
shoots, keep moderately moist, " repot. Zonals, Bicolors.
for Bedding: Insert
" Tricolors
cuttings in Aug. or Sept., several in
boxes.
5 in. pots, or 2 in. apart in shallow
Keep thus until Peb., then
in
to
in.
3
transfer
temp. 55" until April, then
pots, place
singly
outdoors
in June.
Lift plantsin Sept.,
and
cold
to
remove
frame,
plant
in
3 in. pots; zonals
and
bronzes
singly
placing bicolors, tricolors,
three
in
in.
in
4
5
similar
a
or
pots,
singly
pot, or a few inches apart
in
40"
"
in shallow
to
45", in greenhouse, room
boxes,
storing
temp.,
Zonals;
Insert
in
cellar. Specimen
or
cuttings Aug. or Sept.,growing
then
transfer
in 2 in. pots until March,
to 4 in. sizes.
Compost as
:
when
3 in.
off
long.
points of
main
shoot
in March,
also of side shoots
these firmlyto wire fixed to rim of pot, " allow
in centre.
Remove
all blooms
fer
Transshoots to form
first year.
young
June.
Grow
in greenhouse near
or
to 6 in. pot in May
glass.
Water
moderately in winter. Apply stimulants,
freelyduring summer,
shoots two
thirds in Jan.
shoots
When
June
to Sept. Shorten
new
form
repot. Nip off points of shoots where necessary to ensure
good
Stimulants
for Zonals : liquid
horse, cow,
shape. Compost as above.
water, " applied twice a
sheep or deer dung, diluted with two-thirds
in winter ; nitrate of soda, \ oz. to a
in summer,
week
once
a
week
soil is moist
a
week, when
only, for
gallon of water, applied once
Nip
above
Tie
312
ENOYCLOPJiVIA
three
of
four
or
weeks,
soda; soot-water
soot
to
36
then
OF
cease
sulphate
(one peck
gall,of water),
GARDENING.
each
diluted
of
of
sheep
with
ammonia,
same
as
nitrate
dung, " i peck

water, applied twice
"
oow
half
of
a
week.
CULTURE
OF
SHOW
AND
FANCY
Insert
PELARGONIUMS:
cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, in July or Aug. singly in 2 in.

pots in cold frame or greenhouse. Sandy soil. When
rooted, transfer
to 4 in. pots, and place on a shelf close to
in
glass temp. 45" to 50. Nip
off point of main
shoot just before potting. When
new' shoots are 3 in.
long nip off points. Transfer
to 5 in. pots in Jan.
Keep near
glass.
When
flowers show
Water
twice a week.
rately
modeapuly liquidmanure
until March, then freely until June, when
give less. Temp.,
45" to 50" ; March
Sept. to March
to May 50" to 55".
After
flowering
in sunny
Prune
shoots to within
1 in. of base
place outdoors.
When
shoots form
new
turn
loose
out
of
remove
plants
pots,
soil," repot in 4 or 5 in. pots. Replace in greenhouse in Sept. Transfer
to 6 or
8 in. pots in Dec.
or. Jan.
CJompost,three parts good
fibrous loam, one
part decayed horse or cow
dung, half a part coarse
stand
in
July.
sand,
"
to
tablespoonfulof superphosphate
firm potting essential.
Stimulants
each
bushel.
Good
above.
CULTURE
OF
IVY-LEATED
PELARGONIUMS
Insert
:
cuttings
singlyin 2 in. pots, or three or four in a 4 in. pot in Aug. or Sept.
Grow
in greenhouse near
glass until Feb. or March, then transfer to
4 in. pots. Nip off points of main
shoots in Feb. or March.
Repot in
Sin. pots in April or
May. Train shoots to stakes or place plants
in suspended baskets, " let them
droop over sides. Water
moderately
a
drainage
and
as
Sept.to April,freelyApril to Sept. Apply stimulants. May to Sept.

40" to 50" ; March
Plant
Prune
old plants,Feb. or March.
outdoors, June.
lants
Compost " stimusame
for zonals.
as
CULTURE
OF
FRAGRANT-LEAVED
PELARGONIUMS
Compost,
and
leaf-mould,
parts loam, half a part each of decayed manure
Pot and treat as advised for zonals.
quarter part sand.
Peopaoatb
1-16 in. deep in a
well-drained
by seeds sown
pot or
filled
with
in
55"
to
to
Feb.
soil,
65",
temp.
light
sandy
pan,
April;
two
cuttings inserted
above
directed
in each
as
section; grafting on
kinds iu close frame
under
in temp. 55" to 65"
or
bell-glass
in spring; tuberous-rooted
kinds by division m
spring.
HiRDT
HBRBACEOTJS
SPECIES:
P.
2
endlioheriannm, rose,
ft..
summer,
common
Orient.
FRAGRANT-LEAVED
SPECIES:
P.
and
oapitatnm (Rose-soented), rose
purple,
2 to
(Citron-scented),white, summer,
Africa; crispum (Lemon-scented), purple, Sept., 2 to 3 ft.,S. Africa; denticulatum
filicifolium (Fem-leaTed), purple, summer,
3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; fragrans
2 to 3 ft.; quercifolium (Oak-leaved),
(Nutmeg-scented),white and red, summer,
pink, purple, May, 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa; radula (Balsam-scented), purple, summer.
3 to 4 ft., S. Africa
3 ft.,
(Peppermint-scented), wMte,
; tomentosum
summer,
summer,
3 ft.,S.
to
ft., S. Africa
S. Africa.
OTHER
SPECIES
and white, summer,
citriodorura
inquinauB
(parent of the Scarlet Geraniums), scarlet, rose,
ft., S. Africa; peltatum (Syn. hederEefolium),
parent of the
S. Africa
Ivy-leaved Geraniums, white or red, summer,
; grandiflorum
(parent of
2 ft., S.
the^Show, Fancy, and Regal Pelargoniums), white and red, summer,
Africa; zonale (Horseshoe or Zonal
Geranium), parent of the zonal, bicolor and
tricolor geraniums,
2 ft., S. Africa.
various
colours, summer,
P.
Pelecyphora.
succulent
CULTURE
pounded
perennial.
:
(Hatchet Cactus).
"
First
introduced
Ord.
Cactaceae.
Greenhouse
1843.
"
Compost, equal parts sandy loam, rough old mortar
windows.
Position, sunny
or
greenhouse
airy
Pot,
bricks.
313
OF
ENOTGLOP^DIA
OARDENINO.
April in well-drained pots just large enough to accommodate

moderately
only. Water
Repot every third or fourth
year
afterwards.
to
none
March
Dec,
to
once
a
Sept.
fortnight
Sept.,
days, June to Sept. Apply soot-water
Syringe on evenings of warm
to Sept. Ventilate
to healthy plants,June
freely in summer.
Temp.r
50" to 55".
March
Propagate by
seeds sown
\ in. deep in well-drained pans or pots of sandy soil in
75"
in
March, keeping soil moderately moist; by cuttings of
temp.
the tops of the plants inserted in small pots of sandy gritty compost
March
or
roots.
in spring.
CULTIVATED;
SPECIES
Pelexia.
introduced
CULTUEE
Ord.
"
aBseliformis,white
P.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
and
roee,
June,
terrestrial
in., Mexico.
orchids.
First
1823.
:
Cbmpost, two parts fibrous peat, one part loam

potp or shallow pans in shady part
"
of
sand.
stove.
55" to 65".
to Sept. ; Sept. to March
65" to 75" March
gate
Propawith roots attached, inserted singly
by cuttingsof shoots removed
in temp. 45" to 55" in
small pots of peaty compost under
bell-glass
Temp.,
m
spring.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
rosco-alba, white,
sammer,
P. maonlata,
ft., Brazil.
green
and
pink,
snmmer,
to
ft.;
Pellsea.
Greenhouse
(Cll"E
Brake-Fern). Ord. Filices.
evergreen
deciduous
ferns.
First introduced
1770.
Fronds, hand-shaped or
twice divided; green.
once
or
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat " sand,
with a little charcoal
" sandstone.
Pot or plant, Mar5i.
Position,
well-drained
pots in shady part of greenhouse or in beds or rockeries in
shade.
Water
Temp.,
45" to 55" ; March
to Sept.60" to 65".
P. atropurpurea
Sept. to March
is sufficiently
in sheltered
rockeries if prohardy to grow outdoors
tected
with litter or hand-light
in winter.
surface
of sandy peat in shallow
on
pan in temp. 70" to 80", any time ;
division of plantsin Feb. to April.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
P.
adiantioidea
(Syn. Platyloma
adiantioideB),W.
Indies;
atropurpurea, N. America;
Breweri, N. America;
oalomelanos. Cape
oordata
flexuosa
cordata,
Mexico;
Colony;
(Syn. Platyloma
flexuosa), W.S.
America;
faloata. Tropics, Australia, New
Zealand; hastata
(Syn. Pteris hastata),
S. Africa; muoronata,
California; ternifolia,Trop. America.
"
"
Pellionia.
Ord. Urticacese.
Stove creeping herb.
Orn. foliage.
introduced
1880.
Leaves, roundish, oval or heart-shaped;olivegreen with violet " white markings.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
"
part leaf-mould
sand.
Pot
or
or
plant, March
shallow
April. Position,
or
on
pans
surface
of beds or rockeries
under
or
staging. Water
moderately Oct.
to Feb.; freely afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to April 55" to 65"; April
Propagate by cuttingsof creeping shoots inserted
m
sandy soil in small pots under
in temp. 75" to 85" in
bell-glass
spring; division of plants in March
or
April.
"
First
SPECIES
CULTIVAITSD:
P.
davcauana. Cochin
China;
pulchra. Cochin
China.
Peltandra
Aroidero.
(Arrow-Arum)." Ord.
Hardy perennial
herb.
Orn. foliage. First introduced 1759, Leaves,
spear-head shaped,
broad, deep green.
CULTURE
shallow
of soil
pond.
in
piece
Soil, rich boggy or muddy.

Position, moist bog or
Plant, March
or
April,enclosingroots " small quantity
of
canvas
or
sacking " drop

314
the
whole
into
the water.
ENOYGLOPMDIA
OF
GARDENING.
Propagate by insertingportions of creeping stems'

ponds where required to grow.
8PE0IES
OULTIVATED:
Peltaria.
First introduced
CTJLTUEE:
P.
Ord.
"
virginion, 1 ft., N.
Cruciferae.
in
soil in
America.
herbaceous
Hardy
muddy
perennial herb.
1601.
Plant, garlic-scented.
borders, beds or
Position, sunny
rookeries.
Plant, Oct., March
or
4 in. deep outdoors, March
or
April,where plantsare required to grow ;
or
April.
Soil, ordinary.
OtTLTITATED:
SPECIES
P.
1 ft., E. Europe.
alliaoea,white, summer,
Gramineae.
Hardy perennial grasses.
Plowering " oru. foliage. Inflorescence very graceful and useful for
cuttingand drying for winter decoration.
CULTURE
OP
P. LATIFOLIUM:
tered,
Soil, sandy loam.
Position, shelwell-drained
borders in warm
of
the
Plant,
kingdom only.
parts
weather
with
April. Protect in severe
covering of mats, or lift in
to greenhouse, replanting
Nov., place in large pots or tuba " remove
in April or May.
outdoors
CULTURE
OP P. LONGISTYLUM
in diameter
borders.
Sow seeds 1-16 in. deep in patches a foot or more
where
in March
flower.
Gather
inflorescence
to
or
April,
plants are
for winter
annual.
an
as
use, end of July. This speciesis best treated
P.
latifolium
in.
in
1-16
seed
sown
Propagate
deep
sandy soil in
by
shallow boxes or pans in temp. 60" to 65", March
or
April, transplanting
seedUngs outdoors in May or June ; division of root in April
P. latifolium
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
5 to 8 ft.,
(Syn. Gymnothrix
latifolia),
perennial, Argentina; longistylum, 12 to 18 in., annual, Abyssinia.
Pennyroyal
(Mentha pulegium). See Mentha.
Pentas.
Kubiaceae.
Stove
Ord.
floweringshrubs.
evergreen
First introduced
1842.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat iS;leaf -mould, halt" sand.
each
loam
Pot, Feb. to April. Position, well-drained
part
light
Water
stove.
in
of
moderately Sept. to April, freely
pots
lightpart
to
at other times.
Syringe daily April
Sept. Prune plants into shape
off
shoots
after
sionally
occapoints of young
flowering. Nip
imnlediately
induce
habit
"
to
of growth.
June
bushy
July
during May,
Temp., Sept to April 50" to 60"; April to Sept. 60" to 75". Propagate
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in 2-in.
by cuttings of young
PennJSetum.
"
Ord.
"
"
pots filled with

75", spring or
sandy compost
"
placed
under
in temp,
bell-glass
of
summer.
piiii, winter, 18 in., Trop. Africa; carnea

quartiniana, pink.
Pentstemon
(Beard Tongue). Ord. Scrophulariaceae.Hardy
1794.
First
introduced
perennials.
two
CULTURE
or
: Soil,
parts rich loam, one part decayed manure
leaf-mould.
March
Plant,
or
April. Position, sunny beds or borders,
able
Suitwell drained.
Apply stimulants once or twice a week in summer.
CTILTiyATED:
SPECIES
kermesina,
rose
and
violet;
P.
oamea,
carnea,
"
Liquid
tablespoonfulto
stimulants
rate
of
cow
each
or
horse
manure
plant forked
superphosphate
into surface
of soil in
at
the
May;
once
a
week; Peruvian
of soda Joz. to a gall,of water
guano
twice
week.
1-16 in.
a
J oz. to gall,of water
deep in a well-drained pot or pan of light soil in temp. 55" to 65"
in Feb. or March,
transplantingseedlings outdoors in May; cuttings
in sandy soil in boxes
bed
3 in. long inserted
or
a
shoots
of young
in
cold
frame
Aug., allowing them to remain
under
hand-light,or in
division in April
there until April;
^
315
nit"ate
GARDENING.
OF
MNGYGLOP^DIA
barbatns
P. azureus,
8PE0IES
CULTIVATED:
blue, Aug., 1 ft., N. America;
3 ft., U.
Oobsea, purple and
States;
(Syn. Ohelone
barbata), scarlet, summer,
white, Aug., 1 ft., U. States ; confertus
cacrulea-purpureus, purple and blue, 1 ft.,
1 ft., U. States; gentianoides,
summer.
Rocky Mountains;
glaber, purple, summer,
3 ft., Mexico!
2 ft., Mexico;
Menziesii, lilac,
scarlet, summer,
HartwegU,
summer,
red
kinds
and
The
so
purple, June, 6 in., I*I.W. America.
largely in
grown
and
P. Hart
from
F.
Cobsea
gardens were
originally derived
hybrids between
wegii.
See Paeonia.
Peony
(Fseoniaofficinalis).
Peperomia
(Pepper-Elder). Ord. Piperacese. StoTe herbaceous
1815.
perennials; creeping " erect; oru.
Leaves, roundish
or
egg-shaped; green, variegated with white.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam " peat with half a
Pot, March
or
part sand.
April. Position, small well-drained pots
for erect species,
shallow pans or beds for creepingspecies. Shade from
Water
sun.
moderately in winter, freelyin summer.
Syringe daily,
April to Sept. Temp.. April to Sept. 60" to 75"; Sept. to April55"
to 65".
Propagate by cuttings of shoots or single jointswith leaf
attached
inserted
in sandy peat " plunged in bottom
heat in temp.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
and
P. argyreia, leaves green
8. America;
margrey,
and
leaves green,
morata, leaves, green
white, Brazil^ metallica,
Peru;
nummuand
white.
larisefolia,round green
leaves; Sandersii, leaves, green
See Peperomia.
Elder.
Pepper
"
"
"
See Mentha.
Peppermint
(Mentha piperita)."
Geranium
Peppermint-scented
(Pelargonium
tosum). See Pelargonium.
tomen-
"
Pepper-plant."
Perennial
Perennial
See
Piper.
Candytuft."
See
Iberis.
Flax
(Linum perenne). See Linum.

Honesty
(Lunaria rediviva).See Lunaria.
Sun-flower
See
(Helianthusmultiflorus)."
Perennial
"
"
Perennial
Helian-
thua.
Pereskia
(Barbados Gooseberry).
"
First
Ord.
Cactaceas.
Stove
lent
succu-
introduced
1696.
perennials.
CTJLTUBE:
fourth
sand.
dry part
of
peat " leaf-mould, onePosition, small, well-drained

pots in light,
Pot, March.
stove,
moderately Sept.
or
to
in beds
with
shoots
trained
April,freelyafterwards.
to
dry wall.
Temp., Sept. to
Water
March
50" to 60"; March

P. aculeata
and P. Bleo grown
chieflyfor stocks for grafting
epiphylluma on.
inserted in 2in. pots filled with sandy soil " placed on a light,
of stem
dry shelf in temp. 65" to 75" in spring.Allow one shoot only to grow
for forming a stock, " train this to a stake fixed in soil until higli
enough, then graft.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. aculeata, 5 to 7 ft., W.
Indies; Bleo, 8 to 10 ft.,
Mexico.
Perilla.
Ord. Labiatse.
annual.
First
Half-hardy orn.-foliaged
1770.
Leaves, egg-shaped,pointed; green or dark bronzy
purple,with fimbriated edges.
CtJLTTJRE
seeds 1-16 in. deep in shallow
: Sow
boxes or pans filled
with ordinary light soil placed in temp, of 65" to 75" in Feb. or March.
"
introduced

2 in.
three
apart in shallow
leaves
boxes.
have
formed
singly into 2-in.
Keep in temp. 55" to 65" till
doors
gradually harden off " plant out-
pots,
or
May,
then transfer to cold frame;

in June.
in borders
Adapted for masses
to, beds.
316
or
for lines
in, or
edgings
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
persica)."See Fritillaria.
Lily (Fritillaria
Tulip
(Tulipa clusianaj."See Tulipa.
Daffodil
(Hymenocallis Amancaes).
Persian
Persian
Peruvian
See
"
callis.
Peruvian
Hymeno
Heliotrope
See
"
Heliotropium.
(Tropaeolum tuberosum)." See
IMasturtium
Peruvian
Tro-
Ijaeolum.
(Datura
Trumpet-flower
Datura.
Petasites
herbs.
suavolens).
"
See
nial
(Winter Heliotrope).Ôrd.Compositae. Hardy perenFlowering " orn. foliage. Leaves, kidney or heartshaped.
large, downy
CULTURE
shaded
Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
(Zephyranthes Candida)." See Zephy-
Lily
Swamp
Peruvian
lanthes.
Peruvian
beneath, green.
woodland, paror
tially
: Soil, ordinary. Position, shrubberies
Nov.
borders.
Propagate by division,
Plant, Oct. or
CULTIVATED
P. fragrana, white, fragrant, Feb., 6 in.,Mediterranean
Region.
Ord.
(Purple Wreath).
Petrea
"
climber; deciduous.
First
Stove-flowering
Terbenaceae.
1733.
introduced
CULTURE
:
Compost,equal parts loam, leaf -mould, peat " sand ;
little charcoal.
pot, bed, or border, with shoots
Pot or plant,Feb.
in
trained up rafters or trellis
shady part of stove.
rately
March
to Sept.,modeWater
Feb.
Prune
March.
freely,
or
slightly,
March
to
to
March
afterwards.
Sept. Temp.,
Syringe daily
60".
55" to
in sandy soil in well-drained
shoots inserted
of firm young
pot under
bell-glassin temp. 65" lo 75", spring " summer.
13 ft., ColombiaP. arborea, violet, blue, summor,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
12 ft., Trop. America
Yolubilis (Purple Wreath), purple, summer,
Whin
(Genista anglica)."See Genista.
Petty
Solanaceae.
Ord.
perennials
Petunia.
"
1823.
First introduced
CULTURE
INDOOR
:
Compost, two parts decayed turfy loam, one
Position, sunny
quarter part silver sand.
manure,
part well-rotted
Shade
Pot, Feb. to
only from bright sun.
greenhouse or window.
Pinch
Size of pots, 3, 5 " 6 in.
out
point
June, moderately firm.
Prune
in spring to induce bushy growth.
shoots occasionally
of young
rately
modeWater
shoots of old plants moderately close in Feb. or March.
No syringing required. Apply
Sept. to April,freelyafterwards.
Train
shoots
to established
stimulants
plants when flower buds form.
Suitable
to stakes.
Joz. nitrate of soda or sulphate
liquidmanures:
to 1 gallon of water, applied three or four successive times
of ammonia
to a gallon of water
applied twice a week; one-fourth
Joz.
only;
guano
liquid cow,
advised
40"
for
horse, sheep, or
guano.
deer
dung
Temp., March
to
to three-fourths
Oct.
55"
to
water
applied
65" ; Oct
to March
as
to 50".
CULTURE
: Soil,ordinaryrich.
beds,
Position, sunny
trellises.
June.
or
"
Plant,
store
Lift, Sept.,
borders, vases,
in
pots
in
greenhouse to furnish cuttings in spring. Water
freely in dry
cold frame
Place
in May to harden
in
weather.
before planting out.
above.
stimulants
as
surface of a
on
Apply
OUTDOOR
compost
of
equal parts good soil,leaf-mould

318
"
sand
in
well-drained
ENOYOLOPMDIA
pot
or
OABDENING.
OF
pan, in temp. 65" to 75" in Feb., March,

slioots inserted
in ligktsandy soil in
55" to 65" any time in spring.
of young
temp.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P.
-violaoea,purple, summer,
in gardens.
grown
Peucedanum
esculent-rooted
CtTLTURE
" not
Draw
four
or
or
April; by cuttings
pots, pans,
or
boxes
tina;
nyotaginiflora, white, Aug., 2 ft., annual, Argenties
Last named
parent of varieperennial, Argentina.
(Parsnip; Dill)."Ord.
Hardy
TJmbelliferae.
nial
bien-
vegetable.
Soil, rick ordinary previouslytrenched

three spitsdeep,
manured.
First Method
"
:
Position, open
recently
sunny.
drills 1 in. deep " 15 in. apart. Sow
of three
seeds in groups
:
in. apart, March
12
2 in. high
in. wide,
30
trench
: Dig
a
group.
18 in. deep. Put
3 in.
in
then
in.
of soil
6
manure
bottom,
decayed
mixed
with
little manure,
" filled up with
fine friable soil.
a
Sow
two
three seeds in groups
foot apart down
of the trench.
centre
or
a
Reduce
the seedlingswhen
Third
2 in. high to one
in each
group.
Method:
Make
holes 3ft. deep.Sin. in diameter
at top " 15 in. apart
each way.
Fill the lower six inches of the hole with a compost of fine
" a pinch of superphosphate. The
soil, decayed manure,
remaining
fill
with
similar
of soot " a pinch
but with the addition
material,
space
Sow
the seeds in
of salt.
plant
groups of three or four, " thin to one
2 in. high. Suitable
when
Artificial Manures
phate
: 2f lb. kainit, 1 lb. sulof ammonia,
lb.
be
half
before
to
2^
applied
guano
per square rod,
after crop is thinned.
Lift " store roots
only
sowing and remainder
in event
of bad
weather;
they retain their flavour better lifted as
for one
wanted
from
the ground. Seed retains its vegetative powers
50
ft.
1
for
a row
long, oz.
Crop reaches
year only. Quantity required
in
24
27
15
to
to
weeks.
Seed
take
to
20
maturity
days
germinate.
Market
Culttjbe:
trench
Soil, loam, deeply worked.
Plough or
add
surface
in
stable
Harrow
iu
but
no
manure.
over
autumn,
deeply
kainit
iu
3
"
Feb.
Manures
4 cwt.
cwt.
:
autumn,
applied
per acre
in Feb. or March
Sow
IJ in. deep vo.
superphosphate at sowing time.
Seed
18 in. asunder.
rows
required per acre, 9 lb. Thin seedlings to
Market
9 in. apart. Lift as
required after November.
by the tally
"
"
cultivation
of
Cost
5s.
:
Singleing or thinning,
(60 roots).
per acre
;
to
one
each
-n
lifting,26s.
Average
or
Second
per
April.
Average
acre.
^650
returns
Thin
Method
seedlingswhen
out
yield
per
acre,
500
to
600
bushels.
to ."80.
per acre,
DILL
OF
Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills
: Soil,ordinary.
Thin
to
8iu.
9 in. apart in March.
leaves
seedlings
apart. Gather
for
use.
as
required
CULTIVATED:
P.
SPECIES
graveolens (Dill), yellow, July, 3 ft., India;
sativum
(Parsnip), yellow, July and Aug., 1 ft.,Europe.
Pha,celiam
Ord. Hydrophyllacese. Hardy
annuals.
Good
bee
First introduced
1826.
flowers.
CULTUEE
"
CTJLTUE.E
Soil, ordinaryrich. Position, sunny
or
partiallyshaded
lines where
required to grow
Sin.
to
in
2
June.
apart
seedlings
P.
CULTIVATED:
8 in., California;
SPEOIBS
campanularia, blue, summer,
1 ft., California; tanaoetifolia, blue and
pink, July, 2 ft.,
Parryi, violet, summer,
California; Wbitlavia
(Syn. Whitlavia
grandiflora),blue, Sept., 1 ft., California.
Phaedranassa
(Queen Lily). Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Stove and
bulbous
greenhouse flowering
:
beds or borders.
in April. Thin
Sow
seeds
in
patches
or
"
CULTUEE
half
Oct.;
part
in
Compost,
sand.
parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould

"
the glass March
to
pots near
stage Oct. to March.
Pot, Feb. or March.
two
dry place under
319
ENCYCLOPEDIA
moderately March to May ; freelyMay to Oct. ; keep nearly dry

Apply stimulants. May to Aug. only. Temp, for stove
Water
Oct.
GARDENING.
OF
to March.
50" to 55"; for greento Sept.; Sept. to March

house
to Sept.; 40" to 50" Sept. to March.
Place in small
bulbs.
from
Eepot annually, removing old soil away
No shade required. Propapots first,shift into largersizes later on.
gate
by seeds sown
pots or pans of sandy soil
in temp, of 65" to 75" in
" treated as old bulbs
spring ; offsets removed
potting time.
at
STOVE
SPECIES:
GEBENHOUSE
Ecuador.
Carmioli,
P.
LehmaQili, scarlet,
summer,
SPECIES
Phsenocomai
shrub.
CULTDEE
silver sand
Ord.
introduced
"
First
red
and
ft., Colombia.
P. chloraoea,
green,
purple,
Oompositoe.
Bammcr,
rose,
and
Greenhouse
ft., Costa
green,
Rica:
18
summer,
in.,
ing
flower-
evergreen
1789.
fibrous peat, one

Compost, two parts good brown
part
little charcoal.
pots in lightpart
of greenhouse; no
shade.
Pot, March
or
AprU. Pirm
potting most
essential.
Prune
stragglingshoots only,moderately in Feb. or March.
Water
No
moderately Sept. to April, freely afterwards.
syringing
air freely in summer.
Shoots
be trained
required. Admit
round
can
stakes or trellis. Propagate by cuttingsof firm young
shoots, inserted
in well-drained
pots of sandy peat under
to
65", summer.
SPECIES
"
to
OULTITATED:
P. prolifera, crimson,
and
rose,
prolifera Bamesii,
superior form.
Ord. Orchidaceae.
Stove
terrestrial
purple. May
to
Sept.,
ft., S. Africa;
Phaius.
"
orchids.
First
troduced
in-
1778.
CULTURE:
leaf -mould, loam, " decayed cow

April. Position, well-drained
pots in warm,
moist part of stove during g^rowing
period ; cool and dry part during
" do
restingperiod. Cover drainage with layer of moss,
allow
not
Water
compost to be higher than half-an-inch below rim.
freelyApril
to Sept.; moderately Sept. to Jan.; keep nearly dry Jan.
to March.
to Sept. 65" to 85"; Sept. to Jan. 60" to 70"; Jan. to
Temp., March
manure.
Pot, March
March
55" to
Oct. to March.
is completed.
65".
or
Growing period:
March
to Oct.
Resting period:
at base of new
bulb soon
after growth
appear
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs,March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
bicolor, red, white, rose, and yellow, summer,
: P.
18 in.,
Ceylon ; Blumei, brown, white, crimson, and yellow, spring, 2 ft., Java ; grandifloruB, yellow, brown, rose, and purple, spring, i\ ft., Trop. Asia and
Australia;
Humboldtii,
purple, brown,
white, crimson,
and
rose,
18
yellow, summer,
in.,
Madagascar;
maoulatus,
yellow and brown, spring, 2J ft., N. India; simnlans,
white, rose, purple, yellow, and crimson, winter, 1 ft., Madagascar- tuberculosus
yellow and
purple, winter, 2 ft., Madagascar;
Wallichii, white, orange,
purple,
and
yellow, winter, 2 ft., India.
Flowers
Phalsenopsis
(Moth Orchid; Indian
Butterfly-plant). Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove evergreen
epiphytalorchids. First introduced 1836.
CULTURE
sphagnum moss, fibrous peat with
fine particlesremoved, charcoal
" clean potsherds. Position, shallow
pans, small teak baskets or fixed to blocks of wood, suspended from
roof
of stove.
in pans
Plant
baskets
or
fix to blocks, Feb. to March.
or
In fastening plants to blocks, first place
layer of moss, then roots of
plant, then another layer of moss,
" secure
firmly with copper wire
to be well drained.
Pans
Water
to April; baskets
daily, March
or
blocks by dipping in tepid water, once
twice a
or
Oct to March.
"
week,
"Ioistatmosphere
very
essential
in
summer.
320
Shade
from
sun.
Temp.,
^NCitotoPMDtA
65" to 80" March
Of
garden
in a.
to March
60" to 65".
Growing period,
axil
Flowers
Oct.
March.
in
to
restingperiod,
appear
of leaf.
Admit
in
moderate
air
of
amount
summer.
Propagate by
division or by offsets removed
from
flowering stems when well rooted.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. amabilis, white
andj-ellow,Marcll to Oct., Malaya;
and
esnieralda, rosy
6 in., Coollin
purple, summer,
purpl"?,
Clllna; Lowii, white
4 in.,Moulmein;
and
summer,
lueddemanuiana.wJiite
periods, 8 in.,
purpJe, various
Philippines: sanderiana, rose, purple, white, and
pines;
yellow, winter, 8 in., Philipschilleriana, mauve,
red, spring, 1 ft., Philippines';
white, yellow, and
and
speciosa, purple, orange
white,
stuartiana,
white, winter, S in., Andamaus
;
pfurple and yellow, winter, 2 to 3 ft., Philippines; violacea, violet, rose
and puro'e,
8 in., Malaya.
ûmeroU8
summer,
hybrids.
Phalaris
Grass;
(Gardener's Garters; Lady's Garters; Eibbon
Silver Grass). Ord. Gramiueaa.
"
perennialflowering
Hardy annual
" ornamental
in paniFlowers, white, green, purple, borne
cles;
grasses.
March
to Oct. ; Oct.
to Oct. ;
"
July. Leaves, green or variegated with white.

CULTU'EE
OF
Sow
AINNUAL
SPECIES:
seeds Jin. deep in April
where
to
Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
required grow.
CULTURE
PEEENNIAL
OP
SPECIES:
or
Plant, Oct. to April. Lift, divide, " replant
shady borders.
sunny
outdoors
Propagate perennialsby seeds sown
every two or three years.
in April,transplantingseedlingsfollowing Oct.; division of plants,
Oct.
to
April.
ANNUAL
PEEENNIAL
white,
P.
oanariensis
SPECIES:
P.
arundinacea
SPECIES
:
4 ft., N. Regions.
to
Phaseolus
French
annuals.
Bean).
"
(Canary Grass), 18 in., S. Europe.

variegata, leaves striped with silvery
Scarlet
Haricot
Bean;
Runner;
(Kidney Bean;
Legumiuosae. Stove and hardy perennials and
Ord.
Kidney
or
French
Bean
first introduced
1509;
Runner
Beau
1663.
CULTURE
little sand.
OF
SNAIL
FLOWER
"
peat,
pots, shoots twining round trellis,
Water
posts, or pillars.Pot, Feb.
moderately in winter; freely in
50" to 55"; March
summer.
to Sept. 55" to
65".
in light soil in temp. 65" in March;
Propagateb^ seeds sown
in temp. 65" in April.
cuttingsinserted in sandy soil under bell-glass
OR
"CULTURE
OF KIDNEY
BEAN
FRENCH
: Soil, light,rich, well
manured
" dryish. Position, open, sunny.
Draw
drills 3 in. deep "
18 in. apart. Sow
seeds 4 in. apart end of April, middle
of May, beginning
of
of July.
" end
Thin
three leaves
seedlings when
form
to
another
apart,
thinnings
row
replanting
or
appear
the drills thorou^lyif soil be dry before sowing the
Water
rows.
Mulch
with manure
when
seeds.
Water
seedlingsappear.
freely in
when
Plants hear earlier
Apply stimulants
pods form.
dry weather.
in open garden.
if sown
along centre of early celeryridges than if sown
POT
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts good soil, one
part decayed
Size of pots, 8 in.
Put 1 in. of crocks in bottom, next a layer
manure.
of half -decayedtree leaves or fresh horse
droppings, then enough compost
seeds J in. deep, 2 in. apart. Moisten
to half fillthe pot. Dibble
Water
with tepidwater.
moderately when seeds sprout; freelywhen
1 in. high. Top-dress with
when
equal parts soil " manure
plants
after top-dressing
reach rim of pot. Apply stimulants
has been done
a
fortnight. Temp., 55" to 65". Support shoots with small twigs.
No
shade required. Keep close to glass.
BEANS:
RUNNER
OF
Soil, light,deep, well manured.
CULTURE
shady
or
partially
Position, sunny
garden,arbour, trellis,or fences;
to
former
June
12 in.
besti
Sow
seeds
first week-iu
321
May
4 in.
apart, and
3 in.
deep
ji
ENOtGLOPJSDtA
OP
OAUDtlMlNG.
in
iu drills 6ft. asunder;
in double
9 in. apart " 8 ft. asunder;
rows
" 6 in. soil,
9 in. wide, 12 iu. deep, containing 3 m.
manure
6 in. asunder.
seeds being dibbled
2 in. deep, 4 in. apart in two
rows
Support plants with long stakes, or trellises,or strands of twine when
6 in. high, or
nip off point of main shoot when 3 ft. high, and subsequent
shoots
when
6 in. long to ensure
dwarf
habit.
Mould
in
up those sown
drills. Mulch
Water
with manure.
freely in dry weather, otherwise
flowers will fall off. Apply stimulants
able
Suitfreely when pods form.
salt
lb.
artificial manures
3
1
of
lb.
each
of
nitrate
soda
:
"
J
;
^1)
rod
suiêrphosphate; lib. kamit, half this to be applied to a square
before
in June.
sowing, remainder
(2) 21b. kaiuit; 51b. nitrate of
soda ; 9 lb. superphosphate; 1 lb. sulphate of iron per square
rod, to
be applied when
the plants are
3 in. high.
:
Liquid manures
\ oz.
nitrate of soda to a gallon; 1 oz. ûano to a gallon; one- third horse or
diluted
with
two-thirds
cow
manure
water, to be applied when
pods
form.
50 ft. long : ^ pint of kidney
Quantity of seed required for a row
beans.
Seeds retain their vegetatiye powers
beans; 1 pint of runner
for three
and
in
10 to 12 days. French
beans reach
germinate
years,
16 weeks
beans
afterwards.
maturity 14 weeks after sowing, and runner
trendies
Market
Culture
manured
and
well
Sow
kidney
Soil, light, rich loam,
the
in
beans
previous autumn.
April
"
deeply dug
or
ploughed
Position, sheltered
fields.
in. deep and
6 in. apart iu rows
Sin. deep, 6 in. apart, in rows
5 ft. apart if to be staked.
tity
Quan-
May, 2
in May,
beans
2i ft. asunder; runner
if to be grown
dwarf;
3} ft. asunder
of seed to sow
;
an
acre
Kidney beans, 1 peck ; runner
beans, 3
bushels at 3ift.,2 bushels at 5 ft. Manures
yard
(per acre): 30 tons of farm; or
ploughed in in autumn
superphosphate applied
manure
5 cwt.
autumn,
for
weeks
four
soda
bushels
of
after
sowing
seeds.
basic
10 cwt.
in March,
and
Average
(40 lb.) Average
slag applied in
1 cwt.
nitrate
yield per acre : 300

Je40. Average price
returns
per acre, "Z0 to
5d. to 6d.
oaracella
.(SnailFlower), lilac,summer,
pickingper bushel,
SPECIES
STOVE
India.
HARDY
8
white
SPECIES
to
and
P.
P.
ft., Mexico,
lilac, summer,
12
climbing perennial,
multiflorua
(Scarlet Eunner
Bean), scarlet and white, summer,
perennial;
vulgaris (Kidney, French, and Haricot
Bean),
2 to 3 ft., S. America, annual.
Pheasant's-eye
Pheasant'S-eye
(Adonis autumnalis).
Pheasant's-eye
Pink
"
Narcissus
See Adonis.
(Narcissuspocticus)."See
cissus.
Nar-
(Dianthus plumarius auuulatus)."See
Dianthus.
Pheasant's-taii
Grass
(Apera arundinacea).
"
See
Apera.
See Polypodium.
Phegôpteris."
Phiiadeiphus
(Syringa; Mock-orange).
Ord.
Saxifragacese.
First introduced
Hardy deciduous
flowering shrubs.
1596.
CULTURE
; Soil, ordinary good.
Position, sunny
borders
courts.
foreor
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Prune
immediately after
flowering,
thinning out shoots that have bloomed only. Apply soap suds or liquid
"
manure
POT
mould,
occasionallyto old-established shrubs in summer.

CULTURE:
part
sand.
"
.Repot annually after flowering. Position,
greenhouse,
afterwards
Water
Dec.
to
May,
or
warm
greenhouse,
iu sunny
Dec.
to
.ipril;
leafcold
outdoors
spot; jwts phin,c;edto rim in coal ashes or soil.

moderately indoors, freelyoutside.
of
Propagate by cutlin"rs
"
322
ENCYCLOVMBIA
OABBENINO.
OF
shoots inserted in sandy soil in

young
cold frame
outdoors
in May ; suckers or
close
in
temp. 55" in April, or

layers in spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
P. coronarius
:
(Mock Orange), wMte, June, 10 ft., S.
its varieties, foliis aureis
and
Europe;
(golden-leavecl),argeuteo-variegatis(silver3 ft.,
leaved), flore pleno (double), and nanus
(dwarf); microphyllus, white, eummer,
Colorado
grandiflorus, white, June, 6 ft., XT. States ; gordoniaous, white, June,
;
10 ft., N.W.
America;
Lemoinei, white, June, 3 ft., hybrid.
Philesia,.
"
shrubs.
First
CtlLTXJEE:
Ord.
Liliacese.
introduced
1853.
Half-hardy
Position, against walls,
floweringr
evergreen
"
silver
coarse
sand.
greenhouse; against
walls or in sheltered
Pot
of
S.W.
nooks
outdoors,
England or Ireland.
Feb.
or
to
March
to
Water
Oct.,
moderately
plant,
freely,
April.
afterwards.
to Oct.
Syringe foliage daily in greenhouse, March
Prune
weak
after
stimulants
a
week.
once
directly
blooming.
Apply
under
bellto
inserted
in
Sept. Propagate by cuttings
May
sandy peat
in
in
in
suckers
summer
glass
greenhouse
spring.
;
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
PhEllyrea.
in
P.
buiifolia, pink, June,

Mock
(Jasmine Box;
shrubs.
evergreen
pots, in cold
or
1597.
Flowering
"
cool
or
Privet).
"
ornamental
ft., Taldivia.
Oleaceae.
Hardy
Ord.
foliage.
duced
intro-
First
Leaves, lance or egg-shaped, dark

:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
green.
CULTURE
borders ; sheltered
N. England.
corners
Plant, Sept. to April. Prune
straggly shoots
only in April. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in sandy
soil in cold frame
in Sept.; grafting on common
privet in March.
P. augustifolia, white, May,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
-leaved ; decora, white. May,
8 to 10
Region; angustifolia rosmarinifolia, rosemary
ft., Lazistan; latifolia, white, May,
Region; latifolia ilioileaved
f olia, holly-leaved; latifolia
rotundifolia, round
white. May, 10 to
; media,
Region; media
buxifolia, box-leaved; media
oleasfolia,oliveleaved.
Philodendron.
climbing plants.
egg,
or
Ord.
Stove
Aroideae.
First
introduced
foliage.
"
Oru.
1759.
arrow-shaped,oblong; green.
:
Compost, equal parts peat, leaf-mould,
CULTUEE
Pot
sand.
tall
in
ones
Water
SPECIES
creamy
plant,
beds
freely all
Sept. 65"
of stems
or
to
inserted
the
in
light
Brazil
with
Position,
shoots
trained
dwarf
up
loam,
kinds
walls
or
or
heart,
Leaves,
"
silver
in
pots;
pillars
to
Syringe daily. Temp., March
to 65"Propagate by cuttings
55"
March
soil in
P.
verrucosum
April.
round.
year
Sept.to
CULTIVATED:
white,
to
borders,
or
75";
Jan.
dwarf
evergreen
temp. 75" at any time.

climber, spathe blaok, purple, and
andreanum,
other
(Syn. Lindenli), dwarf, Colombia.
Many
species of little interest.

Phlebodium,
See Polypodium.
Phlomis
(Jerusalem Sage). Ord. Labiatae.
Hardy perennials "
shrubs.
First introduced
1596.
evergreen
PERENNIAL
CULTUEE
OP
SPECIES
:
beds, borders, rockeries, or banks.
Plant, Oct. to April. Lift,
sunny
divide, " replant every three years.
CULTUEE
OP
SHEUBBT
SPECIES
: Soil, good
ordinary or sandy
well-drained
loam.
borders
rockeries.
Position, sunny
or
Plant, Oct.
in March.
with decayed manure
to April. Mulch
Propagate by seeds
in light soil in warm
sown
greenhouse in March, or sunny spot outdoors
in April; herbaceous
kinds
also by division, Oct. or
March;
in Aug.
shrubs
by cutting's inserted in cold frame
SPECIES:
P.
PERENNIAL
cashmeriana, lilac,July, 2 ft., Himalayas; Herba13 to 18 in., S. Europe.
venti, purple and violet, summer,
"
"
323
BNGYCLOPMDIA
SPECIES:
SHEUBBY
OF
(Jerusalem
frutioosa
P.
GARDENING.
Sage), yellow, June,
to
ft.,
Europe.
S.
and
Polemoniaceae.
Hardy " half-hardy annual
tion
cultivaPhloxes
for garden
1725.
First introduced
perennial herbs.
Tall,
or
divided into four classes, viz., Alpines,Early-flowering
are
and Annual.
Late-flowering (tall),
SPECIES
OF
taining
ALPINE
: Soil, deep, rich
sandy loam, conCULTURE
Phlox.
little leaf-mould
borders,
to, sunny
Lift "
March.
POT
Ord.
"
divide
only
or
half
"
air
OF
Compost,
part sand.
Pot,
two

Position, cold
March.
moderately, Oct.
Water
greenhouse.
CULTURE
or
as
or
on,
edgings
peat. Position, masses
to May.
Plant, March
ledges of rockeries.
too large for the positionthey occupy;
grown
ALPINES
OP
Admit
times.
on
when
CULTURE
part leaf-mould,
frame
or
to
April; freelyother
freely always.
AND
EARLY
deep rich moderately heavy loam;
LATE-FLOWERING
light soils not
KINDS:
Sbil,
suitable.
Position,
preferable. Plant, Oct.,

partially-shadedborders, former
Mulch
March.
in
or
liberallywith decayed manure
March
or
frequently. May to Sept.
April. Apply liquid manure
in Oct.
stems
Cut down
Water
Lift, divide,
rich soil triennially.
" replant in fresh
sunny
or
Nov.,
Feb.,
POT
CULTURE
rotten
or
cow
Compost,
"
manure,
one
parts turfy loam, one part leaf-mould

sand.
Position, cold parpart coarse
tially-shad
two
cold frame
in winter.
Pot,
greenhouse in summer;
March.
Water, freely,April to Oct., very little afterwards.
Apply
stimulants
once
a week.
May to Sept.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
seeds 1-16 in. deep in Ught
CULTURE
OF
: Sow
soil in box, pan, or pot, in temp. 55" to 65", March.
lings
Transplant seedoff " plant out2 in. apart in boxes
doors.
or
pots, gradually harden
Gin. apart, in rich soil, in sunny
position,in June.
Nip off
Water
point of main shoot after planting to induce bushy growth.
Mulch
with manure
cocoanut-fibre
refuse.
or
CULTURE
POT
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part decayed manure
Plant
four seedlings in 5-in. pot in April.
" little sand.
leaf-mould
or
outside
on
or
Keep in temp. 55" until June, then place in cold frame
Water
window
sill.
when
Sin. high. Nip
freely. Apply stimulants
No
when
3 in. high.
off points of shoots
repottingrequired. Propagate
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in
early" late kinds by seeds sown
spring; by cuttings of shoots obtained from

in sandy soil in temp. 55" in March;
by
in
of
Oct.
division
or
March;
by cuttings of shoots covered Jin.
plants
of soil in temp. 55" in March
or
April. Alpines by cuttings of shoots
in July; division
inserted
in March
or
April.
55"
temp.
base
in
autumn
or
plants inserted
of old
SPECIES:
P. amoena,
Jan., 6 in., N. America;
rose,
diyarioata, blue.
its yarieties
alba
ft., N. America, and
(white), canadensis
(blue); ovata,
1 ft.. May, N. America;
prooumbona, lilao-blue,June, 6 in.,hybrid; rept"ns,
rose,
3
in., N. America;
purple. May,
Stellaria, white, Jnn", 6 in., Illinois;
rosy
eabulata
(Moss Pink), purple or white. May, 6 in., U. States.
Frondosa
(pink),
Nelsonii
of the la\t species
varieties
(rosy pink) are
(white), and setaoea
PERENNIAL
TALL
SPECIES:
P. glaberrima, red, July, 1 to 2 ftf,
N. America;
and its -variety suflrutioosa, rose, spring, 1 to 2 ft., U. States, parent of the earlyALPINE
May,
maoulata
(Wild Sweet
William),purple, July, fragrant, 2 ft.,
of late flowering phloxes;
of the parents
paniculata, purple and
fragrant, 3 to 4 ft., TJ. States, another
of late-flowering
parent
flowering phloxes;
N.
America,
one
white, August,
phloxes,
"
324
ENCYCLOPEDIA
WFEOIES
CULTIVATED:
P.
to 20 ft., California;
serralata
also the genus
See
Ei-iobotrya.
Ph
ry
iu m
foliage.
Orn.
CULTURE
GARDMNING.
OF
(Californian Maybush), white, July, 10

(Chinese Hawthorn), white, spring, 15 ft,, China.
arbutifolia
Ord. Scitaminaceae.
First introduced
1807.
Stove
"
Compost,
two
parts
" herbaceous
Leaves,
or
green
perennials.
variegated.
part rich loam,

peat, one
pots in shady part of stove.
fibrous
sand.
Water
to Sept.; moderately,
March.
or
abundantly, March
to
S'ept.to Deo. ; keep nearly dry afterwards.
stimulants
Sept. Apply weak
Temp.,
Feb. to Oc\., 65" to 75"; Oct. to Feb., 55" to 65"
Eepot annually.
Propagate by division of rhizomes in Feb. or March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. cipitatum,
leaves
1 to 2 ft.,India;
Grifathii,
green,
one
part
Pot,
Feb.
leaves
green,
ft., Malacca.
See
Phygelius
also
the
genua
Maranta.
(Cape Fig-wort). Ord. Scrophulariaceae. Half-hardy

1835.
perennial. FiVst introduced
: Soil, light rich
ordinary. Position, sunny well-drained
base of south wall S. " W. of England " Ireland only. Plant,
April. Protect in winter by covering of ashes or dry fern
herbaceous
"
CULTURE
border at
March
or
fronds placed around
base of stem.
Lift, divide, " replantevery three
years.
pans
boxes filled with lightrich soil " placed in a temp, of 55" to 65", Feb.
four
March,
or
or
or
transplanting seedlings outdoors. May or June ; by cuttingsof

in pots in propagator in greenhouse or cold
inserted
or
or
Aug. ; division of roots, March
April.
ripened shoots
frame
in July
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Phyllanthus.
First
introduced
P.
Ord
"
oapensis, scarlet, summer,
Euphorbiaceas.
Leaves, oval
1699.
or
ft., .S. Africa.
foliaged plants.
oblong, small, variegatedwith
Stove
orn.
purple,white, yellow.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts sandy loam " fibry peat, one part
equal proportions"of charcoal, dried cow
powdered brick,
manure,
" coarse
silver sand.
Po.sition,well-drained
stove.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
moderately, Oct. to March,
freely afterwards.
Syringe morning " evening, April to
Sept.
Prune
into shape, Jan.
55" to 65"; March
to
Sept. 63" to 75". Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to Sin.
long, inserted singly in small pots of sandy soil under propagator or
bell-glassin temp. 75", spring or summer.
SPECIES
P.
CULTIVATED:
leaves
atropurpureus,
purplish, Commoro
Isles,
glaucescens, leaves pinnate and
(Syn. Reidia
glances; pulcher
green
cens), leaves green, Malaya, 3 to 4 ft. Last-named
a
pretty table plant.
Ord.
Cactaceae.
Phyllocactus.
Greenhouse
fleshy-stemmed
plants with no leaves. First introduced 1710.
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts light fibrous loam, one
part of
equal proportions of dried cow dung, leaf-mould, brick rubble, " silver
sand.
pots close to glass in warm
greenhouse
to
ft.
"
window, Sept. to July; outdoors

fully exposed to the sun,
Pot, April. Repot every three years only.
Sept.
Firm
Water
potting " good drainage essential.
to
Oct.; keep
freely.May
nearly dry, Oct. to May.
Apply weak stimulants to plants that have
been
a-week. May to Sept. Syringe plants daily.
potted a year once
tor a few weeks
after repotting, also
May to Sept. Shade from sun
or
sunny
July
to
for a short
time
after
removal
to open
air.
Temp., Oct. to April,
50" to 55"; April to Oct. 60" to 75".
1-16 in.
in
soil
in
shallow
box
or
light
in
63"
deep
placed
pan
to 75" in
temp.
by cuttings of stems dried in the suu
for a day or two, then
spring;
326
ENCYCLOPMDIA
inserted
on
sunny
SPECIES
placed
pots filled with light sandy soil, "

greenhouse, April to Sept.
singly in
shelf
OABDFNINO.
OF
2-in.
in
CULTIVATED:
P.
AcltCTmanui.
crimson,
summer,
3 to
ft., Mexico;
ang-ulig-er,
crenatus, white, fragrant,
yellow, fragrant, autumn, 1 to 2 ft., Mexico;
Hookeri, white,
Honduras;
summer,
grandis, white, fragrant, 2 to 3 ft.,Honduras;
6 to 8 ft.,
2 to 3 ft., Brazil ; latifrona, creamy
white, summer,
fragrant, summer,
Mexico
Also numerous
and
1 to 2 ft., Mexico.
white, summer,
; phyllanthioides, rose
hybrids and seedlings.
Phyllostachys
Half-hardy
(Whangee Cane)." Ord. GramineEe.
cence
Nat.
China, Japan. Ht. 4 to 12 ft. Infloresorn.-foliagedgrasses.
borne
in
panicles;
Foliage,
summer.
narrow,
lance-shaped,
Habit
of growth, graceful.
green.
CULTURE
: Soil, rich
Position, moist sheltered
deep sandy loam.
with
borders
of England " Ireland
Protect
S. " W.
in winter
only.
thick covering of dry fern
fronds
litter in autumn.
Plant, April
or
or
or
May.
April.
Propagate by division of plants in March
CULTIVATED
P.
SPECIES
aurea
(Syn. Bamtusa
:
aurea), leaves
yellow and
and
fastuoaa
Castillonis
white;
(Syn. Bambusa
Castillonis),leaves
green;
green
marliacea
(Syn. Bambusa
marliaoea), leaves
(Syn. Bambusa
fastuosa), leaves green;
mitis
mitis), leaves green;
nigra (Syn. Bambusa
nigra),
(Syn. Bambusa
green;
leaves
viridi-glaucescensj,leaves green.
viridi-glauccscens (Syn. Bambusa
green;
See Xanthosoma.
Phyllotaenium.
"
See Polypodium.
Phymatodes.
PhysaliS
Cherry;
(Ground or Winter
Cape Gooseberry).
Gooseberry; Peruvian
"
"
"
of Cape Gooseberry edible,

Fruit
inflated calyx.
SPECIES:
Position, sunny
Soil, rich.
hardy perennial herbs.
globular berry inclosed

CULTURE
well-drained
OP
in
an
HARDY
border.
Plant,
March
soil every third year.

winter
decorations.
" dry for
OP
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
in
Eed
Winter
Cherry; Cape
house
GreenSolauaceae.
Ord.
fresh
or
April.
Gather
SPECIES
leaf-mould
Lift, divide,
bearing
stems
Soil, two
fruits
replant
"
in
Sept.,
parts loam,
one
little sand.
Position,
singly in 5 or 6-in. pots, with shoots trained to sticks " placed close
to front of sunny
greenhouse, or planted in small beds, " shoots trained
Water
Pot
back
wall.
or
plant Feb. or March.
freely,April to
up
weak
twice
stimulants,
once
or
Apply
pagate
Profruit when
a
week. May to Sept. Gather
ripe " fully coloured.
in April;
in sunny
hardy species by seeds sown
spot outdoors
or
by seeds
April. Greenhouse
by division of roots in March
species
sown
pots or pans of light soil " placed in
cuttings inserted singly m pots of
temp. 65" to 75", Feb. or March;
light sandy soil placed in propagator or under bell-glassin temp. 65"
to April.
to 75", Jan.
SPECIES
P. Alkekengi
HAllDT
Winter
or
:
(Bladder Herb
Cherry), white, summer,
fruit
fruit red, 18 in.,
scarlet, 1 ft., Europe; Franchettii, white, summer,
part well-decayed
or
manure
"
Japan.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
purplish, 3 ft.,Tropics;
violet).
P.
and
peruviana
its varieties
(Cape Gooseberry), white, summer,

(fruit yellow),and violacea
edulis
Physostegia
fruit
(fruit
(False Dragon-head)." Ord. Labiatae.

Hardy
1683.
:
Soil, light ordinary. Position, cool partially-shaded
Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April. Propagate by seeds
deep in light sandy soil outdoors in April; cuttingsof young
.shoots inserted
in light sandy soil under
hand-lightor in cold franje"
division
of
Oct.,
or
roots,
Nov.,
or
April May;
May.
herbaceous
CULTURE
borders.
sown
J in.
337
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
-virglniana,purple
P.
INC.
GARDEN
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
or
flesli,June
Sept.,
to
1 to
ft.,
America,
N.
(Horned Eampion).
Phyteuma
Hardy
Campanulacese.
Ord.
"
perennial herbs.
mixed
Soil, deep rich loam
leaf-mould
Position,
or
peat.
CULTURE:
"
mortar
borders
sunny
species;
divide,
Feb.
March.
or
tall kinds.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
little old
weather.
boxes
in cold
orbiculare
P.
(Britain); Michelii, blue,

6 to 8 in.,Europe.
summer,
March
or
Top-dress dwarf
light sandy soil in shallow

transplanting seedlings in permanent
of plants in March
or
April.
Europe
limestone
rockeries
freelyin dry
Water
in
sown
sunny
Plant,
replant only when

overgrown.
of peat, leaf-mould, lime, "
"
mixture
for
with
old
dwarf
April. Lift,
specieswith
annually in
mortar
frame, Sept.
or
or
May;
seeds
Oct. ;
sion
divi-
Eampion),
(Horned
1
for
Propagate by
positions,April
summer,
grit "
to
blue, July, " to 12 in.,

ft., Europe;
Sieberi, blue,
Phytolacca,
Plant; Pigeon-berry).
(Virginian Poke; Eed-ink
Phytolaccaceas. Hardy herbaceous
Ord.
1768.
"
succeeded
Leaves,
by deep purple berries in autumn.
dark
broad, ovate,
green, changing to rich purple in autumn.
CULTURE
: Soil, good
or
shady borders
in woodlands, banks, or ferneries.
in spring or
Jin. deep in sandy soil outdoors
Flowers
division
autumn;
of
plants in Oct.
CULTIVATED;
SPECIES
aoinoaa
P.
March.
or
(Indian Poke), white,
5 ft.,Hima^
summer,
5 ft., N. America.
(Virginian Poke), wMte,
summer,
Picea
Hardy
(Norway Spruce; Black
Spruce)." Ord. Coniferae.
trees.
tered.
Orn.
foliage. Leaves, needle-shaped,spirallyscatevergreen
thin-scaled.
grained,
Cones, erect, cylindrical,
Timber, white, soft, fine-
layas;
decaadra
for
sleepers, pit wood, headings for barrels, packing
Average price per cubic foot, 6d. to 9d. Trees matured
used
etc.
cases,
for fellingat 80 years of age.

CULTURE:
Soil, deep rich sandy loam.
Position, high, dry, open
lawns
shrubberies
from
coast
or
sea
; Norway
Spruce as a shelter
away
fruit
for
to
larch
and
forest trees.
or
as
nurses
plantations,
hedge
Plant, Oct. to April. No
pruning required. Propagate by seeds
in temp, of 55" in March,
in
loam
sown
outdoors
Jin. deep
sandy
or
in April; cuttings inserted
in pota
or
under
or
hand-light outdoors, Aug. or Sept.; layeringshoots
bell-glass
in autumn
branches
or
; inarching or grafting in March.
Quantity of
seeds
to
to
5s.
bed
sow
per
100 ft. square,
SJoz.
Average
price of seedlings, 3s.
1,000.
CULTIVATED:
P. ajanensis, 70 to 80 ft., Japan;
alba
(Syn. Amies
canadensis), 40 ft., N.E.
America;
alcookiana, 90 to 100 ft., Japan;
eicelsa
Columbia;
Engelmannii, 80 to 100 ft., British
way
(Syn. Abies
ezcelsa) NorSpruce Fir, 80 to 100 ft., N. Europe ; morinda
(Syn. Abies smlthiana),'
80 to
100 ft., Himalayas;
nigra (Black Spruce), 60 to 70 ft., N.E. America;
orientalis)
(Syn. Abies
orientalis), Caucasus;
(Syn. Abies
pungens
Menziesii). Blue
Snruoe
SPECIES
alba
and
70
80
to
"
ft., California.
Pickerel-weed
PICOtee
"
Piedmont
Piedmont
PieriS.
First
(Pontedeira cordata)."See Pontedeira.

(Dianthus caryophyllus). See Dianthus.
Garlic
(Allium pedemontana)." See Allium.
Primrose
(Primula pedemontana)." See Primula.
Ericaoese.
Ord.
Hardy
flowering shrubs.
evergreen
"
introduced
OUTDOOR
1736.
CULTURE
Soil,equal parts peat, leaf-mould,or sUver
'
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Band.
Position,
OP
OAttT"MNtNG.
Plant,
sheltered
borderSj rockeries or bogs.
March.
Prune
Nov., or
straggling shoots only moderately
after
flowering. Water
freelyin dry positionsduring summer.
POT
CULT
QUE:
Soil, equal parts peat, leaf -mould, " fine silver
sand.
pots in cold greenhouse, Nov. to June;
in shady position outdoors, June
Water
to Nov.
Pot, Oct. or Nov.
moderately, Nov. to March, freelyafterwards.
Propagate by seeds
1-16 in. deep in sandy peat in cold frame, Nov.
sown
or
March;
ing
layershoots in Sept. ; division of plants,Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. floribunda, white, spring, 4 to 6 ft.,Virginia; forand
China;
white, spring:,3 to 6 ft., Himalayas
japonica, white, spring,
moaa,
3 ft.,Japan ; japonica variegata, variegated.
The species above
mentioned
formerly
open
Sept. to
belonged to
the
Andromeda
genera
and
Zenobia.
Pig-eon-berry
decandra)." See Phytolacca.
(Phytolacca
Daffodil
Pigmy
(Narcissusminimus). See Narcissus.
Laburnum-tree
Pigmy
(CytisusArdoini)."See Cytisus.
Sun-flower
See Actinella.
Pigmy
(A";tinella
grandiflora)."
Water
Lily (Nymphsea pygmaea). See Nymphsea.
Pigmy
Pi lea
(Artilleryor Pistol Plant; Stingless Nettle). Ord. Tlrtiherbs.
1793.
Stove perennial
caceae.
"
"
"
insignificant;
unexpanded buds burst
" dischargepollen. Leaves, minute.
Flowers,
moisture
CULTUEE
Position,
when
in contact
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould,

pots in partially-shaded
part
small
with
like.
Habit, graceful,fern-
of
stove.
"
silver
sand.
Pot, Feb.
to
afterwards.
Temp.,
55" to 65"; March
Propagate
Sept. to March
surface
of light sandy soil,slightlycovered
with fine
on
by seeds sown
mould
" placed in temp. 65" to 75" in spring
; cuttings inserted
singly
in small well-drained
pots of sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75", Jan. to
May ; division of- plants, Feb. or March.
P. muscosa,
4 to 6 in., W.
Indies.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Pilumnna.^See
Tricophila.
April.
Water
freely,April
to
Sept.,moderately
(Rice-flower).Ord. Thymelacese.
Pimelea
Greenhouse
evergreen
1793.
three
CULTURE
: Compost,
partsfibrous peat, one part turfy loam,
half a part silver sand.
pots in light airy
Prune
close
moderately
immediately after flowering.
g^'eenhouse.
Firm
Pot
commences.
new
soon
as
growth
potting essential. Nip
of young
off points of shoots
plants occasionallyto induce
bushy
"
First
floweringshrubs.
introduced
Water
Grow
freely,April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
for
few
weeks
after
moist
a
then
in
a
potting,
atmosphere
gradually
ofi " place in an
harden
airy greenhouse.
.Temp., Sept. to March,
to Sept., 55" to 65".
40" to 50"; March
1-16 in. deep in light sandy soil under
bell-glass
of
in.
2
shoots,
Feb. to May;
cuttings
long, inserted in compost
young
silver
under
two
in temp. 55"
of one
sand,
parts
bell-glass
part peat,
growth.
to
65", March
SPECIES
or
April.
P.
ferruginea (Syn. P. deoussata),
pink, June, 3 ft., Australia; spectabilie,white
CULTIVATED:
Australia;
rosea,
4 ft., Australia.
(Allspice;
Pimenta
Myrtaceae.
Stove
evergreen
Wild
Clove;
Leaves, sval, coriaceous, hairy, aromatic.

CULTUEE
Compost,
two
Pimento
floweringtrees.
May, 2 ft.,
pink. May,
Bush).
"
First introduced
Ord.
1759.
Berries, aromatic.
parts sandy loam,

329
rose,
and
one
part leaf-mould,"
BNOYOLOPÛIA
one
March.
Pot, Feb.
or
sand.
part
GAUmNttiil.
OP
pots
branches
with
beds
or
moderately, Oct. to
Prune
straggling
Syringe, April to Aug.
55" to 60";
shoots
moderately in March.
March
serted
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inin sandy soil under
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75" in summer.
trained
wall.
to
Sl'KGIES
ft., W.
CULTIVATED:
Indies
P.
officinalis
Pimento
Bush
Pimpernel."
Pineingâ,.
acris
Water
Cluve), white
(Wild
(Allspice),white,
and
10
summer,
pink.
ft., W.
Pimento.
to
See
(Pimento ofiicinalis).
Anagallis.
Stove
Palmacete.
palms.
"
20
20
May,
Indies.
to
3(1
See
Ord.
Orn. foliage. Firit
introduced
18i8.
Leaves, feather-shaped,green.
CULTURE
:
Compost, one part loam, two parts peat, half a, part
silver sand.
Pot,
potsin shady lofty stove.
Feb. or March.
wards.
afterWater
March
to
Oct.
copiously,
; moderately
to Sept.; once
Syringe twice daily, March
daily afterwards.
Place few crystalsof sulphate of iron oil surface
of soil occasionallyto
insure deep green
to Oct.. 75" to 85"; Oct. to
foliage. Temp. March
March
55" to 65".
seeds
sown
Propagate by
|in. deep singlyin 2-iu.
of
"
under
loam
pots
sandy
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 85" in
peat
"
spring.
8PE0IES
CULTIVATED:
P.
15
ooronata,
Inijia: disticha, 6 ft., Malaya; gracilis,10

Philippines; sanderiana, 10 ft.
to
ft., Celebes; Dicksonii, 13 to 16 ft,

15 ft., India;
maculata, 10 to 13 ft.,
Pincushion-flower
(Scabiosa atropurpurea). See Scabiosa.

sativa). See Ananas.
Apple-flower
(Eucomis punctata). See Eucomis.
Apple-scented
Sage
(Salviarutilans). See Salvia.
Barren
Beauty
(Pyxidanthera barbulata). See Pyxi-
Pine
Pine
Pine
"
CAnanas
Apple
"
"
"
Pine
"
danthera.
Pine
Stravwberry
Pine-tree."
See
Pingûicula
Greenhouse
(Fragaria chilensis).See Fragaria.

"
Pinus.
(Butter-wort; Bog
Violet).
"
Plants
Ord.
Lentibulariaceae.
tivorous
to the insec-
belonging
class.
CULTURE
OP
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
crocks.
moss,
peat, sphagnum
shallow
under
inverted
of water
in
or
on
saucer
pots
pots
pans placed
in
shade.
or
March
Water
Pot,
bell-glass
or
hand-light
April.
fibrous
"
clean
freely,April to Sept., moderately

minutes
daily every
morning by
March
CULTURE
Temp.
to
OP
55"
Oct.
SPECIES
gravel for P.
rough
vulgaris. Plant,
in
March
Mulch
summer.
March
:
Soil, rich
alpina; moist
to
April.
thick layer
or
with
air
Admit
tiltingbell-glassor
65=^;Oct.
HARDY
flora; peat "

for P.
to
afterwards.
Water
of
45"
loam
peat
for
few
hand-light.
to
for
or
55".
P.
grandi-
peaty
loam
freely in dry positions
cocoanut-fibre
refiise in
seeds
surface
of shallow
on
sown
filled with
Propagate by
May.
pans
equal parts of sphagnum moss, peat, " sand, placed under
bell-glass"
kept moist in temp, of 55"^to 65", Feb., March, or April; division of
plants at potting or planting time.
GIIEENHOUSK
HARDY
8P15CIES
SPECIES:
grandifloi-a,blue
yiolot. summer,
Pink
and
\
P. caudata, o:ivmine, autumn,

:
li in.. Mexico.
and
alpina, white
4 in,, Europe
yellow. May,
(BritninU
4 in., Europe
violet, summer,
iBritain); -rulgaris(Bog Tiol't,
6 in., Britain.
P.
to
'
(Uiauthus pliimarius).See Diauthus.

"
330
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
GABBENING.
OF
Pinus
(Fir; Deal; Tine Tree)." O'rd. Couiferae.
Hardy orn.leaved
trees.
and
free
Leaves,
Habit,
pieturesque.
Evergreen.
and
needle-like, two to five iu a wliorl.
erect.
Cones, conical
"
Soil and
position, P. austriaca, laricio, montana,
austriaca
suitable
for seaside
gardens " ordinary soil : P.
CULTURE
Pinaster
good town
tree; P. austriaca, cembra, excelsa, Laricio, Pinaster,
strobiis," sylvestrissuitable for chalky soils; P. austriaca, Kalepensis,
laricio. Pinaster, pumilo, " sylvestrisadapted for gravelly or sandy
soils; others in good ordinary soil; P. austriaca
good shelter tree.
a
P.
poorest soils, and on rocky slopes.

purposes plant 10 to 15 ft. apart.
Jin. deep m pots filled with sandy loam,
iu April, transplanting seedlings
placed in cold greenhouse or frame
outdoors
in
following spring; or Jin. deep outdoors
April in bed of
moist
sandy soil, transplantingseedlings the next year; grafting on
common
speciesiu April.
USEFUL
FACTS
Timber
reaches
200
:
Average age,
years.
8d.
at
80
cubic
6d.
to
foot,
maturity
Average price per
years.
sylvestris will
Plant,
Sept. to
grown
For
Nov.
in the
shelter
cubic
ft. per
ton, 74.
6d.
to
:
Two-year old, 3s.
Average price
; three-year old, 48.
5s. ; four-year-old,8s. to 10s. per
1,000. Timber,
close-grained and
in young
state
for props,
matured
resinous, used
staves, etc. ; when
in
for deal
Nov.
Number
of seeds per
flooring, etc. Seeds
ripe
pound, 70,000. One pound of seed will yield 8,000 plants.
Weight
cubic
per
Number
ft., 301b.
of
of trees
COLTIVATED:
SPECIES
cembra
P.
(Lace
bungeana
Bark
Pine),
70
ft., N.
China:
fornia;
Europe; Coulteri, 60 to 70 ft,, Cali(Stone Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Central
excelsa
(Bhotan Pine), 100 to 150 ft., Himalayas;
halepensis (Jerusalem
Pine), 50 ft., Mediterranean
insignis (Monterey Pine), 80 to 100 ft.,
Region;
Laricio
Laricio
California;
(Corsican Pine), 100 to 150 ft., S. Europe;
nigricans
(Syn. P. austriaca), i31ack Pine, 70 to 100 ft., N. Europe; pinaster (Cluster Pine),
terranean
Region ; pinea (The Umbrella
Pine), 40 to 60 ft., Medistrobus
Columbia;
Region; ponderosa, 100 to 150 ft., British
(Weymouth
sylyestris (Scots Pine), 50 to 100 ft., N. Europe
Pine), 100 to 150 ft., N. America;
(Britain).
Pinxter-flower
(Rhododendron nudiflora).See Rhododendron.
"
Plant). Piperaceae.
"
Stove
green
greenhouse evershrubs.
1748.
Leaves, large,
blotched
with white or bronze.
or
purple, marbled
"green, or
SPECIES
OF
STOVE
CULTURE
:
part leaf-mould, half a part sand.
pots in
shade.
Pot, Feb. to April. Prune
slightlyinto shape,l''eb. Water
Syringe twice daily,
freely, April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
afterwards.
March
75" to
to Oct.
once
to
daily
;
Temp.,
Sept.
April
55" to 65".
85"; Oct. to March
Piper
(Pepper
GREENHOUSE
OF
CULTURE
"
SPECIES:
species. Position, well-drained

or
Temp.
moderately, Oct.
Water
April.
March
STOVE
Pepper),
to
in
Compost
partial shade.
to
65";
Oct.
April; freely
to
March
inserted
as
for
stove
Pot, March
afterwards.
50'^to
55".
pagate
Proin
small
by cuttings
pots of
65"
of
in
to
March
75",
to
soil under
temp,
bell-glass
July.
P. Betle
(Betle Pepper), green,
climber, India; nigrum (Black
SPECIES:
green,
GREENHOUSE
white, 4
55"
Oct.
to
of
sandy
pots
to
4 to
ft., India.
SPECIES
6 It., Australia.
Pipe-tree
Vine
Pipe
half-ripenedshoots
P.
excelsum
aureo-piotum, leaves
(Syr^nga vulgaris). See Syringa.

Sipho). See Aristolochia.
(Aristolochia
"
"
331
green
and
creamy
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
Ord.
Leguminosae. Hardy
Pjptanthus
(Nepaul Laburnum).
First
1821.
introduced
flowering shrub.
beries,
sheltered shrubCULTUEE
Position, warm
: Soil, rich sandy loam.
London.
6f England; against S. walls, N. of
Plant,
S. " S.W.
Prune
straggling shoots moderately after
Sept., Oct., April, or May.
in sandy soil in cool greenhouse
flowering. Propagate by seeds sown
in small
cold frame
in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots inserted
or
bell-glassor hand-light outdoors, Aug. or
Sept. ; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.
"
evergreen
SPECIES
5 to 10 ft.,HimalayaB.
nepalensis, yellow. Bummer,
Pistacia.
See
(Pistaciavera)."
Tree).^ Ord. Anacar(Pistachio-nutTree; Mastich
"
deciduous
trees.
Flowering " orn.
evergreen
introduced
1656.
Leaves, unequally feather-shaped,
OTJLTITATED
Pi^ta.ChiO-nut
Pistacia
P.
"
diacese.
Hardy
foliage.
First
in young
state.
green ; reddish
beries
CULTURE
Position, sheltered shrub: Soil, deep rich sandy loam.
S. " S.W.
Plant
England; against S. walls, N. of London.
Nov.
species,Sept., Oct., April, or May; deciduous
evergreen
species,
to Feb.
Prune
species,April; deciduous
species, Nov. to
evergreen
Feb.
or
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
under
hand-light, Sept. or Oct. ; layering in Sept.
SPECIES
40 ft.,Canary
CULTIVATED
P. atlantioa, leaves
pinnate, evergreen,
:
Isles; Lentiscus
(Masticli Tree), leaves
pinnate, 20 ft., S. Europe; Terebinthns
vera
(Turpentine
Tree), yellow, June, 30 ft., S. Europe;
(Pistachio Kut
Tree),
brown, April, 20 ft., Syria.
Water
Pistia
Weed;
(Tropical Duck
Lettuce).-Ôrd. Aroidese.
Stove
1843.
Flowers, green,
aquatic perennial. First introduced
borne
on
Leaves, wedge-shaped, notched,
spadix at base of leaves.
pale
hairy.
green,
CULTURE:
Soil,
stove.
Place
surface
of
2-in.
water.
tub
tank
in
or
Position, shallow
of tub or
soil on
bottom
tank " plant on
occasionally. Add
Replenish with tepid water
Temp., March
rich
fresh soil annually.

60" to 70".
Propagate
SPECIES
P.
(Garden Pea;
Leguminosae.
CULTURE
trenched
three
first
between
manure
offsets.
stratiotes, 1 to
Sugar Pea;
annuals.
GARDEN
PEAS
Hardy
OF
previously
of
by
CULTIVATED:
Pisum
loam.
layer
and
Edible
:
3 in., Jamaica.
Crown
seeded
or
Pea). Ord.
Mummy
" podded vegetables.
Soil, deep, rich
"
calcareous
loam,
spits deep " containing a thick layer of

second
spit. Position, open sunny,
tected
pro-
N.E.
Solid^Horse
" E. winds.
Suitable
Manures:
litter for heavy soils; cow
or
pig dung for light or
Chemical
soils.
(1) Kainit 21b., nitrate of soda 51b., superphosphate
of lime 91b., half of each to a square
rod before
sowing,
remainder
when
plants are 6 in. high; (2)nitrate of soda IJlb., kainit
No.
1;
as
l^lb., superphosphate l^lb., salt 31b., appliedsame
61b. to a square
rod
(3) native guano
applied before sowing, " 61b.
3 in. high; (4) Peruvian
when
rod
lib. for square
plants are
guano
before
Horse
sowing, also 1 lb. when
plants are 3 in. high.
Liquid
urine diluted
with
two-thirds
" cow
nitrate of soda Joz. to
water;
gallon, all to be appliedwhen
ground is moist only " when pods have
of
formed.
Direction
E. to W.
:
rows
S.E. to N.W.
or
for early
just
of
sorts; N. to S. for main
drills,
to
3
Depth
in.; width,
crops.
2}
Distance
6 to 9 in.
apart for sowing the seeds: lin. each way for
dwarf
kinds; 3 in. for tall vars., arranged in
sorts; 2 in. for medium
from
dung
sandy
or
N.
"
peat-moss
"
"
332
Colombia;
aphelandrrfora,
ft., Guadeloupe;
musco.sa,
40 or
There
1 ft., Brazil.
are
and
zuola
to
May,
summer,
or
Prune
Water
species
little
of
merit.
see.
(Sarraceniasand Nepenthes),
house
(Parchment-bark). Ord Pittosporiaceae.Green"
"
evergreen
introduced
First
half-hardy flowering shrubs.
1783.
two
Compost,
parts
Position,
part silver sand.
or
in light airy sunny
tubs
greenhouse. Pot, March
April.
after
shoots
flowering.
straggling
moderately immediately
sionally,
Syringe occamoderately, Sept. to April,freely afterwards.
Oct.
to
in
when
flower,
summer.
Temp.,
April,
during
except
GULTUEE
pots
other
more
ft., Brazil; fulgens, red.

ft., Brazil; Tiolacea, Tiolet,
red, summer,
red, winter,
whicli
Pitcher-plants
Pittosporuin
fibrous
oAiumNiNO.
oP
nnuYoioPMDtA
OP
loam,
one
GEEENHOTJSE
part fibrous
SPECIES:
peat,
half
Oct.
60" to 70".
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES:
OP
walls
well-drained
border
S.
S. " S.W.
Position,
against
England;
in
cold
border
to
outdoors. May to
greenhouse, Oct.
pots
May; sunny
Plant, March
Oct., N. of London.
or
April. Propagate by cuttings
firm
of moderately
shoots, 2 to 3 iu. long, inserted singly in small pots
in shade
in temp. 55" to 65" in summer.
of sandy soil under
bell-glass
SPECIES
P. eriooarpam, yellow, fragrant, summer,
6 to 10 ft. ;
GBEBNHOUSB
:
Tiridiflorum, greenish yellow, June, 6 ft.
HALP-HARDY
SPECIES:
V. crassifolium
iParohmont-bark), purple, spring, 10 ft..
New
10 to 12 ft., Japan
and
China.
Zealand;
tobira, white, fragrant, summer,
Deciduous.
Ord. Amaryllidaceae.
Placea..
Greenhouse
bulbs.
1840.
First introduced
two
CULTURE
: Compost,
parts sandy loam, one part well-decayed
4-0" to
50"
April to
CULTURE
"
leaf-mould,
" one
sand.
Pot, Aug. or
part coarse
below
surface
of soil in a 4în. pot
bulb
Sept., placing point
just
three in a 6-in. pot.
Good
or
drainage essential.
Plunge pots to rim
refuse
in
cold
in coal ashes
cocoanut-fibre
or
frame, " protect from
frost until Dec, then remove
Water
to greenhouse.
moderately from
time growth begins until leaves
decay, then keep quite dry. Repot
of rest, Aug.
annually in Aug. Season of growth, Jan. to Aug. ; season
to Jan.
Temp., Dec. to April 50" to 55"; Ap. to Aug. 60" to 70";
35" to 40".
Propagate by offsets in Aug.
Aug. to Dec.
CULTIVATED:
P.
1 ft.; grandiSPECIES
Arza;, yellow and
purple, summer,
1 ft.; ornata, white
and
and
crimson, summer,
flora, white
red, 1 ft. All natfres
cow
manure
or
of
of
Chili.
Plane-tree.
Plantain
(Musa sapientum paradisiaca).See
Plantain
Lily.
Plantain-tree
Platanus
trees.
Orn.
"
See
Platanus.
"
"
See
Musa.
Funkia.
(Musa sapieulum paradisiaca). See Musa.

Ord.
Platanaceae.
(Plane-tree).
Hardy deciduous
"
"
foliage.
First
iutroduced
1.548.
deeply lobed, coriaceous, pubescent;green

CULTURE
moist loam.
; Soil, deep rich
or
Leaves
more
or
less
variegated.
Position, parks, avenues,
in towns, or in open
Plane; streets, squares
etc., for Oriental
gardeus
in country for London
shrubberies
Plaue.
or
into shape when
Prune
desirable, Oct. to Feb.
Plenty of moisture at
roots
essential; dry soil not suitable.
Propagate by seeds simply
in autumn
pressed into surface of soil in moist position outdoors
;
cuttings of shoots G to Bin. long inserted in moist soil in sheltered
or
positionin Nov. ; layering shoots in autumn
spring.
CULTIVATRn:
SPECIES
occidentalis
(Western
to 70 ft.,Orient.
P.
Plane),
70
acorifolia
ft., N.
(London
America;
Piano), SO"
orientalis
to 70 ft., Oricnl;
c!l
(Oriental
Plane)
'
334
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Ord.
(Elk's-hornFern; Stag's-horn Fern).
1808.
ferns.
First introduced
greenhouse evergreen
Fronds
less broad, divided; resembles
more
or
stag's horn.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat " sphagnum moss.
Position, blocks of wood
suspended from roof or sides of greenhouse or
stove.
Place
with layer of moss
roots
plant on block of wood, cover
" peat, " secure
in position by means
wire.
of copper
Top-dress
in Feb. or March.
Water
copiously,
annually with fresh peat " moss
Shade
from
sun.
Temp,
April to Sept.; moderatelySept. to March.
70" to 80", March
for stove species,55" to GS'^,
to Oct. ;
Oct. to March;
to
60" to 70", March
greenhouse species,45" to 55", Oct. to March;
in
also by spores sown
Oct.
Propagate by oifsets in Feb. or March;
iu
75"
85".
to
sandy peat
temp.
Platycerium
Pilices.
"
Stove
"
STOVE
SPECIES:
P.
Java.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
alicorne
Hillii, fronds
much
graudc,
aloicorne
P.
Walliohii, Malaya;
Tropical Asia;
(Common
Elk's-Iiorn
WilUnoltii,
Fern), Australia;
forked.
Orchidacese.
Ord.
Stove
PlatycliniS.
epiphytal orchids.
First introduced
1836.
tion,
PosiCULTURE
peat " sphagnum.
well-drained
Water
pots in plant stove.
moderately Sept. to
60" to 65"; March
to
April, freelyafterwards.
Flowers
in centre
of new
Oct. 70" to 85".
growth.
Resting
appear
Propagate by dividingpseudo-bulbs " plants when
period,winter.
"
beginning
to
grow.
P.
flliformis (Syn. Dendrochilum
flliformis),yeilow,
(Syn. Dendrochilum
glumaceum),
Philippines ; glumacea
fragrant,
greenish white, fragrant, spring, Philippines.
Platycodon
(ChineseBell-flower).Ord. Campanulaceee. Hardy
1782.
First introduced
herbaceous
perennial.
ders
borwell-drained
rich.
CULTURE
Position,
: Soil, ordinary
sunny
seeds
to
rockeries.
Oct.
sown
April.
Plant,
or
Propagate by
1-16 in. deep in sandy soil in temp. 55 , March
or
Aug. ; cuttings, 3 in.
inserted
in
small
of
shoots,
singly
pots of light sandy soil
long,
young
division
of
or
plants in April.
April;
P. grandiflorum, blue, July, 1 ft., China
and
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Japan;
Mariesii
(white and dwarf).
and its varieties alba (white), and
Ord.
Greenhouse
Leguminosae.
Platylobium
(Flat Pea).
Nat.
First
Australia.
introduced
Evergreen.
flowering shrubs.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
to Aug.,
June
"
""
1790.
" little silver
C ULTURE
: Compost, three
parts peat,one part loam
sand.
Pot,
pots m light airy greenhouse.
shoots
in spring to induce
March.
Feb.
or
Nip off points of young
Water
freely, April to Sept. ; moderately, Sept. to
growth.
45" to 50".
to
March
Temp.,
April.
from
to
to
mature
outdoors
shoots
Stand
July
Sept.
flowering
plants
1-16 in. deep in wellfor following year.
drained
or
April;
pots of sandy peat in temp, of 55" to 65" in March
soil
under
i
n
in
inserted
55",
bell-glass
temp.
sandy
April to
cuttings
bushy
July.
.'iPECIES
yellow, June,
Platyloma.
Platystemon
formosum,
yellow
Pelleea.
P.
CULTIVATED:
ft.; obtusangulum,
"
See
(CalifornianPoppy;
First
introduced
Hardy annu^.
C'XJT/TURp : Soil, good ordinary.
veracPEP.
yellow, summer,
red, May, 1
and
335
Cream
to
ft;
graoile,
Ord.
Papa-
ft.
Cups).
"
1833.
Position, sunny
be^s, boilers,or
gardening.
of
enoyclopjEdia
requiredto
seed Jin. deep in patches where

Sow
Thin
in April.
seedlings 1 to 2 in. apart when
with decayed manure
Mulch
weather.
in
dry
freely
rockeries.
in
refuse
cocoanut-fibre
"
(Asclepiastuberoaa).
Pleurisy-root
"
PleurothallUS.
Orchidaceac.
Ord.
"
March
Syringe
See Aaclepias.
Stove
epiphytal orchids.
1826
CULTUEE:
Compost, sphagnum
Place
of wood
suspended from roof.
of
then
another
of plant,
layer
moss,
abundantly,
ft., California.
Tibouchina.
See
introduced
Coelogyne.
See
"
californicus, yellow, July,
P.
OULTIYATED:
PleJone.
Pleroma.
sun.
or
grow
Water
June.
SPECIES
First
iin. high.
Oct.,
to
blocks
or
only. Position, small blocks

on
block, then roots
layer of moss
moss
"
with
secure
moderately
daily in
times
copper
afterwards.
summer;
Water
wire.
from
Shade
once
daily in
to Nov.
March
45" to 55";
Feb.
March.
to
55" to 60".
P. barberiana,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
yellow, purple and white, spring, 4 to
white,
6
April, Trop. America;
yellow, purple and
omata,
ft., S. America;
Roezlii, blood purple,
spring, Colombia
brown,
;
punotulata, yellow, purple and
spring, Colombia.
See Prunus.
Plum.
Plumbago
(Leadwort; Cape Leadwort). Ord. PlumtaginaceaB.
First
introduced
" greenhouse evergreen
Stove
flowering shrubs.
winter
"
autumn.
Temp.,
Nov.
to
March
"
"
1596.
STOVE
SPECIES
OF
: Compost, equal parts fibrous peat
loam
each
" sand.
half
Position, pots, shoots
a
leaf-mould,
part
to
balloon
in
shoots trained
to stakes
trained
borders,
or
or
trellis,
rately
modeFeb.
Prune
shoots
to
wall in light part of stove.
Pot,
April.
in Jan.
Water
freely,April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
to Sept. Shade
to
from
sun.
Temp., March
55"
65".
Oct.
75"
March
85"
to
to
to
Oct.
;
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES:
OF
CULTTJRE
Compost, two parts
each
of
silver
sand.
fibrous
Position, pots, shoots
loam, half a part
borders
with
shoots
trained
trained
to stakes
trellis;
or
up rafters,
in
of
house.
Pot
or
plant, Feb. or March.
pillars,or walls
lightpart
of base
lin.
to within
shoots
Prune
immediately after flowering;
of
of
current
shoots
Water
flowers borne
on
year's growth.
points
to Sept.; moderately, Sept. to Nov.;
copiously, March
very little
lants
afterwards.
Syringe daily until floweringbegins. Apply weak stimuweek
Shade
twice
a
during flowering period.
only from very
to Oct.
40"
Temp., March
bright sun.
surface
of sandy peat " slightly
on
to 50".
fine sandy soil in temp. 65" to 75" in Feb.
with
covered
or
March;
cuttings of side shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted singly in 2-in. pots of
sandy peat in temp. 60" to 70", Feb. to Aug.
P. rosea,
SPECIES:
STOVE
rose, winter, 2 ft., India.
SPECIES;
P. oapensis, blue, summer,
10 to 15 ft.. S. Africa;
GREENHOUSE
oapensis alba, white.
SPECIES
HARDY
Ceratostigma.
: See
Plume
Poppy
(Bocconiacordata). See Bocconia.
Fir
Plum
(Prumnopitys elegans)."-See Prumnopitys.
CTJLTTJEE
"
"
Plumlera
(Frangipanni Plant). Ord. Apocynaceae. Stove evergreen

First introduced
1690.
flowering shrubs.
CUIiTTJEE
:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part fibrypeat,
half
part
"
silver sand.
Position, well-draibed
336
pots
in
lightstove,
ENOYCLOPJUDIA
GATIDBNINQ.
OF
Pot, Feb.
to April.
Prune
straggling shoots moderately close imm"-diately after flowering. Water
to
freely, March
Oct., moderately
afterwards.
Syringe daily,March, " until flowers appear.
Temp,,
March
(35" to 75".
Propagate by
cuttingsof ripeshoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in- small pots tilled with
sand
under
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75" in Feb.

CULTIVATED:
P. acutifolia, pink and
white, fragrant, J"ly, 15 to
20 ft., Mexico;
bioolor, wliite, and yellow, .Tuly,10 to 15 ft., S. America;
rubra
(Frangipanni Plant), red, July, 10 to 15 ft., Trop. America.
SPECIES
Plumy
Heart
See Dicentra.
Bleeding:
(Dicentrae-ximia
(Tariegated Meadow
Grass). Ord. GraminesB.
Hafdy perennial
flowering" orn.-foliagcd
grass.
CULTURE
beds ot
:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, edgings to sunny
borders, or in clumps in borders.
POT
CULTTTRE
:
Compost, two parts good ordinary soil,one part
.-"
Poa
"
leaf-mould, half
cool
greenhouse
Position
jjart sand.
window.
Pot, March
a
or
Oct.
to March,
freelyafterwards.
gate by division of plants, March
SPECtES
CULTIVATED
Europe (Britain).
Pod
Fern
Podocarpus
hardy evergreen
CULTURE
drained.
or
P.
triyalis
Repot
or
in
or
"
pots in cold ct
moderately,
annually. Proprj
5-in.
April.
or
divide
Water
April.
albo-iittata,leave*
edged with
white, 6 in.,
(Ceratopteris
thalictroides).See Ceratopteris.
(Totara Pine)." Ord. Coniferaj.
Hardy "
trees.
1774.
"
OF
HARDY
Position, sunny
SPECIES
sheltered
half-
Soil, good, deep loam, wellPlant, Oct., Nov., March,
lawns.
April.
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
OF
: Compost, two
parts loam,
leaf-mould.
Position, pots or tubs in light airy greenhouse.
Pot or plant,March
or
freely.May to Sept.,moderately
April. Water
afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to April 45" to 55"; April to Sept. 55" to
65".
Propagate by cuttings of tirm young shoots inserted in small pots
under
of sandy loam
bell-glassin temp. 60" to 70", summer.
HARDT
SPECIES:
P. alpina, 10 it., Tasmania.
totara
HALF-HARDT
SPECIES:
P. peotinata, 12 ft.. New
Caledonia;
(Totara
Zealand.
Pine), New
Ord.
Podolepis.
CompositsB. Hardy annuals " half-hardy
First introduced
1803.
perennials. Nat. Australia.
OF
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary.
beds
borders
Sow
rockeries.
well-drained
seeds
or
or
Position, sunny
pots of light soil in temp, of 55" to 65" in
in flowering position,
end
of
March, transplantingseedlings outdoors
in sunny
outdoors
position end of April where required
May; or sow
CULTURE
one
part
"
to grow
"
flower, thinning
seedlingsto
3 in.
apart
when
în. high.
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
OF
CULTURE
sand.
5-in.
"
Fill
loaf
-mould,
pots to within J in. of rim
sandy loam,
"
seeds thinly in March,
with
above
firm
sow
moderately
compost;
Place
in
of
55"
till
of
fine
soil.
with
pots
temp,
sprinkling
cover
to cool greenthree or four leaves, when
remove
seedlings have formed
house
to
1
Thin
in.
modeframe.
cold
seedlings
apart. Water
or
then
in.
3
are
high,
freely.
ratelv until plants
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
HALF-HARDY
: Soil, sandy
OF
CULTURE
to
" repot in
Lift
borders.
or
May
Sept.
loam.
Position, sunny rockery
in
until
greenhouse
followingMay.
(Sfstore away
May be
POT
Sept..
.337
successfullytreated
by division
sjjecies
SPECIES
ANNUAL
pink,
as
plants
1 ft.
SPECIES
summer,
PERENNIAL
Propagate, half-hardyperennial
also.
spring.
in
acuminata,
P.
annual
an
of
GARDENING.
OTP
ENCYOLOPMDIA
yellow,
ft. ;
summer,
aristata, yellow and
Aug., 3 ft
white, summer,
Berberidaceae.
Ord.
Apple).
gracilis,purple, lilac,and
P.
Podophyllum
(Duck Foot; May

perennials. Orn. foliage. Fir.st introduced
large, shield-shaped; divided, ornamental.
"
1664.
herbaceous
Hardy
Leaves,
CULTURE
Soil,
moist
peat.
woods,
Position, partially-shadedborders,
or
Plant, March
April. Propagate
marshes, or bog gardens.

or
April.
SPECIES
P. Emodi
:
(Himalajan May Apple), white, May,
peltatum (May Apple), white. May, 6 in., N. America.
Daffodil
(Narcissuspoeticus). See Narcissus.
Laurel
(Laurus nobilis)."See Laurus.
CULTIVATED
Himalayas
Poet's
Poet's
ft.,
"
Poet's
Narcissus
(Narcissus poeticus). See Narcissus.
ing
FlowerStove
Poinciana.
Ord. Leguminosse.
trees.
evergreen
" orn.
1691.
Leaves, fern-like, green,
"
"
graceful.
CULTUEE
half
Compost,
part silver
two
parts peat
loam,
or
in
Position, pots
sand.
part leaf-mould,
one
lightpart
of stove
or
doors
out-
Water
Pot Feb. or March.
freely,March
70" to 85";
to Oct.
Temp., March
in light sandy
55
to 65".
Oct. to March
soil in temp, of 75" to 85" in spring; cuttings of short
shoots
young
inserted
singly in small pots filled with pure sand under
bell-glassin
temp. 75" to 85" in summer.
CULTIVATED:
P. elata, yellow, summer,
10 to 15 ft., Trop. Africa;
SPECIES
20 to 30 ft., Madagascar.
regia, crimson, summer,
See Euphorbia.
Poinsettia.
Poison
Ash
(Chionanthus virgiuica).See Chionantlius.
Tree
Poison
Bay
(lUicium Floridanum). See Illicium.
See Aglaonema.
Poison-dart-,"
Poison
Oak
(Rhus toxicoudendron). See Rhus.
See Combretum.
Poivrea.
Poke
(Phytolacca decandra). See Phytolacca.
Polemonium
Greek
(Jacob's Ladder;
Valerian). Ord. Polemoniaceae.
Hardy herbaceous
perennials.
CULTUEE
loam.
:
Soil, good ordinary or
deep rich well-drained
during July
Aug.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Position,
drained
April.
Cut
off
in
annually
P.
open
cseruleum
division
sunny
for
borders
other
species.
flower
stems
immediately
rockeries
spring with
by
division
March
in
or
for
P.
cseruleum
"
Plant,
after
well-decayed manure
of plants in Oct.
sunny
March,
wellor
flowering. Top-dress
leaf-soil.
Propagate
or
or
vars.
Oct., Nov.,
Nov.
other
speciesby
April.
P.
CULTIVATED;
oajruleum
(.laeob's Ladder
Greek
or
Valerian^
ft., Europe
(Britain); ca-rulcum
album, white;
confertum,
blue,
16
in., N.W.
Mlnimer,
America;
fl.ivum, yellow, summer,
3 ft., Kow
Mexico;
bumile, blue, ,Tuly, 0 in., N. America;
reptans, blue, spring, 0 in
K
\mcrica
1 ft.
Kichardsoni,. blue, summer,
SPECIES
blue, June,
Polianthes
(TlieTuberose)." Ord. AmaryUid;icciT". Half-hardy
bulbous
plant. Flowers fragrant. First introduced 1629.
('ULTURE
two
: Conipo.st,
of
part
of
African
American
leaf-mould, decayed
kinds
in Oct., Nov., "
or
Pearl
varieties
"
manure
noc,
in Jan.,
;j'i8
to
coarse
flower
IV^li.,Marcli
equal
portions
pro-
silver
sand
Pot
followinoautumni
to flowff
ApriT,
ENO'OLOf.khiA
OP
foUovviiigwinter " spring.

riant
depth singly in a 5-in. pot, or three
treatment
; (a) Plunge pots to
their
give one applicationof water only
shelf near
the
55" when
in bloom.
to
4 in.
bulbs
in
After
firmly.
Pot
until
their
two-tliirdM of
about
6-in. size.
rims in bottom
heat, 75"
growth begins,
85",
to
then
"
remove
to temp. 50" to
to 65", " remove
bed of coal ashes in cold frame,
glass in temp. 55"

(b) Place pots on
with
(lAilPBNINrl
until
growth
moderately, "
transfer
forward
most
(c) Pot bulbs in
plants to the greenhouse.
above
rim
in
April, plunge pots just
a
spot in garden, keep
sunny
in
lift
"
moderately moist,
Sept. or Oct.,
place in greenhouse to
pots
Water
quently.
flower.
when
in
full
Syringe foliage frefreely
growth.
stimiilants
a
or
o
nce
Clay's fertiliser)
Apply
(|-oz.guano
week
when
further
After
bulbs
of
no
growing freely.
flowering,
cover
begins.
cocoanut-fibre
After
this,
give
refuse, "
the
remove
fibre
water
no
refuse, water
use.
OUTDOOR
border.
in
CULTUEE
bulbs
Plant
"
Aug.
Sept.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
Position,
sunny
warm
to April, to flower
3 in. deep " 6 in. apart, March
fresh bulbs
Plant
annually. Propagate by offsets.
:
P.
(Tuierose), white, fragrant,
tuberosa
autumn
and
winter, 3 ft., Mexico.

TAllIETIES
Double
Polyantha.
Polyanthus
Polyanthus
Polybotrya.
Polygala
Italian, and Tlie Pearl.

African, American,
See Rosa.
Rose
multiflora).
(Rosa
Primula.
See
(Primula elatior).
"
"
(Narcissustazetta).
Narcissus
See Narcissus.
Acrostichium.
See
"
"
herbaceous
(Milk-wort).Ord. Polygalacea?. Hardy

"
perennials,greenhouse
"
hardy
evergreen
First
flowering shrubs.
"
"cULTIIRE
sunny
OP
border
"cUlJrDRE
SPECIES
HARBY
or
rockery.
Plant,
Soil, sandy peat.

;
Oct., Nov., or April. No
tion,
Posiprun-
Compost, two parts

pots in cool,
peat, one part
fibrous
shoots
Prune
March.
only
Feb.
straggly
or
Pot,
airv greenhouse.
afterwards.
to
moderately
Sept.,
Water
freely,April
into shape, Feb.
to
Temp., March
unnecessary.
required. Shade
stimulants
No
50".
40"
to
hardy
March
species
Propagate
to
65"
55" to
; Sept.
Sept
under
hand-light or in cold frame
bv cuttings inserted in sandy peat
in Sept.; greenhouse species by
or
by suckers removed
ill autiimnin
small
inserted
shoots
of
'yoi"g
cuttings
OP
SPECIES;
GREENHOUSE
silver sand.
in
bell-glass in temp, 55" to 65"

anlENHOUSBsfrEOIES: P. myrti
8
\Moa;
HARDY
spring.
."
4,+ to 6
ft.,
grandiflora purple, sprmj,
2 to 3 It., ,'^.Africa.
June,
and
yellow
purple
oppositifolia,
6 in., Alps.
yellow and purple, summer,
P. Ghamabuxus,
SPICUIES
:
baceous
Liliacese.
Ord.
Hardy herSea!)."
.
olia
(Solomon's
Polygonatum
perennials.
Soil ordinary lightmould.
CULTURE
"
beds,
woodlands.
borders,'
or
annually
with
decayed
Plant,
manure
Oct
March.
p. MULTIFLORUM:
^^p'oT^CULTURe'oF
lip-ht soil in 6
or
8-in.
pots
in
Nov.
until growth
in frame
or
outdoors
Water
flower.
to
cold greenhouse
March.
or
Nov.,
of roots in Oct.,
i-
"."
-"
Position, partially-shaded
Nov.
or
March.
Top-dress
stimulants
occa-
Apply
Pot
roots
in
ordinary
refuse
cocoanut-fibre
heatedor
to
begins, then remove
freely.
Cover
339
with
OABDENtlfG:
OP
iiNCYOLOPMDIA
1 to 3 ft., K.
and
white, May,
CULTIVATED:
P.
SPECIES
biflorum, green
(Dayid's Harp),
multiflorum
America;
latifolium, white, July, 2 to 3 ft., Europe;
Solomon's
officinale
Seal), white, May, 1 It.,
(Common
white, June, 3 ft., Europe;
There
and
April, 3 ft., Himalayas.
Europe
(Britain); oppositifolium, white
green,
are
double-flowered
forma
of
P.
and
multiflorum
of"cinale.
(Knot Weed). Ord. Polygonaceae. Hardy annuals,

herbaceous
perennials, " shrubby climbers.
ANNUAL
Position, sunny
SPECIES
OF
CULTUEE
: Soil, ordinary.
seeds
well-drained
borders.
Sow
1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp,
in open
in June;
6.5" in March,
or
sow
planting seedlings outdoors
stimulants
border
in
in April? Water
weather.
Apply
freely
dry
during flowering period.
CULTUEE
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES:
OF
Soil, good rich ordinary.
Position
of P. cuspidatum " P. sachalinense
in large sunny
or
shady
moist
of
isolated
borders, as
ponds;
specimens on lawns, or on margins
Polygonum
"
covering arbours, pergolas,or tree trunks.

rockeries.
or
on
Plant,
ordinary sunny borders
with decayed manure
Oct., Nov., March, or April. Mulch
annually in
March.
Apply stimulants
occasionallyduring July " Aug. Water
Prune
the dead
points of shoots of
away
P. baldschuanicum
in early spring. Propagate perennials by seeds,as
"
P.
P.
baldschuanicum
in
for
vaccinifolium
for
advised
annuals,
or
by division
speciesby cuttings
temp.
65"
to
75"
in
SPECIES:
SPECIES
A".N'UAL
PEEENNIAL
in Oct.
of roots
inserted
in
or
March;
sandy peat under
house
green-
in
bell-glass
spring.
orientale, rosy
P.
P.
Polypodium
Filices.
CULTUEE
Stove,
OF
afSne,
purple, Aug.,
4 to 8
ft.,Tropics.
ft., Himalayas ; alpinnm,

3 ft., Himalayas;
white, Aug., 4 ft., S. Europe;
autumn,
amplexicaule, rose,
10 to 15 ft., climber, Bokhara;
baldschuanicum, white, autumn,
compactum,
white,
2 ft., tTapan ; cuspidatum,
autumn,
white, July and
Aug., 6 to 8 ft., Japan;
8 to
10
sachalinense, white, summer,
ft., Sachalin
Isles; Taccinifolinm, rose,
6 in., Himalayas.
Latter
to tc grown
aulumn,
on
a
rockery.
:
rose,
5 to
autumn,
(Common Polypody; Oak Fern; Beech Fern). Ord.

greenhouse " hardy ferns.
Evergreen " deciduous.
AND
STOVE
GEEENHOUSE
SPECIES:
Compost,
"
Pot, Feb. to April.

equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, " silver sand.
essential.
Shade
from
Position, pots, baskets, or rock beds.
sun
Moist
Feb.
to
moist
afterwards.
No
Sept. ; moderately
atmosphere,
Water
March
to
syringingrequired.
freely,
Sept. ; moderately, Sept.
to March.
No stimulants.
to
March
Temp, for greenhouse species,
55" to 65"; Oct.
Oct.
to March
40" to 50"; stove species,
March
to
55" to 65".
HAEDY
OF
CULTUEE
SPECIES:
Soil,
equal parts fibrypeat,

silver sand
for P. vulgare "
decayed turfy loam, leaf-mould, k coarse
sand
vars.
" small
; equal parts peat, loam, coarse
lumps of sandstone
for P. dryopteris(Oak Fern) " P. phegopteris (Bee5iFern); twothirds sandy fibry loam, one-third
pounded limestone for P. dryopteris
robertianum.
Position, shady fernery,bank, or rockery for P. vulgare;
dryish rockery for P. dryopteris" P. phegoppartially-shaded
teris,
dry partially-shady
rockery for Eobertianum
; other species anywhere
in
weather.
above.
POT
March.
evergreen
deciduous
shade
in
ordinary
Top-dress annually
CULTUEE
OF
HARDY
soil.
in
Plant,
April with
SPECIES
April. Water
specialsoils
the
Composts as
above.
Pot,
frame.
Water
moderately at other times;
after foliagedies
occasionally
:
Position, shady, airy cold greenhouse, pit

kinds
kinds
freely in
summer,
freelywhilst growing;
340
in dry
described
or
MNOYOLOPMDIA
CULTURE
GAUDENING.
OF
fibrous
" half
" leaf-mould
loam
in
silver sand.
pots
Pot, Feb. or Marcli.
Prune
into shape immediately after
partially-shaded part of stove.
flowering. Water
copiously, April to Sept., moderately aftervrards.
to
afterwards.
to Oct., once
Temp., March
Syringe twice daily,March
60" to 70".
Propagate by cuttings of
Sept. 70" to S5" ; Sept. to March
in sand under
firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
bell-glassin temp.
part
75"
to
85"
SPECIES
in
summer.
CULTIVATED:
fragrant,
grandiflora, white, June,
P,
to
10
ft.,W.
Indies.
(Cytisusalbus). See Cytisus.

(Prunus lusitanica).^SeePrunus.
Portulaca.
Hardy
(Purslane; Sun Plant). Ord. Portulacaceae.
lane
" half-hardy annual
flowering" edible-leaved plants. Leaves of Purs1582.
form
excellent summer
an
salading. First introduced
ANNUAL
SPECIES:
OF
HALF-HAEDY
Soil, good
CULTUEE
Sow
Position, sunny
rockeries, raised beds or borders.
ordinary.
of light sandy soil in well-drained
seeds
pot, box,
thinly on surface
fine soil " place in temp. 65 in March.
with
or
lightly cover
pan,
formed
three leaves
singly into 2-in. pots,
in dry
of May.
Water
end
off, " plant outdoors
gradually harden
Broom
Portugral
Portug'ci.l
"
Laurei
"
POT
silver
3 in.
Plant
weather.
sand.
seedlings 1
Grow
in and
SPECIES
of
Stiw
CULTIVATED:
P.
thinly broadcast,
To
watered.
ensure
Gather
shoots
to Aug.
up
off close
seeds
well
keep
month
a,
Soil, light, rich ordinary.
borders.
them
long, cutting
flower.
PURSLANE
well-drained
at intervals
in
when
April,lightly rake
sow
way.
stimulants
weak
OF
CULTUEE
sunny
apart each
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " coarse

above.
Eaise
Transplant
plants from seeds as advised
" filled with above
in. apart in 5-in. pots, well-drained
post.
comWater
in
55"
65"to
near
freely.
glass
Apply
temp.
CULTUEE
grandiflora (Sun
various
colours;
grandiflora compacta,
Tropical llegions; Tlrellusonii, scarlet, June, 8
Ord.
Eubiaccie.
PosoC|Ueria.
to
Stove
"
Fir.st
introduced
2 to 3 in.
Plant), yellow and purple,

(Purslane), June,
12 in., Tropics.
oleraoea
Brazil;
shrubs.
when
of
succession,
ground.
the
to
Position,
middle
evergreen
6
6
in.,
in.,
flowering
1815.
part peat, one

part wellbeds in
or
decayed
pots,
Pot
Feb.
March.
Prune
into
stove.
or
or
plant,
plant
shape, Feb.
March
65"
to
March.
55" to
S5":
to
March
to
or
Temp.,
Sept.
Sept.
AVater
Oct.
65".
to
afterwards.
Feb.,
moderately,
freely
Syringe
in bloom) March
to Sept.
daily (except when
Apply liquid manure
]?lants one
old
to two
occasionallyto healthy plants in flower.
years
the
best
blooms.
of
firm
side
produce
young
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long inserted in well-drained
bell-glassin temp. 75" to 85", Jan. to April.
CULTUEE
manure
Compost,
"
one
part loam,
charcoal.
one
well-drained
Position,
CULTIVATED;
P. formosa,
SPECIES
10 ft., Tenezuela;
8 to
10
fragrantissima, white, fragrant,
ft., Brazil;
summer,
latifolia,white,
Oct., 6 ft., Trcp. America.
Potato
(Solanum tuberosum). See Solanum.
Potato
Onion
(Allium cepa aggregalum). See Allium.
Potato-tree
(Solanum crispum). See Solanum.
Vine
Potato
(ipomaea
pandurata). See Ipomasa.
"
"
"
"
Potentilla
(Cinquefoil).
"
Ord.
342
Eosaceae.
Hardy
herbaieous
MNtif'oLop^biA
oP
adiiDMMd.
Double
perennials.
P.
potentillas are
hybrids between
insignia "
P. argyrophylla
atrosanguinea.
CULTURE
;
Soil, ordinary deep
ricli sandy.
Position, sunny
rockeries for dwarf
species (P. alba, P. alpestris,P. ambigua, P. calabria, P. nitida, " P. pyreuaica); sunny
borders
for tall kinds
(P.
argyrophylla atrosanguinea " vars., P. fruticosa, etc.). Plant, Oct.,
Nov., March
or
tall kinds with decayed manure
April. Mulch
annually
in- March.
Water
copiously in dry weather.
sionally
during floweringperiod. 'Lift,
divide, " replant border kinds
in fresh soil
1-16 in.
every three or four years.
deep, in shallow pans or boxes of light sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65",
March,
transplantingseedlings outdoors in May or June; or similar
depth in partially-shaded border outdoors in April; division of roots,
Oct., Nov., March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. alba, white, spring:,6 in., Europe;

alchemellioides,
in., Pyrenees;
6
ambigua. yellow, summer,
in., Himalayas;
2 to 3 ft., Himalayas;
yellow, summer,
arp-yropliylla,
argyrophylla
atrosanguinea,
crimson;
3 to 4 U., Britain;
fruticosa, yellow, summer,
hopwoodiana, yellow and
18
in., hybrid; nepalensis, o*'.mson,
rose,
18 in., Himalayas;
summer,
summer,
6 in.; Europe;
nitida
nitida, rose, summer,
alba, white; nitida
grandiflora, pink;
nitida
nitida
beautiful
rose
atrorubens,
rose.
Many
;
rosea,
hybrids for which
wliite,
trade
see
summer,
lists.
Poterium
Leaves
used
(Burnet).
for
Ord.
"
Eosaceae.
Hardy
salads, " wines.
flavouringsoups,
perennial herb.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary light. Position, sunny
dryish bed or
border.
Sin. asunder, Feb.
Water
freely
in dry weather.
Remove
flower
stems
Roots
directlythey appear.
to be lifted " replanted annually.
-în. deep
in drills Sin.
apart, March, April,or Sept., thinning seedlingswhen
2 in. high, 6 in. apart.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. officinalis (Syn. Sanguisorba
and
ofaoinale),green
2 ft., Europe
purple, summer,
(Britain).
Pothos.
Ord. Aroide^.
Stove evergreen
Orn.
climbing shrubs.
Pirst
introduced
1821.
Leaves, roundish
or
lance-shaped,
foliage.
yellow.
green, or variegated with creamy
"
CULTURE
"
stems,
coarse
trunks
Compost, equal parts rough peat, sphagnum

sand.
trained
Position, pots with shoots
of
copiously,March
ferns
or
walls.
Pot,
Peb.
or
to
March.
old
tree
Water

Syringe freelyall
to Sept.,
Temp., Sept. to March, 60" to 65";'March
from
essential.
sun
Propagate by division of roots,
to
round.
year
Shade
80" to S5".
March.
-Feb.
or
the
tree
coal,
char-
moss,
leaves
P.
CULTIVATED:
argenteus,
silvery grey,
Borneo;
aureus,
yellow, Borneo
celatoeauljs, stems
variegated with
;
clinging, Borneo ;
scandens, steins climbing, India.
See Calendula.
Pot
IVIarigfold
(Calendula oflrcinalis).
Marjoram
Pot
(Origanum Onites). See Origanum.
Rose
Prairie
(Rosa setigera). See Rosa.
Sun-flbw*fer
Prairie
(Helianthusrigidus). See Helianthus.
Ord.
Pratia.
Campanulaceae.
Hardy herbaceous
perennial
introduced
1879.
First
trailing plants.
SPECIES
leaves
"
"
"
"
"
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
little sand.
POT
CULTURE
leaf-mould
Soil, two
parts peat,
well-drained
dry weather.
Position, sunny
Water
April.
freely in
: Compost,
" silver sand.
two
one
rockeries.
part leaf-mould
Plant, March
parts sandy loam, half
Pot, March.
343
Positioi:,cool
or
part
cold
"
or
each
green-
SNCYOLOPJSDiA
house, frame,
window.
or
afterwards.
Shade
weak
Apply
midday
from
sun.
GAMdMN'ING.
OF
Water
freely, April to Sept., moderatelj
stimulants
flowering.
occasionallywhen
in.
1-16
seeds
deep in
sown
Propagate by
equal parts loam, leaf-mould,
i^
sand
in
temp. 85", March;
cuttings
in well-drained
pots, July to Sept., "
young
until
in cold irame
March, then planted outdoors.
or
greenhouse
P.
SPECIES
littoralis),white,
CULTIVATED:
angulata (Syn. Lobelia
1
begoniaifolia), blue,
in., êw
begonisefoha (Syn. Lobelia
Zealand;
Himalayas.
Cedar
(Juniperus oxycedrus). See Juniperus.
PricKly
See Acanthophoenix.
Palm."
Date
Prickly
See Pernettya.
Heath."
Prickly
Ivy (Smilax aspera). See Smilax.
Prickly
See Opuntia.
Pear
Prickly
(Opuntia vulgaris)."
shoots
of
inserted
stored
summer,
summer,
"
"
(Argemone mexicaua;. See Argenione.

(Gunnera scabra)." See Gunnera.
spinosa)."See
(Spinacia oleracea
Spinach
Poppy
Prickly
Rhubarb
Prickly
Prickly-seeded
Spinacia.
"
Fern
Shield
Thrift
Prickly
Prickly
(Aspidium aculeatum)."
(Acantholimon glumaceum).
"
See
See
Aspidium.
Acantholimon.
(Caesalpiniapulcherrima).
Pride-Of-BarbadOS
"
See
Caesal-
piuia.
(Primula vulgaris). See Primula.
(Auricula; Ox-lip;Primrose; Polyanthus).
Primrose
"
Ord. PrimuPrimula
1596.
introduced
First
herbs.
lacesB.
Greenhouse
" hardy perennial
colour,
blooms
have
one
OP
AURICULA;
CULTURE
Alpine type
Florists' type,
" free from
white or yellow eye, stems smooth
powder.
than
with
blooms
more
with
covered
" blooms
stems
mealy powder;
"
green-edged petals. Properties of

foliage;
florists' auricula
: Stem
erect, elastic,carrying truss well above
to each
stalk proportionately
long to size of petals; pips (blooms)seven
colour,
one
white,
"
grey,
or
" round;
colours,
anthers, bold; eye, white, smooth
defined, rich; edges, distinct.
Compost, two parts turfy loam,
Position,
one
leaf-mould, half a part silver sand.
manure,
part cow
in
cool greenhouse; others
choice kinds in Sin. pots in airy frame
or
truss, round;
well
Water
March.
Pot
" plant, Feb.
or
shady borders.
in pots moderately
times.
in winter; freely other
those
Top-dress
rich soil in March
with
not repotted.
Apply liquid
plants that were
in a weak
state to plants in flower.
manure
in pans
of light rich soil,just covered
with fine soil,in March, in cold
irame
or
greenhouse; by offsets in Feb.
rich
soil in
CHINESE
OF
CULTURE
PRIMULA
First introduced
post,
Com-
1820.
part fibrous
" decayed
loam, half a part each of leaf-mould
half
Sow
surface
seeds in May on
a
cow
part silver sand.
manure,
of a compost of two parts leaf -mould
" one
half
a
loam,
part
part sand,
pressed moderately firm in a shallow pan or 6-in. pot, half filled with
one
drainage. Cover
over
pot or pan
soil just moist.
seeds
"
thinly with
put in temp. 55"
to cold
foliagein
of
glass
Keep
apart in 3-in. pota, well drained "

Still keep in temp. 55" to 65".
other, place singly in 2-in. pots,
transfer
similar soil.
Place pane
to 65".
Shade
from
sun.
frame.
evening.
three
lin.
leaves form
filled with compost advised for seeds
AVhen
leaves of seedlingsmeet
each
in
for
same
keep
a
week, then
temp,
Shade
from
Admit
air freely
sun.
Transfer
to 5-in. pots when
well rooted.
314
Sprinkle
Replace
ENGYGLOP^DIA
GARDENING.
OF
in. frame, shade

from
water
sun,
moderately, " sprinkle foliage as
before.
of latter
soot
"
1 bushel
Apply liquid
cow
or
sheep manure
" 1 peck of former
to 36 gallons of water
water
two-thirds
diluted with
twice a week
when
well rooted.
Water
to temp. 50"
freely. Eemove
to 55" in Sept.
air freely on
Admit
fine days.
Nip off first truss
of bloom
if not required to flower before Nov.
Temp, for flowering 50"
When
to 55".
potting,allow base of leaves to just touch the compost.
Pot moderately firm.
Suitable
artificial manures:
ôz. each sulphate
of ammonia
" kainit to 2 gall, of water.
To be applied twice a week
to plants established
best
in flowering pots.
Single-flowered kinds
raised from
seed
annually, rejecting old plants after flowering. Sow
in June
for spring flowering. Double
varieties require to be propagated
"
"
annually by cuttings inserted singly in small pots filled with

equal parts leaf-mould, loam, " sand, placed in temp. 65" td 70", after
advised
as
flowering; or by division of plantsin April. Culture same
for seedlings. Temp, for flowering55" to 60".
varieties
Semi-double
raised from
seed as
advised
for singles.
seed
CULTUEE
of raisingfrom
OP P. OBCONICA
mode
: Compost "
for P. sinensis.
and
advised
same
as
general treatment
Temp, for
manure
flowering45" to 55". Top-dress old plants with decayed cow
in Feb. to promote spring flowering.
to
Repot old plants in March
Old plants may
flower in summer.
also be divided
in March.
:
Hardy herbaceous
perennial. Soil,
CpLTTJRE OP PRIMROSE
rich
moist.
"
beds
or
Position,
wholly shaded
ordinary
partially
borders.
Mulch
surface
of beds
Plant, Oct., Nov., Peb. " March.
in Peb.
Lift those grown
containing choice sorts with decayed manure
after flowering,
in flower beds directly
divide " replant 6 in. apart each
in shady border
until Oct., then replant in beds.
Pot culture, as
way
advised
for Polyanthus.
POLYANTHUS
CULTURE
OP
herbaceous
: Hardy
perennial. Supposed
the primrose and
to be a hybrid between
cowslip. Plowers,
and edges
various; spring. Classification:
Gold-laced, having centre
blooms
of
various
of bloom
hues
semigolden ; Fancy,
; Hose-in-Hose,
bloom
of
out
bloom
another; Jack-in-the-Green,
double, one
growing
surrounded
by a collar-like calyx; Pantaloons, small, curiously-coloured
blooms.
Polyanthus : Pip (bloom) perfectly
Properties of Gold-laced
fliatand round, slightlyscalloped on
edge, and divided into five or six
Tube
lobes or segments;
or
throat, thrum-eyed, that is, not showing
centre
of lobes or florets to be even
the pistil;Edging and
in width,
of sulphur, lemon
and of same
shade
or
yellow as the eyes, and one
shade
of yellow only in centre; Ground
or
body colour, black or red;
Outdoob
Culture:
for
Same
stiff, strong, erect.
Plower-stem,
as
Pot
Primrose.
Culture
Compost,
two
parts good yellow
fibrous
of equal proportions of thoroughly decayed manure,

Pot in Aug.
Place in snady cold frame
" silver sand.
leaf-mould
in
to frame
north
in
a
aspect after potting until Oct., then transfer
Give
to keep soil moist
between
south
just enough water
aspect.
water
air freelyalways,
freely. Admit
Aug. " March, afterwards
in
with
weather.
Feb.
in
severe
Top-dress
compost of equal
except
loam,
parts
one
loam
part
"
decayed
cow
Apply
manure.
Transfer
to July.
March
in
flower.
when
Repot
aspect
Miscellaneous
Peopagation
:
week
equal parts peat,leaf-mould, "
to cold frame
annually.
species by
loam
345
weak
or
stimulants
greenhouse
seeds sown
in shallow
or
pans
on
with
once-
surface
boxes in
north
of
shady
ENOYCLOPiEDIA
OF
GARDEN
IK
G.
division in spring; P. verticillata

advised for P. sinensis,also by division
" P. floribuuda
as
by seeds sown
surface of
on
after
flowering; primrose " polyanthus by seeds sown
in March
or
in cold frame
April; or
light sandy soil, slightlycovered
after
in shady position in April, likewise by division
outdoors
flowering.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
P.
floribunda, yellow, spring, 6 in., Himalayas;
kewensis, yellow, spring, 6 to 12 in., hybrid; obconica, lilac, spring, 6 to 8 in.,
and
sinensis
spring, 6 to 9 in.,
China;
(Chinese
colours, winter
Primrose), various
China;
verticillata, yellow, spring, 12 to 18 in., Arabia.
HARDY
auricula
colours, 6 in., Europe;
SPECIES:
P.
(Auricula), various
variabilis
(Polyanthus), various, spring, (i in., hybrid; vulgaris (Primrose), various,
(Oxlip), yellow, 6 to 8 in., Britain;
spring, G in., Europe
(Britain); elatior
Allionii, mauve,
alpina, hybrid, violet-purple,
April, rockery, sandy soil, Mentone;
with
soil ;
altaica,Altai
yellow eye,
]\Iountains, mauve
May,
rockery,
sandy
foliage, violet-purple
rockery, san,dy loam;
species, wrinkled
capitata, Himalayan
blue
loam;
clusiana, Tyrol,
or
flowers, autumn,
rockery, moist
partially shaded
6 to 9 in., rockery, loamy
soil; cortusoides, Siberia, 6 to
May,
April and
rose,
layas;
denticulata, Hima10 in., rose,
June, sunny
rockery or border, light, rich loam;
8 to 13 in.,bright lilac,May
to June, sunny
rockery or border, rich, wellmanured
loam
May ; alba, white, and
cashmeriana,
violet-purple, April and
;
of
Sikkim,
it; elwesiana,
purple,
lilac, are
pretty varieties
pulcherrima, dark
rose),
and
leaf -mould
(Bird's Eye Primrookery, loam
June, partially shaded
; farinosa
and
British
July, 6 in., rockery, loam
species, lilac with
yellow eye, June
4 to 8 in.,
and
species, golden-yellow, summer,
peat, moist; floribunda, Himalayan
orange-white eye, March
rockery, ordinary soil ; Forbesii, China, rosy purple with
districts
and
leaf -mould, hardy
in mild
to June, warm
only ;
rockery, sandy loam
and
peat, moist; grandis,
glutinosa, Tyrol, bluish purple, June, rockery, sandy loam
leaf -mould
loam
and
9
involucrata,
in., rockery,
Caucasus,
yellow, summer,
;
to June, 6 in., moist
border, loam
white, yellow centre, March
Himalayas,
creamy
and
loam;
peat; integrifolia, Pyrenees,
April to Jane, rockery, moist
rose,
borders, deep,
japonica, Japan, crimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., partially shady moist
rich loam
(alba a pretty white
variety) ; latifolia, Pyrenees, violet,fragrant, June,
4 to 6 in., sunny
loam;
Switzerland, lilac,
rockery, sandy peat and
marginata,
S. Europe, rose
minima,
April and May, 2 to 4 in., rockery, moist
sandy loam;
or
white, June, 2 in., rockery, moist
sandy loam; Parryi, Rocky
Mountains,
purple,
and
yellow centre, spring, G to 12 in., shady rockery or bed, moist
sandy loam
loam;
peat; pubescens, a hybrid, rosy crimson, April, 3 to 6 in., rockery, moist
and
(alba, Syn. P. nivalis, is a rare
variety of the latter); purpurea,
pretty white
to June, 6 to 8 in., sunny
Nepaul, purple, March
rockery or border, sandy loam
and
Kashmir,
leaf-mould;
carmine,
yellow centre, spring, 4 to 6 in.,
rosea,
rosy
loam
and
Sieboldi
leaf -mould;
(Syn. P.
partially shady rookery or bed, moist
with
white
April and
May, 6 to 12 in., partially shady
eye,
amoena), Japan, rose
and
leaf -mould;
sikkimensis, Sikkim, pale yellow,
bed, well-manured
sandy loam
of water,
drooping, fragrant. May and June, 18 in. to 2 ft., shady beds or margin
leaf -mould;
deep, moist
spectabilis. Eastern
peat and
Alps, rosy
purple, July,
and
3 in., sunny
leaf-mould;
Stuarti, N. India, golden-yellow,
rockery, sandy loam
9 to 15 in., shady
loam
and
leaf -mould;
sandy
rookery or bed, moist
summer,
visoosa
species, rosy purple with white
(Syn. P. villosa),a Pyrenean
spring,
eye,
4 in., shady rookery, sandy loam, peat, and
leaf-mould.
Prince's-Feather
(Amaranthus hypochoudriacus). See Aniacold
in March
frame
or
April,or by
"
ranthns.
Pritchardia.
First introduced
CULTUEE
"
1870.
Ord.
Palmacese.
Leaves
more
Compost,
Stove
or
less
Orn.
palms.
fan-shaped,green.
foliage.
two
" sand.
parts peat " one
part of loam
in
of
stove.
Feb.
to
pots
light part
Pot,
April.
Oct.
to March
; freely afterwards.
Syringe twice
Water
moderately,
to Sept.; once
daily, March
to
daily,Sept. to March.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
Propagate by seeds
iin. deep in light rich soil in temp. 80" to 90", Feb., March
sown
or
April.
SPECIES
wicli
CULTIVATED
Islauds;
Tlnirstoni,
P.
to
4
auroa,
10 ft.,
to 10 ft., Fiji; Mnrtii, 4

Fiji; Tuylstekiana, 4 to
lsiaiul.s.
Privet
(Tjiffustrnmvulgaro\"
Seo
n4{3
Lignstrnm,
to
10
10
ft.. Sand-
ft.. Potomon
BNCXOLOtMutA
OP
Prophet's-flovwer
(Macrotoma
Protea.
Ord. Proteacas.
First introduced
1774.
GAUbMlNO.
Sec
ecliioides),"
Greenhouse
"
Macrctoma.
floweringshrubs.
evergreen
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts light well-decayed turfy loam, one
part equal proportions silver sand, charcoal, broken
pots, freestone, "
peat. Position,light airy greenhouse fullyexposed to sunshine.
Pot,
March.
Drain
of
third
viîth
broken
pots onedepth
potsherds. Pot
March
firmly. Water
afterwards,
to Sept.,occasionally
moderately,
soil
moist.
No
keepingj just
syringing or stimulants required. Stand
in
outdoors
plants
position
sunny
during June, July, " Aug. Temp.,
40" to 50"; March
55" to 65"
to June
frept.to March
Propagate
by cuttings of firm shoots cut off close to a joint,pared quite smooth,
inserted
thinly in small pots half-filled with drainage, " remainder
with
bell-glassin cool part of greenhouse in
pure sand, placed under
summer.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
flora,white, May,
Provence
to
P.
8
Rose
Prumnopitys.
trees.
CULTURE
drained.
or
in., S. Africa;
13
grandi-
^See Rosa.
(Rosa gallicaprovincialis).
Coniferse.
and
Hardy
half-hardy
"
"
Orn.
OP
oordata, purple, spring,
ft., S. Africa.
Ord.
green
ever-
1863.
SPECIES:
Soil, good, deep loam, wellsheltered lawns.
HARDY
Po.'jition,
sunny
April.
CULTURE
OF
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts loam,
leaf-mould.
Position, pots or tubs in light airy greenhouse.
Pot or plant,March
or
April. Water
freely.May to Sept.,moderately
afterwards.
Temp., Sept. to April 45" to 55"; April to Sept. 55" to
65".
in small
shoots inserted
Propagate by cuttings of firm young
pots of sandy loam under bell-glassin temp. 60" to 70", summer.
P. elegans (Plum Kr), Syn. Podooarpus
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
andina, 40 to
50 ft., Chili, hardy;
spicata (Black Pine), Syn. Podocarpus spicata, 50 to 70 ft.,
part
one
New
Zealand.
Prunella.
(Selfheal).Ord.
"
CULTURE
rockery.
replant every
decayed manure
or
Labiatse.
Hardy
herbaceous
nials.
peren-
Soil,ordinary lightrich.
Position, moist shady border
Lift, divide, "
in dry weather.
Mulch
with
stimulants
Apply
during floweringseason.
Propagate by division of roots, Oct., Nov. or March.
CULTIVATED
P. grandiflora, purple, ,Tuly and
SPECIES
:
Aug., 6 in., Europe;
alba
and
its varieties
rubra, or webbiana
(white) and
(red); -vulgaris laciniata,
purple, -Tuly,leaves finely cut, 1 ft., Britain.
Prunus
Double
Chinese
Plum;
Myrobalan
(Plum; Damson;
deciduous
Eosaceae.
and
Ord.
PlumV
trees
"
Hardy
evergreen
Edible
shrubs.
duced:
fruit-bearing,
flowering " orn.
foliage. First intro2
Water
3 years.
or
in March.
"
and
Peach
nectarine, 1562; Almond,
Laurel, 1629; Portugal Laurel 1648.
CULTURE
over-rich
south
or
Distances
standard
OP
AND
PEACH
sandy loam,
well
NECTARINE:
" free
drained,
mon
1548; Apricot,1548; Com-
from
walls, fullyexposed to sun.

planting: Cordons, 18 in.; dwarf
south-west
for
Soil, deep, but not

Position,
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
fan-trained, 15 ft.;
manure.
15 ft.
fan-trained,
Depth of soil above roots, 4 to 6 in.
each:
of
cost
Cordons, Is. 6d.; dwarf fan, 3s. 6d.;
trees,
Approximate
7s.
6d.
Prune, Jan. or Feb.
half " full standard
Fruit borne
fans,
on
old
spurs "
shoots
of
previous years' growth.

347
Do
not
shorten
the
latter
unless
bud.
Remove
to
make
new
side.
each
Protect
blossoms
Feb.
March.
"
apart;
with
3oz.
Train
of
fruit
decayed
April
soot
per
the
size of
for
hazel
nut
10
"
12 in.
apart.
to
to
carry,
artificial
magnesium sulphate, parts

superphosphate forked into the soil
pruning; (3) Jib. kainit, %\t".each
about
in
manures
March;
of
muriate
the
at
of
rate
netting
to
or
in
in.
Average
Mulch
240.
stimulants
April. Apply
or
fish
tiffanyor
of
a
tree
yard, applied
crude
front
size of
walnut
Suitable
Aug.
square
when
March
in
manure
to
sides
full-grown
April,
shoots,
young
of
out
by covering
fruit
off
of branches, "
of previous year's shoots to 6 in.
3 to 6 in. long to the wall.
when
shoots
frost
Tliin
i.e., rub
growing
those
young
from
again when
number
Fruit
Disbud,
issuing from
reducing those
shoots
ones.
buds, pointed, narrow.

May, " June, removing
apart
of
proportion
for
room
back
cut
previous year's shoots
small
if possibleto a triple
tree.
in.
2 to 3
apart all over
fruit
have
borne
that
annually
Wood
buds, conical, downy.
Always
strong.
very
Train
GAUtonntnG.
of
moYoLop^DiA
sionally,
occa-
(1) IJ oz. salt "

1
(2) part (by weight)
potash, 18 parts bone
:
of
7 lb.
per
"
superphosphate
tree
after
nitrate
of
Liquid manure
" cow
1 oz.
to gallon; horse
manure
gallon; guano
Glass:
diluted
one-third
all applied in spring " summer.
TJndee
for
outdoors.
Soil, planting,pruning, manuring, same
as
Temp, for
advised
soda, \\ lb. salt, applied as

of
soda
Joz.
for No.
2.
Nitrate
to
"
forcing : Jan.
65".
40"
when
to
50"
45"
Feb.
55" ; March
to
"
onwards,
55"
to
long. Syringe twice daily

cease;
commencing again when fruit forms,
open, then
" discontinuingwhen
it begins to ripen. Ventilate
freely in summer.
Thin
the
size of a hazel
the fruit when
to 3 or
4 in.
nut
apart; "
to
foot apart. Water
border
as
a
again when
large as a walnut
May, July, " Sept.
thoroughly in Jan. or Feb., again in March,
Pots
Trees
post,
: Comin
Apply stimulants, March, May, July, " Sept.
two
a
parts decayed turfy loam, one
manure,
well-decayed
part
Disbud
until blossoms
shoots
quarter part crushed

each
bushel.
Jan.,
when
in
spring
"
summer,
advised
above.
OF
CULTURE
Position,
May
Duke
Bigarreau
to
remove
"
"
"
or
so
tablespoonfulof superphosphate to
Stand
in a sheltered
trees
till
corner
Water
at
first,
greenhouse.
freely
moderately
in winter.
none
Pruning, manuring, etc., as
CHERRY:
early
the
Soil,rich, sandy; stiff or
standards,
Morello
inch
an
bones,
Nov.
Pot,
are
kinds
pyramids,
on
E.
S.
"
"
able.
gravellyunsuit-
bushes
sunny;
W.
fences;
"
open
walls
or
Plant
standards
N.
walls.
or
25 ft.
horizontal
apart; pyramids, 15ft.;
or
fan-trained, 15ft.; bushtrained, 5 to 8ft.; cordons, 18 in.
Cost
of trees, each:
Cordons,
2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. ; pyramids. Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. ; fan-trained.2s. 6d. to
3s. 6d.; standards. Is. 6d. to 3s. 6d.
Time
to plant, Oct. to Feb.
for standard
Stocks
Depth for roots, 6 in.
trees, seedlingDuke
or
Morello; for dwarf trees, Mahaleb
Cherry. Mode of bearing: Morello
bears fruit along full length of shoot of previousyear'sgrowth; other
of shoots
kinds at base
only, called " spurs." Pruning : Standards,
when
branches
too thick; pyramids " bushes, cut back
simply remove
all shoots to 3 in. in July, except those
required to form branches,
leave
which
6 or
Sin.; cordons, cut all shoots except leading one
"
fan-trained, cut back
side shoots
similarly; horizontal
to 3 in.,
to 6 in. in July; Morello, remove
old or
leading cues
weak
shoots
Winter
consists
of
removal
of
only in Deo.
dead
pruning
or
overon
313
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
6d.
and
staking, standards, 32s.
ing
Cost
of cultivation
^"27.
per acre
dE5; gathering fruit, "7.

returns
bone-meal,
soda, 2J
cwt.
after
CULTURE
south
Average
(gross), ÊlOO;
acre
per
Steamed
OP
dwarfs, 73. 6d.
total,
^"20
lias
to
manuring,
Pruning, 20s. ; annual
7
tons.
Average
yield per acre,
Manures
^"85.
net,
(per acre):
kainit, IJcwt., after pruning; nitrate
3cwt.;
fruit
DAMSON
OABDENING.
OF
of
set.
Soil, moderately rich
deep
loam.
tion,
Posi-
site.
Shape of trees, standard,
aspect, well-drained
bush-trained
5 ft. apart; pyramidal,
bush.
Plant
trees
pyramidal, or
Jan.
15 ft.; standards, 24 ft., in Nov., Dec,
or
Depth for roots, 6 in.
weak
old
branches
shoots "
Prune
in Dec,
or
simply cutting away
of
cost
Manures,
trees, etc.,
moderately shortening strong ones.
same
for
as
plums.
APEICOT
loam, containing
: Soil, light well-drained
rubbish.
S.
walls
in Midlands
Position,
"
plenty
walls in the South.
be
bushes
as
or
North; E. " W.
May
grown
in sheltered
standards
Plant, Sept. to
gardens in S. of England.
for
"
ft.
for
fan-trained
ft.
18
trees.
Fruit
2
Nov.,
cordons,
apart
"
old.
Prune
in
shoots
borne
3
on
Jan.,
shortening
years
spurs, 1, 2,
branches
inch of their base.
to within
not
an
required to form new
Summer
in July, pinching back
side shoots
not
required for
prune
future
branches
to two
leaves.
Disbud, in June, i.e.,rub off all young
in flower with
shoots growing out of front, of branches.
Protect
when
Mulch
with
in hot, dry
roots
decayed manure
tiffanyor fish-netting.
in
Water
Feed
with
advised for
seasons.
summer.
manures
copiously
1
Pot
Thin
ft.
fruit
ovit
to
Culture
Same
:
as
peaches.
early
apart.
for Peaches.
CULTURE
OF
of
old
mortar
CULTURE
Oct.
Plant,
lineal
stock
Feb.
Trim
to
two-year-old.
7s. ; per
MYEOBALAN
OP
occasionallyas
1,000, 35s.
yard,
9d. ;
for
PLUM:
chieflyfor hedges;
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny.
apart to plant, 6 in. Size of plants,
Distance
into shape, June
to 40s.
Cost of
trimming
Used
plums.
per
or
July.
planting
chain, 4d.
Cost
and
Makes
per
100, 5s. to
preparing soU per

an
impenetrable
hedge.
CULTURE
ordinary.
OP
PORTUGAL
AND
shrubberies
or
for Portugal Laurel.
CHER,RT
Position, mixed
LAURELS:
hedges for
Soil, good
Cherry Laurel;
shrubberies
Plant, Sept. to Oct., or in
in
Prune
May.
April, merely shortening straggly growths.
Cheeey
Hedge
Cultuee
Laueel
site 3 ft. wide " 2 ft. deep,
or
: Trench
of
with
soil.
rotten
manure
Plant, 12 in. to 24 in.
mixing plenty
Cost
of
Cost
of
15s.
plants per 100,
apart.
preparing and planting
lineal
Prune
in
9d.
yard,
April.
per
FLOWERING
CULTURE
OP
SPECIES
Position,
: Soil, ordinary.
well-drained
borders
or
shrubberies; Almond
tree.
good town
sunny
lawns
Plant,
or
Oct.
Feb.
Prune
growths after
to
shorten
only
to
cut
away
dead
wood
or
to
P. teiloba
straggly
:
or
flowering.Pot Cultuee
two
Compost,
parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, half a part silver
sand.
Position, cold greenhouse, Jan. to June; outdoors, pots plunged
rim in garden soil, June

to Nov. ; sheltered
corner
or
pit,Nov. to
Jan.
Nov.
Water
Pot,
to Oct.,
Repot annually.
freely,March
Apply stimulants
occasionally,
April to Sept.
Temp, for forcing 55" to 65"
to
Pbopaqation
Peach
and
uectarine
350
by budding in
July
or
Aug.
MlÔtOLOP^DIA
OP
GAliDENINO.
Seedling Almonds
or
Plums;
Cherry by budding in July or Aug.
Mahaleb
Cherry for dwarfs, or seedlingcherry for standards;
St.
riums
or
by budding in July or Aug., on the seedling Damson
ou
on
the
Julien
Plum,
seed; Almonds
Plum
on
reared
cuttings;
from
by
Darnsons
speciesby
by
Myrobalan Plum
seedling Plums;
other
the
and
; Laurels
inserted in sheltered
border
cold frame
or
seeds to produce new
varieties.
on
by
Myrobalan
by budding
Myrobalan Plum
or
in autumn;
ding
budtings
cut-
all kinds
FllUIT-BEARING
Porsioa
SPECIES
: P.
(Peach),rose, April, 15 to 25 ft., China ;
habitat
Isovis (Nectarine) ; communis
(Plum), white, spring, 20 ft., native
Oerasua
unknown;
(Cherry), white, April, 15 to 20 ft., Europe (Britain), etc.;
insititia
Armeniaca
15 to
25
ft., N. China;
(Apricot),blush, Feb. and March,
Pcrsica
(Britain); spinosa (Sloe),white, Jlarcb,

(Damson), white, spring, 20 ft.,
(Bullace),white, April, 10 to 20 ft., Europe

to
15 ft., Europe
(Britain); spinosa
7ar.
Britain.
PLOWEEING
(Almond),
10
SPE01EI3:
P.
Amygdahis
rose,
March
and
April,
SO
to
{Bitter
amara
ft., S. Europe;
flore-pleno, double;
Amygda-lus
Amygdahis
Jan.
to
dulcis
March,
(Sweet
Almond);
Almond);
davidiana,
Amygdalus
rose,
10 ft., China;
nana
(Dwarf
Almond), rose, March, 3 ft., S. llussia; Persica fiore
flore albo
roseo
plena (Double Peach), rose, double, March, 10 to 20 ft.; Persica
Avium
flore
foliis
Persica
pleno
plena, white, double;
rubris, leaves
purple;
(Double
Gean
(Britain); Cerasus
Cherry), white, double, spring, 30 ft., Europe
Uhexii
flore pleno (Double Cherry), white, double, April, 20 ft., Europe;
Japonica
flore pleno albo
Cherry), pink, April, 3 ft., Japan; pseudo-cerasus
(Double Chinese
(Syn. Watereri), white, semi-double, May, 12 ft., Japan; triloba flore pleno, silvery
Padua
May, 5 to 10 ft., China;
(Bird Cherry), white. May, 20 to
rose, double, and
30 ft., Europe
(Britain); virginiaua (Tirginian Bird
Cherry), white. May, 30 to
40 ft., N. America.
BVBRGIIEEN
SPECIES:
P. Laurooerasus
Cherry Laurel), white,
or
(Common
colchica,
spring, 8 to 20 ft., E. Europe, Orient, etc. ; and its varieties, caucasica.
latifolia, etc.; lusitanica
(Portugal Laurel), white, .Tune, 10 to 15 ft., Portugal.
SPECIES
P. cerasifera
MISCELLANEOUS
:
(Myrobalan or Cherry Plum), white,
cerasifera
15 to 20 ft., Caucasus;
March,
atropurpurea
(Purple-leaved Plum), Syn.
Prunus
Pissardii, leaves, purple; communis
Juliana (St. Julien Plum), white, March,
10 ft.; Mahaleb
(Mahaleb or St. Lucie
Cherry), white. May, 10 ft., Europe. Last
30
two
species used
as
stocks.
Pseudwpanax.
shrubs.
"
foliage.
Orn.
Ord.
Araliaceae.
First introduced
1846.
Greenhouse
Leaves,
evergreea
hand-shaped,
shining.
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts loam, peaty leaf -mould, charcoal,
Water
to Oct., modesand.
rately
Pot, Feb. to March.
freely,March
afterwards.
to Sept. 55"
to 60"; Sept.to
Temp., March
March
45" to 55".
ing
Propagate by grafting in heat in spring; insertportionsof roots in light soil in temp. 80" in April.
P. crassifolium, 5 to 10 ft., Kew
CULTIVATED
Zealand.
SPECIES
:
Stove
Ord.
Psidium
Tree).
(Guava
Myrtacese.
evergreen
edible
"
First
introduced
1692.
shrubs.
fruit-bearing.
Flowering
round
Fruit
or
claret-coloured,
pear-shaped,
(berries)yellow or
"
"
aromatic, edible.
Compost, two parts fibrous sandy loam, one part equal

silver sand.
"
manure
proportions dry cow
with
shoots
trained
back
walls of stove, warm
to
beds
pots, tubs, or
Feb.
Prune
Pot
March.
into
or
or
plant,
greenhouse, or vinery.
Feb.
Water
to
wards.
Oct., moderately afterfreely,April
shape annually,
Syringe freely,March, until fruit begins to ripen,then keep
occasionallyafter berries form
Apply weak stimulants
foliagedry.
to Oct.
until fruit ripens. Temp., March
of
firm
shoots 2 to 3 in.
45" to 55".
young
in temp. 75" to 80", spring oi'
long, inserted in sand under bell-glass
CULTUEE
summer.
351
OU' QAnumiNK}.
MNOtCLOPMDtA
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Guava
pomiterum
Brazil;
Guava
pyriferum
(Common
Psoralea
10 to 15 ft.,
oattleianum, white, JUne, fruits flg-lilie,
white, June, fruits apple-like,10 ft.; aud
Guava), white, fruits pear-like, Trop. America.
P.
(Red Guava),
(Scurvy Pea)."
First
flowering snrubs.
Greenhouse
Ord. Leguminosae.
1690.
introduced
green
ever-
Compost, equal parts iibrous loam, peat, " silver sand.

Prune
Pot, Feb. or March.
airy greenhouse.
wards.
afterinto
to
Water
Feb.
moderately
Sept.,
freely,
April
shape,
shade required.
No
stimulants
or
Good drainage essential.
40" to 50".
pagate
Proto Sept. 55" to 65"; Sept. to March
Temp., March
in
inserted
in.
to
of
firm
2
3
shoots,
long,
pots
by cuttings
"
sand,
half filled with drainage, remainder
placed
layer of moss
pure
under
bell-glassin shady part of greenhouse. May or June.
COLTUEE:
SPECIES
summer,
(Hop
"
Flowering
"
foliage. First
orn.
green,
CULTURE
woods.
or
Plant, Nov.
seeds
by
April; layering
Leaves, trifoliate,
1704.
deep
in
sunny
any time.
P.
trifoliata,green,
leaves golden.
May,
to
Spider Fern). Ord.

(Bracken; Brake-fern;
Evergreen and deciduous.
be cooked
6 in. long^ may
Pteris
pagate
Pro-
to Feb.
shape,Dec.
in March
positionoutdoors
shoots
young
aurea,
into
Prune
to Feb.
în.
sown
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
trifoliata
introduced
variegated with yellow.

Position, Open shrubberies, plantations,
: Soil, ordinary.
or
or
3 ft., S. Africa;
white, summer,
P. aouleata, blue and
ft., S. Africa; arborea, blue, June, 6 ft., S. Africa.
trees.
Hardy deciduous
Tree). Ord. Rutaceae.
CULTIVATED:
pinnata, blue,
Ptelea,
"
ft., N.
America;
Filices.
Stove,
shoots
like
eaten
Young
greenhouse," hardy ferns.

of bracken, gathered when
and
Asparagus.
CULTURE
borders
OF
CULTURE
mould,
HARDY
Plant,
woods.
or
peat, "
plant, Feb.
or
Soil,ordinary.
Sept., moderately afterwards.

60" to 70".
Sept. to March
GREENHOUSE
OF
CULTURE
or
Compost, equal partsloam,
pots, beds,
March.
Temp.,
Water
March
SPECIES;
Position, pots, beds,
or
house.
HAEDT
Several
STOVE
or
shady part
abundantly, April to
Pot,
Compost, as above.
rockery in shady part of
moderately Oct. to March.
or
Water
SPECIES
P.
aquilina (Brake
or
leaf-
in
rockeries
April.
to
Oct.;
freely, March
55"
March
to
to
65";
Sept. to March, 50"
Sept.,
Temp.,
fine
on
sown
by spores
sandy peat in well-drained
a0" any time ; dwarf
by
species division of plants, Oct.
March
Position, shady
April.
SPECIES
OP
STOVE
sand.
Position,
Pot
of stove.
SPECIES
Bracken
Fern),
to
55".
pans in
to
or
pagate
Pro-
temp.
April.
ft., JBritain,etc.
varieties.
P.
SPECIES:
aspericaulis, 6 to 8 in., India; aspericaulis tricolor,
and
red ; palmata nobilis, 1 ft., Brazil
white
; quadriaurata
argyrea,
fronds
with white
centres, 1 ft.. Tropics.
SPECIES:
P. Bausei, hybrid ; erotica and
its varieties albo-lineata,
GKEEXHOUSE
its varieties cristata, Kogina:
Wimsettii, Tropics ; ensiformis, and
Mayi, major and
serrulata
and
scaberula, Kew
Zealand;
Victoriffi,Tropics; longifolia, Japan;
(Trembling
(Spider Fern), and its variety cristata, China, Japan, etc. ; tremula
its varieties
See
also
Smithieana,
elegaas and
variegata, Australia.
Fern), and
Pellara.
fronds
green,
(AustralianFeather
Palm). Ord. Palmaceee.
Orn.
foliage. Leaves, feather-shaped,
very
green,
1868.
graceful. First introduced
CULTURE
:
Compost,equal parts loam " leaf-mould, half a part
silver sand.
Position, shady part of stove, warm
servatory;
greenhouse, or conFeb.
tubs.
March.
Water
or
or
Pot,
pots
copiously,
Ptychosperma.
palms.
"
Stove
352
MofOLOp^DIA
Op
GABDENINO.
to Sept.. moderately afterwards.

Syringe freely daily,March
Oct.
Shade
from
sun.
Top-dresslarge plants occasionally with
of
cow
manure.
layer
April to S'ept.
occasionally,
Apply stimulants
March
to Oct., 60" to 75"; Oct. to March,
fc5" to 60".
gate
PropaTemp.,
March
to
by seeds
i"eb., March,
SPECIES
îu. deep in light rich soil
sown
temp. 80'-'to 90",
in
April.
or
CULTIVATED:
P.
elegans, 10 to 20 ft.,Australia; sanderiana, 10
to
20 ft.
Pulmonaria
(Lung-wort; Blue Cowslip; Sage of Bethlehem)."
Ord. Boraginaceae. Hardy herbaceous
herbs.
Orn. foliage. Leaves,
lance shaped, green, spotted with white.
rockeries or
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, partially-shaded
"
borders.
March
Lift
Plant, Oct., Nov.,
or
April.
replant in fresh
soil every 4 or
seeds
5 years.
1-16 in. deep in
sown
Propagate by
soil
in
March
or
ordinary
April; division of
shady positionoutdoors,
roots, Oct.
March.
or
SPECIES
P.
CULTIVATED:
ft., Europe;
ft., Europe.
red
and
Pultensea..
shrubs.
Ord.
introduced
"
First
CTJLTUEE
silver
blue and pink, spring,

or
wort),
Lung(Sage of Bethlehem
(Britain); saccharata, pink, June,
angustifolia(Blue Cowslip),
angustifolia azurca,
"violet,spring, 1
officinalis
blue;
ft., Europe
Legumiuosse. Greenhouse
flowering
evergreen
1792.
parts fibrous peat,
one
charcoal.
Position, light, airy greenhouse.
Well-drained
tial.
Pot, Feb. or March.
pots " firm potting essenWater
Use
soft
freely,April to Sept.,moderately other times.
water
Stand
only. No stimulants
required. Shade unnecessary.
plants in sunny
positionoutdoors during July " Aug.
Temp., Sept.
40" to 50"; March
to March
to July 55" to 65".
Propagate by seeds
of shallow
well-drained
surface
filled with sandy peat,
on
sown
pans,
covered
with fine peat, placed under
bell-glassin temp. 55" to
slightly
65 , MTarch or April; cuttings of firm shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
in sandy peat under
bell-glassin shade in temp. 55" to 65" in summer.
CULTIVATED:
P. oboordata, yellow, April, 3 ft.; rosea, pint, spring,
SPECIES
1 ft. ; stricta, yellow, spring, 3 ft. ; "pillosa,
yellow, spring, 3 ft. All natives of
:
Compost,
sand
two
pounded
"
Australia.
(CucurbitaPepo). See Cucurbita.

Ord.
Lythraceae.
(Pomegranate).
fruit-bearingtrees. Fruits, roundish, golden red.
Pumpkin
"
Punica
"
Hardy
First
deciduous
introduced
1548.
CULTUEE
:
loam, one
Compost, two
parts rich fibrous
part
borders
manure.
thoroughly decayed cow
against S. " S.W. wallsj S. " S.W. England; in tubs, pots, or borders,
with
shoots
against back
trained
in other
borne
trees
moderately
surface
walls.
of
country.
Prune
cool
or
Plant,
cold
houses
Oct.
to Feb.
or
servatories
con-
Train
" fruit
of soil
in
weak
of
extremities
on
wall
shoots only.
Blossom
of shoots
Water
previousyear's growth.
copiouslyin dry weather; indoor trees frequentlyin
thinly to
branches
parts
of the
autumn
annually
with
"
spring; give none
cow
\ in. deep
manure
in
in
March
in winter.
or
door
outmer;
sum-
Mulch
April. Propagate
well-drained

seedlingssinglyinto small
temp. 55" to 65" in spring,transplanting
doors
pots " keeping in greenhouse until followingspring, then plant outin pots. Double-flowered
to grow
continue
sorts by cuttings
or
of firm shoots, 6 to Sin. long, inserted in well-drained pots of sandy
by
seeds
sown
soil in cold frame
or
time ; suckers
3i53
greenhouse any
removed
from
roots
N
OP
lilNorOLOP^DtA
GAUDENING.
transplanted in Oct. or Nov.; layeringshoots

single-floweredspeciesin March.
"
on
SPECIES
P.
CULTIVATED:
flore pleno, double
Granatum
;
Oct.
grafting
Nov.;
or
Granatam
red, June, 13 to 20 ft., Persia;
Granatum,
dwarf.
nana,
Beech
(Fagus ay Ivatica purpurea). See Fagus.
Birch
(Betula alba purpurea). See Betula.
See Trifolium.
Clover
(Trifoliumrepeus purpureum).
Echinacea.
Cone-flower
See
Purple
(Echinacea purpurea).
Colchicum.
Crocus
See
Purple
(Colchicum autumnale).
Elm
Purple-leaved
(Clmus campestrispurpurea). See TJlmus.
Filbert
See
Purple-leaved
purpurea).
(Corylus Avellana
Purple
Purple
Purple
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Corylus.
Purple
Mexican
Aster
(Cosmos bipinuatus). See Cosmos.
Orchis
(Orchis mascula). See Orchis.
Osier
(Salixpurpurea). See Salix.
Rock-cress
(Aubrietia purpurea). See Aubrietia.
Sand
Verbena
(Abronia umbellata). See Abronia.
Side-saddle-flower
See
(Sarraceuia purpurea).
"
Purple
Purple
Purple
PurpBe
Purple
"
"
"
"
"
Sarraconia.
Tassels
Toad-flax
Purple
Purple
Purple
See Muscari.
(Muscari comosum).
(Linariapurpurea). See Linaria.
(Salixpurpurea). See Salix.
"
"
Willow
Wreath
Purple
Purslane
"
(Petraea volubilis).
See Petraea.
Portulacca.
Liliaceae.
Hardy
"
(Portulaccaoleiacea). See
(Striped Squill). Ord.
"
Puschkinia
"
First
floweringplants.
CULTURE
:
drained
border
Protect
Nov.
introduced
Soil, ordinary light sandy.

or
rockery.
Plant
bulbous
1819.
bulbs
4 in.
Position, sunny
deep, 1 in. apart,
wellOct.
or
immediately
planting with covering 1 in. deep of
refuse
cocoanut-fibre
After
or
decayed manure.
flowering remove
surface
Lift
to
to
material,
sun
fully
exposing
protective
ripen bulbs.
2 or
3 years.
seeds
" replant every
sown
Jin. deep in
Propagate by
well-drained
shallow
filled
with
soil
in
light
sandy
Aug. or Sept.,
pans
in
cold
offsets
removed
"
advised
for old
frame;
as
placed
planted
bulbs, Oct. or Nov.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
P. soilloides
(Syn. lihanotioa), white, striped with
soilloides compacta,
dwarf.
blue, spring, 4 in., Asia Minor;
Adonis
Pyrenean
(Adonis pyrenaica)." See Adonis.
Lily
Pyrenean
Pyrenean
See
after
(Liliumpyrenaicum).
"
Meadow
Saffron
See Liliuni.
(Mereudera
bulbocodium)."
Merendera.
Violet
Pyrenean
Pyrethrum
Pyrola
herbs.
CULTURE
moist
April.
(Viola cornuta)." See Viola.

Chrysanthemum.
Ord.
Ericacesp.
(Winter Green).
Hardy
See
perennial
"
partially-shadyborders
or
rockeries.
"
sandy
Plant,
loam.
tion,
Posi-
March
or
Water

Lift, divide, " replant only
when
overgrown.
thinly " slightlycovered
with
intended
very fine sandy peat in position where
to grow,
March
or
April ; division of roots March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
ivhite
media,
Avjonoa;
summer,
in.,
Europe
oUiptica, white, fragrant, summer

4
summor,
in., Brit;kiu; minor, white
(Britain); rotundifolia, white, fragrant, summer
P.
and
rod,
354
in
and" red'
6
in.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pyrus
(Apple; Pear;
Eowan
GARDMNING.
OF
Crab;
Cordons,
18
Beam
in.; bush-trained
sheltered
Position, open,
Feb.
trees, 12ft.;
Aah;
deciduous
Hardy
Rosacese.
"
Mountain
Quince;
Medlar;
Tree;
Tree). Ord.
fruit-bearing" iioweringtrees " shrubs.
CULTURE
APPLE
OP
: Soil, deep loam.
N.W.
walls.
E.
or
gardens,
Plant, Nov. to
White
ing:
plantpyramids, 12ft.; fanfor
Distance
trained trees, 15 ft. ; espaliers,

18 ft. ; standards, 21 to 24 ft.
from paths: Pyramids, 5ft.; bush-trained, 2 ft. 6 in.
Mode
Distance
of bear
of previous
of shoots
" base
older branches
on
ing : On spurs formed
from
Fruit
buds
be
year's growth.
distinguished
growth buds
may
Summer
four
leaves
cluster.
in
a
by having
growing
pruning ; Shorten
about
1 in
latent
bud
cordon
trees to the second
on
Remove
tiae
their base
in June;
leave the leader
unpruned.
in
"
bushes
of
the
shoots
July;
on
points
strongest young
pyramids
to the wall
leave the weak
untouched.
Secure
ones
suitably-place.l
" shorLsn
future
form
shoots
of
fan-trained
trees
to
branches,
young
of each
in
Allow
the
leaves
to
two
ones
extremity
remaining
July.
two
side
or
to
unchecked
shorten
to
"
branch
growths
espalier
grow
all side shoots
"
"
from
in July.
Standards
summer
pruning.
require no
to
winter
secondary shoots of cordons
pruning : Shorten
further
base
within
lin.
of their
in Sept.; no
pruning required.
of bushes
"
Shorten
all shoots, except leading ones,
pyramids to
to 6 or Sin. in Nov.
within
in Sept.; leading shoots
2 in. of their base
fan-trained
2 in. of base
Prune
all side shoots
trees;
to within
on
leading shoots, intended to form new branches, to 6, 9, or 12 in. in Nov.
Espalierside shoots shorten to 2 in. in Aug. or Sept.; leaders at end of
dards,
12 in. in Nov.
branches
to 6, 9, or
Simply thin out branches of stanleaves
three
Autumn
"
quite open,
newly-planted trees with
keep
Mulch
centre
shorten
"
thick
any
layer of
extra
vigorous
manure.
shoots.
Root
prune
third year
fruitful. Gather
fruit
cordon, bush, " pyramid trees to keep them
from
vertical
it
to a horizontal
a
when, on lifting by the hand,
tion,
posithe tree.
Store in dark, cool, frost-proof
it readily parts from
:
manures
(1) Superphosphate of
room
(temp. "l" to 45"). Chemical
of
10
nitrate
lime
salt,
12 parts (by weight);
potash,
parts; common
phate
4 parts ; sulphate of magnesia, 2 parts ; sulphate of iron, 1 part ; sulTo be appliedat the rate of \ lb. per square
of lime, 8 parts.
vigorous unfruitful
trees
in
Lift
Sept.
"
replant every
in Marcli
or
April. (2) Equal parts (by weight) kainit, sulphate
To be appliedat the rate of 6 lbs.
of soda, " superphosphate of lime.
Natural
after
manures
: (3) Decayed
cow
tree
manure
pruning.
per
soil
in
Nov.
surface
roots
of
Dec.
over
or
on
(4)Poultry dung
spread
yard
appliedin
in autumn
manner.
(5)Soapsuds appliedliberally
urine
"
horse
or
cow
manure
Liquid
(6)
applied at any
used for budding or grafting; Crab " seedling apple for
similar
winter.
tinje. Stocks
"
for
Paradise
trees.
dwarf
standards;
English
for cordons
" very
3 in.
pyramids " bushes; French Paradise

sorts by seeds sown
Propagate for new
graftingin March, or budding in July "
deep outdoors in March;

to perpetuate existingvarieties.
Aug.,
Ma-bket
Obchaed
and
Position, land
Plant, Oct.
302.
to
12ft.
Cost of
dwarfs,
trees, ^"8;
March.
Trees to
Culttjbe
soil.:
Soil, loam
overlying cla.ysubS.E. or
S.W., just above
a
valley.
for planting: Standards,
Distances
20ft. ;
sloping to
plant a
planting a statute
preparing land, "S;
statute
acre:
manure,
355
acre
Standards, 108 ; dwarfs,

trees, ^"9; dwarf
^"8; planting and staking
:
Standard
n2
standard
of
Cost
trees, 323. 6d.

cultivation:
GARDENING.
OF
-ENCYCLOPMVIA
dwarf
Pruning
gathering fruit, "7.

Average yield per
Manures;
(gross),d"60; ditto (net),^645.
kainit, IJcwt. per
acre,
applied when fruit

applied in winter.
CULTUEE
has
or
set;
20
acre
E.
of
walls for early sorts.

to
Plant, Nov.
chemical
advised
"
manures
as
stocks,
except
rate
Kainit,
of
4 lbs.
soda
average
"b;
return
per
manure
clay soil
for
and
of soda, Icwt.,
nitrate
farmyard
garden
N.
at
tons
3 cwt.,
Superphosphate,
pruning;
tons
sheltered
trees; open
espalier-trained
manures
:
Soil, deep rich loam;
walls, fences, or arches,
PBAES
OF
Position, S., W.
applied
after
or
."22.
trees, 7s. 6d. ; total cost, i"2C tc

manuring,
20s.; annual
acre,
per
acre
unsuitable.
cordons,
fan,
or
for pyramids or bushes;

Cultural
Feb.
details,
for the apple. Chemical
parts (by weight) ; superphosphate,1 part. Apply

March.
or
Apply also nitrate of
per tree in Feb.
4
in liberal quantitiesonce
per gallon of water
Pear
for standards;
Stocks:
Common
quince
Sept.
for pyramids, bushes, " cordons.
Market
Orchabd
Culture
Soil, light loam
over
and
:
clay
for apples. Average yield
soil. Position
and other details as advised
5 tons;
return
(net), ."35.
acre,
(gross), ."50; ditto
per
average
Manures:
"
acre
kainit,
Bonemeal,
3cwt.,
IJcwt. per
applied after
of
of
20 tons
nitrate
when
fruit
has
2^cwt.,
or
soda,
set;
pruning;
for
advised
the
in
winter.
manure
as
farmyard
Propagate
apple.
MEDLAPi
tered
CULTUEE
OP
:
Soil, light,moist loam.
Position, shelwalls
fences.
or
on
or
or
as
orchards;
garden
espaliers
grown
for apples. Gather
Plant
in autumn.
Prune
espaliers as advised
after one
Store in any light,warm
two sharp frosts.
fruit in Nov.
or
excellent
pagate
Fruit
makes
place till semi-rotten, then eat.
jelly. Profruit
seeds
in
soil
in
heat
is
as
sown
as
soon
gentle
by
light
in
in
Hawthorn
or
on
or
July
grafting
Quince
ripe; budding
April,
at
the
rate
week, July
OF
CULTUEE
standards
of \
oz.
to
QUINCE
in orchards
or
also be grown
fan-trained
advised
for apples and
as
from
other
fruits.
away
outdoors
sown
when
seedling Quinces,
walls.
Plant
Position,
loam.
gardens, margins
low-lying
in
of
water.
as
May
Prune
November.
Gather
fruit
in
Store
pears.
Makes
nice jelly. Propagate by seeds
a
budding in July, or grafting in March
on
against
ripe;
Pears,
Soil, light,rich moist
or
Whitethorn
OF
FLO WEEING
SPECIES
CULTUEE
shrubs.
layering in
autumn.
summer.
trees and
Hardy deciduous
borders
for
shrubberies
or
W.
tall species;S., S.W.,
walls
for P. Maulei.
or
of latter
Fruit
Plant, Nov. to Feb.
Prune, Dec. to Feb., shorten
species edible.
of P. spectabilis to within
2 in. of
ing previous year's side shoots
to
12 in.
Other
6, 8, or
base, leading shoots
species require no
pruning beyond thinning out branches.
3 in. deep in sandy soil in sunny
positionoutdoors in March; cuttingsof
shoots
in ordinary soil outdoors
in autumn;
layering in autumn;
grafting in March.
OF
CULTUEE
trees
"
shrubs.
ordinary.
to
Feb.
P.
budding
on
common
MISCELLANEOUS
Orn.
pear
SPECIES:
seeds
sown
fin.
356
or
quince in July;
deciduous
Hardy
and
fruit-bearing. Soil,
woodlands.
or
Plant, Nov.
thinning out branches.'
Propagate
deep, " 1 in. apart in ordinary
foliage; also berry
shrubberies
Position, sunny
Prune, Deo. to Feb., simply
aucuparia by
well
Nov.,
to
in
planting near
for
adapted
April;
or
heavy soils,
deciduous
in.; light
the
Q. Ilex
woods.
shrubberies, fields, "
well-drained
open,
OABDMNING.
OF
ENCYCLOPJEDIA
Plant
sea.
evergreen
Depth
Feb.
Distance
Oct.
ones,
soils, 9 in.
to
apart
Q.
"
Cerris
kinds, Sept.
planting
for
for
deciduous
for shelter, 6 to 10 ft. ; for

used
kinds ip
in Dec. ; evergreen
oaks
hedges,
in
sand
until
stored
in
autumn,
gathered
April. Propagate by acorns
when
each
2
in.
then
"
3
Transplant
sown
m.
way.
March,
deep
apart
" plant in permanent positionwhen
one
year old 12 iu. apart each way,
on
four
old.
Also choice kinds
three
or
by grafting in March
oaks, 20
oaks,
evergreen
Prune
deciduous
ft. ;
25
to
6 ft.
4 to
years
oak.
common
DATA
USEFUL
Average
its assumed
Cowthorpe;
cartwheel
work,
cabinet
largesttrees,
of
180
of oak
age
tree, 2,000 years.
Supposed
ft.
oak
oldest
iu
used
meter
Average diaEngland, the
Timber
for building,
1,800 years.
spokes, fencing, barge building, etc.; very
age
Average value per cubic foot. Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. Weight of
of cubic ft. per ton, 42.
One bushel
Number
cubic
ft., 53 lb.
per
Avoid oak trees during thunderstorms.
of acorns
will yield 7,000 trees.
Average priceof oak bark per ton. Mi 10s. Average cost of fellingand
Average
harvesting bark per ton, ^1 10s. Average profitper ton, "2.
for
150.
number
of cubic ft. of bark
ton,
prices
Average
seedling
per
durable.
oak
trees
to
cubic
old, 10s. to 12s. ; two-year old, 18s. to 20s. ; older, 25s.

1,000. Average cost of felling oak trees, 3s. per ton (42
Oneyear
30s.
per
ftf).
:
Q. Ilex (Evergreen Holm
(Cork Oak), 25 ft,/ S. Europe.
SPECIES:
DECIDUOUS
(Turkey Oak), 50
Q. Cerris
and
Tarieties fulhamensis, laoiniata
variegata ; coccinea
SPECIES
suber
EVERGttEES
terranean
Holly Oak), 60 ft.,Medi-
or
Region;
70 ft., S. Europe,
and
its
(Scarlet Oak), 50 to 70 ft.,
Mirbeokii, 50 to
N. America;
(Burr Oak), 30 to 40 ft., N. America;
macrocarpa
70 ft., Spain, and
N. Africa;
Oak, 100 to
pedunculata (Syn. Q. Eobns), the Common
120 ft., Europe
fastigiata (Cypress Oak), filicifolia
(Britain),Asia; and its varieties
rubra
(Red
Oak):
(Fern-leaved Oak), and
pendula (Weeping
Oak), 50 to "0 ft.;
100 to 120 ft., Europe (Britain) and
Asia.
sessiliflora,
Quick
to
(Crataegusoxyacantha).- See Crataegus.

Thorn
(Crataegusoxyacantha). See Crataegus.
(Pyrus cydonia). See Pyrus.
See Chenopodium.
"
Quick-set
Quince-tree
"
"
Quinoa.
Combretaceie.
Ord.
Stove
Quisqualis
(Rangoon Creeper).
shrub.
Deciduous.
introduced
First
1815.
climbing flowering
CULTURE
two parts loam, one
: Compost,
part peat, " a little sand.
pot or tub, or in a bed with shoots trained up
Prune
rafters.
shoots moderately close after flowering.
Pot, Feb.
Water
of
freely, April to Oct.; keep nearly dry remainder
year.
Syringe daily,April to Sept. Shade from mid-day sun only. Propagate
by cuttings of young shoots taken off with a small portion of old
in sandy soil in small
stem
attached, " inserted
pots under a bell-glass
in a temp, of 75" to 85" in spring.
"
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Q. indica. orange-red, fragrant,
summer,
10
to
15
ft.,
India.
Rabbit-berry
Radish
(Shepherdia argentea)." See Shepherdia.
(Raphanus sativus). ^See Raplianus.

ivy (Hedora helix rtegneriana). See Hedera.
Ramondia
(Rosette Mullein)." Ord. Gesiier;u'o".
ceous
Hardy herba1731.
perennial. Flowering. First introduced
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Two
parts sandy pent, one
part leaf-mould.
of moist, well-drained
Position, fisurea or recesses
sluidy rockeries, or
"
Raegner's
"
3.58
ENOYOLOPJEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
in
or
partiallyshady peaty beds or borders.
April.
Plant, March
oftener
disturbed
be
weather.
not
Should
in
occasionally dry
than is absolutelynecessary.
POT
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts peat, one part equal proportions
Water
leaf-mould
Position, shady, well-ventilated

or
moderately
or
April
4J-in. pots. Water
to
No
lants
stimuafterwards.
Sept., moderately
April
Eepot annually.
of
seeds
the
surface
required. Propagate .by
sown
on
sandy peat
in well-drained
pots or pans under
bell-glassin cold, shady frame
or
or
April.
greenhouse,March to May; division of plants,March
of
frames.
"
silver
sand.
Pot, March
SPECIES
in 3
CULTIVATED:
B.
Heldreichii,
pyrenaica (Uosette Mullein), -violet,

sunamer,
Rampion
yiolet,
to
(Campanula rapunculus).
"
Rcincii"ii
Ord.
Eubiacete.
Stove
First introduced
1733.
Climbing.
CULTUEE
decayed manure
plant stove.
March.
65".
Water
Compost,
Pot
part loam,
one
charcoal.
"
plant,
or
shrubs.
part peat, one part wellpots, or beds in
one
Feb.
into
Prune
March.
or

Oct. to Feb., freelyafterwards.
or
Temp.,
(except when
moderately
in bloom), March
healthy plants in
March
flowering
evergreen
"
in., Thessaly;
summer,
in., Pyrenees.
See Campanula.
to
Feb.
55" to
shape,
March
Syringe daily
sionally
occaSept. Apply liquid manure
flower.
old
to two
Plants
one
years
side
best blooms.
pots of sandy peat
under
in temp. 75" to 85", Jan. to April.
bell-glass
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
R.
10 to 20 ft., Trop.
maorantha,
yellow, summer,
to
produce
the
Africa.
Creeper
(Quisqualisindica). See Quisqualis.
of
(Crow-foot; Fair Maids of France; Pair Maids
nuals;
Butter-cup). Ord. Eanunculaceae.
Hardy " half-hardy anherbaceous, tuberous-rooted, and aquatic perennials.
Rangôon
"
Ranunculus
Kent;
"
CULTUEE
Dutch,
"
OF
Scotch
part decayed
cow
TUBEEOUS-EOOTED
Eanunculus)
for
manure
(Turban, Persian,
SPECIES
Soil, two
fine
parts good sandy loam " one

blooms
; good ordinary soil,enriched
for general culture.
Position, open,
leaf-mould
borders.
Plant
beds or
varieties in
Turban, Scotch, " Dutch
sunny
sheltered
sian
Oct. or Nov., in warm
districts;end of Feb. otherwise; PerPlace tubers
claw-side
downwards
2 in. deep
kinds, end of Feb.
in beds; 2 in. deep " 4 in. apart in rows
" Sin. apart if to be grown
in lines in border.
if to be grown
Press tubers firmly in
5 in. asunder
with fine soil. Protect
soil " cover
autumn-planted tubers with mulch
Mulch
in April with rotten
leaves.
of manure
manure
or
or
cocoanut
Water
fibre refuse.
copiouslyin dry -weather.
Sprinkle Peruvian
of 1 oz. per square
at the rate
the bed
leaves
on
yard when
guano
of nitrate
each
of
manures
oz.
J
soda,
liquid
Apply
appear.
phosphate,
super" sulphate of iron to 1-gall. of water
aweek
from
once
flower
until
buds
Lift
tubers
when
flowers
time leaves
open.
appear
turn
fade " leaves
yellow-"generallyearly in July dry them in the
in
sand in cool place till planting time.
"
store
away
sun,
SPECIES
HAEDY
OP
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
CULTUEE
border.
Oct.,
Plant,
Nov., March
or
shady
April. Lift,
or
partially
soil
in
fresh
Mulch
"
triennially.
divide,
replant
annually in March
with
rotten
manure
"
"
"
"
with
decayed
CULTUEE
shady
border
manure.
OF
TENDEE
at base
of wall
SPECIES:
or
fence;
359
Soil, sandy peat.

or
in
Po.sition,
pots standing in
shallow
of
enctolopjEdia
of
pans
Plant
in
when
times
as
soon
as
cool
in
water
frame
or
grown
ripe in
Pot, Feb.
dry weather,
in
freely outdoors
in pots. Repot annually. Propagate by
filled
or
1-16 in. deep in boxes
autumn
pans
parts loam, leaf-mould,
"
sand,
"
placed in
cold frame
March.
or
March.
or
greenhouse.
Water
March.
gardening.
also
with
all
at
seeds
sown
equal
cool greenhouse;
kinds by division in Oct. or

yellow, spring, 3 ft.. Canaries.
SPECIES
TENDER
: 11. oortusiefolias,
asiatious
E.
(Turtan, Persian, Frencli, Datch,
SPECIES;
TDBEnOUS-EOOTED
6 to 12 in.. Orient.
Scotch
and
llanununculus), various colours, BUramer,
aooniti12
to 18 in., Europe;
R.
white,
May,
HARDT
SPECIES:
aoonitifolius,
cup
flore pleno (Double Butteraoris
of France), double:
flore pleno (Fair Maids
folius
1 to 2 ft., Europe
(Britain); alpestris,
Bachelor's
Buttons), yellow, spring
or
4 in., Europe;
amplexioaulis, white. May, 6 to 12 in., S. Europe;
white, summer,
(Britain); bullatns, orange
bulbous
flore pleno, yellow, double, spring, 1 ft., Europe
and
Region ; glacialis, white
tender, Mediterranean
yellow. May, 1 ft., rather
6 in., Arctic
Regions; gramineus flore pleno, yellow, spring,6 to
rose,
summer,
3 to 4 ft., Europe
(Britain);
8 in., Europe;
lingua (Spearwort), yellow, summer,
Zealand;
monspeliacus,
Lily), white, spring, 2 to 3 ft.. New
Lyallii (Eockwood
pamassifolius, white, .Tuce, 6 in.,
Region;
yellow, spring, 1 ft., Mediterranean
herbaceous
"
Europe.
Rape
(Brassica napus). See Brassica.
Used
Hardy annual.
Raphanus
(Radish)."Ord. CruoiferiE.
white
and
1548.
introduced
Flowers,
First
extensively for salads.
white
shades.
crimson
and
round
oval,
or
purple; May. Roots, lone,
"
nary.
RADISH:
COMMON
Soil, Ught, ordiOF
first
"
last
border
for
south
sowing; cool,
Position, warm
for
first crop in
intermediate
Sow
for
partiallyshady ones
crops.
and
Bin.
1
in
drills
in.
or
Feb., either broadcast
deep
apart; succesuntil Oct.
at intervals of a month
eional crops in similar manner
Longfor summer.
" oval ones
rooted
kinds
best for spring sowing; round
Thin
when
to 1 in. apart. Water
three leaves form
copiouslyin dry
for
weather
Seed required, J oz.
square
yard,or \ oz. for a row 50 ft.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
sulphate of ammonia, 2 oz. superphosphate,

a
once
4 oz. iron sulphate to 1 gall,of water ; to be applied
time
to
from
week
seedlings are 1 in. high. (2) J oz. Peruvian
guano
1 gall,of water
applied as No. 1. (3) J oz. nitrate of soda to 1 gall,
of water
applied as No. 1. (4) \ lb. of native guano per square yard,
hotbed
of manure,
forked
in before sowing.
cover
a
Forcing : Make
long.
with
Manures
4 in. of
fine
(1)J
oz.
mould,
kainit, 1
"
place
oz.
frame
o/er
it.
Sow
seeds
thinly,
with mould,
moisten
with tepid water, " keep close until
lightlycover
good
seedlingsappear, then admit air daily. Thin early to ensure
be made
in Dec,
second
in Jan., third in
First sowing should
roots.
Feb., and
to
use
March.
Long-rooted
as
CULTURE
Introduced
May,
when
fourth
in
advised
for outdoor
as
Apply stimulants
best
varieties
for forcing. Seeds
germinate in
for 5 to 10 years.
retain vegetative powers
3 to 5 days and
Crop
reaches
maturity in 5 to 6 weeks.
OF
SPANISH
RADISH
seeds in drUls 1 in. deep
CULTURE
Sow
:
Thin
" 6 in. apart in July or Aug.
seedlings when lin. high to 6 in.
directed
as
freelyin dry weather, " apply stimulants
apart. Water
Lift roots in Nov. " store in sand
for ordinary kinds.
in a cool shed
kinds.
required.
OF
RAT-TAILED
RADISH
(R. caudatus) : Nat. Java.
Sow seeds in drills lin. deep " 6 in. apart in April,
June.
Thin
to 6 in. apart when
1 in. high. Gather
seed pods
or
for
with
"
or
salads,
pickling,mixing
cooking eating,like
grown
1815.
asparagus.
Mabkbt
Cultubb:
Soil, light
rich.
860
Plough
or
dig
in
previous
MoyoLOP^DiA
autumn
sowing
5 tons
of stable
in 3 cwt.
harrow
GAiiDEIÎlfd.
dp
dung
and
of kaiuit
2 cwt.
per
acre.
Before
i^
When
crop
superphosphate per
half grown
in.
1
in
drills
1
Sow
cwt.
soda
nitrate
of
apply
per acre.
" April for early crops;
May, June
deep and 1 ft. apart in Feb, March
" July for late crops.
beds
Roll light soil before sowing.
Sow also on hotbest
for
Jan. for very early crops.
outdoor
rooted
kinds
in
Long
Thin
early crops; turnip-rootedfor later ones.
crops early to 2 in.
weeks
after sowing; late
to
4
to
5
apart. Early crops ready
gather
weeks.
Market
12
6
in
small
bunches
to
roots, according to
ones,
(6
size and
and
sell
the
dozen
bunches.
by
Average price per
season),
dozen
bunches, 3d. to Is.
Average yield per acre,, 1,200 bunches.
Quantity of
ounce,
seed to sow
1,000. Time to
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
tail Radish), Java.
"
Raphiolepis
hardy evergreen
of
an
acre.
acre,
4 to 5
germinate,4 to 6
B.
satiTUs
pecks.
Number
of seeds
in
an
days.
Iladisli),Europe;
iCommon
oandatna
(Rat-
Ord.
Eosacese.
Half-hardy
(Indian Hawthorn).
introduced
1806.
shrubs.
First
flowering
"
CULTURE
" silver sand.
Position, S.
: Soil, equal parts peat, loam
S.W.
borders
for half-hardy species; sunny
walls, well-drained
rockeries
for hardy species. Plant, Sept., Oct.
sheltered
borders
or
into shape, April. Protect
halfPrune
shoots
or
April.
straggling
with mats
hurdles.
weatner
straw
or
hardy speciesin severe
POT
OF
CULTURE
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES:
Compost, as above.
in
cold
or
greenhouse
pit, Sept. to May ;
pots
Water
March.
Feb.
to
or
outdoors.
Pot,
place
Sept.
May
sunny
afterwards.
No
stimulants
to
quired.
reOct.,
copiously April
moderately
inserted
2
3
of
firm
in.
to
shoots,
by
long,
cuttings
Propagate
in compost oi equal parts sand, peat, " loam, under
bell-glassor handlight in cold frame, Aug. to Nov.
SPECIES;
R.
10 to 15 ft., Japan.
HARUT
japonica, -white, fragrant, summer,
HALF-HARDT
SPECIES:
i to
R. indioa
(Indian Ha-wthorn), white, summer,
"
ft., China.
Raspberry
(Rubus idaeus).See Rubus.
See Rubus.
Raspberry-Blackberry."
Rat's-tail
Cactus
(Cereus flagelliformis).See Cereus.
Radish
Rat-tailed
(Raphanus caudatus). See Raphanus,
Rattle-root
(Cimicifugaracemosa). See Cimicifuga.
Rattle-snake
Fern
(Botrychium virginianum). See Botry"
"
"
"
"
chium.
Rattle-snake
Ravenala
Plant
(G-oodyerapubescens). See Goodyera.
Stove
green
everTree). Ord. Scitaminacese.
(Traveller's
Orn.
Leaves,
large,
foliage.
perennials.
very
green.
CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts good loam, one part well-decayed
"
"
sand.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds in lofty sunny
to April. Water
Jan.
copiouslyFeb. to Oct,
plant,
about once
Syringe twice dailyFeb. to Sept.,
fortnightly afterwards.
Moist
lants
once
atmosphere essential. Apply stimudaily Sept. to Feb.
to Oct.
to
twice or three times
weekly, March
Temp., March
60" to 70.
Oct. 70" to 85" ; Oct. to March
Propagate by suckers removed
from
parent plant" placedin pots in temp. 75" to 85" any time of year.
CULTIYATED
guianensis, 10 to 15 ft.,S. America; madagaBcarensia
SPECIES
: R.
(Traveller's Tree), 10 to 15 ft., Madagascar.
Stove palm. Orn. foliage. Leaves,
Ord. Palmaceaa.
Ravenea.
1878.
First introduced
feather-shaped,green.
" sand.
CULTURE:
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
abundantly March
Position,shady, moist.
361
manure,
"
steve.
PoE
part
one
or
"
ENCYCLOPJiDIA
Oct.
to
afterwards.
moderately
GABDENtNti.
OF
March
Temp.,
Propagate by
60" to 65".
Sept. to March
of light soil in temp. 85" in March.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Hildebrandtii,
B.
seeds
to
10
Sept.70"
to
sown
85";
to
deep
in.
in
pots
Islands.
ft., Comoro
Ravenna.
Grass
(Erianthus Eavennae). See Erianthus.
Red
Alder
(Cunonia capensis). See Cunonia.
Red
Buckeye
(iEsciilus
Pavia). See JSsculus.
Red-bud
(Cercis canadensis). See Cercis.
Red
Californian
Cedar
(Libocedrusdecurrens). See
"
"
"
"
"
Libo-
cedrus.
Red
Red
Red
Red
Cedar
(Juniperusvirginiana). See Juniperus.

"
Currant.
Eibes.
amabilis). See
See
"
Fir
(Abies
Helleborine
Abies.
"
See CepUalauthera.
(Cephalauthera rubra).
Red-hot-poker-plant
(KniphoHa aloides)."See Kniphofia.
Red-ink-plant
(Phytolacca decandra). See Phytolacca.
Red
Maple
(Acer rubrum). See Acer.
Red
Oak
(Quercus rubra). See Quercus.
Red
Osier
(Salix rubra)." See Salix.
Red-root
(Ceanothus americanus). See Ceanothus.
Red
Side-saddle-flOVtfer
See Sar(Sarraceuia rubra).
"
"
"
"
"
"
racenia.
Red
Star
Red
Valerian
Red-veined
Reed
Grass
Reed
Mace
Rehmannia.
herb.
First
Lily
(Lilium concolor). See Lilium.

(Ceutranthus ruber). See Centrantlius.
Rhubarb
(Rheum Emodi). See Rheum.
(Cortadeira conspicua). See Cortadeira.
(Typha latifolia).See Typha.
"
"
"
"
"
Ord.
Scrophulariacese.
introduced
1835.
"
Half-hardy pcrenuial
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
: Soil, moist
sandy peat. Position, partially
at base of walls running E. " W.
borders
or
or
Plant, March
Mulch
April. Water
liberallywith cocoanutfibre refuse or decayed manure
in April. In cold districts it is best to
lift plants in Oct. ; place in pots " store in cold frame
or
pit until
followingMarch, then plant out.
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy peat, one
part leafmould.
pots in cold frame, pit, or greenhouse.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
wards.
liberally
April to Oct., moderately afterweak
stimulants
week
a
once
Apply
during floweringperiod.
Shade
from
essential.
bright sun
Propagate by cuttings of stout,
2
in.
3
to
in
shoots,
handhealthy
long,
sandy soil under bell-glass
or
shady
light,in
cold
frame
or
greenhouse, July
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Japan.
Reineckea.
R.
"
sinensis,
to
Oct.
purpfe,April,
Ord.
Liliaceae.
Hardy
to
herbaceous
ft., China
perennial.
orn.
1792.
Flowering
Leaves
or
striped with creamy
yellow.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary g;ood. Position, sunny
rockeries
variegatedvariety as edgings to borders.
Plant, March
"
Lift, divide "

weather.
SPEOIUS
Japan
Rein
replantevery
three
CULTIVATED;
carnea
11.
or
of
ciivnoa,
four
green,
or
ders;
bor-
April.
copiouslyin dry
or
AVater
in March
or
April.
pink, fragrant, April, 6 in., China
and
years.
creepingrhizomes
varicgata, variegated.
Orchis
and
See
(Habonaria eiliaris).
"
302
Habeuaria.
ENCYOLOPJEDIA
Reinwardtia
OF
(East
Indian
GARDENING.
Flax; Winter
Greenhouse
Flax)." Ord.
shrubs.
First
evergreen
floweringCULTURE
;
"
March
or
April. Prune previous year's shoots
base in Feb. or March.
Position, warm
Linaceae.
1779.
introduced
little sand.
Pot,
1 in. of their
to within
greenhouse Sept. to June, cold
frame
times.
June
Sept.
to
peat,
Water
moderately Oct. to March, freely

stimulants
to Sept. Apply weak
Temp., Sept. to Feb. 55" to 65" ; Feb. to
65" to 70".
June
shoots
in June
to induce
Nip off points of young
serted
bushy growth. Propagate by cuttingsof shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inin sandy soil under
in temp. 65" to 75" in April or May.
bell-glass
sunny
other
Syringe twice
when
in flower.
occasionally
daily Feb.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
K.
tetrag-yna, yello-w, -winter, 3 ft.;
Linum
3 It. .Both
ti-igynum), yellow, autumn,
natives
of India.
Renanthera.
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
"
shy-blooming plant. First

OUIjTUEE
: Fix
plant to
Stove
trigyna
epiphytal
(Syn.
A
orchids.
introduced
1816.
blocks of wood
or
of dead
stems
tree ferns
wire.
twice
roots
March
to Oct.,
Syringe
daily
copper
about
Shade
afterwards.
once
a week
from
mid-day svin ; expose fully
to light other
times.
to Oct. ; resting period,
Growing period,March
Oct. to March.
March
to
65"
60"
to 85"; Sept.to March
Temp.,
Sept.
to 70".
division
of
time.
at
Propagate by
pseudo-bulbs potting
by
of
means
SPECIES
8
CULTIVATED
11.
coecinea,
orange,
red, and
crimson,
summer,
to
ft., Burma.
Reseda
(Mignonette).
"
annual.
First
Ord. Eesedaceae.
introduced
1752.
perennial,but usually
grown
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary, containing old mortar
or
slaked lime.
seeds
Sow
Position, sunny
beds, borders, or rockeries.
in March
or
rows
or
I in. deep in masses
April. Thin seedlings when
1 in. high to 2 or 3 in. apart. Water
lants
freely in summer.
Apply stimuas
an
occasionallywhen
in flower.
In
dry positionsplants will
warm,
the
survive
INDOOR
for several years.

winter
outdoors
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts loam,
old mortar
" silver sand.
Sow
March
or
manure,
flowering,July
Aug.
or
winter
for
5 or 6 seeds
J in. of rim, sow
in temp. 55" to 65".
When
in
Fill
spring.
"
each,
cover
with
leaf-mould, dried
April for summer
3 in.
pots to within
soil," place
1-16 in. of
seedlingsare
1 to 2 in. high, transfer

bodily
disturb
roots as little as possible.
floweringpots (5in.).
Pinch
off points of main
Water
moderately at first,freely afterwards.
of bloom
is required.
shoots
3 in. high if abundance
when
Apply
to 1 gall,of water
week
from
stimulants
time
a
once
J oz. ammonia
till blooms
flower spike forms
expand.
MIGNONETTE
TREE
: Insert
cuttingssinglyin 2-in. pots in spring
well-rooted. Nip
Transfer
to
55"
65".
to
larger pots when
in temp.
stem
to grow
feet high, then
or
one
more
off all shoots " allow main
form
at
shoots
Shorten
let
from
side
these
"
time
remove
apex.
point,
then
is
allow
head
blooms
to
form.
until
Water
obtained,
to time,
bushy
in
when
Apply stimulants
freelyin summer,
Pot
to
firmly "
"
"
annually.
Repot
bloom.
SPECIES
R.
CULTIVATED:
odorata
(Mignonette), yellow and
Africa, Egypt.
See Ononis.
Harrovw.
Rest
Orchidaceae.
Ord.
Restrepia.
1 to
white,
summer,
ft., N.
"
Stove
"
ntroduced
CULTURE
epiphytalorchids.
First
1837.
:
Compost, sphagnum
of wood
suspended xrom
of plant, then another
Place
roof.
of
layer moss,
363
only. Position, small blocks

on
block, then roots
layer of moss
moss
"
secure
with
copper
wire.
Water
abundantly March
two
Syringe blocks
w'inter "
or
Nov.
Temp.,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
E.
maculata,
yellow, purple and
and
crimson, winter, Colombia.
Resurrection
to
45"
March
Feb.
from
Shade

times
three
daily in summer,
to
autumn.
55-' to 60".
GARDENING.
OF
EXCTCLOPMDIA
55"; March
to
sun.
daily
once
in
Nov.
to
March.
to
elegans, white, purple and yellow, Jan., Venemela;

to Feb., Colombia;
pandurata, white
crimson, Nov.
(AnastaticaHierochuntica).
Plant
"
See
Anas-
tatica.
Retinospora,.
Cupressus.
See
"
"
Rhamnus
Hardy evergreen
(Buckthorn). Ord. Rhamnaceas.
deciduous
trees " shrubs.
CULTURE;
or
shady shrubberies;
Prune, Feb.
Propagate
good seaside shrubs.
outdoors
in
outdoors
in autumn;
sown
cuttings inserted
by seeds
"
March.
angustifoliu8 variegatus, IcaTes
green
catharticus
and
(Buckthorn), 5 to
white,
Europe;
ft.,
10
Europe
ft., deciduous,
Europe
(Britain) ; frangula, 5 to 10 ft., deciduous,
foliage, deciduous, Asia Minor.
(Britain); libanoticus, 4 to 6 ft., pretty autumnal
Greenhouse
Rhapis
(Ground Rattan
Cane). Ord. Palmaceae.
First
introduced
1774.
Leaves, fan-shaped,
striped with white.
green ; variety,green
CULTURE:
part decayed leafCompost, two parts rich loam, one
mould
" sand.
pots in greenhouse or dwellingWater
Pot, Feb. or March.
during sunmer.
room,
copiouslyApril
occasionally
Place
small
during summer.
lumps of sulphate of iron on surface
of soil to ensure
deep healthy green foliage. Shade from sun essential.
times.
other
to
once
Syringe twice daily in summer,
Temp., March
45" to 55".
Sept. 55" to 65"; .Sept.to March
1 iu. deep in light soil in temp, of 80" in Feb.
suckers
March;
moved
reor
Sept.; by layering in Sept. or
soil iu
ordinary
SPECIES
CULTIVATKD:
10 to 20
E.
Alatcrnus
S.W.
evergreen,
"
in
April or
SPECIES
August.
OULTIVATED:
B. flabelliformis,3 to 4 ft.. China

and
Japan, and its
variety, variegata, leaves variegated;
humilis, 3 ft., China.
Rheum
(Rhubarb). Ord. Polygonaceae. Hardy herbaceous
nials.
peren"
Edible
stalked
orn.
foliageplants. Leaves, large, hand"
shaped,
Roots,
green.
OP
CULTURE
sunny,
3 ft.
with
apart
in
divide,
in
first year.
Cover two
place fresh
strong roots
"
in
"
place
Temp.,
55"
old
to
best
tree
75".
with
crowns
stalks
pots
in
corners
little soil between.
Forcing
or
season,
for
Nov.
to
in. below
March.
should
of
tion,
Posi-
surface,
Top-dress
soil.
Lift,
be
gathered
appear.
Foecing
headless
or
leaves over
these
close together in
or
1573.
surface
directlythey
stems
greenhouse,
warm
No
years.
them
houses, with
mushroom
crowns
in Nov., Feb.,
Feb., forking it into
or
raaaure
"
with
ft. asunder,
Nov.
every four
flower
Remove
old
more
year
or
introduced
Soil,light,deep, rich.
single roots
replant
"
staging
lovfs
First
RHUBARB,"
Plant
open.
manure
large, fleshy.
EDIBLE
casks
or
the
;
tubs,
in Jan. or Feb., or lift

deep boxes underneath
of dark
cellars, in the
moist
and
dark.
Keep
Feb.
Roots,
two
to
five
forcing. Reject
forcing. Chemical
2oz.
kainit, 3oz.
superphosphate, i oz. iron sulphate to
1 gall, of water
applied at intervals of a fortnight during growth
(Griffiths).Propagate by seeds sown
J in. deep in ordinary soil outdoors
years
Manures;
in
March
attached, Nov.
or
roots
April; by division
to Feb.
364
of
after
roots
vpith
crowns
or
buds
Sin. pots; cuttings of shoots

to Aug.
glass, in temp. 45" March
2
inserted
or
SPECIES
reddish
CULTIVATED
purple,
Tolubile
E.
10
8ummer,
GAUDBNING.
OF
BNOYCLOPJSDIA
to
15
in
sandy
Lophosperaium
(Syn.
soil under
bell-
atrosanguincam),
ft., Mexico.
green
Rhododendron.
Ord.
Ericaceae.
Greenhouse, " hardy evercluded
inis
Azalea
now
and deciduous
The
flowering shrubs.
genus
with the Rhododendron.
E. ponticum, parent of hardy kinds,
first introduced
1763; E. indica
(Indian Azalea) 1808.
two
OP
CULTUEE
EHODODENDEONS
GEEENHOUSE
; Compost,
parts turfy peat, one part silver sand.
pots or
tubs indoors
from
all the year round
for stove kinds ; pots indoors
Sept.
to June;
outdoors
bed of cinder ashes in sunny
on
position;June to
ing.
Pot, April or May, directlyafter flowerSept. for greenhouse kinds.
Eain
water
Water
freely April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
preferable; water
containing lime injurious. Apply a little artificial
"
surface
to
manure
of
three or four
every
to March
; 70 to 80"
Sept. to March;
CULTUEE
free from
sunny
kinds
soil when
years.
March
55" to 65"
OP
HAEDY
lime,
to
for
stove
Sept.
EHODODENDEONS:
soil
mixed
with
Soil, peat or loam

Position, open
peat.
borders
" shrubberies
rookeries
for dwarf
for tall kinds ; sunny
like E. hirsutum, E. chamaecistus, E. ferrugineum, etc.
Plant,
Sept. to Feb. or Ajirii,3

pods.directly flowers fade.
to
6 ft.
Water
with
choice kinds
2 to 3 in. of
flower
flowers annually thin out
cow
to
Eepotting only necessary

species,55" to 65" Sept.
greenhouse species,45" to 55"
show.
for
Sept. ;
March
ordinary
or
buds
Temp.,
seed
Prune, April. Eomove
Mulch
copiously in dry weather.
in May.
To ensure
decayed manure
buds
freely in April. Apply liquid
occasionallyduring
manure
CULTUEE
THE
OP
INDIAN
apart.
summer.
AZALEA
: Compost, three
parts peat,
"
equal proportions of leaf-mould
silver sand.
pots in sunny
greenhouses from
Oct. to June;
in partial shade
outdoors
June
to Sept. Eepot directly
after
Prune
flowering. Firm
only to shorten
potting essential.
straggly growths. Syringe daily after flowering till plants are stood
outdoors.
Water
moderately Oct. to March, afterwards
freely,never
when
flower
allowing roots to get dry. Apply weak
liquid manure
buds
form.
45" to 55"; March
65".
to June
Eemove
seed pods directlythey form.
CULTUEE
OP
AZALEA
Etc. :
PONTICA,
Soil, sandy peat "
one
part
loam
"
one
part
of
leaf-mould.
Position, beds
on
in groups
of
in
or
front
lawn;
shrubberies.
Plant
in autumn.
No
Eemove
pruning required.
seed pods directlythey form.
Mulch
annually in winter with decayed
manure.
in dry weather.
Supply freely with water
May also be
in pots in cool greenhouses,
forced into flower early in temp.
or
grown
65" to 75" in winter.
Plants grown
in pots should be kept under
glass
till July, then
be stood outdoors
till November, vi'hen remove
to cold
house
frame.
or
Syringe foliage after floweringtill placed outdoors.
Eepot every
second
directlyafter
flowering.
:
Propagate rhododendrons
of
surface
on
by seeds sown
with
sandy peat, slightly covered
fine sand, placed under
bell-glassin temp. 55" to 65" if stove
or
if hardy. Cover
kinds, in cold frame
with
bell-glass"
Also by cuttings of firm shoots, 3 in,
eep moderately moist.
long,
inserted in sandy peat under
bell-glassin temp. 45" to 55" at first,
PBOPAaATioN
OF
year
Ehododendbons,
Etc.
freonhouse
366
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
then
10"
OF
GARDENING.
higher. By layering in Sept. or March.

or
speciesin a close frame
propagator in
By
grafting on
Indian
March.
halffor
of
seeds
advised
as
rhododendrons;
by
cuttings
bellheel
inserted
in pots of sandy peat under
ripened shoots with a
in
65"
deciduous
to 75" in spring; also by grafting. Hardy
glass temp.
azaleas by seeds sown
advised
for rhododendrons;
as
cuttings of halfing
ripenedshoots inserted in sandy peat in a cold frame in August; layershoots in spring; graftingin spring.
common
azaleas
GEEENHOUSE
winter,
yarious
SPECIES:
EVERGllBEN
colours,
B. balsaminajflorum,
i ft., hybrid;
brookianum,
yellow, spring, 3 to 4 ft.; Dalhousise,
orange
and
and
yellow,
spring, 6 ft., Himalayas;
Edgeworthii, white
green,
yellow
or
fragrant, June, 6 ft., Himalayas;
Falconeri, white
yellow. May, 8 to 10 ft.,
and
white
Himalayas; formosum,
grande,
rose, fragrant, spring, 6 ft., Himalayas;
indicum
white, spring, 10 to 15 ft., Himalayas;
indica), various,
(Syn. Azalea
winter
indicum
and
amoena),
amcenum
spring, 6 to 10 ft., China;
(Syn. Azalea
ro""eflorum, pink, double; griffithiana (Syn. U.
pink, 3 to 6 ft., spring; indicum
jasminiilorum, pink,
Auoklandii), whit", yellow, and rose. May, 6 ft,, Himalayas;
4 ft., Java;
3 ft., Java;
Maddeni, blush,
javanicum,
summer,
summer,
orange,
2 ft., Sumatra;
6 to
10
multicolor, yellow, autumn,
summer,
ft., Himalayas;
10 to 15 ft., Himalayas;
white, fragrant,
Kuttallii, sulphur. May,
veitchianum,
spring, 6 ft.,Burma;
Wightii, yellow and crimson, June, 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
also
trade
lists.
4 ft., hybrid.
See
Taylori, pink, summer,
R.
HARDT
EVERGREEN
SPECIES
white, rose, and
red, spring,
arboreum,
:
20 to 30
ft., India;
lilac, rose,
April, 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
campanulatum,
cataubiense, lilac, purple, July, 6 to 10 ft., Virginia; cauoasicum,
purple, Aug.,
1 ft., Caucasus;
ferrugineum (Alpine Rose), scarlet, June, 18 in., Alps; ponticum,
parent of hardy race, purple. May, 10 to 15 ft., Spain, Asia, etc.; racemosum,
and
white
HARDT
pink,
April, 3 ft., N.
DECIDUOUS
China.
SPECIES
R.
See
also
lists.
trade
(Syn. Azalea
calendulaceum
calendulacea),
yellow and
red. May, 6 ft., U. States; flavum
(Syn. Azalea
pontica),yellow, June,
6 ft.,Caucasus;
nudiflorum
nudiflora), yellow, white, pink and orange,
(Syn. Azalea
mollis),white, orange,
June, 3 ft., Canada, Florida, etc.; sinense (Syn. Azalea
etc.,
June,
white,
ft.,China
fragrant,
and
Japan
summer,
; viscosum
ft., N.
Rhodothamnus
(Syn. Azalea
America.
See
(Ground Gistus^
"
First introduced
flowering shrub.
: Soil, equal parts peat, loam
evergreen
CULTUEE
between
pieces of limestone
Water
for rhododendron.
advised
as
SPECIES
C QLTIVATED
6 in., Austrian
R.
viacosa). Swamp
also
trade
Ord.
Honeysuckle,
lists.
Ericaceae.
1786.
" sand.
Hardy
Position, fissures
or
Plant, March
April.
"
seeds,
by
cuttings
Propagate
layering
on
rockeries:
chamreeistus
(Syn. Rhododendron
Chamjecistus),
Alps.
pink, spring,
(White Kerria). Ord. Eosaceas.

Hardy deciduous
1866.
introduced
shrub.
First
flowering
OULTUEE:
Soil, good ordinary. Position, against S. or W. walla
in May or June, cutting off
Prune
fences.
or
shoots
old or weak
only.
CULTUEE
"
POT
:
Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf -mould
"
water
in
cold
Oct.
Place
After
sand.
Pot,
moderately.
greenhouse
:
flowering,placeplants in sunny positionoutdoors till Oct. Poboino
Rhodotypos
"
Water
moderately. Transfer
plantsin temp. 55" to 65" in Jan.
outdoors
after
position
plants to sunny
cuttingsof young shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted in sandy soil under
layering shoot."!
bell-glassor hand-light or in cold frame in summer;
Place
in
Oct.
kerrioides, white, April, 10 to 15 ft., Japan.

PalmaceoB.
Stove
Ord.
RhopalOStyliS.
First
introduced
1827.
Leaves, feather-shaped,green.
" sand.
CULTUEE
loam,
: Compost,
parts
peat, leaf-mould
eqûal
SPECIES
R.
CULTIVATED:
"
Position, pots
or
tubs
in moist
shady greenhouse
or
conservatory.
"
3"S
Pot^
gardening.
of
encyclofyEdia
copiously April to Oct. ; moderately afterwards.

to
Sept. Keep piece of sulphate
May
Apply stimulants
ocea.sionally
surface
of soil to insure
of iron on
deep green foliage. Syringe twice
afterwards.
to Sept.
Temp., March
daily
daily April to Sept., once
seeds
1 m.
55" to 65".
70" to 85" ; Sept. to March
sown
Propagate by
deep in lightsandy soil in well-drained pot in temp. 75" under bell-glass
in propagator, March
or
or
April.
Feb.
Water
March.
dr
CULTIVATED:
B.
Baueri
(Syn. Areoa
Baneri), 10 to 20 ft., Norfolk
Zealand.
Kentia
or
sapida (Syn. Areca
sapida), 10 to 20 ft., New
Rhubarb
(Eheum rhaponticum).^-See Bheum.
Rhus
Plant; Wig Tree; Stag's-horn Suma";h).
(Sumach; Smoke
Ord.
Anacardiaceae.
Hardy deciduous trees. Flowering " orn. foliage.
1629.
First introduced
Leaves,
Foliage nicely tinted in autumn.
SPECIES
Island;
"
entire, or
once
CULTURE
Plant,
Oct.
Feb.
to
others
divided, green.
Soil, ordinary.
Prune
Position, sunny
borders
or
flowering species moderately
shrubberies.
ing;
bloom-
after
in
Dec.
Nov.
or
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots,
in ordinary soil in cold frame
6 to 8iu. long, inserted
under
handor
to
Oct.
in.
Nov.
in.
2
to
3
.3
lon^, planted
light,
; cuttingsof roots,
deep
in sandy soil, Oct. or Nov. ; layeringshoots in autumn.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
E.
canadensis, yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft., N. America;
eotinoides
Smoke
rich
(American
assume
Tree), yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft., leaves
S.U.
tints in autumn,
States; cotinus
(Smoke Plant, or \\'\% Tree, or Venetian
and
Sumach), purple, June, 6 ft., inflorescence
foliage richly tinted in autumn,
cotinus
Europe;
atropurpurea, foliage purplish; glabra (Smooth
Sumach), yellow,
June, 10 to 15 ft., U. States ; glabra laciniata, leaves finely cut, scarlet
tinted in
autumn;
typhina (Stag's-horn Sumach), yellow, June, 10 to 20 ft., V. States.
Rhyncospermum."
Ribbon-fern
See
Trachelospermum.
(Pterisserrulata).
See
a
rundinacea
(Phalaris
Red
" Black
Currant;
deciduous
fruit-bearing"
Hardy
gacese.
black, red,
Pteris.
"
Ribbon-gfrass
Ribes
(White,
variegata).
See Fhalaris.
Ord. SaxifraBerries,
flowering shrubs.
"
Gooseberry).
"
white.
CULTURE
OF
BLACK
CURRANT
(R. nigrum) ; Soil, good ordinary.
Position, sunny.
Plant, 5 ft. apart each way, Nov. to Feb.
Prune, Nov.
to Feb., thinning out old shoots only. Fruit
borne
shoots of preon
vious
growth
"
CULTURE
album).
N. walls
each way.
on
OP
older
RED
ones.
AND
WHITE
CURRANT:
Soil, good ordinary. Position, sunny

fences for late ones.
or
Plant, Nov.
Pruning
Allow
as
many
current
R.
for
rubrum
"
early crops
Feb., 5 to
year's shoots
to
r.
gainst
6 ft.
as
R.
apart
are
quired
re-
to form
branches
to remain, " shorten
remainder
lin.
to within
of their base in June
or
the selected shoots to 4, 6, or
July. Shorten
8 in., according to shape of tree, between
Nov. " Feb.
Cut out old
distorted
branches
or
at same
time.
centres
of trees well open.
Keep
Fruit borne on base of previous years " older shoots
only
CULTURE
OF GOOSEBERRY
(E. grossularia) : Soil,good ordinary.
for early
Position, sunny
crops ; against N. or E. -n-allsfor late crops.
Plant, Nov. to Feb., 5 to 6ft. apart each way.
Pruning: Shorten all
weak
shoots of current
year's growth to within 1 iu. of base in June
July.
or
to 4 or 6
in July.
Thm
in.
MANURES
cow,
horse,
ifitosurface
out
remaining
Shorten
shoots in winter;
side shoots of trees
grown
FOR
shortening those
against
walls
to
left
1 in.
CURRANTS
AND
GOOSEBERRIES:
(1)Decayed
in antumn,
pig dung applied liberally
" forked
li"'ht]y
of ground.
(2) IJoz. each of superphosphate of lime ^
or
?63
EXCrCLOP.EDIA
kainit
GABDENMO.
OF
" 1 oz.
of jiitrate of soda
yard appliedin autumn,
per
yard, applied in spring. (3) 1 oz. nitrate of soda, i oz. each
of sulphate of iron "
sionally
superphosphate, to 1 gall,of water applied occa-
per
square
square
during
Market
over
gravel
valleysfor
an
under
of
trees
summer.
Cultube
or
Soil, moist
chalk
for
red
black currants
for others.
; higher land
in mixed
Distance
to
plantations.
plant
to
cultivation
an
1,210.
acre,
manure,
"5;
Cost
loam
gooseberries. Position,
and
crop
sites, J67
currants;
black
for
loam
currants
of trees
Usually
plant,6 ft.
per
acre,
planting, 14s.; total, ."24
grown
Number
as
iS12; preparing
10s.
Cost
of
Digging hoeing, 32s. ; pruning, 22s. ;

per
per
to
^65.
gathering fruit, d66; manures,
Average yield per acre, two
^16.
three
^612
to
"25
ditto
to
tons; returns
^630;
(gross),
(net;,
acre
Manures:
20
3J cwt.
bone-meal
annum
"
in autumn
stable manure
or
winter; or
per acre
in
and
and
kainit
cwt.
IJ cwt.
acre
winter,
IJ
per
nitrate of soda when
fruit has set.
OF
CULTURE
FLOWERING
CURRANTS:
Soil, ordinary. Posi
Feb.
Prune
to
Oct.
tion, sunny.
Riant,
directlyafter floweringonly,
with
in
autumn.
decayed manure
Top-dress
in
in
in.
fine
soil
outdoors
deep
Sept. or Oct. ; by cuttings
ordinary
J
in ordinary soil outdoors,
Oct. to Feb.; by
6 to .Sin. long, inserted
in
Feb.
Nov.
to
suckers,
autumn;
layering
K.
FKUITING
SPECIES:
Hemispliere ; nigrum
grossularia (Gooseberry), N.
rubtum
rubrum
(Black Currant), N. Europe;
(Eed Currant), N. Hemisphere;
album
(White Currant).
E.
FLOWERING
SPECIES:
anreum
(Buifalo Currant), yellow, April, 6 to 8 ft.,
N.
America;
gordonianum,
yellow and red, April and May, 6 to 8 ft., hybrid;
Bang:uineum (Flowering- Currant), rose. May, 6 to 8 ft., California; and its varieties,
album
(rose), and
(White), atrorubens
(red), atrosanguinea (dark red), carneum
flore pleno (double).
carneum
Fuchsia
Riccarton's
(Fuchsia Eiccartoni). ^See Fuchsia.
tons
of
"
Rice-flower
See
Pimelea.
(Pimelea elegans).
papyrifera). See Fatsia.
(Fatsia
Rice's
Acacia
(Acacia riceana). See Acacia.
Richardia
(Arum or Calla Lily; Lily of the Nile).--Ord. Aroideae.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
perennials.
OP
R. AFRICANA
CULTURE
(Arum Lily): Compost, equal parts
silver sand.
"
Position, greenhouse or
coarse
loam, cow
manure,
of year.
nually
Repot andwelling-room, Oct. to May; outdoors remainder
in Aug or Sept. Water
to
March, freelyMarch
moderately Sept
to May.
Apply stimulants once a week during floweringperiod. Plant
15 in. apart in ordinary rich soil in sunny
positionoutdoors in May,
in
lift and
repot in Aug. or Sept., singly 5 or 6 in. pots. Supply freely
Suitable
when
outdoors.
in dry weather
with water
stimulants, ^ oz.
1 teaspoonful of Albert's
or
of Peruvian
Clay'smanures,
J oz.
guano,
to 1 gall, of water.
nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia
Temp.,
to May 50" to 60".
40" to 55" ; March
Sept. to March
SPECIES:
OTHER
for E. afriOP
as
CULTURE
Compost, same
remainder
of
Position, greenhouse, Oct. to June ; cold frame
cana.
Water
in Feb.
Feb. to April "
moderately
annually
Repot
year.
Apply
Aug. to Oct., freelyApril to Aug.; keep nearly dry Oct. to Feb.
55" to 65" ;
stimulants
during flowering period. Temp., Oct. to March
to Oct. 65" to 75".
March
^ in. deep in loam,
" sand, in temp. 65" to 75" in spring; division
of plants
leaf-mould
suckers
removed
at
outdoors
or
repotting;
when
planting
pottingtime.
Rice-paper
"
Plant
"
"
gPECIES
PptrfTTÂTSP:
afrioana
(Syn. Oalla Ktljiopipa),

white, winter
369
and
of
enoyclopjEdia
gardening.
albo-maculata,
africana
dwarf;
compaota,
nana
spring, 3 to 4 ft., S. Africa;
yellow, Aug.,
elliotiana,
2 ft., loaTes
white, summer,
spotted white, S. Africa;
18
3 ft., S.
in., 8. Africa;
Africa;
melanoleuca,
yellow and
purple, summer,
Eehmannii,
2 ft., S. Africa;
rosy
reutlandii, ricti yellow and
purple, summer,
3 ft.. Natal.
purple, summer,
Jacob's
Ladder
Richardson's
(Polcmonium Eichard^See
Polemonium
soni).
Ricinus
(Castor Oil Plant). Ord. Euphorbiaceac. Half-hardy
annual
1548.
herb.
Flowers, insignificant.
"
"
Leaves, hand-shaped, large, green,

INDOOR
CULTURE
purplish.
seeds, previously steeped for
Sow
few
hours
of 70"
tepid water, Jîn. deep in pots of light sandy soil iu temp,

leaves
form
75" iu March,
three
transplanting seedlings when
singly into 2-in. pots, " keep iu similar temp, until well rooted, then
transfer
to 5 or 6 in. pots, after
which
to cool greenhouse or
remove
dwelling-room. Water
moderately. Shade from sun.
in
to
OUTDOOR
CULTURE
Sow
seeds " transplant into small pots as
:
frame
Transfer
Plant
to cold
or
out,
pit in May to harden.
June.
beds or borders.
Position, sunny
SPECIES
E.
CULTIVATED:
3 to 6 ft., Trop. Africa, and
its seTeral
communis,
varieties, Gibsonii, zanzibarensis, etc.
Fern
Rigfid Shield
(Nephrodium rigidum). See Nephrodium.
River-side
WindfloWer
See Anemone.
(Anemone rivularis)."
RIvina
(Blood Berry; Rouge Berry; Rouge Plant)." Ord. Phytolaccaceae.
Stove
berry-bearing plants.
Pretty for table
evergreen
decoration.
First introduced
Flowers
1699.
succeeded
by scarlet
berries.
CULTURE
"
:
Compost, equal parts leaf-mould
sandy loam, half
a
Position, small, well-drained
part silver sand.
pots iu light part
of stove, Sept. to June;
cold sunny
frames, June to Sept. Pot, Feb.
Water
March.
or
freelyApril to Oct., moderately afterwards.
Apply
weak
stimulants
from
Shade
Best
sun.
occasionallyOct. to Feb.
results
obtained
by raising plants from seed or cuttings annually.
pots or shallow
of
soil
in
55"
to
good
65",
light
temp.
placed
spring; cuttings of
pans
shoots
inserted
in
March
in
Feb.,
small pots of light
or
April
young
sandy soil in temp, of 65" to 75", spring.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: R.
liumilis,white, June, 1 to 2 ft.,Caribbean
Islands.
above.
"
Roast-beef-plant
(Irisfoetidissima)."See Iris.
Robinia
(FalseAcacia; Locust Tree).Ôrd. Leguminosae. Hardy
deciduous
First introduced
flowering trees " shrubs.
1640.
CULTURE:
well-drained
borders
" shrubberies.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
to
Rose
Feb.
Prune, Nov.
Acacia
(R. hispida)may be grown
against S. or W. walls, side shoots
being pruned
choice
March
annually
varieties by
kinds
; other
Nov. or March;
soil in sheltered
1 in.
to
grafting
by seeds
cuttingsof
on
of
base, Nov.
common
i in.
sown
shoots,
position outdoors
6 to
Dec.
or
Propagate
species (R. pseudacacia) iu
deep in ordinary soil outdoors,
Sin. long, inserted in ordinary
in
autumn
removed
from
; suckers
" planted Oct. or Nov.
Nor
; lavering, Sept. or
CULTÎVATED:
SPECIES
R.
hispida (Hose
Jlav
C
S
ft
to
rose,
S.U.
States;
hispida merrais,
witliout
prickles; uscmlacacia
iLooint
TreeFahe
Acacia), white, April, 30 to 50 ft., E.U. States; and its varieties, aurea
(sroldeibesaoniana
leaved) and
(round headed) ; deoaisneana
(pink-flowered) etc
parent
tree
A5aoia)f
Robinson's
Iris
Rocambol."
See
(Morsea robiusonijûa)."
See Mora-a.
AUium,
37Q
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Rochea..
Ord.
1795.
"
First
introduced
CULTURE
:
GAUDENINO.
OF
Crassulacese.
plants.
succulent
Greenliovise
'brick rubble, dried

house,
pots in liglitgreenclose to glass.
Water
Pot, March.
freely, April to Aug. ;
old plants
Prune
moderately, .4.ug.to Nov.; very little afterwards.
after
shoots
when
"
shoots
new
to
lin.,
flowering,shortening
repot
lin. long.
March
to
March
are
to
to
55"
65";
Temp.,
Sept.
Sept.
45" to 50".
in well-drained
pots or pans of
seeds
in
fine
with
mould,
sandy soil, just covering
temp. 60" to 70"
cow
in March
water;
then
April; seedlingsto be kept close to glass

cuttingsof shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, exposed to sun
inserted
SPECIES
in
June, July, or
greenhouse
shelf
0ULTITATJ3D
white, spring,
also
sand.
or
placed on
See
river
"
manure
the
Rock
Rock
to
R.
"
Aug.
in well-drained
pots
little
have
"
for
of
few
days,
sandy soil,
very little water.

scarlet, July, 1 ft., S. Africa; jasmlnea,
versicolor, white, spring, 2 ft., S. Africa.
given
coccinea,
in., S. Africa;
Crassula.
genus
Brake-fern
(Cryptogramme crispa). See Cryptogramme.

(Genista tiuctoria). See Genista.
Candytuft
(Iberissaxatilis). See Iberis.
Cress
(Arabisalbida and Aubrietia deltoidea).See Arabis
"
Broom
"
Rock
Rock
and Aubrietia.
Rock
Daphne
(Daphne rupestris).See Daphne.
Rockfoil.
See Saxifraga.
Rock
Forgêt-me-not
(Omphalodes Luciliee).See Omphalodes.
Rock
Gromwell
(Lithosperum petraeum). See Lithospermum.
See
Androsace.
Rock
Jasmine.
Rock
Knot-vweed
(Polygonum vaccinifolium). See Polygonum.
Rock
Larkspur
(Delphinium ajacis). See Delphinium.
Rock
Lychnis
Lagascas). See Lychnis.
(Lychnis
Rock
Mad-wort
(Alyssum saxatile).See Alyssum.
Rock
Navel-Vtfort
(Omphalodes Lucilise).See Omphalodes.
Rock
Pink
(Dianthus petraeus).^See Dianthus.
Rock
Purslane
(Calandriniaumbellata). See Calandrinia.
Rock
Rose.
See Cistus.
Rock
Soap-wort
(Saponariaocymoides). See Saponaria.
Rock
Speedwell
(veronica saxatilis " V. rupestris).See
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Veronica.
Rock
Rock
Rock
Rock
Rock
Rocky
Spieenvwort
Stonecrop
Wallflower
Wood-Lily
Yarrow
Mountain
(Asplenium fontauum). See Asplenium.

(Sedum rupestre).".'See Sedum.
(Erysimum pulchellum). See Erysimum.
(Eanunculus Lyalli). See Ranunculus.
(Achillearupestris).See Achillea.
Columbine
(Aquilegiacserulea). See
"
"
"
"
"
Aquilegia.
Roasters'
Rodgersia.
Rodgêrsia
Bronze-leaf
very large,
CULTDRE:
or
litter.
See
"
"
bronzy green.
Compost,
Protect
two
parts peat,
Plant, March
border.
partially-shaded
dry
podophylla).
(Rodgers'Bronze-leaf).Ord. Saxifragacese. Hardy

Leaves,
perennial. Orn. foliage. First introduced 1880.
herbaceous
weather.
(Rodgersia
in
Propagate by
one
weather
division of rhizomes,
severe
371
part
loam.
April. Water
with covering of
or
March
or
Position,
freely in
fern
frondp
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
China
2 to 3 ft.,
pinnata, yellowish white, summer,
3 ft., Japan.
ui
i
Stove
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
epiphytal orchias.
R.
podophylla, yellowish white,
Rodrig'Uezia.
GAltVMlNO.
OP
ENOYCLOPJSbtA
"
summer,
1829.
First introduced
ot
Position, blocks
CULTURE:
only.
Compost, sphagnum moss
in
baskets,
blocks
or
wood
baskets
or
suspended from roof. Place on
to Sept.; moderately other
Feb.
Water
March.
or
freely, March
Moist atmosphere very essential in summer.
Shade
from
times.
sun.
60" to 70".
50" to 60"; Feb.
Propagate
to Oct.
Temp., Oct. to Feb.
by division of pseudo-bulbs at pottingtime.
R.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Candida, white and yellow, April and May, 1 ft.,
and June, 1 ft., Brazil; fragrans, white
white. May
Brazil; decora, rose, red, and
yellow,
and
yellow, April and May, fragrant, Brazil; venusta, white, pink and
"various periods, Brazil.
house
Roella
Harebell). Ord. Campanulacese. Green(South African
"
First
shrubs.
evergreen
CULTURE
: Compost,
sand.
Position, pots in
introduced
1774.
loam
" a fair quantity of
ec(ualparts
peat
of
"
light dry part
" give very little in
"
Water
summer,
very carefullyduring spring
be
the
winter.
and
foliage must
autumn
or
wetting
Syringing
at
in
"
Ventilate
summer
moderately
at all seasons.
avoided
freely
Remove
winter.
"
autumn
essential
in
other
times.
Dry atmosphere
"
in autumn
that form
flowers directlythey fade; also all blooms
60".
50"
to
to
40"
to
45";
to
winter.
Sept.
April
April
Temp., Sept.
Propagate by cuttings of strong shoots 2 in. long, inserted in moist
from
sand in a temp. 58" in spring. Shade
sun.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
elcg-ans,blue, spring,
Roman
of
R.
8
ciliata,white
"
and
purple,
summer,
ft., S. Africa;
in., S. Africa.
Hyacinth
(Hyacinthus
orientalis
albulus).
"
See
Hyacinthus.
Ord.
Hydrophyllaceae.
(Sitcha Water-leaf).
First
introduced
1873.
herb.
Hardy perennial
CULTURE
rockery.
: Soil,ordinary.
Position, sunny ledgesof sunny
March
March
or
Plant,
or
April.
April. Propagate by division,
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
: R.
sitohensis,white, spring, 3 to 4 in., Sitcha.
Tree
or
(White Bush
Romneya
Poppy). Ord.
Papaveraceae.
1875.
Half-hardy perennial. First introduced
CULTURE
INDOOR
:
Compost, equal parts, peat, leaf-mould, "
sand.
Pot,
pots in light cold greenhouse.
March
or
moderately, April to Oct. ; keep nearly dry
April. Water
stimulants
No
afterwards.
required. Repot annually. Propagate
of
fine sandy peat in well-drained
seeds
on
sown
by
compost
pots or
in
55"
under
in
bell-glass
temp.
spring.
pans
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil,
peat.
elevated border at base of S. wall, or sheltered sunny
rockery. Plant,
in
Protect
weather
with
or
severe
April
May.
covering of fern or
litter.
4 to 6 ft., California.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: R.
Coulteri,white, summer,
Ord.
Iridaceae.
Romulea.
Greenhouse
or
half-hardy bulbous
1739.
CULTURE
Position,
OF HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, lightrich sandy.
well-drained
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing tubers 4 in.
sunny
surface
deep " 2 in. apart. Lift " replant tubers annually. Mulch
of bed in March
with cow
manure.
CULTURE
OF
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
; Compost, two
parts sandy
in
loam, one
o-r
Pots, -IJ-iu.
decayed cow-manure.
pail leaf-mould
Romanzoffia
"
"
sandy
"
372
ENCYCLOPJEDIA
vigour. Teas
remaining ones
CULTURE
"
foot
or
weak
out
Soil
ROSES:
againstwalls, fences,
to
arbours,
shorten
freely,"
shoots
according
so,
CLIMBING
OF
Position,
Thin
Noisettes:
to
GARDENING.
OF
strength.
as
advised
dwarfs.
for
trunks,
pergolas,arches, tree
in
plant,
old
Cut
Rambler
or
Pruning:
Type:
Nov., or
away
flowering shoots after blooming, " thin out dead or weakly growths
the
out
in April; no
further
pruning required. Bauksian
type: Thm
of
size
to
shoots
to
add
plant directly
only not required
strong young
shoots.
small
older or
not
Teas,
after
remove
flowering. Do
as
climbers, to have old
Noisettes, Hybrid Teas, Singles, etc., grown
weak
after blooming, dead
out
or
growths
flowering shoots thinned
removed
in April,
" the soft, unripeued tips of shoots cut off at same
trellises, pillars,etc.
in
Oct.
time.
weak
Distance
apart
to
to
6 ft.
Plant
March.
Ayrshire, Boursault, " Evergreen

out in March.
growths thinned
types only require to
have
for
Soil " planting as advised
OF
WEEPING
ROSES
CULTURE
:
" old
Distance
weak
out
dwarfs.
to plant, 10ft.
Pruning: Thin
soft, unripened ends of shoots only.
growths in March, " rfemove
Cow
MANURES
FOR
ROSES:
or
pig dung for light soils; horse
for heavy ones.
manure
Top-dresswith above directly after pruning,
" lightlyfork in.
Suitable
artificial manures
: (1)Superphosphate of
81b.; sulphate of
lime, 481b.; potash, 401b.; sulphate of magnesia,
Mix
iron, 41b.; sulphate of lime (gypsum), 321b.; total, 1321b.
"
the
of
at
rate
Jib.
yard
thoroughly together,
apply
per square
One
dose per annum
sufficient.
(2) Dissolve
directly after pruning.
of
and
phate
of
ammonia;
J oz. sullime; Joz. sulphate
ôz. superphosphate
water.
Apply above quantity to each tree
form
till flowers
buds
once
a
develop. Liquid sootalso
for
outdoors
in pots.
"
cow
roses
or
water,
sheep dung
good
For
the
wild
FOR
ROSES:
of the
STOCKS
standards,
dog rose
for
dwarfs
and
the
wild
"
climbers,
seedling
dog
cutting
hedgerow;
the Manetti, de la Grifferae," the
Manetti
"
Polyantha rose.
rose,
de la Grifferae stocks generally do best on
light soils," the others on
heavy
gall, of
of iron
in
week
from
time
OF
ROSES
ones.
CULTURE
IN
POTS
Classes
of
suitable
for
pot
Perpetual, Hybrid Tea, Tea-scented, Polyantha, "
Lawrenciana.
Compost, two parts turfy loam, two parts decomposed
hotbed
manure
cow
or
; one
part of equal proportions of charred earth
" sand.
Pot, Oct.
Repot annually in Aug. or Slept. Prune
newlylifted " potted plants in Nov., shortening shoots
to 3, 2, " 1 "eyes,"
" Hybrid
according to size ; established
plants of hybrid perpetuals,
also tea-scented, Chinese, fairy, " polyTeas
to 6, 3, " 2 "eyes";
antha
kinds
in Nov.
to 8, 6, " 4 "eyes"
for early flowering; Dec. or
Jan. for late flojvering. Position, sheltered corner
outdoors, with pots
frost by straw, or in cold frame, Oct. to Jan. ;
protected from
house,
greenJan.
to May;
Water
rately,
modesunny place outdoors afterwards.
Jan.
to April; freely,April to Oct.
Oct.
to
Keep nearly dry,
Jan.
twice a week
or
once
Apply stimulants
during floweringperiod.
Syringe freely in greenhouse. Temp, for forcing,Jan., 40" by night
45" by day; Feb., 45" at night " 55" by day; March
55"
" onwards,
by night " 60" to 65" by day. Plants for forcing require to be established
in pots one
year.
culture.
"
CULTURE
for
pots.
roses
Hybrid
OP
Beds
or
CLIMBERS
IN
tubs tor each
GREENHOUSE
plant, 18
374
in.
Compost,
deep
"
same
ft. wide.
as
Eacli
MOYOLOPJlDiA
bed
Nov.
time
tub
or
to
March.
or
be
Of
OAMDENiNG.
3 in. of drainage.
Plant, Sept. to
at
shoots
first year
8 in. of base
to within
second
" future
after
Sin.
6
to
or
immediately
years
to Nov.; keep nearly dry afterwards.
freely,March
provided with
Prune
of planting;
flowering. Water
Apply stimulants weekly, April to Sept.to established
air freely in summer
"
daily in spring. Admit
plants. Syringe
to ripen
autumn
shoots.
Pkopagation
;
J in. deep in light sandy
soil in cold frame
in March
or
April, or Jin. deep in ordinary soil
outdoors
in April, transplanting
old; cuttings,
a
seedlings when
year
in Oct., or
6 to 8 in. long, inserted
in
pots of sandy soil in cold frame
in sheltered positionoutdoors, Sept. to Nov. ; or by small side shoots of
kinds
tea-scented
removed
with a little of old stem
" other
attached,
in small
under
" inserted
bella
pots of light sandy soil in summer
glass or in a propagator; by budding in July; grafting in Feb. or
in a temp. 55" to 65"; layering in Sept. or Oct.
March
CULTIVATED:
E. aoioularis, blush, June, 6 to 8 ft., Siberia; alba,
tlune, 6 ft., Europe;
alpina (Syn. R. inerniis), pink, June, 8 ft.. Europe,
of the
parents of tne Boursault
Rose), Banksias
(Banksian Rose), white, June,
one
lutea
15 to
20 ft., China,
and
its varieties
flore
pleno (double) and
(yellow);
arvensis
15 ft., Europe
10 to
(Britain); blanda
or
(Ayrshire Rose), white
rose,
bourboniana
(Syn. R. lucida), rose, June, 3 ft., K. America;
(Bourbon Rose), one
the
Bourbon
class
of
of
of the
the
other
indica
bracteata
roses
parents
;
canina
(Macartney
Rose), white, July, 3 ft., China;
(Dog Rose), pink, June, 6 ft.,
Britain; cinnamomea
(Cinnamon
Rose), red, May, 4 to 6 ft., N. Temp. Zone, and its
and
variety flore pleno (double) ; damascsena
(Damask
Rose), white
red, June,
4 ft.; gallica centifolia
(Cabbage Rose), rosy purple,June, 6 ft., Europe; gallica
muscosa
(Moss Rose), rose, June, 4 to 6 ft. ; gallica provincialis (Provence Rose),
and
yellow, June, climber,
white, fragrant, June, 4 to 6 ft. ; gigantea, white
Burma;
Hardii, yellow, June, hybrid; indica (China or Monthly Rose), red, June,
indica
6 to 10 ft., China;
fragrans
(Syn. R. odorata) Tea
colours;
rose, various
indica
minima
(Eairy Rose), Syn. R. lawrenciana,
pink, etc., June, 1 to 2 ft.,
SPECIES
white,
"
indica
"
sanguinea
(Crimson
China
Rose), crimson,
summer,
to
10
ft. ;
lutea
(Austrian
Isevigata (Cherokee Rose), white,
Briar), yellow, June, 3 ft.. Orient;
moschata
macrantha,
red, June, 4 ft., Europe;
June, 6 to 10 ft., China;
(Musk
multiflora
white, summer,
Rose), yellow and
(Polyantha
and
Japan; noisettiana
(Noisette
Rose), white, pink, etc., June, 10 to 12 ft., China
type; rubiginosa (Sweet Briar), pink, June,
Rose), a hybrid and parent of Noisette
5 ft.,Europe:
pomifera (Apple Rose), pink, June, Europe; rugosa
(Japanese Rose),
sempervirens (Evergreen Rose), white, June, S. Europe;
red, June, 6 ft., Japan;
Burnet
2
Rose), white. May,
ft., Europe
spinoeissima (Scotch or
(Britain);
6 to 10 ft., Japan, parent of the trailing type, such
as
wichuriana, white, summer,
Dorothy
Sisters
""
is
old
The
Perkins.
form
of
Rosa,ry-plant
Rose.
Rose
Rose
Rose
"
rose
multiflora
R.
(Abrus
in
the
gardens under
name
(called Grevillei),colour, purplish.
See Abrus.
precatorius)."
grown
Bosa.
Acacia.
"
of
Seven
See
Apple
Bay
(Robinia hispida). ^See Eobinia.

(Eugenia Jambos). See Eugenia.
(Nerium oleander). See Nerium.
Willovw-herb
(Epilobium angustifolium).
"
"
"
Rose-bay
"
See
Epilobium.
(Cotoneastermicrophylla). See Cotoneaster.
(Lychnis coronaria). See Lychnis.
Campion
Rose
Rose
Box
Rose
Mallow.
"
Rosemary
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
"
of
of
of
"
See Hibiscus.
See Rosmarinus.
(Rosmarinus,officinalis)."
(Lychnis Coeli-rosa)."See Lychnis.
Heaven
Jericho
(Anastatica Hierochuntica). See Anastatica.
Sharon
(Hypericumcalycinum). See Hypericum.
Sabbatia.
Pink
(Sabbatia campestris).--See
"
"
375
MNVfOLOPJjDJA
Rose-scented
GABDENlNCf.
OF
(Pelargonium capitatum)."See
Geranium
Pelargonium.
Rosette
Mullein
(Eamondia pyrenaica). See Eamondia.
Rosin-weed
(Silphium laoiniatum). See Silphium.
Rosmarinus
Labiatae.
Hardy
(Eosemary)." Ord.
evergreen
shrub.
First introduced
1548.
Leaves, highly fragrant.
tion,
PosiCULTUEE
vfith old mortar.
:
Soil, ordinary, freely mixed
dryish border at base of a south or west wall; rarely does well
"
"
Plant, April. Water

garden.
gate
Propafreely in summer.
border
doors
outgreen-leaved kind by seeds sown
Jin. deep in sunny
in April; green
"
variegated sorts
by cuttings 6 in. long,
removing leaves from lower halt, inserted in shady border in spring or
also by layeringstrong shoots in summer.
summer;
in
open
SPECIES
5. offloinalis,
purple,
OULTiyATBD:
Rosy-flowered
Rouen
Rouen
Lilac
Violet
Roupala.'
"
(Syringa
covered
Feb..
(Eubus
Protaceae.
Syringa.
with
Greenhouse
First introduced
brownish
wool.
"'to
"
sinensis).See
"
"
Ord.
ft., 8. Enropo.
spectabilis).See Eubus.
(Violarothamagensis).
flowering.
foliage"
shaped,
Bramble
See "Viola.
evergreen
shrubs.
Leaves, simple
1802.
Orn.
feather-
or
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, leaf-mould, peat, "

Position, large pots or tubs in lofty sunny
greenhouse
Water
or
freely,April to Sept.;
conservatory. Pot, Feb. or March.
No
syringing required. Temp., Sept. to
March
45" to 50" ; March
May be stood outdoors
in sunny
June
to
Sept. Propagate by cuttingsof "rm shoots,
position,
silver
inserted
sand, in well-drained
in
bell-glassin
pots, under
pure
COLTUEE:
little sand.
temp. 55"
to
65",
summer.
CULTIVATED:
SPEOIES,
R.
elegans,
to
10
ft., and
Tolilii, 6
to
15
ft.,
Brazil.
Rowan-tree
(Pyrus aucuparia). See Pyrus.
Brunswick
Lily (Bmnsvigia Josephina;).See Bruns"
Royal
"
vigia.
Royal
Fern
Royal
Water-Lily
(Osmunda regalis).^SeeOsmunda.
(Victoriaregia). See Victoria.
Flea-bane
(Erigeron Boylei). See Erigeron.
Royle's
"
RubUS
(Raspberry;
Ord.
berry).
"
"
Eosacese.
Blackberry;
Hardy
Loganberry;
Dewberry;
Wine-
flowering shrubs
fruit-bearing"
"
perennials.
EASPBERRIES
Soil, deep, rich moist loam, light
:
or
Position, open sunny,
clay soils unsuitable.
for planting;
Distances
partiallyshady one.
for training
the rows
Singly,2 ft. apart in the row, " 5 ft. between
3ft.
" 5ft.
of three canes,
to wire
trellis; in groups
apart in row,
between
for field culture.
4 ft. asunder
singly 1 ft. apai't in rows
rows;
off to within
ing
succeed6 in. of ground first year;
Pruning: Cut canes
off
old
cut
after
dose
canes
to
immediately
fruiting
ground,
years,
number
of young
" reduce
at each root or stool to three or four
canes
of the
tips of latter in Nov. or Dec.
strongest. Remove
Apply
annually in Nov., forking it in 3 in. deep only. Mulch
decayed manure
in April on
with litterymanure
Water
dry soil.
copiouslywith liquid
CULTUEE
OF
ordinary
each
peaty;
during bearing period.
manure
base
or
Eemove
suckers
appearing away
Avoid
deep digging. Chemical
of Buperphosphate of lime " kaiuil per t"quare
9f
"stools."
376
from
(1) IJoz.
yard forked in 2 in.
manures
ENCTOLOP.SDIA
deep in Nov.,
March.
1 lb.
kainit,
of
of
oz.
nitrate
common
in June.
in Oct.
canes
in
or
yard applied in
of soda,
nitrate
half
rod,
applied in
per square
of
of soda,
nitrate
parts by weight
to
be
the
rate of 2 lb.
kainit,
applied at
by seeds sown
(Griffiths.)
as
soon
ripe; by division of roots in
JPropagate
Nov.
border
shady
soda
per square
of lime, IJ lb. of
salt
Two
(3)
part superphosphate,1 part
per 100
outdoors
GARDENING.
of
superphosphate
3 lb.
remainder
March,
1
"
(2)1^ lb.
OF
as
autumn.
;
Market
Ctjltueb
too
:
Soil, rich sandy loam.
Position, not
; Farmyard
dry. Manures
dung at rate of 20 tons per acre, ploughed
in before
planting. Top-dress annually in winter with 3 cwt. of superphosphate
" 1 cwt. of kainit per acre
in winter, " 2 cwt.
of nitrate of
soda in April.
Distance
to plant, 1 ft. apart in rows
4 ft. asunder.
Number
of plants to the acre,
^610;
6,987. Cost of trees per acre,
"5 ; planting, 20s. ; total,
preparing land for planting, "7 ; manure,
"16.
Cost of cultivation
" hoeing, 32s ; pruning,
: Digging
per acre
gathering fruit, ."10; annual

: 2 tons.
acre
Average returns per
(net),de28.
12s.;
CULTURE
dressed
with
in open
rows
OP
BLACKBEEEIES
old
mortar.
manuring,
acre
"5.
Average yield per
(gross),^"46.
Average
returns
Soil, deep rich loam, liberally

:
fences, or in
Position, trained to sunny
shoots trained to a rough trellis. Plant

m
in autumn,
Prune
4 ft. asunder.
cutting
shoots
fruit directly after fruiting," removthat have
borne
ing
away
in Dec.
in
winter
tips off remaining shoots
Top-dress annually
in
the
shoots
in
roots
or
Propagate by layering
dividing
summer,
autumn,
garden, with
apart in rows
ft.
summer.
CULTURE
OF
apart each way
4 ft.
Place
Soil
for raspberries. Plant,

shoots well back first season.
plant, at a distance of 3 ft. from the
LOGANBERRY:
in autumn.
each
stakes around
train growths spirallyaround
borne
shoots that have
away
four
base, "
as
Shorten
these.
Prune
after
fruit, " removing

cutting
remaining shoots in Dec.
or
dividing
Propagate by layering shoots in summer,
fruiting,
soft
in
the
tipsof
winter.
roots
in
autumn.
CULTURE
OF
Plant,
Position, shady rockery.
dry
Propagate by
weather.
CULTURE
Position, sunny
cutting
or
away
autumn
division
spring.
spring.
or
in
Soil,sandy peat.
Water
freely in
SPECIES
: Soil, good ordinary.
Prune
in
Plant
Oct.
after flowering,
shady
division
in
old flowering shoots.
Propagate by
HARDY
OF
SPECIES
HERBACEOUS
HARDY
SHRUBBY
borders.
autumn.
IcIkus
(Raspberry), white, May, berries red or
between
tlie RaspLoganii (Loganberry), a cross
berry
and
(American
Blackberry, berries purple, 8 to 12 ft., America; laciniatus
berries black, 8 to 12 ft. ; phoenicolaaius (Wineberry),
Blackberry), white, summer,
berries
crimson, 10 to 20 ft., ,Tapan; rosfeflorus Acre simplici (Strawpink, summer,
berry-raspber
a
plant of no value in this country.
E.
4 to 6
Offisia (Dewberry), white, summer,
SPECIES:
HERBACEOUS
in.,
Britain ; arcturus, pink, June, 6 in., N. Europe.
SPECIES:
8
R.
SHRUBBY
bifflorus, white. May,
HARDY
ft., Himalayas;
nutkanus
(Nootka Sound
white, May, 6 ft.. Rocky Mountains;
Bramble),
deliciofius,
odoratus
6 ft., N. America;
(Virginian Raspberry), purple and
white, summer,
6 ft., N. America;
spectabilis (Salmon Berry), rosy red, May, 6 ft.,
red, summer,
flore pleno (Daisy-floweredBramble), pink, double, summer,
nlmifolia
California;
8 to 12 ft.,Europe,
377
PRUIT-BBARING
yellow,
to
SPECIES
ft., Europe
Idûs
R.
ENCYOIOPJSDIA
Compositae. Hardy
(Cone-flower)."Ord.
Rudbeckia
perennials.
GAKDENING.
OF
First
introduced
herbaceous
1793.
borders.
well-drained
Position, sunny
Soil, ordinary.
with
Mulch
manure
decayed
or
Plant, Oct., Nov., Marcb,
April.
fresh
in
Feb.
March.
"
divide,
position
or
Lift,
replant
annually,
CULTUEE
trieunially. Propagate by
seeds
March
J in. deep outdoors
sown
April,
flowering positionsfollowingautumn;
by
March
or
April.
soil
"
sunny
position,
or
in
ordinary
seedlings into
transplanting
of roots, Oct., Nov.,
division
OULTITATED:
"SPECIES
E. calif ornioa, yellow and
brown, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
3 ft., N.
laciniata,
California; grandiflora, yellow and
America;
purple, autumn,
Golden
3 -to 6 ft., N.
America;
Bpeciosa (Syn. U.
Glow, yellow, double, summer,
3 ft., N. America.
Newmannii),
orange-yellow, summer,
Rue
(Ruta graveolens). ^See Ruta.
"
Rue-a.nemQ'ne
Rue-leaved
(Thaliotrum
Spleen-wort
anemonoides). See Thalictrum.

(Asplenium Eut^-muraria).
"
"
See
Asplenium.
Stove perennial
Ruellia
(Christmas Pride). Ord. Acanthaceae.
herbs or
1768.
shrubs.
First introduced
CULTURE
loam, leaf-mould, peat, "
silver sand.
Feb.
March.
Position,
Pot,
or
March
Water
stove.
to
Oct.
freely,
Syringe
; moderately afterwards.
twice daily, March
to Sept.; once
daily other times.
Apply weak
stimulants
during flowering period to perennialspecies. Temp., Sept.
tings
55" to 65" ; March
to March
Propagate by cutin
inserted
in above
well-drained
under
bell-glass,
compost
pots
or
m
propagator in temp. 75" to 85", spring or summer.
SPECIES
OULTITATED
B. maorantha,
:
purple, winter, 1 to 2 ft.,Brazil.
rosy
Rumex
Ord.
Hardy
(Herb Patience; Sorrel).
Polygonacese.
"
"
perennial herbs.
CULTURE
flower stems
OF
HERB
PATIENCE
Soil, ordinary moist.
Remove
pagate
directlythey appear, " gather leaves frequently. Proin March, 1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart, thinning
by seeds sown
in
in April; division
of roots
seedlingsto 1 ft. apart in row
March.
moist.
SORREL
Position, open
: Soil, ordinary rich
in
Gather
15
1
ft.
in.
asunder
in
March.
Plant,
rows
apart
leaves
Remove
flower
Water
weather.
in
stems.
frequently.
freely
dry
Propagate by seeds Jin. deep in drills 15 in. apart in March, thinning
seedlingsto 12 in. apart in April; division of roots in March'.
CULTURE
OF
SPECIES:
Position,
Soil, ordinary.
AQUATIC
in
of
Plant
water.
margins
spring. Increased
by division in spring.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
aoetosa
18 in.,
R.
(Garden Sorrel), green,
summer,
loaves edible, Europe
(Britain) ; hydrolapathura (Water Dock), 4 to 6 ft., Europe
substitute
for spinach,
(Britain); patienta (Herb Patience), 4 ft., leaves used
as
CULTURE
OP
borders.
S. Europe.
Runner
Bean
(Phaseolusmultiflorus). See
"
Phaseolus.
Rupture-wort
(Herniaria glabra). See Herniaria.
Ruscus
Knee
(Butcher's Broom;
Holly). Ord. Liliacese.
"
"
Hardy
"
Male
shrubs.
Orn.
leaved
" female
berry-bearing.
evergreen
Leaves
flowers borne on separate plants.
dark
o
val,
(cladodes),
green.
Berries, round, red; winter.
CULTURE
Position, shady or sunny
: Soil, ordinary.
shrubberies,
pagate
borders, or woods.
Plant, Sept., Oct., or April. Prune, April. Proremoved
suckers
from
in
by
parent plants
Sept. or Oct, ;
of roots i" Oct.

diyisiojj
378
BNGYOLOPMniA
CULTIVATED:
Brlfafn.^'^'*
Rush
Broom
OF
aouleatua
GARDENING.
(Butcher's Broom),
May,
green,
(Spartium junceum)." See Spartiuni.

Daffodil
(Narcissus iuncifolius)."See
Rush-leaved
ft.,
cissus.
Nar-
'
Rush-Lily
Russellia.
(SisyrincMum graudiflorum)."
See Sisyrincliium.
Ord.
Scrophulariacese. Stove evergreen
shrubs.
First introduced
1812.
Pretty plants for
hanging
"
Flowering.
03iSiC6tJS.
CULTURE
: Compost, equal
parts sandy loam, leaf -mould, " silver
Position, m light part of stove.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
freely, April to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
Prune, Feb.
Applv
weak
stimulants
when
in flower
only. Syringe twice daily,April to
Oct., except when
in flower.
Temp., Sept. to March, 55" to 65";
March
to Sept.,65" to 75".
Propagate by cuttings inserted in silver
sand in temp. 75" in spring; layering shoots at
time.
any
sand.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
U.
recI,^Ju]y,
3 to 4 .ft.,"^
Mexico;
junoea,
sarmeatosa,
red, July, 4 ft.,Trop. America.
Russian
Knap-w/eed
(Centaurea ruthenicus).
See
"
Cen-
taurea.
Ruta
introduced
(Eue).
"
Ord.
Rutacese.
First
shrub.
Hardy evergreen
for
Leaves, finely divided, bluish
used
green;
1562.
medicinal
purposes.
CULTURE
sunny
8 in. apart in rows
18 in. asunder.
Priine the
border.
Propagate by
or
seeds
sown
Jin. deep in drills outdoors
slips inserted in shady border in summer.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
R.
Plant, March,
plants closelyin April.
graTeolens, yellowish
green,
in
April;
summer,
tings
cut-
ft.,
Europe.
Sabal
(Pan
Greenhouse
orn.
Thatch
or
Palm;
Cabbage Palm)." Ord. Palmacese.
-leaved palms.
First introduced
1810.
Leaves, fan-
shaped,
green.
CULTURE
:
Compost,two parts rich loam,
" sand.
mould
pots in
well-drained
beds outdoors
in S. of England.
part decayed
one
greenhouse
or
Pot, March.
leaf-
sheltered
Plant,
45" to 55"; March

April. Temp., Sept. to March
Water
moderately in winter; freely in summer.
Propagate by seeds
lin. deep in lightsoil in temp, of 80" in Feb. or March;
sown
suckers
removed
from parent plant in April or Aug.
SPECIES
S. Adamsoni,
CULTIVATED:
3 ft., S.U.
States; blaokburniana
(Fan
Palmetto
Palm), 20 ft., Bermuda;
(Cabbage Palm), 30 ft.,S.U. States.
Sabbatia
(American Centaury; Rose Pink). Ord. Gentianacese.
First introduced
1813.
Hardy biennial flowering herbs.
fibrous
loam
leaf" finely-sifted
CULTURE
: Soil, equal parts good
" little sand.
borders
mould
or
Position, moist partially-shaded
bogs.
with
Sow
seeds thinly in April where
required to grow,
lightlycover
inch high, to flower following
an
soil, thin to 3 or 4 in. apart when
seed 1-16 in. deep in well-drained
summer
pots or shallow pans
; or sow
"
leaf
filled with
peat
-mould;
equal parts sandy
place in a pan partially
" placed in cold frame
filled with water
plant
Transor
greenhouse.
post,
seedlings when an inch high, three in a 2-in. pot, in similar com"
keep in cold
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Saccharum
till followingMarch, then plant out.

6 to 12 in., N. America.
campestris, rose, summer,
Ord.
Gramineee.
Stove
" hardy
Cane).
(Sugar
frame
S.
perennialgrasses, flowering,"
"
orn.
379
foliage. Inflorescence, silky,borne
SNCYOLOPMDIA
in
GARDMniNQ.
OF
pyramidal panioleSjJuly. Leaves, ribbon-like,
green,
covered
with
silky hairs.
CULTUEE
leaf-mould
Two
parts rich loam, one
part
little sand.
Position, large pots or
in lofty stoves.
tubs
Water
March.
Pot, Feb.
or
freely, April to
afterwards.
twice
Sept.; moderately
daily during spring "
Syringe
from
Shade
essential.
summer.
to Oct.
mid-day sun
Temp., March
55" to 65".
OF
S. SPONTANEUM:
CULTUEE
Soil, good ordinary. Position,
of
beds
sheltered.
or
lakes,
Plant,
margins
May or June.
Propagate
of
Cane
stems
inserted in lightsoil in
Sugar
by cuttings
of
70"
80"
in
to
removed
in Feb.
suckers
or
or
spring, by
March, "
temp,
in
above
S.
of
division
roots in
compost.
spontaneum by
pottedsingly
March
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
S. officinarum
10 to 15
(Sugar Cane), white, sammer,
violet
ft., E. Indies; officinarum
tinted; spontaneum
-violaceum, stems
(Syn. S.
10 ft., Algeria.
aegypticum), white, summer,
Saccolabium.
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Stove
epiphytal orchids.
1837.
First introduced
Ht., 1 to 4 ft.
CULTUEE
: Compost, sphagnum
charcoal, " broken potsherds.
moss,
in pots
to pieces of wood, or
Position, hanging baskets or attached
filled to rim with
" potsherds " remainder
charcoal
livingsphagnum
Grow
moss.
near
Pot, or fix to blocks in Jan. or
glass always.
Feb.
Water
blocks copiouslytwice daily,March
on
to
plants grown
those
afterwards
in
once
baskets,
Sept.;
daily
;
copiously April to
afterwards.
Shade
from mid-day sun.
Sept., moderately
Temp., March
Oct. to March
60" to 70".
Avoid
to Oct. 70" to 85^^;
allowing moisture
leaves in winter.
Moist
to fall on
essential.
atmosphere
Growing
Flowers
period,March to Nov. ; restingperiod,Nov. to March.
appear
the top, after restingperiod.
in axils of leaves near
Propagate by
offsets any time.
SPECIES
CULTITATED:
S. ampullaeenm, magenta
rose, ,Tane, India; bellinum,
brown, white, and yellow, .Tan to March, Burma;
curvifoliuro,orange-scarlet,
green,
and
and June, N. India; giganteum, cream
purple, fragrant, Dec. to March,
May
and
red
hendersonianum,
Burma;
white, spring, Borneo;
rosy
miniatum,
Jan.
and
and mauve,
orange-red, spring, Java; violaceum, white
Feb., Philippines.
Sa.cred
Bean
(Nelumbium
luteum). See Nelumbium.
Saddle-tree
(Liriodendron tulipifera).See Liriodendron.
OF
SUGAR
rotten
or
CANE:
"
manure
"
"
"
Sadleria.
"
Ord.
Filices.
Stove
fern.
tree
First
introduced
1877.
Fronds, feather-shaped.
CULTURE
two-thirds
tubs, well-drained, in shady stove or
Compost,
or
Repot, Feb. or March.

Syringe trunks
freely afterwards.
to March-
55"
essential.
sifted loam
Propagate by
to
65"; March
to
of sand.
warm
servatory.
con-
moderately, Oct. to March ;

to Sept. Temp., Sept.
daily,March
Sept. 65" to 75". Shade in summer
Water
at any time on
surface of finelysown
well-drained
with sheet of
cover
pans;
moist
in
in
75"
85".
"
to
shady
position
glass, keep
temp.
CULTIVATED
Islands.
SPECIES
: S. cyatheoides, 5 to 8 ft., Sandwich
Safflower
(Carthamvistinctoria).See Carthamus.
"
peat
in
spores
shallow
"
Saffron
Saffron
Crocus
(Crocus sativus). See Crocus.

"
Thistle
(Carthamus tinctorius).Sec Carthamus.

See Salvia.
(SalviaoflScinalis).
(Pcarl-wecd;roarl-wort). Ord. CaryophyllacesB. Ilardy
herbs.
Leaves,
Orn.
pereunial
foliage " flowering; evergreen.
Sagê
Sagina
"
"
"
380
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OARDENINO.
OF
Position, damp,
moderately heavy; light soils not suitable.
of ponds, etc., for all species. Plant, Oct.
to March.
Nov.
gins
mar-
Prune,
Feb.
to
OSIER
lying
near
CULTUEE:
land
manure
per acre.
in Oct.
asunder
cuttings to plant
after
planting.
upright in water
bundles
of
yield per
Soil, alluvial
501b.
acre,
Position, moist, low-
sandy.
or
soil deeply " add

30 tons of
Trench
Plant
18 in.
in
18
in.
in.
15
rows
cuttings
long,
apart
of
Insert
Number
1
"
slantwise
ft.
cuttings
deep.
first
time
three
Cut
shoots
for
an
23,000.
acre,
years
immerse
"
Time
Tie
in bundles
to cut, spring.
till bark
peeled osiers in
readily peels off. Market
margins
or
of water.
each.
1,800
Average
2,0001b.
to
price,4d.
5d. per lb.

cultivated
to
Soil should
be
Average
annually
plants, " give a dressing of 10 to 15 tons of manure

per acre.
one
year'sgrowth used for makiiig hampers " baskets; those
of two
year'sgrowth for ribs of hampers; older wood for butter kegs.
TIMBER
S. Caprea (Goat Willow) suitable
CULTURE
for damp
:
coppices,its wood being valuable for hoops, poles,crates, etc. S. alba
(White or Huntingdon Willow) also suitable for damp soils,coppices,
between
Osiers
of
Branches
etc.
lining carts
used
for
used
"
making
for
barrows.
making
Wood
cricket
scythe
of the
bats.
Plant
Bat
in
"
rake
Willow
autumn.
handles;
timber
for
(Salix alba cserulea)

Time
to pollard
willows, Feb.
Average value of willow timber, per cubic ft..Is. to 5s.
of cubic feet per ton, 68.
cubic ft., 33 lbs.
Number
of
timber,
Weight
of
of
stems
shoots
or
any age or size, inserted in
choice
kinds
moist
soil, Oct. to March;
by budding on the Goat
(S.caprea) in July, bandaging

grafting on a similar stock in March.
Willow
the
bud
with
damp
moss,
or
by
(White or Huntingdon
Willow), 50 to 60 ft.,
(Bat
argentea, silvery foliage ; alba coerulea
alba
used
for
cricket
bat
Titelliua
(Syn. S. vitellina),
making;
Willow), kind
alba
vitellina
and
red ;
shoots
pendula, weeping
yellow
Tariety ; babylonica
(Goat Willow), 15 to 20 ft., Europe
(Weeping Willow), 30 ft., Japan;
caprea
(Britain); Caprea pendula (Kilmarnock Willow) ; fragalis (Crack Willow), 60 to
70 ft., shoots, yellow^nd
brown, Europe and N. Asia ; fragalis blashfordiana, shoots
orange-red; lanata, 8 to 10 ft., N. Europe; phylicifolia (Tea-leaved Willow), 8 to
10 ft., N.
purple, 8 to 10 ft.,
Europe;
purpurea: (Purple Osier), shoots, reddish
pendula, weeping; Timinalis
(Osier Willow), the species grown
Europe;
purpurea
and N. Asia.
to yield osiers, Hussia
See Salix.
Sallow,
SPECIES
Europe,
Asia,
CULTIVATED
and
N.
Africa
S. alba
alba
"
Salmon-berry
(Rubus spectabilis" R. nutkanus). See

(ScallopedTube-tongue). Ord. Solanaceae.
"
Salpigrlossis
First
hardy annual.
"
introduced
Eubus.
Half-
1820.
CUIiTURE:
Soil, sandy loam
or
good ordinary rich.
beds
borders.
Sow seeds in well-drained
or
Position, sunny
pots, pans,
boxes
shallow
filled with compost of equal parts loam, leaf-mould "
or
sand placed in temp, of 65" to 75", Feb.
seeds with
March.
Cover
or
thin sprinkling of fine soil.
three leaves
of above
boxes
have formed
J in. apart in well-drained
pots or shallow
Keep in temp, of 55" to 65" till May, then place in cold
compost.
OUTDOOR
harden,
frame
to
Apply
weak
"
plant
stimulants
out
in June.
to
occasionally
Water
plants in flower.
parts sandy loam, half a part
CULTURE
INDOOR
: Compost, two
seeds as
" silver sand.
Sow
each of leaf-mould. " decayed cow
manure
for summer
advised
above
flowering; in Aug. or Sept. for spring
flowering. Transplant seedlingswhen three leaves have formed, 3 iu
382
ENOrOLOP^DlA
GARDENING.
OF
2în. pot, " place on
When
shelf close to glass in temp. 55" to 65".
Water
shift
into
5-in.
size.
pots,
moderately until
well
stimulants
established.
are
Apply
J oz. of kainit, superplants
phosphate
of lime, " nitrate of soda to 2 galls,of water
week
once
a
off
of
main
shoots
when
in.
6
during floweringperiod. Nip
points
high
whilst in
to induce
bushy growth. Place in cool greenhouse or window
a
well
in small
rooted
"
"
bloom.
SPEOIES
beautiful
CULTIVATED;
strains grown
Sa.lsa.fy
S. sinuata, -various colours,

gardens.
in
(Tragopogon
ft.,Ohili, parent
of
the
porrifolius).See Tragopogon.
(Halimodendron argenteum). See Halimodendron.
Salvia
Ord. Labiatse.
Greenhouse
" hardy
(Sage; Clary).
" herbaceous
annuals
perennials" evergreen shrubs.
CULTURE
OP
ANNUAL
SPECIES
Position,
Sow
borders.
seeds Jin. deep in April where
to
sunny
required flower,
" thin to 4 or 6 in. apart when
2 in. high.
CULTURE
OF
aREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
loam
" decayeflmanure,
little sand.
Position, greenhouse, Sept. to
"
Salt-tree
"
"
to
Water
June; cold frame, June to Sept. Pot, March.
freely,March
month
afterwards.
stimulants
a
Oct.; moderately
Apply
occasionally
after
until flowers
55" ; March
to
repotting
45"
March
to
expand,
then
55"
June
Temp.,
cease.
65".
to
Cut
Sept.
to
shoots
down
to
Insert
plants:
light sandy soil in temp. 65" in Feb.
When
March.
or
rooted, place singlyin 3J-in. pots. Nip off point of
Shift into 5 or
3 in. long.
main
shoots, also of succeeding shoots when
Water
former
6 in. pots when
freely. Apply
pots are filled with roots.
stimulants
occasionally. Place in cold frame, June to Sept.
tered
shelCULTURE
Position, sunny
OUTDOOR
: Soil, rich
ordinary.
Lift in Sept., place in pots to
Plant, June.
beds or borders.
Water
flower
in greenhouse in autumn.
Apply
of S. patens in Oct., "
Lift tuberous
roots
stimulantsonce
week.
a
within
3 in. of their
3 in.
in sand
store
out
in
in
in
Start
in heat
in March,
"
plant
May.
decayed

Plant, Oct., Nov., March, or April.,Mulch
SPECIES
HAEDY
manure
"
replant
Position,
close
stems
Cut down
third
year.
every
in March.
Lift, divide,
Oct.
flowering. Young
frost-proofplace.
OP
CULTURE
borders.
sunny
with
after
shoots
base
long of young
tings
cut-
to
annually
ground in
ing
used for flavourLeaves
CLARY
: Hardy biennial.
Pretty border plant also. Soil, ordinary. Position, sunny.
soups.
when
Sow seeds 1 in. deep in drills 18 in. apart in April. Thin seedlings
and
Gather
leaves in summer
dry
2 in. high to 12 in. apart in row.
OP
CULTURE
for
following year.
use
SAGE
March
OF
CULTURE
Plant,
sunny
of
off points
freely in dry weather
Nip
every
four
or
April, 12
first
shoots
year
first year
in. apart in rows

induce
bushy
to
after
shoots
Position,
18 in. asunder.
Water
growth.
plantation
Propagate greenhouse species by cuttings 2

shoots inserted in sandy soil in temp. 65" in spring
"
to -3
,
"
in.
soil in temp.
in
light
1-16 in. deep
transplanting seedlingsoutdoors in. May
young
"^"
-r.
Renew
planting.
years.
Pkopagation
long of young
bv seeds sown
dryish.
Soil, ordinary rich, light,
pulledoff
the
old plants in
383
or
55"
June,
April,"
to
65"
also by
inserted
in
sage
March,
slips,i.e.,
a shady
in
iSNOYCLOPMbiA
border
under
or
hand-light,or
GABpMlNd.
OF
in
cold frame,
"
kept
moist
until
rooted.
coocinea,
blue, winter, 6 ft., N. America;
2 to 3 ft.,
America;
fulgens, scarlet, summer,
Mexico;
Grahami,
Heeri, scarlet, winter, 2 to 3 ft.,
scarlet, Sept., 1 ft., Mexico;
3 to
4 ft., Mexico;
iUTOluorata
patens, blue,
Peru;
Bethelli, crimson, autumn,
2 to
2 to 3 ft., Mexico;
summer,
patens alba, white, splendens, scarlet, autumn,
3 ft., Brazil;
splendens Bruantii, rich scarlet; splendens grandiflora, salmon-red;
rutilana, red, winter, 2 to 3 ft.
3 ft., foliage
HARDY
SPECIES:
S.
argentea (Silver Clary), white, summer,
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
scarlet, autumn,
to
S. aznrea,
ft., N.
3 ft.,Mexico
silvery,Mediterraneaji
;
Region ; azurea
grandiflora, sky blue, summer,
officinalis (Sage), blue,
2 ft., Himalayas;
(Cashmere Sage), blue, summer,
3 ft., S.
3 to 4 ft.,
Europe;
pratensis (Meadow
Sage), violet, May,
summer,
2 ft.,Mediterranean
Britain; sclarea (Clary), bluish white, summer,
Region.
ANNUAL
18 in.,
S. Horminum
SPECIES
:
(Horminum
Clary), purple, summer,
8. Europe;
Horminum
carmine
bracts, very pretty. Hardy.
purpurea,
rosy
SambUCUS
Hardy
(Elder; Dane-wort)." Ord. Caprifoliaceae.
deciduous
shrubs
black
scarlet.
" herbaceous
or
Berries,
perennials.
hians
Leaves, feather-shaped,green,
CULTURE
dry banks
down
stems
CULTUEE
OF HBEBACEOUS
shrubberies
in
or
in Nov.
OP
SHEUBBY
sun
golden
white.
or
SPECIES
shade.
or

Cut
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Soil, ordinary.
SPECIES:
Position,
common
species;moist sunny borders
open shrubbery, hedgerows
for variegatedkinds.
Prune
March.
into shape, Nov.
to
Oct.
Plant,
"
silver
elders during
of
off
of
shoots
to Jan.
points
golden
Nip
young
also
in
March
insure
dwarf
to
shoots
back
cut
summer
growth
;
sion,
" rich colouring in foliage.
speciesby diviPropagate herbaceous
of
branches
shoots
Oct. to March
or
; shrubby speciesby cuttings
inserted in moist soil in any
positionoutdoors, Oct. to March.
3 ft.,
HERBACEOUS
SPECIES
S. Ebulus
:
(Dane-wort), white and pink, summer,
Europe (Britain).
SHRUBBY
SPECIES:
S. nigra (Common
Elder), white, June, 20 ft., Britain;
leaves
nigra foliis-aureis,
golden (Golden Elder) ; nigra laciniata, leaves finely cut
(Cut-leaved Elder) ; racemosa
Elder), white, June, 10 to 15 ft.,
(Scarlet Berried
Europe, berries scarlet.
Primulaceae.
Samolus
Ord.
(Tasmanian Water
Pimpernel).
1800.
Hardy herbaceous
CULTUEE:
Soil, sandy peat.
Position, moist
bog or rockery.
pagate
ProPlant, March
or
April. Water
freelyin dry weather in summer.
by division of the roots in spring.
S. repens,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
white, August, 6 in., Australia.
See Crithmum.
Samphire
(Crithmum maritimum).
Ord.
Acanthaceae.
Stove perennialflowering"orn.
Sanchezia.
First
introduced
1866.
Leaves,
foliaged plants.
large, oval,
with
white
or
glaucous 'een, or striped
yellow.
CULTUEE
:
Compost, two
parts peat " loam, one
part decayed
" sand.
manure
Position, light part of stove in winter ; shady part
in spring " summer.
Pot, March.
Syringe twice daily, April to
afterwards.
rately
modeWater
Oct.; once
to Oct.;
daily
freely, March
other
times.
weak
stimulants
mer.
Apply
occasionallyduring sum55"" to 65", March
Propagateby cuttings of young shoots inserted under bell-glassin
fine soil, March
to July.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
S. nobilis, yellow and
to Oct.. 1 to 2 ft.,
:
red, March
for
closely
"
"
"
'
Ecuador.
Sandersonia.
First introduced
CULTUEE
:
"
Ord.
Liliaceae.
stove
tuberous-rooted
herb.
1852.
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, leaf-mould, decayed

381
ENOYOLOPJBDIA
OF
GARDENING.
silver saud.
"
shoots
pots, with
to roof or
trained
trellis.
Pot, Feb., placing tubers 2 in. deep, one
in a 6-in. |)ot, or
12-in. pot. Water
8 or
several in an
moderately
till growth is well advanced, then freely. After flowering, gradually
" keep soil quite dry till potting time.
withhold
water
Temp., Feb.
55" to 65".
to Sept. 70" to 85"; Sept._
to Feb.
Propagate by seeds
inserted
singly în. deep in 3-in. pots filled with light soil in temp.
manure,
75" in Feb.
March;
or
offsets removed
from
large tubers
at
potting
time.
SPECIES
18
CULTITATED:
S.
aurantiaoa,
yellow, July and
orange
Aug.,
12
to
in.. Natal.
Sand
Rosemary
(Ceratiolaericoides).See Ceratiola.
Myrtle
(Leiophyllum buxifolium). See Leiophyllum.
Sand
Pear
Sandhill
"
"
(Pyrus sinensis).See Pyrus.

(Dianthus arenarius). ^See Diauthua.
Verbena
(Abronia umbellata). See Abronia.
Sand
"
Pink
Sand
"
"
Sand-wort
(Arenaria balearica). See Arenaria.

(Blood-root).Ord. Papaveraceso. Hardy
"
Sang'uinaria
nial
peren-
"
herb"
First introduced
1680.
borders
or
CULTURE:
Soil, sandy loam or peat. Position, sunny
rockeries.
or
freely in dry
April. Water
in Feb.
or
weather.
manure
Top-dress annually with decayed cow
be interfered
March.
Should
with as little as possible. Propagate by
in cold
seeds sown
1-16 in. deep in equal parts leaf -mould, peat, " sand
frame
cool
or
SPECIES
when
S.
CULTIVATED:
in
canadensis, white, April,
in., N.
America.
^Haemodoracese.
introduced
1690.
(Bow-stringHemp; Angola Hemp).

perennials. Orn. foliage. First
yellowish; insignificant. Leaves,
green,
Sanseviera
herbaceous
Stove
"
white,
Flowers,
or
spring, transplanting
early autumn
to
handle;
enough
by division of roots
large
greenhouse
seedlingsoutdoors
in Oct. or March.
with
narrow,
white.
spotted
long, margined
tion,
PosiCompost, equal parts loam, leaf -mould, " sand.
Water
Feb.
of
to
in
stove.
Pot,
April.
ously,
copishady part
pots
March
to Oct.; moderately afterwards.
Syringe freely in
55" to
Temp., March
Feb.
to
division
of
April.
plants,
Propagate by
ridged, green,
or
CULTURE:
summer.
65".
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
zeylaniea, Trop.
cylindrioa, Trop.
"
shrubby plants.
with
Africa;
Ord.
introduced
(Lavender Cotton).
Santolina
covered
S.
guineensis, Trop. Africa;
Africa.
First
Compositae. Hardy
1573.
Leaves
"
green
ever-
shoots
cottony down.
:
Soil, ordinary
Position, margins of sunny

CULTURE
sandy.
for
S.
rockeries
borders
Chamaeoyparissus incana; backs of sunny
or
S. rosmarinifor S. Chamaecyparissus "
rockeries
borders
or
large
Distance
ing
March
or
folia.
April.
apart for formPlant, Sept., Oct.,
of
in.
6
shoots, 2 to
edging of S. incana,
attached
of
"
in pots
inserted
stem
with
3 in. long, pulledoff
portion
in
sheltered
or
doors,
of sandy soil in cold frame, Sept. or Oct.,
positionoutsame
time.
S. Chamsecyparissns, yellow, July, 2 to 3 ft., S.

variety; rosmarinifolia, yellow, July,
incana, dwarf
Chamseoyparissua
Europe;
2 ft., Spain and
Portugal.
First introduced
Ord.
Sanvitalia.
Compositae. Hardy annual.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
"
1798.
385
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
borders
Position, margins of sunny
deep in light soil in temp. 55" to 65"
Harden
in April " plant outin March.
off seedlings in cold frame
doors
in May;
in lines or
or
patches in open ground end of April,
lin. high to 2 or 3 in. apart.
Water
thinning seedlings when
freely
iu dry weather, " apply weak
stimulants
ing
occasionallyduring flowerperiod.
CULTUEE
Soil, ordinary.
rockeries.
or
SPECIES
Sow
seeds
1-16 in.
CULTIVATED:
S.
flore plane, flowers
procumbena
prooumiens,
yellow
and
purple, July, 1 ft.,Mexico;
double.
/Soap-wort;
Fuller's Herb;
Saponaria
Hedge
" perennials.
Caryophyllaceae. Hardy annuals
CULTUEE
margins
OF
ANNUAL
of
borders
SPECIES:
beds.
Pink).
Soil, ordinary.
Ord.
"
Position,
in
Sow
seeds in lines or patches
sunny
in
J in. deep in April for summer
flowering;
Sept. for spring flowering.
Thin
1 in. high 2 or
Water
3 in. apart.
seedlings when
freely in dry
" apply stimulants
weather
occasionally.
CULTUEE
OF
loam.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES
tion,
Posi: Soil, deep rich
rockeries
borders
or
or
borders
for S.
or
ocymoides; large sunny
shady
shrubbery
garden for S. officinalis. Plant, Oct. to
Water
April.
Top-dress annually in Feb. with decayed manure.
in
weather.
in
boxes
of
shallow
freely
dry
in
soil
of
55"
in
65"
to
in
sandy
March, hardening seedlings
a
temp,
cold frame
in April," planting out in May
in
outdoors
or
June;
or
April, transplanting
seedlingsin June " July ; by cuttingsinserted in
soil
cold
m
sandy
frame, Sept. to Oct.; division of roots, Oct. to
sunny
or
wild
March.
ANNUAL
SPECIES
S. calabriofl,rose, .Tuly to Sept., 6 to 12 in., Italy.
:
SPECIES;
S. ocymoides
(Rock Soap-wort), rosy purple,
officinalis flore pleno (Double Soapwort), pink, Aug., 2
trailing, Europe;
PEllENNIAL
Europe
ft.,
(Britain).
Sardinian
Sarmienta
iris
See Iris.
(Irisolbiensis)."
(Chilian Pitcher-flower).Ord. Gesneracea;.
shoots
First
creeper.
Compost,
Position,
moss.
teak
growing
up
soft
baskets
stems
Water
copiously, April to
to Oct.
freely daily, March
plants in March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Sarracenia
Pitcher
Plant;
hardy herbaceous
S.
1862.
peat, charcoal,
"
suspended
chopped sphagnum
roof, or in pots
of dead
tree ferns.
Pot or plant, March.
Oct. ; moderately
afterwards.
Syringe
or
pans,
Shade
from
45" to 55".
repens,
(Huntsman's
Side-saddle
introduced
to Sept.
Temp., March
scarlet, summer,
Horn;
Flower).
perennials.
sun.
from
First
"
creeping. Chili.
Indian
Cup; N. American
Ord.
HalfSarraceniaceae.
introduced
1752.
Leaves,
pitcher-shaped,recticulated.
INDOOE
CULTUEE:
Compost, equal parts fibry peat
sphagnum
house
Green-
"
herbaceous
CULTUEE:
with
summer,
to
3
moss.
Position,
cool
moist
corner
of
greenhouse
".
or
lar,
tubu-
chopped
fernery,
cold frame, or Wardian

in dwelling room.
case
Pots to
Pot, March.
two-thirds
full of drainage. Place pot containing
plant inside
another
pot two sizes larger," fillspace between
with sphagnum
moss.
Water
freely, April to Oct.; very little in winter.
Syringe foliage
Shade
gently daily in summer.
from
bright sun.
Top-dress in
with
little decayed manure.
summer
a
OUTDOOE
CULTUEE
OF
S. PURPUEEA
;
be
peat
"
sphagnum
moss.
Po.sition,fully exposed liog garden

386
or
moist
ENCYCLOPJCDIA
rookery. Plant, March

Water
layer of moss.
" hybrids by division
OF
GARDENING.
April. Keep surface of soil covered with

freelyin summer.
Propagate all the' species
in March
or
April.
or
SPECIES
and
CCTLTIVATED:
S. Drummondii,
flowore
purple, June, leaves white,
purple, 2 ft., N. America;
Olaytoni, leaves purple, 1 ft., hybrid; flava
(Trumpet Leaf), yellow, June, 2 ft.,N. America;
flava atrosanguinea, lid of pitcher
and yellow; flava Cateebrei,wings of pitcher veined
cream
with
red; flava limbata,
lid of
crimson
and
brown
pitcher
margined
psittacina, flowers
purple, leaves
;
veined
rod or purple, N. Ameiîoa;
flowers
purple, spring, leaves veined
purpurea,
purple, N. America;
rubra, flowers reddish, leaves veined
purple, N. America:
variolaris,flowers yellow, leaves spotted with white, N. America.
Sa.rsa.parilla
(Smllax glauca). See Smilax.
Satin-flower."
See Sisyrinchium.
Sa.tin
Poppy
(Meconopsis Wallichii). See Meconopsis.
green,
"
"
Satureia
annual
shoots
"
(Summer
"
perennial evergreen
used
for
CULTURE
Winter
herbs.
flavouringsoups
"
Savory)."
First
salads,
for
"
Hardy
Labiatse.
Ord.
Aromatic
boilingwith peas "
introduced
1562.
OF
SUMMEE
SAVORY
annual.
: Hardy
Soil, ordinary.
Sow
Thin
seeds \ in. deep in drills 12 in. apart.
in
weather.
seedlingswhen 2 in. High to 6 in. apart. Water
freely dry
Pull plants up when
in flower, " dry for winter
use.
CULTURE
OP
WINTER
SAVORY
shrub.
: Hardy
Soil,
evergreen
12
in.
Plant, March
or
ordinary. Position, sunny.
April
apart in
15 in. asunder.
Prune
in closely
in Oct., " top-dress
with manure.
rows
Renew
as
plantations every fourth year.
advised for annual
also
of
inserted
iu
shoots
species,
by cuttings
young
border
in
division
of
in
roots
March.
shady
April,
ANNUAL
SPECIES
S. hortensis
:
(Summer
Savory), lilac, July, 6 to 8 in
Mediterranean
Uegion.
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
S. montana
(Winter Savory), purple, June, 6 to 12 in.,
'
Europe.
Ôrd. Orchidaceae.
Satyrium.
Half-hardy terrestrial tuberousrooted
orchids.
First introduced
1842.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts good turfy loam, sandy peat,
"
silver sand.
leaf-mould, charcoal
coarse
in
cold
frame.
to
Nov.,
Pot,
Aug.
placing tubers lin.
pots
shady
in
6-in.
Make
below
"
to
5
3
a
surface,
Plunge
pot.
compost firm.
refuse.
Water
rims
in
cinder
ashes
cocoanut-fibre
to
or
copiously
pots
from
time
growth begins till foliage fades; then keep nearly dry.
flower
stimulants
from
Remove
weak
Apply
April till flowers fade.
Protect
from
when
blooms
fade.
2
3
or
Repot every
spikes
years.
ashes.
cinder
of
cocoanut-fibre
refuse
Dec.
to Feb.
or
by covering
Position, sunny.
"
Propagate by
SPECIES
S. Africa:
division
CULTIVATED:
white
carneum,
Sauromatum
Aug. to Nov.
oandidum,
white, fragrant, Aug. and Sept., 1 ft.,
and pink, June, 1 ft., S. Africa.
Half(Monarch of the East). Ord. Aroideae.
of tubers,
S.
"
flower
roots " arum-like
spatlies.
hardy perennial, with tuberous
in
tubers
in autumn,
them
CULTURE
a
: Purchase
place
dry saucer
the
flower
will
No
in
few
weeks
in a warm
"
a,
spathe
room,
appear.
After
soil or
needed.
water
flowering, plant the tuber in a moist
its leaf growth.
Lift in Aug., keep iu a cool
place outdoors to make
indoors.
in
"
saucer
a
Repeat the operation year
place, again place
by
year.
CULTIVATED
S. guttatum,
:
purple, yellow and
green,
spring, 1 ft..Central Asia.
Saussurea
Ord.
(Saw-wort).
Compositse. Hardy
First introduced
1816.
herbs.
SPECIES
"
387
winter
or
perennial
0
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYOLOPMDIA
rockeries for S. alpina;

Position, sunny
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary.
Plant, Oct., Nov.,
etc.
for S. pulchella,S. pgymaea,
borders
sunny
in.
J
deep in ordinary soil
March
or
transplantingseedlingswhen three
in
positionoutdoors, April,
sunny
or
four
S.
CULTIVATED:
SPEOIBS
2
formed.
have
leaves
japonioa (Syn.
japonica),purple,
Seratala
summer,
ft,, Japan.
(Juniperussabina). See Juniperus.

(Satureiahortensis " montana). See Satureia.
Savin-tree
Savory
Savoy.
"
"
See
"
Brassica.
(Ophrys tenthredinera). See Ophrys.

(Saussureajaponica). See Saussurea.
Ord.
Saxifragacea.
Pride).
(Bockfoil; London
rockeries
and
for
Interestingplants
perennials.
Orchis
Savtffly
Saw-wort
"
"
Saxifraga
Hardy " tender
"
Saxifrages, leaves silvery,borne in

(1) Encrusted
" moss-like; (3)Megasea
leaves
rosettes;
Saxifrages,
green
Miscellaneous
"
type, leaves
leathery; (4)
Saxifrages, leaves, large
Classes
borders.
(2)Moss
in
varied
CULTURE
form.
tion,
PosiSECTION
Soil, gritty loam.
:
in
Plant
walls.
old
rockeries
or
ledges or
sunny
in
vertical
fix
with
to
loam
Mix
cow
plants
a
dung
spring.
rocks.
S. Cotyledon pyramidalis a good plant for cool greenhouse.
"
one
Grow
in compost of two
part of equal proportions
parts loam
Place
Five-inch
sand.
"
old
of
leaf-mould,
pots suitable.
mortar,
Water
into
till
then
in cold
frame
remove
greenhouse.
March,
in wellin grittyloam
after
ing.
floweroffsets
in
in
cold
frame
drained
directly
spring; by
ENCRUSTED
of
little fresh
OF
fissues
pans
loam.
SECTION
Soil, ordinary moist
:
for
borders
to
choice
kinds, edgings
Position, ledges
Plant
bulbs.
of
beds
of
choice
surface
or
commoner
carpeting
ones;
in pans
of gritty
in autumn
or
spring. Propagate by seeds sown
in
frame
in
cold
of
shoots
in
soil in cold
frame
spring; cuttings
MOSSY
rockeries
OF
CULTURE
of
for
in spring.
SECTION:
Position,
MEGASEA
Soil, ordinary.
"
Good
Plant
town
in
autumn
borders.
or
or
spring.
shady
sunny
in
soil
in
cold
suburban
light
garden plants. Propagate by seeds sown
in spring; division in autumn
or
frame
spring.
S.
MISCELLANEOUS
SECTION
OF
CULTURE
; Soil, ordinary for
loam
moist
for other
"
umbrosa,
Geum;
species. Position, shady
" Granulata
Geum
borders for S. umbrosa,
; moist
fl.-pl.
shady rockery
" rotundifolia
for Andrewsii,
cunefolia, oppositifolia,
rockery
; sunny
burseriaua
"
or
for
sancta;
margins of water-courses
apiciilata,
damp borders for peltata; damp walls or rockeries for Sibthorpii;
Plant in autumn
walls for sarmentosa.
or
spring. Propagate
sunny
in grittysoil in pans in cold frame
in
spring; division
by seeds sown
summer
CULTURE
in
division
OP
spring.
OF
CULTURE
leaf-mould
"
TENDER
silver
sand.
SPECIES:
Soil, equal parts loam, peat,
Position, pots or baskets suspendednear
Water
Pot in spring.
55"
Oct.
March
to
to
very
offsets
in
to Oct. 65" to 70".
60" ; March
Propagate by
spring.
S. Aizoon,
wliite,June, 3 to 6 in., Arotio
ENCRUSTED
SPECIES:
creamy
its varieties
balearioa
(white and
crimson), carinthiaca
(white),
Reg;ions, and
Griesbachii
(snowy
(white
(white), la graveana
white), marginata
(rose), intaota
roof
of
greenhouse,
moderately in
or
close
autumn
window.
to sunny
" winter.
Temp.,
388
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPMDIA
(Lobelia cardinalis). See Lobelia.

Lychnis
(Lychnis chalcedonica). See Lychnis.
See Acer.
Maple
(Acer rubrum).
Lily
(Lilium chalcedonicum).
Martagon
Lobelia.
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Lilium.
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Mimulus.
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Phaseolus.
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
Scarlet
"
"
"
"
(Salviafulgen8\" See Salvia.

Mitre-pod
(Mitraria coccinea). See Mitraria.
cardinalis).
Monkey-flovwer
(Mimulus
See
Sage
Mexican
"
"
(Mimulus cardinalis). See Mimulus.

(Quercus coccinea). See Quercus.
Runner
Bean
(Phaseolus multiflorus).
Musk
Oak
Sec
"
"
"
Sec
(Salviacoccinea " S. splendens). See Salvia.

mocciniana). See Scutellaria.
(Scutellaria
Twin-flower
(Bravoa geminiflora).See Bravoa.
Wind-flovwer
(Anemone fulgens). See Anemone.
Wound-wwort
(Stachys coccinea). See Stachys.
Aroideae.
Stove
Ord.
perennial herbs.
Schismatoglottis.
1862.
introduced
First
Orn.
Leaves, oblong or heart-shaped,
foliage.
with
or
silver-grey,purple or yellow.
striped
green
Sage
"
Skull-cap
"
"
"
"
"
CULTURE
fibrous
peat,
leaf-
silver sand.
mould,
rately
March.
Water
stove.
Pot, Feb. or
April to Sept.; modecopiously,
stimulants
to
afterwards.
Sept. Apply
Syringe daily, April
55" to 65";
Temp., Sept. to Marcn
March.
Feb.
or
March
"
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Lavallei, leaves
grey,
leaves
Siam.
Borneo;
spotted
S.
with
mottled
Plant, Sept.
Borneo;
silvery
with
New
blotched
Guinea;
pulchra,
neoguinensis,
j[ellow,
white,
siamensis, leaves spotted with
silvery white, Borneo;
"
Ord.
introduced
"
Oct.
frame,
July
or
firm
to
1806.
Hardy
Leaves, large
"
evergreen
climbing
handsome.
Berries,
"
Oct.
8.
CULTIVATED:
Maguoliacese.
walls or
arbours.
peat. Position, sunny
April. Prune
straggly shoots, April. Propagate
bell-glass
Soil, loam
by cuttings of
SPECIES
grey,
with
with
Schizandra.
shrubs.
First
scarlet.
CULTURE:
in cold
with
silvery
orispata, leaves banded
Malaya;
longispatha, leaves banded
grey,
leaves
sinensis, rose,
summer,
1 6to
20 ft., China.
Fringe Flower). Ord. Solanaceae.

(Butterfly
First
annual
herbs.
introduced
1822.
Half-hardy
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
: Soil, good ordinary rich.
Position, sunny
borders.
Sow
seeds thinly in pots, pans, or boxes filled with
beds
or
Cover slightly
lightsoil," place in temp. 65" to 75" in Feb. or March.
when
lin.
fine mould.
with
high, 4 in a. 3-in.
in
"
off
in
out
harden
Sow
also similarly
frame,
plant
May.
pot,
"
in
3-in.
3
shelf
in light airy
a
in
place on
Aug., transplant
pot,
until
then
out.
Sow likewise outdoors
followingMay,
plant
greenhouse
end of April where
required to grow.
SchizanthUS
CULTURE
or
"
one
part loam, half a part each of decayed
little sand.
Sow
seeds thinly in above
compost
frame
in Aug.
in cool greenhouse or
Transplant seedlings singly in
shelf in greenhouse (temp. 45" to 55") untif Jan.,
on
3-in. pots, " grow
6-in.
to
in light position. Water
transfer
then
modepots, " grow
POT
manure
"
Compost,
leaf-mould,
390
EN
CYCLOPEDIA
GAEVENING.
OF
sionally
occarately in winter; freely other times.
Apply weak stimulanta
whilst flowering. Support plants with
For
stakes.
summer
seeds in temp. bb" to 65" in Feb.
March,
flowering,sow
or
ing
transplantwhen
1 in. high to
3-in. pots, then into 5-in. pots.
SPECIES
and its
rose,
13 to 18 in.,
CULTIVATED:
S. Grahami,
lilao and
orango,
BUmmer,
varieties,oarmineus
(carmine) and lilacineus (lilaoand yellow) ; pinnatus,
13 to 18 in., and
its varietie's,atropurpureus and
purple and yellow, summer,
papilionaoeus,
roseus
18
in., and
of
Natives
its
and
violaceus
variety alba;
Chili
and
retusus,
crimson
rose,
wisetonensis, pink, white,
and
and
summer,
orange,
brown,
summer,
ft.
Peru.
Schizocodon.
Ord.
Diapensiaceffi.Hardy perennial herb
suitable for rockery culture.
CULTURE
Position,
: Soil, equal parts sandy
peat " leaf-mould.
"
partiallyshady border, rhododendron

April. Water
cocoanut-fibre
in April.
SPECIES
refuse
"
CULTIVATED:
or
May.
in. high
Ord.
"
cold
or
rose,
Cruciferae.
frame.
with
Protect
Propagate
S. soldanelloides,
Schizopetalon.
introduced
CULTURE
bracken.
dry
bed,
by
4.
March,
Plant,
layer
thick
division
of
in., Japan.
annual.
Half-hardy
of
root*
First
1821.
:
rich soil in open border,

seeds in light warm
seeds lightlywith fine soil. Thin
seedlings when
4 in. apart. Support plants when
6 to 12 in.
or
Sow
Cover
to
April
1 to
high
Sow
also thinly
with small bushy twigs. Water
of
"
sand
with
in well-drained
filled
loam,
peat,
placed
compost
pans
in temp, of 55" to 65", Feb. or April; transplantingseedlings 3 or 4 in
3-in. pots filled with
above
" plant
off in cold frame
compost; harden
out in May.
S. Walkeri, white, almond
1 to 3 ft..
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
:
scented, summer,
Chili.
Schizophragprna
Hardy
(Climbing Hydrangea). Ord.

self-clingingclimbing flowering
"
evergreen
1879.
introduced
CULTURE
: Soil,
only. Plant, Oct. or
Saxifragacese.
shrub.
First
districts
ordinary. Position, sunny wall in warm
Prune
shoots
into
straggly
shape, April.
April.
under
a
bell-glassin temp.
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sand
55" in spring.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
S.
hydrangeoidos, white
or
pink, autumn,
10 to 15 ft.,
Japan.
(Caffre Lily;
SchizostyliS
Hardy
bulbous
or
Crimson
rhizomatous-rooted
Flag).
perennial.
"
Iridaceae.
Ord.
First
introduced
1864.
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
Position, warm
: Soil, moist
loamy.
sunny
Protect
weather
in
March.
to
Oct.
severe
border.
ing
Plant,
by coverin summer
Water
" apply
of dry litter.
freelyin dry weather
stimulants
occasionally.
CULTURE
POT
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part decayed manure,
Nov.
to March.
Position, cold frame, Dec. to April;
little sand.
Pot,
in
of
rim
border, April to Sept.; cold
pots
sunny
plunged to the
Dec.
Water
copiouslysummer
; moderately other
greenhouse, Sept. to
in
summer.
times.
occasionally
Repot annually.
Apply stimulants
or
April.
Propagate by division of rhizomes or roots in March
S. coooinea, crimson, Oct.
and
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
Nov., 1 to 3 ft., S.
Africa.
Schomburgkia.
introduced
First
CULTURE
"
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
epiphytalorchids.
1834.
Compost, sphagnum
391
moss
"
fibrous
peat. Position
on
GABDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pot or
in well-drained
roof
from
or
pots or pans.
period.
Water
growing
Keep
March.
during
freely
re-block, Feb. or
Shade
from
until
flowers
sun.
has
completed
appear.
dry after growth
March
to
essential
Temp.,
during growing period.
Moist
atmosphere
60"
70".
March
winter.
to
to
75"
Resting
to
85"; Sept.
period,
Sept.
at apex
Flowers
of new
to Oct.
appear
division.
pseudo-bulbs. Propagate by
8. "Lyonsii,
CULTIVATED:
white, brown, yellow, and purple, 1 ft.,
SPECIES
W.
white, BUmmer,
thomsoniana,
aulphur yellow, purple, and
.Tamaioa;
Indies;
and
TibiciniB
1 ft.,
Orohid), crimBon, purple, orange,
white, summer,
(Cow-bom
suspended
blocks
Honduras.
Schubertia.
"
Sciadopitys
conifer.
Hardy
evergreen
tapering, borne
variegated
See
Araujia.
(ParasolFir Tree; Umbrella
in
with
tufts
at
Pine). Ord. Coniferae.

"
First
1861.
introduced
Leaves, long,
the end of shoots, parasol-like;
green or
pale yellow.
CULTURE
from
;
Soil, rich moist loam.
Position, sheltered
ing
piercwinds.
ported
Plant, Sept.,Oct., March
or
April. Propagate by imseeds sown
^ in. deep in pots filled with moist sandy loam, "
or
placed in cold frame
greenhouse, transplantingseedlingsoutdoors
in.
or
followingspring;
J
deep outdoors in April in moist bed of sandy
transplantingseedlingsnext
loam,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Scilla
"
CULTURE
in
HALF-HARDY
OF
part decayed
one
small
SPECIES
cow
"
manure
light cool greenhouse. Pot, Aug.

in threes in 5-in. pots. Water
after floweringceases
40" to 50" ; March
to Sept.
June
frame,
sunny
HARDY
SPECIES
CULTURi:
OF
in
beds,
borders,
on
grass
sunny
March
Nov.
ju lines
2 in.
deep
"
with
POT
mould
decayed
or
Compost,
sand.
to
Dec,
two
parts sandy
largebulbs
singly,or
apart ; large
Nov.
manure,
bulbs
in.
for
planting: Small bulbs 2 in.

deep "t 3 to 4 in. apart Mulch
Lift, divide,
CULTURE
or
: Soil, deep sandy loam.

Position,
lawns, or rockeries.
Plant, Aug.
Depth
masses.
"
replant
every
bulbs, lin.
third year.
one
part leaf-
parts sandy loam,

Pot, Aug. to
part river sand.
in
5-in.
a
apart,
pot; or 3 to 5 largepots. Position, under layer of cinder
:
Compost,
well-decayed cow
manure,
two
Nov., placing small
one
deep in similar
then
from
time of potting till growth commences,
till past flowering,
afterwards
greenhouse or window
sized bulbs
ashes
hardy
freely when growth begins;

" leaves begin to decay.
Temp., Oct.
to Oct. 55" to 65".
Stand
pots in cold
ones
keep dry
to
"
plants.
loam,
to
to 120 ft., Japan.

Liliacese.
Greenhouse
Bell). Ord.
(Squill; Blue
bulbous
pots
year.
S. Terticillata,80
1 in.
in cold frame,
in sunny
spot
till
commences
weak
stimulants
cool
outdoors.
time
Water
moderately from
growth
then keep dry. Repot annually. Apply
twice
or
once
during flowering period. Propagate by seeds sown
in
1-16 in. deep in lightsandy soil in boxes or cold frame, or outdoors
when
lifting" planted, as
Sept. ; offsets from old bulbs removed
for full-sized bulbs.
advised
Seedlings flower when 3 to 4 years old.
6 to 13 in., Algeria; peruHALP-HAIIDT
SPECIES:
S. peruviana, lilao. May,
viana
foliagefades,
alba, white.
SPECIES:
HARDT
bifolia rosea,
rose
\\\
Kiirope;
S.
;
bifolia,blue, March, 6 in., Europe: blfolia alba, white;

(Syn. S. nutans),the Bluebell, blue, April, 8 to 15 in.,
festalis
festalis
alba,
white;
festalis
1
hispanica (Spanish Squill), blue, May,
flosh ; hispanioa rosea,
liispanioa oarnea,
(Siberian Squill),blue, Feb., 3 to G in., Asia
393
rosea,
rose;
ft., Europe;
festalis
cernua,
blue;
hispanioa alba, white;

rose;
hispanica rubra, red; sibirica
sibirioa alba, white.
Minor;
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
OARDBNING.
Scirpus
(Club Grass; Eush). Ord.
water
hardy perennial marsh
or
plants.
"
CTJLTUEE
OF
HARDY
lakes, streams,
of
division, Oct.
to
Cyperaceas.
"
Greenhouse
SPECIES:
gins
Soil, ordinary. Position, marponds. Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by
"
April.
CULTURE
OP
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
loam, leaf -mould, " little sand.
Position, small pots arranged along
front of staging,or in hanging baskets.
Water
Pot, Feb. or March.
March
to
other
times.
Oct.,
moderately
Temp., March
abundantly
to Oct. SS'^to 65" ; Oct. to March
45" to 55".
of plants in March.
HARDY
Rush),
SPECIES
ringed
stems
GREENHOUSE
3
to
S.
:
with
laouatris
SPECIES:
in., leaves
nodosns
S.
slender
round,
ScolopendriUlYl
and
zebrina
4 to
reddish,
(Syn.
(Variegated Porciiijine
5
ft., Britain.
Isolepi"gracilis), the
Club
Rush,
drooping, Tropics.
(Hart's-tongue Fern)." -Ord.
fern.
Fronds,
CULTURE
evergreen
OUTDOOR
Tabernsemontani
yellow, inflorescence
strap-shaped,crested,
or
Filices.
Hardy
contorted.
; Soil, one
part each of fibrous peat " loam,
rubbish.
mortar
or
oyster shells, " limestone
Position, shady borders, rookeries, chinks of old stone or brick walls, or
"
of
one
sand,
broken
frame, greenhouse
Feb.
or
March.
or
Water
Compost,
varieties,
omnilacerum,
on
Shade
to
division
time;
Position, pots
from
sun
essential.
in
cold
Pot,
of fine
surface
weather.
above.
of
peat in well-drained
pans,
-or
plants, March
April.
vnlgare, 6 to 18 in., Europe (Britain), etc., and its

marginatum,
grandioeps, Kelwayi,
crispum, cristatum,
trade
other
lists for
undulatum,
variegatum, etc. See
CULTIVATED:
numerous
as
dwelling-room.
freelyMarch

placed in temp, of 75" any
SPECIES
copiouslyin dry
Water
banks.
Plant, April.
INDOOR
CULTURE;
S.
as
ramosum,
forms.
Thistle).
Scoiymus
(Spanish Oyster Plant; Golden
First
positae. Hardy annual, biennial, " perennialherbs.
"
Ord. Comintroduced
1630.
Plant
borders.
Position, sunny
nial
perenSow
seeds
of
annual
to
Oct.
species
April.
species(S.grandittorus),
(S. maculatus) " of biennial species(S.hispanicus)Jin. deep where
or
April-. Thin seedlingsto 8 or 12 in. apart
requiredto grow in March
as
above,
when
in.
2
high. Propagate perennialspeciesby seeds sown
CULTURE
or
by
division
ANNUAL
BIENNIAL
Aug.,
2 to
PERENNIAL
Soil, ordinary.
in
of roots
April.
yellow, July, 2 to
hispanicus (Spanish Oyster
SPECIES:
SPECIES:
S. maculatus,
ft., roots
edible, Europe.
S.
SPECIES
S.
grandiflorus,yellow. May,
3
or
ft., Europe.
Golden
ft., N.
Thistle),yellow.
Africa.
See Myosotis.
(Myosotisdissitiflora).
Scorpion
Iris.
See
Iris
alata).
(Iris
Scorpion
Senna.
(CoronillaEmerus). See Coronilla.
Scorpion
ceous
Scorzonera
(Vipers'Grass). Ord. Compositae. Hardy herba1576.
First introduced
Roots,
perennial with edible roots.
Grass
"
"
"
"
with
dark
skin, sweet-flavoured.
Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free from
of three or four,
seeds in groups
Sow
stones.
Position, sunny,
open.
Thin seedlings
in
in.
"
18
in.
drills
in
April.
apart
in.
deep,
I
12
apart,
carrot-shaped, white
CULTURE:
flower heads
Remove
soon
as
high to one in each group.
in layers
"
store
their
twist
off
in
leaves,
roots
the
Oct.,
Lift
seen.
as
until required for
outhouse
in cellar or
soil between
sand
or
with
lib. sulphate of amfor:
kainit,
Artiiicial
2Jlb.
raanuies
cooking.
when
3 in.
393
GAllDBNING.
OF
BNOrCLOPJBniA
mixed, per square rod (30J aq. yards),applied

2^ lb. of guano,
Requires to be raised from seed annually for
sowing in spring.
Seeds
germinate in 7 to 12
producing roots for culinary purposes.
Crop
days, and retain their vegetative powers for two to three years.
reaches
in
weeks.
18
maturity
soils unsuitable.
Maeket
Cultubb:
Soil, deep, sandy; poor, shallow
kainit
No
but
cwt.
of
3
Manures
:
farmyard dung,
per acre,
before
of
in
5
cwt.
sowing,
winter;
just
superphosphate
ploughed
during
monia,
before
of soda
after
nitrate
six weeks
1 cwt.
sowing. Sow in April,
Thin
in
in.
seed
18
drills
seedlingsearly to 9 in.
apart.
sowing
thinly
and
in bundles
acre
of 8 to
8 to
12
in
store
even
of seed
to 300
Average yieldper acre,

Average priceper doz. bundles,
hispanioa, yellow,
June
to
bushels.
sow
an
Average
4s. to 4s. 6d.

Sept., 2 to 3 ft., S.
years.
S.
Market
clumps outdoors.
Quantity
straight roots.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
and
200
12 lb.
seeds, 2
life of
in November
Lift roots
apart.
to
Europe.
(Crocus biflorus).See
Scotch
Scotch
Scotch
Scotch
Scotch
Scotch
Crocus
Elm
Scotch
Scotch
Scotch
Primrose
Rose
Shamrock
Crocus.
"
(Ulmus montana). See Ulmus.

Fir
(Pinus sylvestris). See Piuus.
Heather
(Erica cinerea). See Erica.
"
"
"
Kale.
Laburnum
"
See
Brassica.
(Laburnum alpinus). See Laburnum.

(Primula scotia). See Primula.
(Eosa spinosissima).See Eosa.
(Trifoliumrepens purpureum). See
"
"
"
"
Trifo-
lium.
Scotch
Screw
Thistle
Pine
Pea."
Scurvy
Scutellaria
Stove
and
herbaceous
(Onopordon acanthium).- See Onopordon.

"
(Pandanus
See
odoratissimus).
"
See
Pandanus.
Psoralea.
(Helmet Flower;
perennials.
Skull
Cap).
"
Ord.
Scrophulariacea?.
OF
STOVE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts loam, one part
" sand.
Position,
equal proportionsof leaf-mould, decayed manure,
of year.
lightpart of stove, Sept. to June; sunny cold frame remainder
Prune
shoots directly after flowering(Feb.) to
Pot, Feb. or March.
Good
within 3 in. of ba'ê.
drainage essential.
Nip off pointsof main
3 in. long, also of lateral shoots
of similar length,
when
shoots when
Water
induce
to
bushy growth.
freely April to Sept., moderately
a
afterwards.
once
Syringe daily April to Sept. Apply stimulants
Juno
55"
Dec.
to
to
March
March
to
to
week
65";
May
Temp., Sept.
CULTUEE
of
70" to 80'^.
CULTUEE
sunny
replant only
of firm
OP
borders
or
when
shoots,
HAEDY
SPECIES;
rockeries.
Plant,
Soil, ordinary.
March
or
STOVE
SPECIES:
HAHDT
and
SPECIES:
blue, July, 1 ft., N.
open
divide "
April. Lift,
Propagate stove species by cuttings

overgrown.
bellin light sandy soil under
to 3 in. long, inserted
glass in temp. 75" to 85" in spring; hardy species by

in April; division of roots in March
or
April.
cininna, scarlet
Position,
S.
ooooinea,
scarlet, summer,
12
18
to
2 to 3 ft., Mexico.
yellow, summer,
S. alpina, purple, Aug., 6 to 8 in.,
S.E.
seeds
sown
in., Colombia;
Europe;
doors
outmoe-
Intcrifolia,
America.
Scutlcarla."
Ord.
introduced
1834.
CULTUEE:
Compost,
with
little sand
"
moss,
Orchidacce.
Stove
epiphytalorchids.
equal parts fibry peat
"
chopped sphagnum
charcoal.
394
First
pots, pans,
bnuyc'loPjEdia
baskets
or
in
Water
gardening.
of
light part
mences.
of greenhouse.
Pot when
new
growth comNov.
to
March
March.
to
from
Nov., moderately
frsely
twice daily whilst making growth.
Ventilate
or
freely
Oct.
55"
to 65"; Oct. to April 45" to 55".
Temp., April to
Syringe once
May to Sept.
Growing period,Feb.
division
by
to March
; resting period,Oct. to Feb.
pseudo-bulbs immediatelyafter flowering.
of
S. Hadweni,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
greenish yellow, white, and
to 18 in., Brazil;
white
and
Steelii,yellow, chocolate, creamy
periods of the year, British Guiana.
ScyphanthUS.
See
"
Buckthorn
Sea
Sea
Sea
BugrlOSS.
orthia.
Heath
See Anchusa.
"
(Pancratium maritimum). See Pancratium.

(Eryngium maritimum)." See Eryngium.
"
EryngO
Seaf
Grammatocarpus.
(Hippophae rhamnoides)." See Hippophae.
Daffodil
Sea
Sea
"
See
Archontophoenix.
(Frankenia laevis).See
(Eryngium maritimum).
Fraukenia.
"
Holly
summer,
rose,
purple, -various
Sea,
Propagate
"
See
Beet
Lavender
Seakale."
Seakale
See
Erygium.
Crambe.
(Beta Cicla).
"
See
Beta.
See Statice.
(StaticeLimonium).
See
Flovwer
(Dicentra spectabilis).- Dicentra.
See Uniola.
Oat
(Uuiola latifolia).
Pink
(Armeriamaritima). See Armeria.
Daffodil
Sea-shore
(Narcissusodorus). See Narcissus.
Sea-side
Poppy
(Glaucium luteum). See Glaucium.
Rocket
Sea-side
(Cakilemaritima). See Cakile.
Sea
Seal
Sea
Sea
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
(Aeplenium marinum).
Spleenwort
Sea-side
"
See
Asple-
nium.
(Matthiolasinuata). See Matthiola.

(Aster tripolium). See Aster.
Stock
Sea-side
Starvwort
Sea
Sedgre.
Sedum
(Stonecrop).Ord. Crassulaceae.
biennials, "
herbaceous
perennials,
loam.
Plant
Nov
hardy
green
everorn.
Water
freelyApril to Oct., very little afterwards.
to Oct. 45" to 55".
40" to 50" ; March
to March
or
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary
PERENNIAL
HARDY
OP
"
rockeries
borders.
or
shady dryish
Position,
April
Oct
Temp
OXJLTUEE
sandy
"
Flowering "
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts sandy
GREENHOUSE
of
equal proportionsof dried
part brick rubbish, one part
in
greenhouse. Pot,
sunny
Position, pots or pans
" sand.
dung
to
Greenhouse
annuals.
OF
CULTURE
loam, one
Feb
Carex.
"
"
cow
See
"
"
"
sunny
to
April. Lift, divide

OF
CULTURE
dryish banks, rockeries,
"
replanttriennially.
SPECIES
ANNUAL
Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
seeds thinly in April where

Sow
with fine soil. Thin 3 to 6 m.
apart
"equired to grow, and lightlycover
named
below
by
species
greenhouse
Propagate
2 in
high.
when
fine
filled with
compost
or
well-drained
pans
pots
in
sown
seeds
" sand, " placed m
loam
temp, of
of equal parts brick rubble, sandy
brick
rubble,
also by cuttings of shoots inserted m
to May;
55" Feb
of
roots
at potdivision
ting
55"
in
to
45"
summer;
"'sand,in
or
borders.
temp.
loam
time.
Hardy speciesbjrseeds
or
April.
of the roots in March
ANNUAL
HaW
-acre
SPECIES:
PERENNIAL
aureum,
8.
oasruleum,
SPECIES
sown
outdoors
blue, July, 3
S.
acre
golden foliage; Aizoon,

395
in.,
S.
in
April, or
division
Europe.
tain
(Stonecrop), yellow June, 3 in., Brialbum
1 ft., Siberia;
yellow, summer,
ENOYCLOPJSDIA
GARDENING.
OF
4 in., Europe
(Worm
Grass), white, summer,
(Britain); brevifolium, white, June,
in., Mediterranean
Region; Ewersii, pink, Aug., 4 to 6 in., Siberia; higpanioum
dasyphyllum, pink,
(Syn. S. glauoum), pink and
white, July, 3 in., S. Europe;
lydium,
6 in., Eamtsohatka;
July, 3 in., Europe;
kamtsohaticum,
yellow, autumn,
white
and
3 in., pink, Aug., 2 in., Asia
red,
Minor;
maximum,
pink, summer,
1ft., Japan; oppositifolia,
Au^., 1 to 2 ft., Europe; Maximowioszii, yellow, summer,
white, July, 6 in., Caucasus;
populifolium, pink, Aug., 8 to 10 in., Siberia; pul4 to 6 in., N.
America;
reflezum, yellow, summer,
chellum, rosy purple, summer,
6 to 10 in.,
8 to 10 in., Europe;
roseum
(Rose Root), reddish
purple, summer,
stolonifenun
N.
1 to
2 ft., Japan;
Zone;
Temperate
spectabile, pink, autumn,
and
its varieties
albom
6 in., Caucasus,
(Syn. S. spurium), pink, summer,
(white)
and
1 ft.,
LiTe-long), pink, summer,
splendens
(red); telephium (Orpine or
Pyrenees.
3
Sieboldii
medio-pictum,
pink, summer,
variegatam
(Syn. S.
pink, China.
striped with white, stems
variegatum), leaves green
Sela.g;il^6ll3'
(Creeping Moss; Tree Club Moss). Ord.
S.
SPECIES:
GREENHOUSE
blotched
with
in., Japan;
white,
sarmentosum
leaves
carneum
LycopoFirst
foliageplants. Evergreen.
or
creeping or erect; branched; green
"
greenhouse
"
Stove
diacejB.
1860.
introduced
Fronds,
orn.
variegated.
CTJLTUEE
March.
or
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat
Position, pots, pans,
moss.
or
rockeries
copiouslyApril
Water
Syringe daily April

55" to 65" ; March
40" to 50" ; March
Sept. Shade from

Sept. 70" to 80" for
to
Sept.55"
to 65" for
inserted in
SPECIES:
W.
orythropus,
W". Indies;
GREENHOUSE
Braunii, 12
Pot
or
plant Feb.
Sept., moderately afterwards.
sun.
stove species
; Sept. to March
greenhouse species. Propagate
above
compost in v?ell-drained
in a temp, of 80" at all seasons.
S. canaliculata, creeping, Trop. Asia;
cuspidata, W. Indies;
hcematodes,
Galeolottii, C. America;
grandis, Borneo;
Indies;
by cuttingsabout 3 in. long

pots, " plunged in cocoanut-fibre
STOVE
to
to
to
chopped sphagnum
"
in shade.
Wildencvi,
climbing,
SPECIES:
refuse
Trop.
S.
Asia.
(Syn.
apus
kraussiana
18 in., China;
aurea,
or
trailing, S. Africa ; kraussiana
Mexico
variegata, variegated ;
; Martensii
to
S.
apoda
(Syn. Lycopodium
or
densa), N. America;
denticulatum), oreeping
foliage golden ; Martensii, 6 to 12 in.,

(Syn. S. csesia),trailing,China.
terrestrial orchids
Ord. Orchidaceae.
Stove
Selenipedium.
the latter in their long,
allied to Cypripediums, but
differing from
The
stem.
on
a
leaves, and
bearing several flowers
narrow
green
and
twisted.
are
mostly long
sepals,moreover,
unoioata
"
CULTURE
moss
sand.
"
Compost,
drained
Water
freelyMarch
April.
to Sept. 65" to 85" ;
March
growths
by division
of the
or
pans
part sphagnum
of their depth.
60" to 65".
Sept. to March
one-third
of
in centre
Flowers
appear
finished.
Propagate all the species
Resting period, none.
desirable.
last made
parts rough fibrypeat, one
Position, pots
or
Repot, March
Temp.,
Shade
two
after
roots
growth
at
has
potting or planting time.
and
S. boissorianum,
white, autumn,
CULTIVATED:
yellow, green
various
Bolivia;
oaudatum,
oaricinum, white, rose, yellow and green,
seasons,
lindleyanum,
America;
and
spring, Central
white, crimson, bronze
green,
creamy
and
yellow, and
Guiana;
rose,
longifolium, green,
red, winter, British
green
all the
and
Costa
Rica
yellow,
Schlimii,
white,
rose,
white, various
seasons,
;
SPECIES
Peru;
year,
Colombia.
Also
many
Sempervivum
hardy succulent-leaved
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
hybrids
for
which
see
trade
lists.
"
Greenhouse
(House-leek). Ord. Crassulaceae.
perennials. Leaves, fleshy,green or variegated.
taining
SPECIES
sandy, con: Soil, ordinary light,
"
chinks, crevices,
Position, open " sunny;
a little old mortar.
If
to June.
March
borders.
to
Plant,
or
ledges of rockeries ; edgings
double
rows.
in
or
Topsingle
used for edgings, plant close together
Housewith old " dried cow
dung. Common
dress
annually in March
396
CULTURE
CINERARIA:
S.
OF
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOr^niA
Compost,
same
Pot,
above.
as
Water
Lift in Sept.
moderately
in June.
outdoors
Plant
March.
in
inserted
in pots. Propagate by cuttings of side shoots
if grown
in. deep same
seeds
in
in
65"
sown
soil
March;
of
J
sandy
pots
temp.
time and
soil,transplanting seedlingsinto small pots and growing in
till June.
greenhouse
CULTURE
loam.
Position,
SPECIES
: Soil, deep rich
with
border.
or
Plant, March
April. Mulch
HARDY
OP
moist
partially shady
Water
annually in March.
decayed manure
in
seeds
sown
April1-16 in. deep in a
Propagate greenhouse speciesby
in well-drained
"
of
sand,
loam,
leaf-mould,
pots
equal parts
compost
soil
in
"
similar
inserted
63"
in
to
75";
cuttings
or
by
temp.
pans
in.
seeds
sown
in
J
deep
or
summer.
Hardy
by
species
spring
temp,
in
outdoors
8.
1
double, summer,
and
of the roots in March

or
elegans),
elcgans (Syn. Jacoba?a
April.
division
April;
SPECIES:
ANNUAL
to
colours, single
various
ft., S. Africa.
"
Dusty
maritima), the
{Syn. Cineraria
also
for
carpet bedding,
silvery, 1 to 2 ft., used
Mediterranean
cruenta), parent of the well-known
(Syn. Cineraria
Region ; cruentus
1 to 2 ft., perennial, but grown
annual, Canaries;
an
as
cinerarias, purple, summer,
(German
climber, S. Africa; mikanioides
macroglossus {Cape Ivy), yellow, summer,
Ivy), yellow, winter, climber, 8. Africa.
doronicum
1 ft.,
HAEDT
SPECIES
S.
(Leopard's
:
Bane), yellow, summer,
Europe ; argenteus, foliage silvery, 1 ft.. Chili ; japonicus (Syn. Ligularia japonica),
4 to 5 ft., .Japan;
K:i mpferi
aureo-maculatus
yellow, autumn,
(^yn, Farorange,
with
and
maeroyellow, white
fugium grande), leaves blotched
rose, 1 ft., Japan;
4 to 5 ft., Caucasus.
phyllus (Syn. Ligularia macrophylla), golden yellow, summer,
Senna
See Cassia.
Plant."
SPECIES
GllEBNHOUSE
Miller,"
yellow,
Sensitive
Fern
(Onoclea sensibilis).See Onoclea.

(Mimosa sensitiva)."See Mimosa.
Red-wood;.
(Mammoth
Tree; Californian
Sensitive
"
Plant
Sequoia
Hardy
CULTURE
coniferous
Soil, sandy loam
Plant,
or
Sept. Oct., April, or
sown
frames
in
handle,
shoots
inserted
Sept. "
spring.
SPECIES
Tree
of
"
pans
of
May.
sandy
seeds
Propagate by
loam
placedin
cold
spring; transplanting seedlings when

large enough to
in. apart in nursery
6 in. asunder;
rows
by cuttings of
frame,
in
fers.
ConiOrd.
First introduced
1853.
reclaimed
Position, sunny
bog.
trees.
evergreen
;
sheltered.
250
cineraria
8.
:
leaves
summer,
in sandy loam
under
Oct. ; variegated kinds
CULTIVATED:
California,
300
S.
gigantea
ft., California;
bell-glass,
hand-light,or cold
on
common
species
by grafting
(Syn. Wellingtonia gigantea), Mammoth

sempervirens ^California Bedwood), 200
to
ft., California.
Serapias
terrestrial
CULTURE
(Tongue-flowered Orchid).
"
orchids.
First
Compost,
introduced
Ord.
Orchidacese.
Hardy
1786.
loam
or
clay mixed with piecesof
well-drained
borders.
Plant, August
deep
svinny
to Nov., placing tubers
2 in. below
surface.
Water
freely during
with
growing period. Mulch
or
decayed manure
annually in March
April. Lift " replantwhen unhealthy only. Propagate by division of
tubers, Aug. to Nov.
limestonei
SPECIES
calcareous
Position,
CULTIVATED:
lingua, red and

See
Seratula.
Europe;
"
SeriCOSraphis."
Gourd
Serpent
Beard
Serpent's
S. oordigera, lavender
and
brown, spring, 1 ft., Europe.
Saussurca.
See
brown,
summer,
ft.,
Jacobinia.
(TrichosanthesAnguin.T), ?ec Trichosanthes.

(Ophiopogon japonicu.s).?ce Ophiopogon.
"
"
398
ENCYCLOl'.JSDIA
Serpent's-tongûe
OF
GARDKNING.
(Erythronium
americanum)."
Seo
Ery-
thronium.
Service-berry
(Amelanchier canadensis). See
Amelanchier.
"
Service-tree
(Pyrus
Seven
Sisters
Rose
Seville
Orangre-treef
Sorbus)."See Pyrus.
(Eosa multiflora Grevillea)."
(Citrus aurantium
Shaddock-tree
(Citrus
decumana).
Shasgry-fruited
Rose
Primrose
amara)."
See
"
Sec
See
Citrus.
Sec Eose.
(Eosa villosa)."
See
(Primula villosa)."
(Lychnis liaageana)."See Lychnis.
Shag-gy-leaved
Shag:g'y
LycliniS
Rosa.
Citrus.
Shaggy
Primula.
Windflovver
(Anemone vernalis). See Anemone.
Shallon-Shrub
(Gaultheria Shallon)." See Gaultheria.
"
Shallot
Shamrock
(Allium ascalonicum\
See
"
Onion.
Pea
(Parochetuscommunis). See Paroclietus.

Jasmine
(Trachelospermum jasminoides). See
Shanghai
"
"
mum
Trachelosper
Shasta
Daisy
Sheep'S-bit
Sheep's-poison
(Chrysanthemum
Scabious
1759.
mum.
Chrysanthe-
See Jasione.
"
(Cheloneobliqua)."See
introduced
See
(Kalmia angustifolia)."See Kalmia.

Chelone.
Shepherdia
(Beef Suet Tree; Eabbit
Ord. Elaeagnaceae. Hardy deciduous
shrub.
First
"
(Jasionemontana).
Laurel
Shell-flower
maximum).
Fruit, scarlet
"
Berry;
Orn.
Buffalo
Berry)."
foliage " fruiting.
Leaves,
yellow.
ovate
"
silvery.
CTJLTUEE
inland
or
sown
Soil,
seaside
in.
deep
in Feb.
or
ordinary. Position,
Plant, Oct.
gardens.
"
shady shrubberies
Propagate by seeds
or
open
to
Feb.
outdoors
Dec. ; by cuttings of roots
in Nov.
inserted
or
March
in ordinary soil outdoors; layering shoots in
autumn.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Berry), yellow, spring,

6
ft., N.
to
S.
argentea
10
ft., N.
(Beef
America;
Suet
Tree, Rabbit
Berry, Buffalo
canadensis, yellow, spring, 3 to
America.
Shield
Fern
(Aspidium aculeatum
Shield-leaved
Saxifrage
angulare). See Aspidium.

(Saxifragapeltata). See Saxi"
"
fraga.
Shingle-plant
Shirley
Poppy.
Shoe-black-plant
Stars
Shooting
Shortia.
"
Ord.
See
(Moustera deliciosa)."
See
"
Monstera.
Papaver.
See Hibiscus.
(Hibiscusrosa-sinensis).
See
Dodecatheon.
(Dodecatheon Meadia).
herb.
First
Hardy
perennial
Diapensiaceae.
"
"
troduced
in-
1888.
CtlLTUEE:
Soil, equal parts sandy peat

bed,
partiallyshady border, rhododendron
April.
Water
cocoanut-fibre
in April.
SPECIES

refuse
CULTIVATED:
"
dry
S.
bracken.
"
leaf-mculd.
Position,
cold frame.
Protect
with
thick
or
galacifolia,white, spring, 3 to
in., N.
Plant,
layer
of
of roots
Carolina;
uniflora, pink, spring, 6 in., Japan.
Shrubby
Shrubby
Siberian
Siberian
Cinquefoil
See
(Potentillafruticosa)."
Potentilla.
Meadow-sweet
See
(Spiraeaariasfclia)."
Iris (Irissibirica'l. See Iris.
Spiraia.
"
La'dy'S-Slipper
(Cypripedium macranthum)."
Cypripedium.
399
See
Siberian
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
(Delphinium grandiflorum).
Larkspur
"
nium.
Delphi-
See
(Lilium dauricum). See Lilium.

(Scillasibirica).See Scilla.
Scrophulariaceae.
Sibthorpia
(Cornish Money-wort). Ord.
A
Greenhouse
herb.
"
hardy creeping perennial
pretty plant for
with
white.
baskets.
Leaves,
round,
small,
hanging
variegated
Siberian
Siberian
Orangê
Squill
Lily
"
"
"
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " little sand.

partiallyshady borders or rockeries outdoors, or in
in
cold
or
frame, or cool shady indoor fernery or greenhouse
pots
pans
Pot
under
or
or
copiouslyin
bell-glass.
April. Water
plant, March
weather
outdoors
also
to
indoors, April
Sept. ; moderately other
dry
;
culture.
times.
Moist atmosphere essential for indoor
Propagate by
in cold
in
of
soil
cuttings inserted
light
placed under bell-glass
pots
in
division of plants
April.
greenhouse or frame in summer;
CUIjTURE
Position, moist
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
S.
Sidalceai-^rd.
variegata, pink, July,
europsea
Malvaceae.
N.
Europe
perennial herbs.
Hardy
(Britain).
First introduced
1838.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
to
April.Lift, divide,
by
seeds
sown
1 in.
when
SPECIES
^ in.
high;
division
of
S.
3
summer,
in
roots, Oct.
ft., N.W.
America,
or
April,transplantingseedlings
April.
to
Candida, white,
borders.
Plant, Oct.
four years.
Propagate
sunny
three
every
deep in light soil
CULTIVATED:
flora, lilac,
Position,
replant
"
summer,
and
ft., New
Mexico;
malvse-
varieties, atropurpureum
its
Listeri (pink).
(purple) and
Side-saddle-flovtfer
(Sarraceniapurpurea). See Sarracenia.
Sieber's
Crocus
(CrocusSieberi). See Crocus.
Siebold's
Plantain
Lily (Punkia Sieboldi).^See Punkia.
Siebold's
Primrose
(Primula Sieboldi)."See Primula.
Siebold's
Stonecrop
(Sedum Sieboldi). See Sedum.
Sikkim
Cowslip
(Primula sikkimensis). See Primula.
Sikkim
Rhubarb
(Rheum nobile). See Rheum.
Silene
(Campion;
Catchfly). Ord.
Caryophyllaceae. Hardy
herbaceous
annuals
"
perennials.
ANNUAL
AND
BIENNIAL
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF
: Soil, ordinary
beds or borders.
Sow seeds in August
light or sandy. Position, sunny
or
Sept., I in. deep iu a bed of lightrich soil; transplanting seedlings
when
1 in. high, 2 to 3 in. apart ; ", plant 6 in. apart in floweringposition
Sow
also in similar depth " position
in March
for springblooming.
1 in. high to floweringpositionsfor summer
in April,transplantwhen
required to grow " flower in April,thinning
blooming. Or sow where
"
"
"
"
"
"
out
seedlings in May
or
June
to
in
apart.
PERENNIAL
OF
SPECIES:
CULTURE
Soil, sandy loam, enriched
with decayed cow
dung; J loam, J peat, J stones for S. Elisabethse,
Position, sunny
acaulis, and rupestris;ordinary soil for other kinds.
for S. acaulis, S. alpestris,
S. rupescrevices or ledges of rockeries
tris,
for
S. pennsylvanica," S. Elisabethae; open borders
S. virginica,
March
fi.
Top-dress
maritima
Plant,
or
S.
April.
annually in
pi.
loam.
Lift
"
"
with
March
dung
replant only
sandy
decayed cow
in
when
Propagate perennials by seeds sown
absolutely necessary.
loam
"
covered
with
fine
of
boxes
leaf-moiild,
or
sandy
lightly]
pans
in March
or
April; hy cuttings of
mould, " placed in cold frame
cold
frame
iu summer;
inserted
in
loam
in
shoots
sandy
by
young
division
in
March
or
SPECIES:
ANNUAL
varieties ; armoria
many
April.
S.
Begion;
pondulfi, pink, spring, 6 in., Mediterranean
William
Catchfly), pink, July, 1 ft., Europe.
(Sweet
400
BNOYGLOPMBIA
BIENNIAL
PEB.ENNIAL
N.
Temperate
OF
GARDENING.
SPECIES:
S. oompaota,
18 In., Asia
Minor.
pink, summer,
SPECIES:
S. aoaulis
(Cushion Pink; Moss
Pink), pint, June, 3 in.,
Zone; aoaulis alba, white; aoaulis grandiflora, crimson;
alpestris
CAIpine Oatohfly),white, May, 6 in., Alps; S. Elisabetha;, rose, summer,

6 to 9 in.,
maritima
Tyrol;
flore pleno (Witch's Thimble); white, double,
trailing,
summer,
Europe; pennsylTanioa (American Wild
Pink), pink, spring, 6 to 8 in., U. States;
rupestris, white. May, 4 to 6 in.,; Sohafta, purple, summer,
4 to 6 in., Caucasus;
Tlrgmioa (Fire Pink), crimson, June, 12 to 18 in., N. America.
Silk-bark
Oak
(Grevillea robusta)." See Grevillea.
Silk-vine
Silk-weed
(Periplocagraeca). See Periploca.

(Asclepiastuberosa). See Asclepias
(Compass Plant; Cup Plant). Ord. Compositae. Hardy
"
"
Silphium
"
perennial herbs.
CULTUEE:
April. Lift, divide,
to
division
by
SPECIES
"
replant every
roots, Oct. to April.
of
two
borders.
three
or
Plant,
Oct.
Propagate
years.
CULTIVATED:
S. laciniatum
(Compass
Plant), yellow, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
pertoliatum (Cup Plant), yellow, July, 6 to 8 ft., N. America.
Silver
Bell
Tree
(Halesia tetraptera)."See Halesia.
Primrose
Silver-edsed
(Primula margiiiata)."See Primula.
Fir
Silver
(Abiespectinata). See Abies.
Grass
Silver
(Phalarisarundinacea
variegata). See Phalaris.
Beech
Silver-leaved
(Fagus sylvaticaargentea-variegatis).
See Fagus.
Silver
Maiden-hair
Fern
(Nothochlaena nivea). See Nothochlsena.
Silver
Maple
(Acer dasycarpum). See Acer.
Silver
Rod
(Asphodelua ramosus). See Asphodelus.
Silver
Thatch-palm
(Thrinax argentea). See Thrinax.
Silver-tree
(Elaeagnusargentea").See Elasagnus.
Yew
Silver-varieg'ated
(Taxus baccata
argentea). See
N.
America;
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Taxus.
Silver
(Pothos argentea). See Pothos.

See Acacia.
(Acacia dealbata\
Silvery
(Cedrus altantica).See Cedrus.
Clary
Silvery
(Salviaargentea). See Salvia.
Cineraria
(SenecioCineraria).
Silvery-leaved
Oleaster
(Elaeagnusargentea).
Silvery-leaved
Vine
"
Wattle
Cedar
Silver
"
"
"
"
"
See
(Salviaargentea). See
(Halimodendron
Sage
Silvery-leaved
Silvery-leaved
"
Salt-tree
Halimodendron.
Reed
"
Fern
Tree
foliage.
^
sown
large,
Leaves,
with
variegated
Position, open
Soil, ordinary.
in.
deep
where
in March
plants
(Blessed, Holy
S. Marianum
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
"
"
ctlLTtJEE :
seeds
Salvia.
argenteum)."
(Cortadeiraconspicua). See Cortadeira.

(Cyathea dealbata). See Cyathea.
(Milk Thistle). Ord. Compositae. Hardy perennial
Silvery
Silvery
Silybum
Orn.
SeeSenecio.
See Elasagnus.
herb.
white
veins.
broad
borders.
Propagate
are
or
to
Milk
grow.
Thistle),3
to
by
ft,,
Europe.
Simpson's
Simpsoni).^See
Hardy
known
CULTURE
mould
Cactus
(Echmocactus
Gesneriaceae.
Stove tuberous-rooted
Plants
in 1739.
First
introduced
of Gloxinia.
the name
under
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, fibrous loam, leaf-
Sinningia
flowering plants.
better
Hedgehog
Ecbinocactus.
.Ôrd.
(Gloxinia)
well-decayed
Deciduous.
manure,
"
little silver sand.
401
Position, well-
drained
pots
glass
close
to
when
in
in
tubers
when
stove
while
growing; greenhouse
Place
Pot, Jan., Feb., or March.
surface, in 3 or 4-in. pots, shiftinginto
have
growth.
started
moderately
Water
freely. Apply weak
then
flowering,gradually
After
show.
flowers
plant
flower.
conservatory
singly, " just below
tubers
6-in. pots when
5 or
till growth is well advanced,
or
GARDENINO.
OF
ENCYOLOPMDIA
liquidmanure
withhold
till
water
Temp.,
potting time.
to Oct. 65" to 75"; Oct. to Jan. 50" to 55".
Jan.
Propagate by seeds
in well-drained
surface
of fine sandy peat " leaf-mould,
sown
on
pots
75"
of
in.
65"
1
to
2
to
in
in
shoots
or
March;
long
cuttings
temp.
pans
inserted in small pots of sandy peat under
in small pots of sandy soil
leaves with stalk inserted
to 75" ; young
leaves
with
mid-ribs
cut " laid on
treated
as
face
surcuttings; matured
of sandy peat in temp. 55" to 75".
then
foliage dies down,
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Brazil.
keep quite dry
Latter
S.
epcoiosa
of
parent
speeles
till
the
(Gloxinia), violet, autumn,

lovely strain of Gloxinias
grown
6
in
to
12
i-i.,
gardens
of
day.
present
Sisyrinchium
Hardy
(Satin-flower;Rush
Iridacese.
CULTUEE
OF
"
Lily;
half-hardyperennials. First
HARDY
SPECIES
Spring Bell)."Ord.
introduced
1693.
Soil, two

part peat. Position, sunny rockery. Plant, Oct. or May.
CULTURE
OF
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES:
Compost, equal part?
s'audyloam, leaf-mould,
all the
to
"
round.
year
san"i.
Position, sunny
Pot, Oct.
Sept.; keep nearly dry afterwards.

" potted in March.
March.
cold
frame
or
house
green-
Water
freely,March
Repot annually. Propagate by
to
offsets, removed
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
grandiflorum
album,
S. angTistifolium, Ijliie,
summer,
1 ft., N.W.
(Spring Bell), purple, spring,
6 to 8 in., N. America;
America;
grandiflomm
white.
SitCha
Water-leaf
Sium
(RomanzoflSa sitchensis).See Eomanzoffia.

Hardy esculent-rooted
peiancylindrical,clustered, white,
"
(Skirret).Ord. Umbelliferse.
nial.
First introduced
1548.
Roots,
sweet-flavoured.
"
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free from
Position, sunny, open.
Sow
seeds in groups
of three or four,
in. apart, in drills \ in. deep " 18 in.
in
lings
apart
April. Thin seed-
stones.
12
when
in.
high
to one
in each
Remove
flower heads
group.
the roots in Oct., twist off their leaves, " store
in layers with sand or soil 'between in cellar or outhouse
until required
for cooking. Artificial manures:
2ilb. kainit, lib. sulphate of ammonia,
mixed
2ilb. of guano
rod
per
(30i sq. yardsl, applied
square
before sowing in spring. Requires to be raised from
seed
annually
for producing roots for culinary purposes.
as
soon
as
SPECIES
Lift
seen.
CULTIVATED:
8. Sisarum, white, Aug., 1 ft,,E. Asia.

Ord.
Rutaceas.
Hardy evergreen
berry-bearing k
First introduced
orn.
1845! Flowers
foliageshrubs.
fragrant. Male
" female
flowers
form
on
separate plants. Berries scarlet; autumn.
CULTURE
:
Soil, stiff loam
loam
"
or
peat. Position, partially
Skimmia.
"
shady or open sheltered borders.

Plant, Sept.,Oct., March, or April.
when
" peat in cold
ripe in sandy loam
frame; by cuttings of firm shoots inserted
under
in temp.
bell-glass
55
to 65" in spring or
shoots
in
autumn.
summer;
layering
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
wliitD, spring, -1 ft., Japan;
S, Fortunei, white, spring, 3 ft., China;

japonica, varicgata, variegated.
402
japonica,
E'N CYC
LOT.
EDI
Skinner's
Skirret
(Sium Siaarum).
Slipper
Flower."
Columbine
OF
CrABDENING.
(AquilegiaSkinneri)."See Aqiiilegia.
"
See
See Sium.
Calceolaria.
Slipper
Spongre
See Pedilanthea.
(Pedilanthustithymaloides)."
Elm
Slippery
(Fremontia calif ornica) See Fremontia.
Sloe
(Prunus spinosa). See Prunus.
Sloe-tree
(Prunus spiuoaa). See Prunus.
Smilaclna
(FalseSpikenard). Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy perennials.
"
"
"
"
Nat. N. America,
Sikkim.
First introduced
1633.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary light deep, rich.
Position, partially
borders.
shady, moist shrubberies, woodlands, banks
or
Plant, Oct.
to March.
division
Propagate by
of
roots, Oct.
to
March.
SPECIES
CULTIYATED:
S. raoemosa
(False Spikenard), white, May,
stellata (Star-flowered Lily of the Talley), white. May, 8 ft., N.
America;
See also the genus
Maianthemum.
Smilax
Plant; Prickly Ivy)." Ord.

(Sarsaparilla
climbers.
ft., N.
America,
Liliaceae.
Hardy
1648.
foliage.
evergreen
CULTURE
walls, arbours, trellises,
banks.
sion
or
Plant, Sept. or Oct.; March
or
April. Propagate by diviof roots at planting time.
S. aspera
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
(Prickly Ivy), white, insignificant,July, 10 to
mauritanica,
Kegion ; aspera
(China
improved variety; China
and
Root), 20 to 30 ft., China
Japan;
glauca (Sarsaparilla), 3 ft., N. America;
For
the
rotundifolia, 10 to 15 ft., N. America.
see
greenhouse Smilax
genus
Asparagus.
Smoke-tree
(Ehus cotlnus). See Rhus.
Snail-flovwer
(Phaseolus caracalla). ^See Phaseolus.
Snake
Fern
Snake
Gourd
(Trichosauthesanguina). See Trichosanthes.
Orn.
First
introduced
"
"
"
"
Snake-root
Snake'S-beard
Snake's-head
Fritillaria.
Cimicifuga.
See
racemosa).
(Cimicifuga
"
(Ophiojogon japonicus). See Ophiopogon.

"
(Fritillana meleagris).
Fritillary
Fern
Snake'S-tongue
"
(Lygodium
See
iaponicxim\
"
See
Lygo-
dium.
(Antirrhinum majus). See Antirrhinum.

(Viburnum Opulus). See Viburnum.
Snapdragon
"
Snow-ball-tree
"
Snow-berry-tree
(Symphoricarpusracemosus).
"
See
Symphori-
carpus.
Snowdrop
(Galanthus nivalis).See Galanthus.
Anemone
(Anemone sylvestris).See Anemone.
Snowdrop
(Halesiatetraptera).See Halesia.
Snovwdrop-tree
mone.
Windflovwer
sylvestris).See Ane(Anemone
Snowdrop
"
"
"
"
(Leucojum vernum). See Leucojum.

(Chionanthus virginica).See Chionanthua.
(Chionodoxa Luciliae).See Chionodoxa.
Snow-glory
SnOW-in-Summer
(Cerastium tomentosum). See Cerastium.
Pear-tree
Snow
(Pyrus sinensis). See Pyrus.
SnOW-tree
(Pyrus nivalis).See Pyrus.
Primrose
(Primula nivalis).See Primula.
Snow-white
Snowflake
Snowflovwer
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Snowy
Soap
(Amelanchiercanadensis). See Amelanchier.

MespilUS
Plant
(Chlorogalumpomeridium)."See Chlorogalum.
Soap-tree
Soap-wood
"
(Gymnocladus chineusis).
See
(Clethraalnifolia)."
"
403
See Gymnoclaclus.
Clethra.
MKdYCLOpJUDiA
OP
GApPPJSttA'G.
_
See Saponaria.
(Saponaria officinalis).
Soa.p-Vtfort
"
Sobralia.
introduced
1836.
CULTURE
of house
at
depth with coarse
all
part
parts strong turfy
two
Compost,
equal proportions of coarse
sand
Feb.
Pot,
seasons.
of
of
Position, light
filling
pot J
March,
or
part
one
First
of its
cient
suffisoil
moderately
compost to
firm.
Water
copiously,Aprilto Sept. ; moderately other times.
from
Shade
weak
stimulants
to established
plants in summer.
Apply
when
soil
is
overcrowded
with
roots.
Buu
Eepot only
unnecessary.
Temp., Oct. to April 55" to 65" ; April to Oct. 65" to 75". Growing
period all
Propagate
the
crocks, then add

fill pot to within
loam
charcoal.
broken
"
orchids.
terrestrial
Stove
Orchidacese.
Ord.
"
year
by
round.
division
Flowers
potting
at
layer
in
of
sphagnum
its rim.
at
appear
time.
apex
"
moss
Press
of
new
growths.
leuoooantha, white and golden yellow, eununer,

: S.
IJ to
12 to
18
in., Colombia;
macrantlia,
Rica;
Lowii, purple, summer,
seasilis, yellow and
rose
purple and yellow. May to July, 4 to 7 ft., Mexico;
pink,
Guiana.
to
Oct.
Jan., 1 to 2 ft., British
Soft-leaved
Azalea
(Bhododendron sinensis). See Bhodo2
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
ft., Costa
"
dendron.
Soft
"
See
Fern
(Aspidium
aculeatum
angulare).
Aspidium.
Solandra.
introduced
CULTURE
:
with
Solanaceae.
Stove
climbing flowering
shrubs.
1781.
Compost,
peat " dry
fibrous
Feb.
Ord.
"
First
beds
Shield
Prickly
shoots
March.
two
parts sandy loam,
cow
manure,
trained
up
rafters
round
or
one
little sand.
"

Position, pots or
trellises.
Pot
or
plant,
Water
mainder
freely, April to Oct.
Keep almost
dry reof time.
weak
shoots
Syringe daily, April to Sept. Prune
in moderately close " remove
in Feb.
tips of stronger ones
Temp.,
Oct.
50" to 55" ; March
to March
to Oct.
65" to 85".
Propagate by
refuse
in temp, of
cuttings inserted in light soil or cocoanut-fibre
65"
or
75"
to
SPECIES
in
spring.
CULTIVATED:
purple, spring,
4 to
ft., W.
Solanum
"
plants
1597
10 to
Indies.
15
S. jrandiflora
ft., Trop. America;
(Peach
Trumpet
longiflora,white
(Potato; Egg Plant, etc.)."Ord.

half-hardy flowering,berry-bearing, and
or
Egg
shrubs, including the

Plant
in
Potato.
Potato
and
Flower), cream
and
purple, autumn,
house
GreenSolanacese.
ornamental-leaved
in
first introduced
1597.
THE
CULTURE
Classification:
OF
POTATO:
Kidney" oblong,
white
or
coloured; round
roundish, white or coloured; pebble-shaped
flattish oblong, white or coloured.
First carlies: varieties maturing
in June; second
earlies : varieties maturing in July " August; late or
Soil, deep, rich loam
main-crop; varieties maturing in Sept. " Oct.
or
Light soils best for
any kind except very heavy clay or bog land.
Position, slopingborders facing south for earlies,"
early crops.
very
garden for second
(1) IJ cwt.
early " main crops. Manures:
open
rod
of potash per square
farmyard dung " 1 lb. of muriate
(30J sq.
in autumn
rod
3
lb.
of
applied
yards) applied
superphosphate
;
per sq.
at planting time ; " 1 lb. of nitrate of soda appliedper sq. rod when
shoots are
6 in. high. (2)No
1 lb. of kainit
farmyard manure.
per
rod
in
of
lb.
autumn;
IJ
superphosphate
sq.
applied
per sq. rod at
plantmg time; " 1 lb. of nitrate of soda " 6 oz. of sulphate of iron
"
"
per
sq. rod
applied when
shoots
are
404
in.
high. (3) 31b.
of
superphos-
GAIWENINU
OF
ENCYGLOFMBIA
deaux
Spray late crops just after earthing up with BorSets
14
later.
to
to
:
ten
an
acre
plant
Mixture,
again
days
returns
tone.
12
cwt.
6
to
Average
Average yield per acre:
per
ing
(gross): ^"26 to ^630. Average cost of cultivation per acre, includ-
when
in.
high.
"
16
acre
seeds, rates, taxes,

reach
maturity
etc.
weeks
16
"l"i
after
dE20.
to
planting;
Useful
late
data
Early
crops
weeks.
lb. if clean, but
sorts, 18
to
24
of tubers
Peck
weighs 20 lb.; hundredweight, 112
1201b.
if unclean;
sack
of potatoes, 1681b.;
bag, 1121b.; ton, 49
bushels.
in heat in earlyspring,
Propagate potatoes by seeds sown
serted
insnoots
plantingseedlings out end of May; cuttings of young
soil
in
heat
late
in
"
out
in
in
light
spring, planting
May;
division of the tubers
in spring.
CULTURE
when
twice
manure
THE
OP
pots in sunny
in temp. 75"
third
EGG
to
85"
leaf
in
Feb.
forms,
Position, in
75"). Sow seeds in light soil
Transplant seedlingsto 3-in.
Syringe folia^fe
pots in May.
to
March.
or
into
"
6-in.
daily, " water

freely. When
occasionally. Fruit ready
CULTURE
Soil, light rich.
PLANT:
65"
greenhouses (temp.
fruit
to
give
forms
gather when
BERRY-BEARING
weak
liquid
fully coloured.
SPECIES
:
silver sand.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Syringe daily,
water
freely," grow in temp, of 55" to 65". Pinch off pointsof shoots
when
in June, syringe
to cold frame
3 in. long. Transfer
morning "
When
berries set give liquid manure
evening " keep well watered.
twice a week.
Admit
air freely after first week.
Remove
to greenhouse
of Sept., " grow
in a temp, of 55".
middle
Prune
shoots back
to 2 in. in Feb., " when
before.
new
as
growth begins repot ", grow
in rich
soil early in June,
also be planted outdoors
May
points of
removed
shoots
early in July, " plants carefully lifted, placed in
in
for a fortnight,then
"
stood
to
removed
shady cold frame
pots,
in a temp, of 65" to 75"
in
greenhouse. Propagate by seeds sown
Feb., transplanting
seedlingsinto small pots, removing points of
shoots when
3 in. high, " later transferring
to 5-iu. pots. When
shoots
their points, then allow
them
3 in. long remove
to grow
are
naturally.
From
June
onwards
advised
treat
for plants. Also increased
as
by
in
of
inserted
soil
in
65"
in
afterwards
cuttings
sandy
temp,
spring,
loam,
OP
leaf-mould,
treating
rooted
"
cuttings
CULTURE
OF
CLIMBING
CULTURE
OP
HARDY
as
advised
for
seedlings.
SPECIES
:
Compost, equal parts peat,
Position, pots, beds, or tubs, snoots
loam, leaf-mould, " silver sand.
of greenhouse. Plant
trained
Prune
or
pot in March.
up rafters
weak
"
soft
shorten
of
other
shoots
in
Feb.
growths
points
away
in
"
Water
winter.
autumn
"
in
freely
summer;
spring
moderately
45" to 55"; March
55" to 65".
to Oct.
gate
Propaof
in
shoots
heat
in
in spring. S.
by cuttings young
sandy peat
be grown
jasminoides may
against S. or S.W. wall outdoors in warm
districts.
peat.
Position, sunny
wall
:
Soil, sandy loam "
districts; shrubberies
cold winds.
Plant, Oct.
SHRUBBY
SPECIES
in Midlands
" cold
mild districts.
Requires protectionfrom
March.
Prune
previous year's growth fairlyclose in Feb. when
walls
weak
out
against
growths " cut off dead ends
"grown
; thin
when
otherwise.
of shoots
grown
in summer.
shoots
in
or
CULTURE
OF
Position, sunny
ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED
beds
borders.
or
406
Plant
SPECIES
in
out-
Soil, ordinary.
June.
Sow
seeds
BNCYCLOPjUDiA
in
annually
in
light soil
in heat
pots
till
TaBEROUS-ROOTED
S. America.
FRUIT-BBAEING
in
May,
temp,
then
SPECIES:
First
intro.
SPECIES:
OABDENINH.
OP
75"
of
harden
in
S. tuberosum
1597.
spring,
planting
for
seedlings
grow
in
out
on
June.
tPotato), white, violet, etc.,
mer,
sum-
Perennial.
S. Melongena
(Aubergine or Egg Plant), flowers
egg-shaped, white, yellow, or purple, Tropics. Annual.
BERRY-BEARING
S.
SPECIES:
Jerusalem
or
oapsicastrum
(Star Capsicum;
Winter
2
Cherry), flowers
1
to
berries
ft.,
white, summer,
scarlet, winter,
Brazil
: capsioastrum
(or pseudo-capsicum) Weatherillii, berries
oval, and
orange-
blue,
2 to
summer,
coloured.
ft., fruit
Greenhouse
CLIMBING
shrubs.
evergreen
S. Jasminoides
SPECIES:
to 20 ft.,
15
summer,
landii, lilac
and
SHRUBBY
ft.. Chili.
15
and
(Jasmine Nightshade), blue
jasminoides noribundum,
free-flowering form;
Brazil;
blue,
10
summer,
SPECIES
S.
crispum
deciduous
Hardy
ft., Costa
ORNAMENTAL-LEAVED
Rica.
Greenhouse
(Potato Tree),
blue
evergreen
purple,
and
white,
Wend-
shrubs.
10
summer,
to
shrub.
SPECIES:
S.
atropurpureum,
purplish,
stems
midrits
stems
white, leaves prickly, Brazil ; marginatum,
woolly and prickly, leaves prickly,
white
and
above
with
robust um,
beneath,
stems
woolly,
white;
green
margined
leaves velvety above, woolly beneath
and
stems
spiny, Brazil ; Warscewiozii,
red,
midribs
hairy and prickly, leaves green,
prickly, ,S. America.
Perennials, but best
as
half-hardy annuals.
Soldcinella.
(Blue Moon-wort). Ord. Primulaceae.
Hardy perennial
herbs.
First introduced
1656.
CULTURE
tion,
Posi" sharp sand.
: Compost,
equal parts peat " loam
Mulch
sheltered
moist
March
or
Plant,
rockery.
April.
open
of soil in dry weather
refurje.
surface
with
layer of cocoanut-libre
in well-drained
filled
with
equal
parts
pans
sandy loam, peat, " sand, " lightly covered with fine soil placed in a
March
cold shady frame,
or
or
April; division of plants in March
grown
"
April.
"
CULTIVATED:
S. alpina, blue, April and
3 in., Alps;
SPECIES
May,
alpina
the
freely than
more
"alba, white:
alpina pyrola^folia, flowers
species; hybrida,
lilac and
blue, April, 3 in., hybrid; minima,
purple, April, 2 in., Europe; montana,
purple, April, 3 in., E. Europe;
pusilla, blue, April, 2 in., Alps.
SolidagO
Hardy hcrbaceon,^
(Golden Rod). Ord. Compositee.
"
perennials.
CULTURE
banks
or
replant
April;
Soil, ordinary.
of
margins
every
seeds
or
sown
4 years.
outdoors
Position,
Plant
water.
Oct.
Propagate
in
or
shady borders or
sunny
to April.
Lift, divide, "
by
division
of
roots, Oct.
to
April.
canadensis, yellow, Aug., 4 to 6 ft., N. America;

America
2 to
3 ft., N.
lanceolata, yellow, Sept.,
Drnmmondii,
;
yellow, summer,
Golden
4 to 6 ft., N. America;
Rod), yellow, Aug., 2 to 3 ft.,
virgaurea (Common
Europe (Britain).
Ord.
Creeper).
Pittosporacea".
(Australian Bluebell
Sollya.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
S.
"
Greenhouse
CULTURE
part
silver
trained
twining shrubs.
Compost, two parts peat,
evergreen
sand.
trellis
wire
to
freely, April
Shade
Aug.
65"; Sept. to March
Water
April
to
Position,
to
to
inserted
in
sand
under
well-drained
one
introduced
part turfy
pots or beds
1830.
loam
with
"
half
shoots"
pillars. Pot, Feb. or March.

Syringe daily,
to Sept. 55"
not
Temp., March
necessary.
40" to 50".
Propagate by cuttings of shoots
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75" in spring or
or
up
rafters
First
or
summer.
SPECIES
S. heterophylla, blue, July, 4 to 6 ft., Australia.

^See Polygonatum.
Seal
(Polygonatum officinalis).Stove
Melastomaceje.
Ord.
1848.
Leaves, ovate
or
lanceolate,
or
spotted with silverywhite.
CULTIVATED:
Solomon's
Sonerila.
"
orn.
green,
Compost,
"
"
equal parts fibry peat, chopped sphagnum,

407
charcoal,
":
sand.
OARDENINO.
OF
MNCrotOPMBtA
pots
or
fully exposed
pans
light.
to
wards.
afteressential.
" moist
Temp.,
from
Shade
sun
atmosphere highly
55" to 65".
March
Propagate by
covered with fine mould, Jan. to
seeds sown
in above
compost, " lightly
in small pots under
April in a temp, of 75" to 85"; cuttings inserted
Pot, Feb.
March.
or
in tenip. 75"
bell-glass
SPEOIES
white,
and
85", Jan.
to
to
to
Sept.
moderately
May.
maoulata, rosy pnrple,

Himalayas ; margaritaoea, rose,
CULTIVATED
crimson
freely,April
Water
S.
summer,
summer,
6 to 13 in., lea-ves
leaves
white
and
silvery grey;
argentea, leaves
above, purplish beneath, Burma;
margaritaoea
and
lilac rose,
1 ft., leaves
white;
speciosa (Syn. S.
Hendersonii,
summer,
green
E. Indies.
orbiculata), mauve,
Nov., 9 to 13 in., leaves
green,
Ord.
Laburnum).
Sophora.
(Chinese Pagoda Tree; JS'ew Zealand
green
"
Leguminosae.
Flowering
"
deciduous
"
evergreen
First
1739.
introduced
Half-hardy
foliage.
orn.
trees
"
shrubs.
two partsloam,
HALP-HABDY
SPECIES
: Compost,
" little sand.
Position, in pots
Pot, Oct. to Feb.
tubs
to May;
in light airy part of greenhouse, Oct.
or
or
against S.
in cold weather
with
in warm
Protect
districts.
walls
mats.
outdoors
Feb.
Water
Prune,
or
freely,April to Oct. ; very little afterwards.
50" to 65".
March.
Temp., Oct. to April 40" to 45"; April to May
loam.
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES
Position,
: Soil, deep rich
Feb.
Jan.
into
sheltered
lawns.
Oct.
Prune
to
Plant,
shape,
open
Feb.
or
J in. deep in light soil in temp, of
55" in April; cuttings inserted in sandy soil in temp, of 55" in March.
S. japonica pendula " S. j.p. variegata by grafting on
common
species
in March.
Zealand
HALF-HARDT
SPECIES
S.
tetraptera
(New
;
Laburnum),
Syn.
and
its varieties
Edwardsia
Zealand;
grandiilora, yellow. May, 6 to 10 ft.. New
grandiflora (large flowered) and
microphylla
leaved). Evergreen.
(narrow
HAHDT
SPECIES:
S. japonica (Chinese Pagoda
Tree), white, Aug., 30 ft., China;
weeping, very graceful. Deciduous.
japonica pendula, branches
Ord.
A
of bigeneric
Orchidaceae.
race
Sophro-Cattieya.
CULTURE
of
one
OF
leaf-mould,
"
hybrid orchids,
the
result
of
between
cross
Sophronitis grandiflora "
speciesof Cattleyas.
several
Habit, dwarf.
Flowering in winter.
CULTURE
two
: Compost,
parts coarse
fibry peat, one part chopped
charcoal
" sand.
livingsphagnum moss,
pots,
March.
or
Pot, Feb.
hanging baskets, blocks.
Keep plants well
rim
above
of pot.
Partial
shade
desirable.
Water
three
times
to Aug.; once
weekly March
weekly Aug. to Nov. " Feb. to March;
once
to
month
Sept.
March
to
growth.
other

Temp., March
60" to 70".
Sept. to March
Growing period,
Flowers
at top of new
Sept.; resting period,winter.
appear
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbsat potting time.
65"
HTBUIDS
to
times.
85";
CULTIVATBD:
S. batemanniana,
scarlet, crimson, and white;
rose,
Chamberlainii
yellow;
purple and
triumphans, rosy
purple and
yellow;
hardyana, red, purple, and
yellow;
and
eximia, purple, rose
yellow;
Queen Empress,
crimson, and purple.
rose,
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
of bigeneric
S'Ophro-Laelia.
Another
race
hybrid orchids, the result of crossing Sophronitis grandiflora with
several
species of Laelias. Habit, dwarf.
CULTURE
two
: Compost,
fibrous peat, one
parts coarse
part living
Calypso,
rosy
"
sphagnum
baskets,
Fill
moss,
pots
pot.
Water
pot
of
charcoal,
"
sand.
blocks with moss

two-thirds
with broken
Secure
plants " moss
or
on
"
basket
Position, pots, pans, or hanging

Pot or re-block, Feb. or March.
crocks, " keep plants well above rim
only.
plants three
blocks
by means
times weekly, March
to
408
of
to
copper
Aug.;
wire.
once
ENCYCLOPMDIA
weekly, Aug.
to
GARDENING.
other
times.
to March;
Feb.
month
once
a
"
March
twice
to
to Au^. ;
Nov.
a
week, Aug.
daily,
" March;
other times.
once
a week
60" to 70".
ing
BestTemp., March
Flowers
at top of new
pagate
period,none.
pseudo-bulb. Proappear
by division of pseudo-bulbs at potting time.
Plants
" Feb.
on
blocks
HrBRIDS
orange,
Nov.
OF
CULTIVATED;
yellow,
and
S. Lffita, pink, rosy

purple ftnd yellow, Marriottii,
scarlet; Teitchii, rosy oarmine, magenta
and yellow.
OrchidaccEe.
Ord.
Sophroniti's
(Scarlet-floweredOrchid).
Dwarf
First introduced
1837.
epiphytal orchids.
evergreen
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts peat, sphagnum moss, " charcoal.
small
Position, shallow
baskets
or
suspended from roof. Pot,
pans
Feb. or March.
Shade
from
essential.
most
Water
sun
freely,April
Temp., Oct. to April 55" to 65";
65" to 75".
April to Oct.
Growing period. May to Feb.
Eesting
Flowers
to May.
at apex
period, March
of new
appear
pseudo-bulb.
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbs,Feb. or March.
S. oernua,
red
and
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
yellow, winter, 3 in., Brazil;
rosy
grandiflora, scarlet,winter, 3 to C in., Brazil; violacea, violet,winter, 3 in.,Brazil.
See Eumex.
Sorrel.
Sour
Sop
Ânona muricata). See Anona.
South
Hare-bell
African
(Boella ciliata). See Boella.
"
"
"
"
Sow-bread
(Cyclamen
Cyclamen.
See Yucca.
(Yucca aloifolia)."
Broom
(Spartium junceum). See Spartium.
Chestnut
(Castanea vesca). See Castanea.
Fennel-flovwer
(Nigella hispanica). See Nigella.
Furze
(Genistahispanica). See Genista.
Gorse
(Genistahispanica). See Genista.
Hyacinth
(Hyaointhus amethystinus). See Hyacineuropseum').-See
"
Spanish
Bayonet
Spanish
"
Spanish
"
Spanish
Spanish
"
"
Spanish
"
Spanish
"
thus.
Iris (IrisXiphium). See Iris.
Jasmine
(Jasminum grandiflorum). See Jasminum.
Moss
(Tillandsiausneoides). See Tillandsia.
Oyster-plant
(Scolymus hispanicus). See Scoly-
Spanish
"
Spanish
"
Spanish
Spanish
"
"
mus.
(Ipomseabatatus). See Ipomsea.

Silver
(Abies pinsapo). See Abies.
Squill (Scilla
hispanica). See Scilla.
Traveller's
Joy
(Clematis cirrhosa).
Potato
Spanish
"
Fir
Spanish
Spanish
"
"
Spanish
"
See
matis.
Cle-
Spanish-tuft
(Thalictrum aquilegifolium).See Thalictrum.
Half(African Harlequin Flower). Ord. Iridacese.
SparaxiS
1758.
introduced
First
bulbous
plants.
hardy
Position, sunny
Soil, light, rich sandy.
CULTURE:
OUTDOOR
bulbs
4 in. deep "
to
Jan.,
border.
placing
Plant, Sept.
well-drained
of bed in
Mulch
surface
bulbs
"
Lift
2 in. apart.
annually.
replant
"
"
March
with
cow
manure.
part leafparts sandy loam, one

well drained.
in
diameter,
Pots,
4|in.
decayed
with cocoafive bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each pot in Nov., " cover
under- cool greenhouse stage until
or
in cold frame
refuse
nut-fibre
CULTURE
POT
mould
Place
growth begins.
until flowers
cow
or
Compost,
two
manure.
Water
fade, then
moderately from
gradually cease,
409
time
bulbs
begin to grow
bulbs dry till Jan.
keeping
50"
times
40" to 50"; other
bulbs.
advised
for
as
white,
8. ^raudiflora,
purple and

by offsets treated
Africa;
CULTIVATED;
tricolor
(Byn.
Africa.
For
SPECIES
S.
8.
Tarieties
Ixia
see
Sparmannia
First
introduced
60".
spring,
gate
Propato
1 to
2
2
ft.,
ft.,
Dierama.
Tiliaceae.
Ord.
"
to
black. May,
yellow, and
tricolor), orange,
'See also the genus
trade
Hate.
(African Hemp).
shrub.
evergreen
GAltDENING.
OF
ENCYGLOPyEDIA
Greenhouse
1790.
Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, " little sand.
doors
Position, pots in light airy greenhouse, Sept. to June; sunny spot outMarch.
Prune
remainder
of time.
moderately
Pot, Feb.
or
wards.
Water
close, Nov. to Dec.
copiously,April to Oct. ; moderately afterquired.
Apply stimulants, April to Sept. No shade or syringing re40" to 50".
Temp., March
Propagate by cuttings inserted singly in small pots filled with sandy
soil under
in temp. 55" to 65", spring or summer.
bell-glass
CULTURE;
SPECIES
africana
CULTIVATED:
flore pleuo, double
Spartium
S. africana,
flowered.
(Spanish Broom)."
floweringshrub.
white,
summer,
10
to
15
Leguminosae.
Ord.
ft., S. Africa;
Hardy
duous
deci-
introduced
1548.
First
borders
CULTURE
or
:
dry
open
banks.
J in. deep in
drills in fine soil in sunny
tings
or
spring; cutpositionoutdoors, autumn
in sandy soil under
of young
shoots inserted
bell-glassor in
cold frame
in summer.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
8. junoeum
:
(Tellow Spanish Broom), yellow, summer,
6 to 10 ft., S. Europe ; junceum
flowered.
flore pleno, double
Orchidacese.
Ord.
Stove
terrestrial orchids.
Spathog^lottis.
1837.
First introduced
CULTURE
"
fibrous
:
loam, or
Compost, equal parts leaf -mould
"
" silver sand.

equal partsof leaf-mould, peat, sphagnum moss
Repot
in spring.
Grow
in partial shade.
Water
rately
freely April to Oct, modeafterwards.
Growing period,spring " summer;
restingperiod,
Flowers
winter.
at top of last-made
pseudo-bulb.
Temp.,
appear
March
55" to 65".
to March
Propagate by
division
in
SPECIES
spring.
CULTIVATED:
red, autumn.
S. aurea,
yellow and
red, autumn,
Malacca;
Fortunei,
Hong
gracilis, golden, yellow, and
Kong;
red, winter,
Borneo;
red, summer,
kimballiana, golden, yellow, and
Borneo;
Lobbii. snlphur
yellow and
Burma;
red, autumn,
plioata, rosy purple, summer,
Malaya; Viellardii,
yellow
and
white, rose,
and
red, autumn.
New
Caledonia.
Spatlum
(Lewisia rediviva). See Lewisia.
Spear-flower
(Ardisiacrenulata). See Ardisia.
Grass
Spear
(Aciphyllasquarrosa). See Aciphylla.
Spear
Lily (Doryanthes Palmeri). See Doryanthes.
Mint
See Mentha.
Spear
(Mentha viridis)."
Spear-Mfort
(Ranunculus lingua). See Ranunculus.
Specularia
Ord.
(Venus's Looking Glass).
Campanulaceae.
"
"
"
"
"
"
annuals.
CULTURE
Sow
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny beds or borders.
seeds in Aprilthinly 1-16 in. deep in patches or lines where
requiredto
Thin
when
2
1
in.
in.
to
to
3
6
or
seedlings
grow.
port
hig;h
apart. Sup3 to 6 in. high.
plants with small twigs when
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
the Corn
: S. hybrida
(Syn. Campanulaliybrida),
Violet,
blue
and lilac,July, 1 ft., Europe ; pentagonia (Syn. Campanula
pcntagonia),blue,
1 ft., Asia
summer,
Minor;
porfoliata, blue, June, 12 to 18 in., N. America;
1 ft.,
speculum (Syn. Campanula
Speculum), Venus's Looking Glass, purple, summer,
Europe.
Hardy
410
ENCYCLOrJUDIA
Speedwell."
GASDENINO.
OF
See Veronica.
Spergula.-êe
Sagina.
Spice-bush
(Lindera Benzoin)."See Liudera.
Fern
Spider
See Pteris.
(Pterissermlatai.
Spider-flower."
See
Cleome.
Spider
Orchis
See Orchis.
(Orchisarachnites)."
Spiderwort
See Tradescantea.
(Tradesoanteavirginiana)."
Spiselia
LoOrd.
Pink;
(Carolina
Maryland Pink-root).
gauiaceas. Hardy herbaceous
First
introduced
1694.
perennials.
CULTUEE
; Soil, equal parts loam,
tion,
Posileaf-mould, peat, " sand.
border
in
2
of
ft.
above
partiallyshady
comcontaining
depth
or
post. Plant, March
April. Water
copiously during summer.
Propagate by division of roots, March
or
April.
"
"
SPECIES
OULTITATED:
S.
marilandioa,
and
red
yellow,
summer,
ft., N.
America.
Spig^nel
See Meum.
(Meum athamanticum).
(Spinaciaoleracea). See Spinacia.
Ord.
(Spinach).
Chenopodiaceae. Hardy
"
Spinach
Spinacia
"
annual.
"
Esculent-leaved
CULTtJEE
First introduced
1568.
vegetable.
Soil, deep, rich moist ordinary for
rich, moderately dry
spinach;
summer
seeds
winter
kind.
Sow
Position, sunny.
of summer
spinach at intervals of a fortnight,Feb. to Aug., in drills
1 in. deep " 12 in. apart; winter
spinach, Aug. " Sept. in drills lin.
Thin
winter
deep " 15 in. asunder.
spinach to Bin. apart when three
leaves form.
Manures:
IJlb. kainit, IJlb. sulphate of soda; l|lb.
sulphate of amm.onia; 21b. superphosphate per sq. rod, applied when
plants are 2 in. high. Seeds germinate in 10 to 15 days; retain their
germinating powers for 5 years. Crop reaches maturity 11 weeks after
for
sowing.
Market
Cultube
:
Soil,
Manures
Well-rotted
:
moist
deep,
dung at
appliedjust before
cool ;
"
of
rate
12
light soils
tons
"
able.
unsuit-
phate
superphos-
When
plantsappear
seeds
in.
in drills
1
deep
per
spinach in Feb., " successional batches at
intervals of a fortnight ; winter
spinach in Aug. Quantity of seed
large leaves only in bushel baskets.
required per acre, fib. Market
Average pricesper bushel. Is. to
Average yieldper acre, 500 bushels.
3 tons
apply 1 cwt.
1 ft. apart.
per acre
of nitrate
Sow
summer
of soda
sowing.
Sow
acre.
5s.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Europe;
oleracea
S.
glabra (Summer
Spinach), 2 ft.,
Spinach).
europseus).See Euonymus.
Eosaceae.
Ord.
Hardy deciduous
oleracea
spinoea (Prickly
or
Spindle-tree
(Euonymus
Spiraea
(Meadow Sweet).
flowering shrubs " herbaceous
evergreen
"
S.E.
Winter
"
"
perennials.
SPECIES:
HEEBACEOXJS
HAEDY
OP
Soil, ordinary
manured.
well
Position, moist, partially shady or
rich,
sunny
borders; margins of streams, etc., for S. Ulmaria, astilboides,palmata,
or
April. Topkamtschatica, and Aruncus.
with
Water
in
dress annually
decayed manure.
copiouslyin
April
Lift, divide, " replantevery three or four years.
dry weather.
CULTUEE
CTJLTUEE
OF
DECIDUOUS
good ordinary or loamy.
Sept. to March.
directlyafter flowering.
Plant,
EVERGEEEN
AND
Position, open
sunny
straggly
Prune
OP
S. ASTILBOIDES
CULTUEE
leaf-mould.
Pot roots, Oct.
"
loam
411
IN
or
SPECIES
: Soil,
shrubberies.
or
moderately close
borders
shoots
POTS:
Nov., singly in
or
6 in.
pots.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Place
iu cold
heated
frame
greenhouse
until
in
GARDENING.
OF
required
for
forcing, or
ordinary
to
remove
house
in Feb.
Temp, for forcing
55" to 65".
Water
first brought into
forcing or
moderately when
greenhouse; freelywhen growth begins. Apply weak stimulants
\ oz.
of guano
to gall, of water
Remove
when
to cold
flower spikes show.
frame
after
Let
flowering " plant out in sunny
positionin June.
thus for two
then
in
for
plants remain
"
use
lift,
pots,
place
years,
forcing. Plants will not flower freely two years in succession when
in pots.
kinds
grown
Propagate herbaceous
by division of the roots,
cold
Jan.,
"
"
to
C:t.
March;
shrubby ones
hand-light
planted in
soil under
"
oifsets removed
sandy
HARDY
by cuttings of
or
in frame
young
in
shade,
shoots
inserted
also
summer;
in
by
autumn.
HEEBACEOUS
4 to 6 ft., N.
2 ft., Japan ;
kamtschatica
SPECIES:
S. arunous
(Goat's Beard), white, summer,
Temperate
Regions; astilboides (Syn. Astilbe
astilboides),white, Jane,
and
its varieties floribanda
(free flowering), and Lemoiuei
(a hybrid) ;
and
its
(Syn. S. gigantea), white, June, 6 to 8 ft., Kamtscbatka
;
hybrid, hybrida, pink;
pleno (Double Dropwort), white, double,

the
Frairiefi),pink, June, 2 ft., N.
America; palmata, orimson, June, 1 to 2 ft., Japan; and its varieties alba (white),
clegans (white and red), and purpurea
(purple-leaved); Ulmaria
Sweet),
(Meadow
fl. pi., double
white, June, 3 ft., Britain; Ulmaria
aureo-varieflowered; Ulmaria
gata, variegated.
HARDY
EVERGREEN
SPECIES:
S. japonioa, rose, June, 3 to 6 ft., Japan, and
its varieties, alba
The
called
(white), Bumaldi
(crimson). Shrub.
plant commonly
S. japonioa is really Astilbe japonica ; see
Astilbe.
SPECIES:
S. arguta, white, summer,
HARDY
DECIDUOUS
2 to 3 ft., hybrid;
discolor
bella, red, July, 3 ft., Himalayas;
(Syn. S. ariietalia),white, June, 6 to
8 ft., N.W.
America;
Douglassii, rose, Aug., 3 to 6 ft., N.W. America;
lindlejana,
white, Aug., 6 to 10 ft., Himalayas;
prunifolia flore pleno, white, double, spring,
3 ft., China
and
and
Japan; Thunbergi, white, spring, 3 ft., China
Japan; salicifolia, pink, July, 4 ft., E. Europe and Japan; Van
Houttei, white. May, 4 ft.
Spire
Lily (Galtonia candicans). See Galtonia.
Spieenvtfort
(Asplenium trichomanes). See Asplenium.
Dead-Nettle
Spotted
(Lamium maculatum). See Lamium.
Laurel."
See Aucuba.
Spotted
Ord. Portulacaceae.
Spragfuea.
Half-hardy perennial herb.
First introduced
1858.
CULTURE
:
Soil, ordinary. Position, edges of surfny well-drained
borders
rockeries.
or
Propagate by seeds,
Feb.
sown
or
March, in well-drained
pots or pans in at)0ve
compost, in
temp, of 55" to 60"; transplantingseedlings an inch apart in 3-in.
pots when
large enough to handle, afterwards
hardening off iu cold
1
summer,
ft., Britain;
Filipendula
lobata
flore
of
(Queen
"
"
"
"
frame
"
peat
under
SPECIES
Mexioo.
New
planting out in May; cuttings of shoots inserted

bell-glassiu temp, of 55" to 65" in spring.
CULTIVATED:
S.
umbellata, white
and
purple,
summer,
in
1
sandy
to
in..
Sprekelia
(Jacobean Lily)."Ord. Amaryllidaceae. Stove deciduous

bulbs.
First introduced
1658.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts turfyloam, one part river sand, " a
few crushed
bones.
pots in lightpart of stove.
Pot, Feb., burying bulb about two-thirds of its depth. Water
freely
from
time growth begins (about Feb.) until
when
Sept.,
keep quite
when
flower spike shows.
Apply liquidmanure
Top-dress large
bulbs annually " repot every three or four
only. Temp., Feb.
years
to Sept. 65" to 75"; Sept. to Feb.
50" to 55".
Propagate by seeds
sown
of
loam
in temp. 65" to
pots
sandy
70" in March, placing seedlingssingly iu 2-in.
"
keeping them
pots,
moderately moist all the year round for three years; by offsets treated
dry.
as
old
bulbs.
Seedlingsare
six to
seven
412
years
before
they
flower.
ENCYGLOFMDIA
matured
GAItVENING.
OF
Propagate
CULTIVATED
buoephalue, yellow and
by
pseudo-bulbs
of
division
pseudo-bulbs.
in
spring.
SPECIES
S.
crimson,
very
fragrant, Aug.,
Mexico;
dCToniensis, cream,
yellow, purple, and crimson,
white
and
grandiflora,
eburnea,
fragrant, July, Peru;
purple, June, Trinidad;
white
and
Central
America;
purple,
crimson, summer.
insignis, yellow and
crimson,
oculata, yellow, lilac, purple, white, and
fragrant, August, S. America;
Mexico
Mexico
yellow, and purple, fragrant, summer,
summer,
;
; tigrina, orange,
and
Guatemala.
Wardii, yellow, orange
crimson, fragrant, summer,
First inOrd.
Cruciferae.
troduced
Stanleya.
Hardy perennial herb.
1
to
ft., Peru
and
"
1816.
CULTURE
border.
Position, sunny
Plant, Oct.
in
in
heat
seeds
sown
April. Propagate by
gentle
spring,planting
of the roots in Oct. or March.
out in May or June
; also by division
CULTIVATED
S. pinnatiflda, yellow, summer,
4 ft., California.
SPECIES
:
Stapelia
(CarrionFlower ; Toad Flower; Star-fish Flower). Ord.
Soil, ordinary.
or
"
Asclepiadaceae.
succulent-stemmed
Greenhouse
p'ents.
evergreen
First introduced
1790.
Flowers, disagreeablyscented.
CULTUEE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part broken rubbish
old mortar,
" one
or
part sand.
pots close to
or
glass in light sunny greenhouse. No shade required. Pot, March
April. Water moderately, Aprilto Oct. ; keep nearly dry remainder
of year.
55" to 75".
40" to 50"; March
to Oct.
Repot only when
absolutely necessary.
Top-dress annually in March
with
lart
compost of two parts well-decayed cow
dung " one
sendy
loam.
sLdf
in
Propagate by cuttings of stems
exposed to air on
greenhouse
for
filled with
half
SPECIES
summer,
two
or
CULTIVATED?
6
in.
three
days, then
drainage,remainder
S. Asterias
inserted
singly in 2-in. pots
" brick rubbish
; spring.
violet, yellow and purple,
(Star-fishFlower),
with
gigantea, yellow, red, brown,

1 ft. ; variegata, yarious
purple, autumn,
;
sand
and
purple,
summer,
1 ft.
colours, Aug.,
in. ; grandiflora,
All natives
of
S. Africa.
Staphylea
(Bladder Nut). Ord.
shrubs.
First introduced
flowering
"
CULTUEE
Plant, Oct.

Feb.
to
Sapindaceae. Hardy
Prune
deciduous
1640.
straggling shoots
borders
or
moderately
shrubberies.
close i.r.ime-
diately after flowering.

CULTURE
OF
S. COLCHICA
FOE
FOECING
:
Compost, two parts
leaf-mould.
tered
Place in shelPot, Oct. to Jan.
into
positionoutdoors, or in cold frame until Jan., then remove
forcinghouse, or end of Jan. into cold greenhouse. Temp., 65" to 75".
Water
first placed in heat, afterwards
moderately when
more
freely.
ing.
Syringe dailyuntil leaves expand. Transfer to cold frame after flower"
stand
Harden
Oct.
to
outdoors. May
Propagate by seeds
in sandy soil in sheltered
sown
in Sept. or
Oct. ;
position outdoors
sandy loam,
cuttings of
frame
Oct.
one
firm
part
shoots,
in sheltered
suckers removed
or
SPECIES
(Job's
Star
Star

outdoors
in Sept.; layeringshoots, Sept. or
to
corner
CULTIVATED:
St. Anthony's
Tears;
"
planted,
Oct.
to
Feb.
S.
Aniseed-tree
oolchica, white, summer,

5 ft., Caucasus;
Nut), white. May, 8 to 10 ft., S. Europe
(Illicium anisatum)." See lUicium.
Capsicum
Nightshade
See Solanum.
Starch
Star-'flsh
Hyacinth
Star-'flower
Star
Glory
Flovtfer
(Solanum
capsicastrum)."
(Muscari racemosum). See Muscari

(StapeliaAsterias)."See Stapelia.
"
(Trientaliseuropsea)." See
(Ipomosa coccinea). See

"
414
Trieutalis.
Ipoma"a.
pinnata
BNCYOLOIÊDIA
Star
Star
Star
Grass
(Hypoxia erecta).
"
Hyacinth
of
OF
GAIiDENlNO
See
(Soillaamoena)."
Bethlehem
Hypoxia.
See
Scilla.
(Ornithogalum umbellatum)."
See
Orni-
thogalum.
Star
Pine
Star
Star
Tulip."
(Pimis Pinaster)."See
See
Calochortus.
See
Aster.
Windflower
Star-wort."
(Anemone
Piuus.
hortensis).
"
Spc
Anemone.
Statlce
(Sea Lavender; Sea Pink).
Ord.
Plumbaginaceas.
Greenhouse
"
"
herbaceous
evergreens
half-hardy
hardy
perennials.
CULTURE
OP
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts sandy
fibrous loam, one
or
Pot, March
part fibrous peat, " one part sand.
"
cold
April. Position, light airy sunny
greenhouse, Sept. to May;
Water
frame. May to Sept.
wards.
afterto
freely,April
Sept. ; moderately
stimulants
to
Apply weak
healthy
occasionallyin summer
established
40"
to
to 50"; April to May
plants. Temp., Sept.
April
55"
to 65".
Good
drainage in
CULTURE
PERENNIAL
OP
rockeries
borders.
or
sunny
with
annually
decayed manure
CULTURE
OP
borders
sunny
sandy loam,
Feb.
or
pots indispensable.
SPECIES
Plant,
"
loam
in
Position,
Soil,sandy loam.
March
or
April.
Top-dress
April.
ANNUAL
rockeries.
cover
SPECIES
: Soil,ordinary sandy.
Position,
seeds
Sow
in well-drained
pots filled with
slightlywith fine soil," place in temp, of 55" to 65",
March.
off
Transplant when
large enough to handle; harden
in
" plant outdoors
above
as
May.
; cuttings
inserted
singly in 2-in. pots well drained " filled with sandy soil, "
in
or
temp. 55" to 65" in spring; division of roots, March
placed
April.
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
S. profusa, blue, Aug:., 1 to 3 ft., hybrid;
fruticanB,
blue, summer,
Canaries; macrophylla (Syn. S. Ilalfordil),blue, June, 1 to 2 ft.,
or
Canaries.
HAEDT
PBREMNIAL
SPECIES:
1 to
Gmelini, blue, summer,
Tauria;
latifolia,blue, June,
1 ft., Europe
purple, summer,
2
1
S. Bonduelli,
yellow, .Tune, 1 to 2 ft., Aljreria;
6 to 9 in.,
incana, pink, summer,
ft., Caucasus
;
Sea
ft., Bulg-aria; Limonium
(Common
Lavender),
1 ft.,
(Britain) ; tartarica, red and
blue, summer,
Caucasus.
SPECIES
ANNUAL
CULTURE
Suworowi,
S.
in
length
in
and
pink,
sandy loam.
or
April.
summer,
Hardy
"
Soil, deep
March
Oct.,
Plant, Sept.,
to
lilao
Berberidaceae.
Ord.
1876.
introduced
Stauntonia.
First
shrub.
18
in., 0.
Asia.
climbing
evergreen
Position, S. wall or
trailing shoots,
Prune
trellis.
not
quired
reof their
back
to two-thirds
following season,
of
firm
shoots
young
in
under
soil
outdoors
bell-glass shady position
sandy
produce
flowers
autumn.
serted
inin
summer.
SPECIES
and
S. hexaphylla, white,
the genus
Holboellia.
CULTIVATED
China
Japan. See
Bells
Steeple
Stenotaphrum
10
to
20
ft.,
(Campanula pyramidalis). See Campanula.

house
Green(Variegated Grass). Ord. GraminesB.
"
"
First
-leaved
grass.
striped with
grass-like,
orn.
fragrant, spring,
also
introduced
1822i
Leaves,
narrow,
yellow.
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, " sand or

" moist part of greenhouse.
fibre.
Position, warm
Jadoo
Pot, March.
to Sept.,fairlyfreelySept. to March.
Water
Temp.,
copiouslyMarch
50" to 55" ; March
Propagate by
Sept. to March
cuttings of shoots, or by division of roots in spring.
CULTURE
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
S.
glabrum
variegatum,
415
ft., Carolina.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
GARDENING.
OF
Stephanotis
Chaplet
(Clustered Wax-flower;
Madagascar
Madagascar Jasmine). Ord. Asclepiadaceae.Stove evergreen
1839.
First introduced
twining shrubs.
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts good light fibrous loam or peat, "
" coarse
one
part equal proportionsleaf-mould, well-decayed manure,
silver sand.
Position, pots, tubs, or beds, well drained, with shoots
Flower;
trained
"
of stove.
Pot
wire trellis,or up rafters
or
plant, Feb. or
from
Water
Shade
rately
to Oct.; modesun.
copiously,March
in
to
afterwards.
Oct., except when
bloom.
week
to
once
a
healthy established
Apply stimulants
plants
between
May " Sept. Prune
straggling shoots in moderately close, "
thin
weak
70"
out
to Oct.
shoots freely,Jan. or Feb.
Temp., March
65" to 65".
to
85"; Oct. to March
Propagate by cuttings of the
shoots
of the previous year's growth, inserted
singly in 2-in. pots, filled
with equal parts saud, peat, " loam, placed under
hell-glassin temp.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
20
to
to
S. floribunda, white, fragrant, Feb.
Dec,
30 ft., Madagascar;
and
its "variety Elvastoni, a dwarfer
and
more
free-flowering
to
March.
form.
Stern
berg'ia
Star-flower)."Ord.
(Winter Daffodil; Yellow
Leaves
1596.
Amaryllidaceae. First introduced
produced usually late
in autumn
or
early in spring after flowering.
CULTURE
; Soil, deep, fairly dry, good
sheltered
Plant
bulbs, Oct. or Nov., 4 in. deep, " 2 or Sin.
of
soil
bulbs
with
surface
over
Saxifraga hypnoides or
apart.
"
afford
to form
Sedum
acre
carpet
protection. Lift " replant
green
of
deterioration.
when
bulbs show
in pots
signs
May also be grown
for Amaryllis belladonna.
in cold greenhouses as advised
Propagate
border.
Plant
by
removed
offsets
planted, Oct.
"
CULTIVATED;
SPECIES
Central
Europe.
Stevensonia..
First introduced
S. lutea
Ord.
"
Nov.
or
(Syn. Amaryllis lutea),yellow, Oct., 6

Palmaceae.
Stove
once
afterwards.
daily
once
Water
freely at
orn
In-
foliage palm.
divided, wedge-shaped, green.

CULTURE
:
Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one
charcoal, turfy loam, " sand.
Position, moist shady part of
stove.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Syringe freelytwice daily, Feb. to Oct. ;
1865.
Leaves,
to
essential.
to
Temp., March
65" to 75".
small
pots in temp. 75" to 85", spring.
atmosphere
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
Stismaphyllon
evergreen
CULTURE:
climbing
S.
grandifolia,
10
all times.
Shade
" moist
1 in. deep in peat " loam
in
to
20
ft.,Seyohelles.
Ord.
(Golden Vine).
Malpighiaceas. Stove
shrubs.
First introduced
1796.
:
"
Compost, equal parts loam, leaf-mould, peat, and sand.

well-drained
Position,
pots with shoots trained up roof or round trellis.
Feb.
March.
Prune
or
Pot,
aw"ay weak
growths " shorten strong
Jan.
Water
to
ones
moderately,
freely,March
Sept.; moderately
afterwards.
to Sept. 70"
Syringe daily in summer.
Temp., March
55" to 65".
Propagate by cuttings of firm
in
shoots inserted
singly in email pots of sandy soil under bell-glass
temp.
SPECIES
65"
to
75", spring
CULTIVATED
Stinking:
Cedar
Stinking
Gladwyn
or
S.
summer.
olliatnm, yellow, Juno, 8
to
taxifolia).See
10
ft.,Brazil.
Torroya.
(Torreya
See Iris.
(Irisfcetidissima)."
"
416
EN
Stipa,
CLOP
or
(Feather
floweringgrasses.
MB
Grass).
"
Ord.
Inflorescence
GABDENINO.
OP
IA
Graminaceae.
Hardy
perennial
feathery panicles; summer.

CULTCJitE:
Soil, ordinary. Position, dryish sunny
borders.
Plant,
March
or
tion
decorainflorescence
for drying for winter
April. Gather
in July. Propagate
boxes
J in. deep in shallow
by seeds sown
or
pots filled with light soil placed in teinp. of 55'^ to 65", Feb. or
March, hardening off seedlingsand planting outdoors, May or Jime;
or
by sowing similar depth in ordinary soil in sunny positionoutdoors
in April ; also by division of roots
in March
or
April.
in
borne
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
S. ponnata, 2 ft., Europe.
Stock
Giili-flovver
(Matthiola incana)."See Matthiola.
Stokesia,
(Stokes' Aster). Ord.
Compositae. Hardy perennial
herb.
First introduced
1766.
CULTURE:
borders.
well-drained
Plant, April. Protect in winter by covering with hand-light. Plants
be lifted in Sept.,placed in pots, " removed
to greenhouse for
may
afterwards
and winter,
planting outdoors
floweringduring autumn
or
following April. Propagate by division of roots, March
April.
SPECIES
S. cyanea,
CULTIVATED:
blue, August, 18 in., N. America.
Stonecrop
(Sedum acre)." See Sedum.
Stone
Fern
(Asplenium Ceterach). See Asplenium.
Stone
Pine
(Pinus cembra). See Piuus.
Storax-plant
(Styrax officinalis^ See Styrax.
Stratiotes
(Water Soldier; Crab's
Claw). Ord. Hydrochari"
"
"
"
"
dacae.
Hardy aquatic perennial.

Soil, ordinary.
CULTUEE;
Plant,
piecesof
into water
SPECIES
roots
or
CULTIVATED
S.
shallow
Position,
April ; enclosing
old sacking tied securely
where
required to grow.
March
small
"
round
base
See
"
of
Propagate by
stem
ponds.
or
of
mould
and
in
division
in
dropped
spring.
aloides, white, June, 1 to 2 ft., Britain.
Fragaria.
Stravtfberry-raspberry
(Eubus
Strawberry.
lakes
quantity
^See
rosseflorus
flore
simplici).
"
Kubus.
Tree
(Arbutus unedo). See Arbutus.
Bird's Tongue
Flower).
Flower;
StrelJtzJa
(Bird of Paradise
Greenhouse
orn.
Ord.
Scitaminacese.
foliage " flowering perennials.
First introduced
1791.
Strawberry
"
"
part peat, " half a part

bed in sunny
greenhouse.
or
part of warm
rately,
Water
copiously,April to Sept.; modeshade
afterwards.
No
required.
Sept. to Nov. ; keep nearly dry
55" to 65".
to March,
gate
Propato Oct. 65* to 75"; Oct.
Temp., March
in compost of leaf-mould, peat, " loam, in temp,
by seeds sown
division of old plants, Feb. or March.
of 65" to 75", spring; offsets or
CULTUEE:
Compost, two
silver sand.
Position, pots
March.
Pot or plant, Feb.
or
SPECIES
Africa
;
CULTIVATED
S.
Reginse citrina, yellow
Streptocarpus
herbaceous
CULTUEE
:
parts loam,
one
and
Regrinse, orange
and
blue, spring, 3
to
ft., S.
blue.
(Cape Primrose). Ord. Gesneriacese.

1824.
"
house
Green-
Compost, two parts loam, one part of equal proportions

Position, pots in light
" silver sand.
of leaf-mould, decayed manure,
40"
to
50", Oct. to April;
March
or
April. Temp,
greenhouse. Pot,
Water
from
Shade
sun.
Oct.
freely,April to
o5" to 65", April to
when
weak
stimulants
afterwards.
plants
Oct. ; keep nearly dry
Apply
Cold
in
air
summer.
Admit
shady frame good
freely
in flower.
are
plants during summer.
positionfor young
417
ENCYCLOr.F.DIA
in
GAIiDENING.
OF
of finely-sifted
a
thinly with
the soil by iioldmg the pot, pan,
Moisten
sprinkle of fine silver sand.
box nearly to its rim
Place
or
a
or
edge in tepid water.
pane of glass
of
65".
in
55"
over
"
to
a
or
'box,
Transplant
top
pot, pan,
put
temp.
post,
comas
seedlings as soon
large enough to handle 1 in. apart in above
in pans
other
them
when
each
"
touch
or
place
seedlings
pots,
in
singly in 3-in. pots, " ultimately into 5 or 6-in. pots. Seeds sown
Feb. will produce plants for flowering following July; in March
or
April, following August or September.
well-drainod
loam,
SPECIES
.and mauve,
CULTIVATUDt
S.
"Wendlandii, blue, spring, IS

hybrid and strains, for which
StreptOSOlen.
shrub.
a,
Compost,
light sunny
All
12
eummcr,
G
seeds
the
to
in.; Oalpini, white

1 ft.;
blue, summer,
18
in.; Sandereii,
natives
of
S.
beautiful
Many
Africa.
lists.
trade
Greenhouse
Solanacese.
ing
flower-
evergreen
1847.
two
part silver sand.
rose,
in.
30
see
equal parts
Cover
summer,
First introduced
CULTURE
half
to
Ord.
"
sand.
Dunnii,
blue,
Rcxii,
summer;
with
boxes,
pots, pans, or
peat, and
leaf-mould,
loam,
partssandy
part leaf-mould,
pots close to glass
"
one
in
.shoots moderately
April. Prune
wards.
Oct.
to
flowering.
; moderately afterfreely,April
Shade
weak
stimulants
Apply
occasionally during summer.
to Oct., 60" to 70"; Oct.
only from
bright sunshine.
Temp., March
50" to 60".
to March,
in light sandy
i
n
soil under
55"
to 65", spring or summer.
bell-glass, temp.
close
greenhouse; Pot,
after
SPECIES
Feb.
to
Water
CULTIVATED:
Striped
S.
Squill
Jamesoni,
summer,
orange,
* ft., Colombia.
Puschkinia.
to
(Puschkinia scilloides).See
"
(Cone-head). Ord. Acanthaceae.

First introduced
1823.
flowering shrubs.
loam
" leaf-mould,
CULTURE
:
equal
Compost,
parts
silver sand.
Pot, March
or
Strobila.ntheS
of
Stove
"
stove, March
June
to
cold
frame,
June
with
pots
green
ever-
a
in
little
moist
Sept. ; light
Water
rately,
modeclosely, Feb.
other
times.
to
twice
Sept.
April; freely
Apply liquid manure
week
flower.
to plants m
of
a
moderately firm
in light sandy compost under
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
bell-glass
in temp. 75", Feb., March,
or
April.
part
March.
stove, Sept. to
SPECIES
?,
ft., Burma
ft., India.
Prune
CULTIVATED;
blue, Oct.
to
;
1 to
March,
S.
3
isophylla (Syn.
Struthiopteris."
Stuartla..
shrubs.
First
"
sunny
shoots
in
anisnphyllus
ft., Himalayas
der,
I.Syn. Roldfvissia
aniaophvlln), lavenviolet
and
blue, autumn,
; dyerinnus,
isophyllaj, lavender, blue, winter, 1 to
Goldlusfiia
See Onoclea.
Ternstrdmiacese.
Ord.
introduced
to
Hardy
deciduous
flowering
1743.
Soil, two
CULTURE:
tion,
parts moist sandy loam, one part peat. Posiborders
sheltered
N.
"
E. by w.ills, trees, or
on
sunny
open
shrubs.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots
in sandy soil under
inserted
hand-light in sheltered positionoutdoors
in autumn;
layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
pseudo-camellia,
creamy
C to 8 ft., N. America.
Stud-flower
Sturt's
Desert
Stylophorum
perennial herb.
CULTURE
S. pentagyna,
white, July, 6 to
cream,
summer,
10 ft., Japan;
to
10
ft., N.
America;
June,
virginica, white,
(Hellonias bullata)." See Helonias.

Pea
(Clianthus Dampieri^." Soo Clianthus.
(Celandine Poppy). Ord. Papavoraceoe. Hardy
"
Fir.st introduced
1S54.
Soil, ordinary light. Po.sition, sunny

41 S
beds
or
borders.
ENOYOLOP.ilDIA
Plant, March
soil in
March.
or
CULTIVATED:
Styrax
shrubs.
S.
First
introduced
:
J in. deep in ordinary
sown
division
April;
or
Styracaceae. Hardy
"
in., N.W.
deciduous
of
roots,
America.
iiowering
1597.
Soil, lightordinary. Position, sunny

beries,
shrubborders
or
S. walls.
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
layerPropagate by ing
against
or
shoots
in
SPECIES
spring or
CUL'ilVATEU
8
seeds
diphyllum, yellow, June,
(Storax). Ord.
CULTURE
summer,
April. Propagate by
GARDENING.
position outdoors, March,
sunny
SPECIES
OF
to
Sugâr
Sugâr
Sugfar
autumn.
S. obassia, wllite, June, 15 ft., Japan ; laponica, white,

ft.,Japan.
Cane
(Saccharum officinarum).See Saccharum.
;
10
"
Maple
(Acer saccharinum).
Pea
(Pisum
Sumach."
See
"
gee
sativum
Acer.
saccharatum).
"
See
Pisum.
Ehus.
Summer
Cypress
(Kochia scoparia)."See Kochia.
See Tournefortia.
Heliotrope."
Summer
See Adonis.
Pheasant'S-eye
(Adonis aestivalis)."
Summer
Savory
(Satureia hortensis)."See Satureia.
Summer
Snowdrop
(Leucojum aestivum). ^See Leucojum.
Summer
Snowflake
(Leucojum aestivum). See Leucojum.
Cress.
Sun
See Heliophila.
Sundew
(Drosera rotundifolia). See Drosera.
Sun-drops
(CEnothera fruticosa)."See (Enothera.
Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus). See Helianthus.
Sun-plant
(Portulacca grandiflora).See Portulacca.
Summer
"
"
"
"
"
"
Sun-rose."
See
Helianthemum.
Jack
(Berchemia volubilis). See Berchemia.

Tea-plant
(Lantana hybrida). See Lantana.
Supple
Surinam
"
"
SutherlandJa
(Cape Bladder
Senna). Ord. Leguminosae. HalfFirst
introduced
shrub.
1683.
flowering
hardy evergreen
"
tion,
Posisilver
sand.
CULTURE
loam,
:
equal
Compost,
parts
peat,
S.
"
S.W.
in
S.
walls
outdoors,
or
England
only,
pots
against
in cold greenhouse any
part of kingdom. Plant, Sept., Oct., or April.
Pot,
March.
"
Water
afterwards.
Prune,
seeds
sown
by
"
sand, lightlycover
spring; by
April to Sept.; moderately

plants in pots'freely,
shoots only. Propastraggling
gate
April,shortening
in compost of equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould,
with
cuttings of
fine
young
soil," place
in
shoots
May
in
temp,
under
of 45"
55" in
hand-
to
bell-glass
or
light.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Swainsonia
frutesoens, scarlet, June, i ft., S. Africa.

(Darling River Pea). Ord. Leguminosae.
:
S.
house
Green-
"
flowering shrubs.
Compost, two parts
First
introduced
1800.
evergreen
fibrous
loam, one part peat, " half
CULTURE
:
well-drained
Position,
sand.
silver
pots in light sunny
a
house.
greenpart
Water
to Oct.; moderately
freely,March
Pot, Feb. or March.
Remove
afterwards.
Apply weak stimulants occasionally in summer.
in
June;
Sept.
Temp.,
replace
greenhouse,
or
to cold frame
Sept.
pit,
55" to 65".
to June
35" to 45" ; March
to March
Propagate by seeds
then
hour
in tepid water,
sown
for about
an
soaked
i in. deep in
March
55"
of young
to
65",
or
in
soil
April;
cuttings
tempt.
light
in
sand
under
inserted
silver
in.
in cool
3
2
to
long,
bell-glass
shoots,
in
summer.
of
greenhouse
shady part
3 to
1 ft.,
S. ooronillitolia,rosy
CULTIVATED:
purple, summer,
SPECIES
419
ENCYCLOPEDIA
reddish
galeg:a2folia,
coronillifolia
Australia;
folia alba, white, summer,
Swainson's
to
Pea.
Swallow-wort
Chelidonium
GARDENING.
OF
"
purple,
summer,
to
ft.; coronilli-
ft.
Swainsonia.
See
(Chelidonium majus " Asclepiastuberosa).

Asclepias.
DogfVtfOOd
(Ptelea trifoliata).See Ptelea.
Globe-flower
(Cephalantlnis occidentalis).
See
"
"
Swamp
Swamp
"
See
"
Cephalanthus.
Hellebore
Swamp
Swamp
(Veratrum viride). See Veratrum.

(Rhododendron viscosum)."
"
Honeysuckle
See
Eho-
dodendrou.
Laurel.
Swramp
Swamp
Swamp
Lily
Kalmia.
See
"
"
(Helcnium autumnale).
Sunflower
Swran
Orchid.
Swan
River
Daisy
River
Everlasting'
"
Lilium.
See
(Lilium superbum).
See
See Helenium.
"
Cycnoches.
(Brachycome iberidifolia).See
"
Brachy-
come.
Swan
(Helipterum Manglesii).
"
See
Helipterum.
Swan
River
Fern
Palm
(Macrozamia Fraseri). See Macrozamia.
Orchid
Svtfan'S
Neck
(Cycnoches aurea). See Cycnoches.
Sweet
Alyssum
(Alyssum maritima). ^See Alyssum.
See Hypericum.
Sweet
Amber
(Hypericum Andros^mum).
See
Ocimum.
Sweet
Basil
Basiliiim).
(Ocimum
Sweet
Bay-tree
(Laurus noblis). See Laurus.
Briar
Sweet
(Bosa rubiginosa). See Rosa.
Sweet
Cicely
(Myrrhis odorata). See Myrrhis.
Sweet
Cumin
See Pimpinella.
(Pimpinella anisum\
Sweet
Fennel
(Foeniculum officinale). See Foeniculum.
Fern
Sweet
(Myrrhis odorata). See Myrrhis.
Sweet
Flag^ (Acorus calamus). See Acorus.
Sweet
Gale
(Myrica Gale). See Myrica.
Sweet
Gum-tree
(Liquidambar styracifiua). See Liquidambar.
Sweet
John
(Dianthus barbatus). See Dianthus.
Sweet
Marjoram
(Origanum marjorana). See Origanum.
Sweet
Maudlin
See Achillea.
(Achillea Ageratum).
Svtfeet
Orange-tree
(Citrus aurantium). ^See Citrus.
Pea.
See Lathyrus.
Sweet
Sweet
Bush
Pepper
(Clcthraalnifolia)."See Clethra.
Sweet
Potato
(Ipomaea batatus). See Ipoma?a.
Sweet
Rocket
(Hesperis matrionalis). See Hesperis.
Sweet
Scabious
(Scabiosa atropurpurea). See Scabiosa.
Sweet-scented
Bramble
(Rubus odoratus)." See Eubus.
matis.
Sweet-scented
Clematis
Sec Cle(Clematis flammula)."
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Sweet-scented
Sweet-scented
Swreet-scented
Helleborus.
Sweet-scented
Sweet-scented
Crab
Daphne
(Pyrus coronaria)," See Pyrus.

(Daphne odora). See Daphne.
"
Hellebore
(Helleboms
(Olea fragrant,)." See
Olive-tree
Tulip
odoru,?).
(Tulipa fragrans).
"
420
See
"
Olea.
Tulipa.
See
removing
suckers
to
loam,
house
nu
soils.
in poor
two
FORCING
: Compost,
parts good
Nov.
Pot, Oct. or
leaf-mould, " little sand.
sandy
slops or
FOR
CULTURE
POT
Apply
in
roots.
plants growing
to
summer
only. Allow
flowered
have
liquid manure
from
grow
shrub-
or
moderately after flowering (June),
that
shoots
shortening
borders
Position, sunny
CULTURE
: Soil, ordinary good.
beries.
Prune,
Plant, Oct. to Feb.
or
GABDENING.
OF
ENCYOLOPJSDIA
part
one
Place
outdoors, protectingpots from

plants
potting in sheltered corner
to temp of 55",
with
litter until required for forcing. Transfer
frost
buds burst
Water
Nov.
Directly
to Feb.
moderately.
daily.
Syringe
in
of 55".
60"
when
in
of
to
65",
expanded
temp,
replace
place
temp,
2 in. of base
have
flowered
to within
directly 'after
Prune
shoots that
blooming. Keep plantsin heat until May, then gradually harden and
in succession.
not
be forced
two
i^lants must
years
plant outdoors,
in Apriland
cold
for
in
Lilacs
be
flowering
greenhouse
grown
may
seeds
in
in
in
Nov.
Place
sown
Propagate
by
sunny
greenhouse
May.
"
removed
suckers
in
autumn
outdoors
planted
or
spring;
position
ding
varieties by budin ijept.
Oct. to Feb. ; layering shoots
from
; choice
after
speciesin July,
common
on
the
in March
ash
by grafting on
or
speciesou
common
April.
or
and
S.
sraensia
June,
(Rouen
Lilac), violet, May
9 ft.,
6 to
Emodi
ft., hybrid;
(Indian Lilac), purplish or white. May,
Himalayas;
japonioa (Jaiianese Lilac), crimson, July, lo to 20 ft., ilapan; Josika-a
persica (Persian Lilac),
purple. May, 8 ft., Hungary;
(Hungarian Lilac), bluish
4
to
fi It., Afghanistan;
bluish
vulgaris
persica alba, white;
purple. May,
Also
charming varieties,
(Common
Lilac), lilac. Way, 8 to 12 ft., E. Europe.
many
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
to
for
which
trade
see
lists.
(Philadelphus coronarius). See Pliiladclphus.

Tabernsemonta.na.
(Adam's Apple; East Indian Rose Bay).
shrubs.
First introduced
Ord. Apocynaceae. Stove evergreen
flovvcriug
Syring'a.
"
"
1770.
CULTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam, one part fibrypeat, half
Pot,
part silver sand.
pots in light stove.
Feb.
to April. Prune
straggling shoots moderately close immediately
freely,March
to Sept.
Syringe daily, March, " until flowers appear.
Temp., March
65" to 75".
of ripe
70" to 80" ; Sept. to March
by
cuttings
Propagate
in small
with
filled
under
sand
shoots, 2 to 3 in. long, inserted
pots
Feb.
75"
in
65"
to
in
bell-glass temp.
a
SPECIES
its varieties
T.
CULTIVATED:
crispa
liore
Orchid
Mountain
Table
white,
coronana,
Ûrisp petalled) and
"
rafters
or
parts fibrous
March.
2 ft. wide
and
ft., India;
Disa.
Feb.,
one-third.
Water
loam
Volxem's
flower).
Passion-
floweringclimbers.
"
peat,
fourth
one
or
Prune,
walls; sunny.
(Scmpervivum tabulaeformc)."
See Sempervivum.
Tacsonia
(Blood-red Passion-flower; Van
Greenhouse
Ord. Passiflorse.
evergreen
1828.
First introduced
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal
Feb.
Pot or plant,
silver sand.
18
beds
in.
deep "
or
pots, or
to
See
(Disa grandilloia;."
Houseleek
Table-shaped
summer,
plcno (double).
shoots
to
be
weak
March
copiously,
thinning
tubs
trained
out
shoots
up
A-
to
Sept.;
shortening strong ones
Syringe twice daily, April to Sept. Apply
stimulants
occasionallyto healthy plants when in flower only. Temp.,
March
(o
SPIiOllW
Oct.
60"
to
t'HI.TIVATI'll);
70";
T.
to March
cxoniensis, rose
40"
Oct.
422
or
to
50".
i)ink,summer,
20
to
30
ft.,
ENOYOLOPJiDIA
OF
(lARDRNlNG.
hybriil; insignis, ci-imson, autumn,

20 to 30 ft., S. America;
maiiioata,
30 ft., Teru;
Van-Volxemii, ovimson, autumn, 30 ft., Colombia.
scarlet,
autumn,
Tagetes
gold).
Mari(African Marigold; i'rench Marigold; Mexican
1696.
I'irst introduced
Compositse. Half-hardy annuals.
Soil, ordinary, well-enriched
with
decayed manure.
Ord.
CULTURE:
"
Position, sunny
borders
for French
Mexican
and
for
African
Marigold;
beds
sunny
borders
or
for T.
borders
or
Marigold; edgings
seeds
Sow
1-16 in. deep in light soil in temp. 55" to
signata pumila.
65" in March,
in unheated
or
lings
seedgreenhouse in April. Transnlant
when
three leaves form, 3 m.
shallov,'
in
soil
in
boxes,
light
apart,
in bed of rich soil in cold frame, gradually harden
or
off in May, and
Plant
African
of three
plant out in June.
or
Marigolds in groups
French
in
six, or 16 in. apart in rows;
Marigolds singly, or in groups
borders,
6 in.
blooms
apart
only.
Thin
Dwarf
four
Suitable
ilower.
for
on
of
sulphate
exhibition
each
stimulants
(2) J oz.
beds
Marigolds (X- signata pumilal
Marigold
of water.
gallon
in rows;
African
shoots to
rows.
Water
plantsin
to
apart
m.
in
bloom.
12
or
to
to
four
carry
each
plant,
carrying one
Apply stimulants
occasionally
of Peruvian
to
; (1)1 oz.
guano
ammonia
to a gallon of water.
CULTIVATED;
T. erecta
(African Marigold), yellow, Bummcr,
lucida (Mexican
1 ft., Mexico;
Mexico;
Marigold), yellow, summer,
patula
red and
1 ft., Mexico
brown, summer,
Marigold), orange,
; signata, yellow,
1 ft., Mexico;
signata pumila, yellow, 6 in.
SPECIES
Tail
Flovwer.
"
See
Tamarind-tree
CULTURE
"
(Tamarind
floweringtree.
evergreen
First
fibrous
loam,
Compost, two parts
large well-drained
pots
copiously,April
Water
summer,
indica). See Tamarindus.

Indian
Tree;
Date)." Ord.
Stove
ft.,
Antliurium.
(Tamarindus
TamarindUS
minosae.
(French
to
or
Oct.
in
tubs
part
one
lofty stove.
Pot
or
afterwards.
moderately
introduced
Legu-
1633.
sand.
tion,
Posi-
plant, Feb.
Syringe
Shade
from
sun.
Temp., April to Oct. 70" to
85" ; Oct. to April 60" to 70".
Propagate by seeds steeped for a few
and
then
in
hours
sown
:Jin.deep in light soil in temp.
tepidwater,
of
shoots
inserted
75" to 85" m
spring; cuttings
singly in small wellin
under
65"
to 75", March
drained
to
bell-glass
pots placed
temp.
daily, April
Sept.
to
August.
CULTITATED:
SPECIES
T.
indica,
and
yellow
red,
20
summer,
to
40
ft..
Tropics.
(Tamarisk gallica).See
Tamarisk
"
Plant). Ord. Tamaricaceas.

Hardy
Flowering " orn. foliage.
or
Soil,ordinary or sandy. Position, shrubberies
hedges
beries
gardens, S. " S.W. England; sunny banks or sheltered shrubinland
Plant, Sept. to April.
gardens south of the Trent.
(Tamarisk;Manna
TamariX
evergreen
CULTURE:
in seaside
in
"
shrubs.
Oct.
Prune,
Tamarix.
to
shortening straggling shoots only.

long, inserted in sandy soil
hand-light or in cold frame. Sept, or Oct.
March,
by cuttings of shoots,
positionunder
4 to 6 in.
Propagate
in sheltered
sinensis
T.
8 to
(Chinese Tamarisk),
pink, summer,
gallica, pink, summer,
anglica (Common
8 to 10 ft., W.
Europe.
Tamarisk), pink, summer,
ceous
Tanacetum
(Tansy; Alecost). Ord. Compositas. Hardy herbaCULTIVATED:
SPECIES
10
ft., China;
"
perennials.
CULTURE:
in
rows
form.
Soil, ordinary.
18 in. asunder
Replant
every
in March
three
or
Position, sunny.
Oct.
or
four
423
years.
Remove
Leaves
Plant,
flower
12 in.
stems
aromatic,
as
apart
they
used
for
ENOYCLOI'J'JDIA
flavouringpuddingSj
outdoors
in
SPECIES
etc., " for

division
spring;
OUITIVATED:
Tang-erine
Tangier
Tansy
OF
GARDENING.
garnisliing. Propagate by
of the
T.
seeds
sown
March.
Oct. or
Tulgare orispum, yellow, summer,
roots
in
Ora.ng:e-tree
(Citrus uohilis).
Iris (Iris Tingitana)." See Iris.
(Tanacetum vulgare). See Tanacetum.
"
ft., Britain.
See
Citrus.
"
Hawthorn
Tansy-leaved
See
(Crataegus tanacetifolia).
"
Cratsegus.
Grass
Tape
(Vallisneria
spiralis).See Vallisneria.
Taraxacum
(Dandelion). Ord.
Compositae. Hardy perennial
herb.
Cultivated
leaves for saladings.
solelyfor its blanched
from
CULTUEE
recent
: Soil, ordinary deep, free
manure.
Position,
in.
1
12
seeds
in
Sow
in.
in
drills
deep
apart
April. Thin
sunny.
"
"
seedlings to
they form.
6 in.
apart
in
rows
Lift
roots
in
Nov.,
in
May.
"
store
flower
Remove
in sand
directly
place. Plant
stems
in cool
close
or
together in boxes
large pots in ordinary soil.
greenhouse between
pots, etc., to exclude light. Place in warm
Nov.
" cut leaves
when
3 to 6 in. long, for
" April. Keep soil moist
salads.
fresh
Make
a
Destroy roots afterwards.
sowing annually.
roots
almost
Cover
T. officinale,
yellow, spring,
Colocasia.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Taro-root.
"
Tarragon
See
Britain.
Artemisia.
(Artemisia dranunculoides). See

Honeysuckle
(Lonicera
"
Tartarian
Lonicera.
Tartarian
Tasmanian
Tasmanian
Tasmanian
Dicksonia.
Tasmanian
Samolus.
Tassel
Ixla-lily
Sec
tartarica).
"
(Ixioliriontartaricum)." See Acer.

(Coprosma Baueri). See Coprosma.
(Anopterus glandulosa). See Anopterus.
Fern
(Dicksonia antarctica). See
Currant
Laurel
Tree
"
"
Water
Pimpernel
Cotton-grass
(Samolus
(Eriophorum
"
repens).
"
polystachyon).
"
See
See
Eriopjiorum.
Tassel
Hyacinth
Tawny
Day-lily
Taxodium
coniferous
(Muscari comosum).
See Muscari.
See Hemerocallis.
Coniferse.
duous
Hardy deciintroduced
1640.
Leaves,
(Hemerocallisfulva).
(Deciduous Cypress). Ord.
"
trees;
orn.
foliage.First
feather-shaped,deciduous, bright green,

autumn.
Habit, pyramidal when
young;
"
"
changing
broad,
to
dull
cedar-like
red
when
in
full
grown.
CULTUEE
Soil, moist
loam.
Position, margins
of
ponds
rivers
Oct. to
Feb.
|iu.
pans of light soil in
cold
frame
in
April,transplanting seedlings singly iuto small pots
the year after ; cuttings of shoots
followingspring," planting outdoors
in water
in cold greenhouse or
inserted
in spring or
frame
summer;
in Sept. or Oct.
layering branches
CULTIVATED;
T.
SPECIES
distichum, 70 to 100 ft., S.W.
States; distichum
pendula, pendulous brunches.
Taxus
Orn.
trees.
(Yew Iree). Ord. ConifersB.
Hardy evergreen
used
for
Timber
cabinet
in
but
slow
too
foliage.
growth to
making,
for that
cultivate
Leaves
Estimated
cattle.
to
poisonous
purpose.
average
Average rate of growth, 2 to 3 in.
age, 1,000 to 2,000 years.
or
in
damp
places. Dry
positionquite
unsuitable.
deep in
"
Plant,
"
per year.
CULTURE
Soil, good
deep oi-dinary,moist.
424
Position, sunny
or
BNOYOLOP^^DlA
shady shrubberies for common
borders
for variegated " Irish
Prune
.May.
April.
WINTER
BEDDING
kinds;
yews.
shrubberies, lawns,
sunny
Plant, Sept. to Nov., Feb.
or
to
best adapted for the purpose"

: Sort
T. baccata
Oct. or Nov.
border
Lift " replant in reserve
elegantissima. Plant,
in
GAlltiMntNO.
OV
May.
POT
Oct.
CULTUEE
Most
in cold
pots plunged
HEDGE
COLTUEE
March,
rims
to
in cinders
Suitable
Irish yews.
baccata
elegantissima.
Pot,
trenched
18 in. for
Common,
Position,
3
gold
trees
"
silver
striped,
good moist
Soil,
sunny.
spitsdeep " 3 ft. wide.

for planting; 12 in.
Distance
3 ft. high; 2 ft. for trees
April.
or
soil.
or
kinds"
upright English "

ordinary,previously
high;
T.
Compost, two parts good ordinary mould, one part leafmoderately, Nov. to April j freely afterwards.
Keep
greenhouse, balcony, or corridor Oct. to May; outdoors
wards,
after-
mould.
Nov.,
suitable kind"
Nov.
Water
or
Plant,
Oct.,
trees
18 in.
for
3 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. high.

Cost
of preparing soil
plants per 100, 21s. to 30s.
and
planting hedge, per lineal yard, 9d. to Is. Prune, trim, or clip
in
1 in.
sown
Sept.
Propagate
April or
by seeds
deep in
in March,
of light
or
light soil outdoors
\ in. deep in pans or boxes
soil, in cold frame
or
greenhouse, in March, transplanting seedlingin
bed
when
serted
large enough to handle; by cuttings of shoots innursery
in September;
in sandy soil under
hand-light,or in cold frame
grafting variegated kinds on common
upright yew in March
; layering
in Sept.
Average
of
cost
CtTLTIVATED:
T. baccata
SPECIES
(Common
Tew),
Also
the
Asia.
following varieties : adpressa, 8 ft. ; albo
leaves
silver ; aurea,
with
silver ; argentea,
striped with
pendula,
N.
ft., Europe and
variegata, leaves
edged
leaves
golden (Golden
yellow ; elegantissima, leaves

edged with
Tew), erect habit; fastigiata (Irish
Tew),
edged and striped with white ;
; fastigiata variegata, leaves
fastigiata aureo-variegata, leaves, green and yellow; T. canadensis
(Canadian Tew),
3 ft., Canada;
cuspidata (Japanese
Tew), 20 ft., Japan.
Tea-berry
(Gaultheria procumbens). See Gaultheria.
Tew) ;
edged
Dovaatoni
30
aurea
with
creamy
columnar
habit
erecta
white;
leaves
(Fulham
"
Camellia.
(Camellia theifera).
Tea-scented
Rose
(Eosa indica). See Eosa.
Tea
Tree
(Lycium barbarum). See Lycium.
Moreton
Tecoma
Bay Trumpet Jasmine).
(Trumpet Flower;
Ord.
climbing
Bignoniacese. Stove greenhouse " hardy evergreen
Tea-pla.nt
See
"
"
"
"
First
STOVE
flowering shrubs.
CULTUEE
peat
Pot
"
or
J, and
OP
silver sand.
plant,
weak
afterwards.
order
to
March
to
to 65".
Feb.
shoots
Expose
ripen
them
Sept.
65"
introduced
SPECIES
1640.
:
Compost,
two
parts loam,
one
part
Position, pots or beds with shoots trained up roof.

March.
Prune, Feb., shortening strong shoots
or
to Sept.; keep nearly dry
Water
freely,April
f
.
shoots
fully
thoroughly
to
to
for
85"; Sept.
to
sun
during August
flowering
Nov.
60"
to
next
season.
"
Sept. in
Temp.,
70"; afterwards
55"
two parte loam,

SPECIES
GEEENHOUSE
: Compost,
well-drained
sand.
silver
Position,
large
one
pots, or
part peat
in
for
in.
beds
ft.
18
3
one
greenhouse;
deep,
plant, lightsunny
square,
Good
shoots trained
drainage
up roof.
Prune
J of strong shoots, f of weak shoots,
away
absolutelynecessary.
Water
in Feb.
copiously,April to Oct. Keep nearly dry, Oct. to
stimulants
weak
occasionallyto healthy establishecJ
April. Apply
CULTUEE
OF
"
423
plants
during
in
abundance
"
early
of
flowers.
at
IX
G.
to
wood
to
freely
air
Admit
time.
any
thoroughly ripen
Temp., April to Oct, 55"
autumn
ing
insur-
for
65"; Oct.
to
to 50".
40"
April
required
shade
No
summer.
summer
GARDEN
OF
L]\OYCLOr.EDlA
CULTURE
SPECIES
HARDY
OF
parts loam,
Soil, two
part
one
border
against S. wall.
peat " silver sand.
in March.
Prune
for
as
Plant, Sept. to March.
species
greenhouse
in
shoots, 3 in. long, inserted
by cuttings of firm young
in
of
of
soil
under
well-drained
sandy
bell-glass
placed
temp,
pots
inch
55" to 65" in summer
; cuttings of roots, 1 to 2 in. long, planted an
shoots
in
soil
in
of
55"
in
to
65", spring; layering
sandy
temp,
deep
Propagate
SPECIES:
STOVE
SPECIES
ft., Australia;
20
to
jasminoidee, white
2
to
10 to 20 ft., Amboina.
a-mboinenBia, orange-red, summer,
australis
: T.
Manglesii, white, purple and red, BUmmer,
T.
CrllEENHOUSE
10
Oct.
April, Sept., or
March,
10
orange-scarlet, Bunimer,
caponsiB,
red, Aug., 10 to 20 ft., Australia;
and
to
20
Smithii,
ft., S.
orange,
Africa;
autumn,
3 ft.
HARDY
SPECIES:
10 to 20
10 to 20
and
ft., China
ft., N. America.
grandiflora (Syu. Bignonia grandiflora), scarlet, summer,

Japan; radicane
^Syn. Bignonia radicans), scarlet, summer,
T.
Tecophilaea.
bulbous
CULTURE
(Chilian Crocus).
"
plants.
Compost,
First
introduced
Haemodoracese.
Ord.
house
Green-
1872.
parts sandy loam,
part decayed cow

or
pots in cool
Plant
bulbs 3 in. deep " 6 in. apart in frame, Aug. to Nov.
greenhouse.
three
in a 5-in. pot " 2 in. deep. Cover
Pot, singly in 3J-in.potsor
pot with ashes or fibre refuse till growth begins. Water
moderately;
ifo
keep dry after foliage turns yellow until growth recommences.
artificial heat
air freely to plants in pots " frames
required. Admit
after February.
at potting time.
manure.
SPECIES
Chili, and
two
CULTIVATED
its -variety
Telanthera
perennials.
bed
in
cold
one
frame
blue and while, fragrant, spring, 6 in.,

Cyanocrocus,
: T.
Leichtlinii, blue.
Amarantaceae.
(Joy-weed). Ord.
Half-hardy
known
the
of
under
foliage. Better
generic name
"
Orn.
Used
Alternanthera.
for
carpet bedding.
Soil, ordinary.
CULTURE:
Foliage, crimson,
Position, sunny
Sept. Plant, May, 2 in. apart.

Temp. 55" to 65" during winter.
sandy soil,temp. 75", March.
Lift
beds
in
red.
outdoors. May
in pots or boxes
Sept., store
to
in
in
CULTIVATED:
T.
flooidea
(Syn. Alternanthera
amabilis),
leaves,
its varieties, amoena
scarlet, 3 in., Trop. America, and
(leaves orange,
red,
tricolor
bronze, and
green), and
(leaves green,
rose,
purple and yellow); bettziohiana
(Syn. Altcrnantlvcra
and
its
paronychoides), leaves brown
scarlet, and
varieties major
(larger leaves) and major aurea
(red and
yellow foliage).
Telegraph-plant
See
Desmodium.
(Desmodium
gyraus).
SPECIES
orange
"
Tenore's
Ten-week
Candytuft
Stock
Testudinaria
Dioscoreacese.
CULTURE
(Iberis Tenoreana)." See Iberis.
(Matthiola annua)." See Matthiola.

(Hottentot's Bread;
Elephant's Foot)." Ord.
Greenhouse
deciduous
climber.
First
introduced
1774.
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam, turfy peat, k sand.

in sunny
March.
or
greenhouse. Pot, Feb.
Water
to
No
afterwards.
April
moderately,
Sept.; keep nearly dry
shade
to
55"
required. Temp., March
to
65"; Sept. to
Sept.
March
40" to 50"
Propagate by cuttings of firm side shoots inserted
in sandy loam
under
tings
bell-glassin temp. 45" to 55" in spring, or cutof young
shoots
when
in sandy loam
under
bell-glacain similar temp., spring or summer.
:
426
ENVyULOVMDlA
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Tetrag'Onia
annual.
OV
T. olophantipes, yellow, summer,
(New Zealand
in gardens
Cultivated
GAUDENINd.
ou
light dry
especially
soils.
5 to
Spinach)."Ord.
aa
First
substitute
introduced
10
ft., S. Africa.
Ficoideas.
for
Hardy
spinach
summer
1772.
"
Leaves, large,
thick, succulent.
CULTURE
sunny.
for 24 hours
soaked
in tepid water, singlylin.
with light soil in March.
Place
m
Sow
deep
temp.
pots
55"
seeds, previously
in 2-iu. pots filled
to 65" " keep soil
moist.
Transfer
four
seedlings to 5-in. pots when
seedlings form
off in cold frame, " plant out 3 ft. apart in rows
leaves, harden
4 ft.
asunder.
Gather
the leaves
Water
for
in
only
dry
freely
cooking.
weather.
Seeds
be sown
in open
to
ground in May it unable
may
them
in heat.
sow
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
3 in.. New
Zealand.
: T.
yellow, summer,
oxpanea,
Tetramicra..
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
epiphytal orchids.
First introduced
1831.
CULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, "
charcoal.
Position, light,fastened
by copper wire to small blocks of
in small
"
roots
covered
with
well-drained
teak,
or
sphagnum moss;
baskets
in March.
in
teak
baskets.
Place
on
blocks, or
pots or
pots or
45"
50"
to
to
to
to
Nov.
Feb.
March
55"';
60"; May to
May
Temp.,
twice
Water
to
55" to 65".
Nov.
Feb.
Feb.
to
Nov.
once
a
week,
;
in
March.
to
Nov.
division
of
Propagate by
plants
April; daily April
CULTIVATED:
L. bioolor
SPECIES
(Syn. Leptotes bioolor), wliito and purple,
winter, 2 in., Brazil; rigida, rosy purple, spring, 1 ft., W. Indies.
Greenhouse
Tremandraceae.
Tetratheca.
Ord.
evergreen
introduced
1803.
First
shrubs.
flowering
"
"
part turfy loam,

peat, one
tion,
Posisand.
"
silver
pots,
Feb.
March.
in
or
Pot,
well-drained
greenhouse.
lightairy
pots
Shade
rain water
only to be used.
moderately at all seasons;
to
40"
Oct.
to
to
50";
June
to
April
April,
Temp.,
Sept.
sun,
in
inserted
of
side
shoots
50" to 65".
cuttings
Propagate by
55"
in
to
65",
summer.
in
shade
under
temp.
bell-glass
two
Compost,
CULTURE:
parts
fibrous
part equal proportionscharcoal, broken
one
Water
from
Oct.
sand
natives
T.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
ft. ;
summer,
of
hirsuta,
erioa.'(olia,lose,
pink, spring,
ft.
summer,
juncea,
ft.; glandulosa, purple,
purple,
summer,
ft.
All
Australia.
(Germander; Cat Thyme).

perennials.
sunny
Teucrium
herbaceous
CULTURE
rockeries
"
Ord.
Labiatai.
Hardy
borders
dryish
; sunny
March
or
etc.
Plant,
for
T.
April.
walls
old
marum,
or
March
in
of
roots
or
division
April.
Propagate by
1 ft., S.
T.
purple, summer,
(Oat Thymo),
marum
CULTIVATED
:
SPECIES
Britain.
1
ft.,
-variegated
foliage,
Soorodonia
variegatum,
Europe;
and
Scitaminese.
half-hardy perenliials.
Hardy
Thalia."
Ord.
First
introduced
OP
1791.
HARDY
Position, tub
: Soil, sandy loam.
tered
shelin
March.
a
Plant
Requires
warm,
or
pond
in
best
of
N.
greenhouse.
In
England
grown
spot.
SPECIES:
Soil, light, rich loam.
HALF-HARDY
OP
CULTURE
in March.
Pot
of
moist
in
greenhouse.
part
shady
Position, pots
45" to
Oct.
to
March,
and
summer.
in
Temp.,
Water
spring
freely
in spring.
division
65".
55"
to
by
to
March
Propagate
Sept.,
55";
CULTURE
shallow
HARDT
of
SPECIES
HALF-HABDT
Thalictrum
SPECIES
water.
T.
dealbata,
blue, July, 6 ft., S. California.

2 ft., TV. Indies.
summer,
genioulata, blue,
(Meadow Rue; Tufted
SPECIES:
T.
427
Columbine).
"
Ord.
Rauui-
EN
CYCLOP.
culaceae.
Hardy
excellent
substitute
EDI
GAIWENING.
OF
herbaceous
perennials. Leaves, finelydivided, green ;
fern.
for
maiden-hair
CULTURE
borders for tall species,
Position, sunny
: Soil, ordinary.
T. aquilegifolium, etc. ; sunny
for
dwarf
rockeries
species,T. anemouoides
minus.
" T.
Top-dress annually in
Feb.
March
with
or
Lift, divide, " replant only
decayed manure.
when
or
Propagate by division of roots in March
April.
T. anemonoides
(Hue Anemone),
yellow, spring, 8 to
3 ft., Europe;
aquilegifolium,
angustifolium, yellow, summer,
minus
3 ft., Europe;
1 ft., Europe;
minus,
purple, summer,
yellow, summer,
ndiantifolia, Maiden-hair-like
foliage.
Theobroma.
Tree). Ord. Sterculiaceae.
(Cocoa Tree; Chocolate
1739.
trees.
Stove evergreen
First introduced
Fruit, oval, yellow,or
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
ft., N.
America;
"
reddish.
Position,
Compost, equal parts fibrous loam " sand.
stove.
well-drained
Water
warm
Pot, Feb.
freely,
pots in moist
March
Syringe daily, April to Sept.
Shade
from
Prune
into shape, Feb.
55"
sun.
70" to 85".
to 65"; March
to Oct.
Propagate by cuttings of halfin sand
in temp, of 75" to
under
ripened shoots inserted
bell-glass
85", April to August.
CULTURE
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
T.
and
rose
cacao,
yellow,
IS
summer,
to
20
ft., Trop.
America.
Thermopsis.
First
Ord.
"
introduced
Leguminosse. Hardy
herbaceous
perennials.
1799.

borders.
Plant,
sunny
Jin. deep in light rich
soil in sunny
position outdoors in April,transplantingseedlings when
large enough to handle.
CULTURE:
March
or
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
N.
T.
caroliniana, golden yellow, summer,
golden yellow, summer,
Cactus
See
(Mammillaria dasycarpa).
America:
to
ft.,
montana,
ThimbI"
Mammillaria.
Thistle
Oil-plant
(Argemone mexicaua). See .\rgemone.
Thiadiantha.
Ord. Cucurbitaceae.
Half-hardy annual climber.
First introduced
1864.
Fruit, green,
oblong, netted, " ribbed.
"
"
"
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary.
border
against
light soil in temp. 55" to 65", March
or
April, transplanting seedlingssingly into small pots when
three leaves
in cold frame
form, harden
or
greenhouse, " plant outdoors, May
or
wall.
sunny
Sow
seeds
in
June.
SPECIES
Thong
CULTIVATED:
Lily
T.
dubia, golden yellow, summer,
(Clivia miniatum).
Thorn
Thrift
"
See
5 to
10
ft., China.
Clivia.
See Datura.
Apple
(Datura Stramonium).
(Armeria vulgaris). See Armeria.
Thrinax
Palmacese.
(Silver Thatch
Stove
Palm)." Ord.
orn.
1778.
foliage plant. First introduced
Leaves, fan-shaped,green.
CULTURE;
part peat, " little sand.
in
moist
of
Water
stove.
pots
part
copiously,
April to Oct. ; moderately afterwards.
Syringe daily, April to Sept.
Moist
from
Shade
atmosphere highly essential.
sun.
Temp., March
to Oct.
55"
to 65".
Propagate by seeds
soaked
for a few hours in tepid water
" then sown
J in. deep in sandy
loam
in
SPECIES
"
"
temp,
of 75"
CULTIVATED:
to 85"
T.
any time.
argentea (Broom
428
or
SiUet
Thatoh
Palm),
10
to
OF
IINCYCLOPMDIA
GARDENING.
large enough
spring, transplanting seedlings in open
ground when
in sandy soil
inserted
of
in.
to handle
2
to
3
shoots,
by
cuttings
long,
;
under
bell-glassor in cold frame in Sept. ; grafting in March.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
T.
(Syn. Thuyopsis dolobrata), 30 to

dolobrata
yariegata, variegated
Arbor-vitas, 20 to 30 ft., Japan;
dolobrata
form
Japan ; dolobrata
laitevirens, dwarf
;
japonica
(Syn. Thuya Standishii), Japanese
BO ft.,
form
;
occi-
and
it" varieties
America;
(American Arbor-vitce), 50 to CO ft., N.E.
(variegated
white);
argenteo-variegata
aureo-variegata (yellov?),ellwangeriana
(ends of branches
yellow tinted),
(dwarf form), crieoides
(dwarf habit), lutea
pendula (branches drooping), Spiithii (branchlets clustered),vervajneana
(branchlets
dense
(dwarf,
tinged with
wareana
yellow or brown), and
growing); orientalis
and
and
its
(Chinese arbor-vitoj),Syn. Biota
orientalis, 20 to 25 ft., China
Japan;
varieties
argenteo-variegata (variegated with white), aurea
(golden), aureo-variegata
(variegated with
yellow), deeussata
(dwarf form), elegantissima (dwarf, graceful
(dwarf form) ; plicata (Syn. T.
habit), pendula (branches drooping), and pygmira
Canoe
gigantea and T. Lobbii), Red
America,
or
a
Cedar, 100 to 150 ft., N.W.
very
dentalis
handsome
tree.
Thyme
vulgaris). See Thymus.
(Thymus
"
Thyme-leaved
(Fuchsia thymifolia). See

Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
Fuchsia
Thyme-leaved
cislus). See
Thymus
(Garden " Lemon-scented

shrubby perennial.
CULTURE
OF
purposes.
4 in.
Plant,
three
winter
THYME
GARDEN
Thyme).
Shoots
Soil, light, rich ordinary.

8 in. asunder,
apart in rows
four
or
chamae-
Rhododendron.
"
aromatic
Fuchsia.
"
years.
Gather
shoots
Ord.
"
used
when
or
Hardy
largelyfor culinary
Position,
March
Labiatae.
sunny
border.
warm
.Vpril. Replant every

" dry for
appear,
blossoms
use.
CULTURE
rockeries.
OF
OTHER
Plant,
Oct.
SPECIES;
March.
Soil, ordinary.
Excellent
Position, sunny
for
plants
carpeting bare
bulbs.
seeds
in.
sown
spring
|
spots
Propagate by
deep in lines
Sin. apart in April, thinning seedlings to 4 in. apart in May
June;
or
in
division
of
the
March
each
furnished
or
plant
by
portion being
April,
with
few roots; gold " silver kinds
in
a
by cuttings in cold frames
or
over
summer.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
T. azoricus, purple, summer,

3 in., Azores;
Berphyllam
Thyme), rosy purple, June, 6 to 9 in., Europe;
serphylium lanucitriodorus
ginosus
serphylium
(Woolly-leaved Thyme);
aureum
(Golden-leaved
and
Thyme);
serphylium citriodorus
argenteus
(Eraser's Silver-leaved
Thyme);
coccinous
Serphylium
(Crimson-flowered Thyme);
vulgaris (Garden Thyme), purple,
citriodorus
June,
(Lemon
in., S. Europe.
Thyrsacanthus
Stove
(Thyrse Flower). Ord. Acanthacea?.
First introduced
1823.
flowering shrubs.
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, loaf-mould, " sand.
frame,
pots in lig-htstove, Sept. to June; sunny
June
to Sept. Pot,
March
or
April. Water
moderately, Sept. to
March; freely other times.
55" to 65"; March
"
evergreen
CULTURE;
to
June
Nip
65"
to
75".
Prime
shoots
to
tin.
of
base
after
flowering.
oft
shoots occasionally.
points of young
May to August, to induce
twice
week
bushy growth. Apply liquid or artificial manure
to
a
shoots
plants in flower.
inserted
singly in small pots of sandy soil under bell-glassin temp. 75", March
to July.
SPIXJIES
Tiarella
CULTIVATED:
T.
rutilans, crimson,
(False Mitre-wort;
Foam
Hardy
First introduced
perennial herb.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Po.ntion,
430
winter,
2 to
Flower).
"
Ord.
ft., Colombia.
Saxifragaceae,
1731.
sunny
rockeries
or
flower
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
borders.
Plant, March
March
SPECIES
April. Propagate by
or
CULTIVATED:
T.
TibOUChina
clivi8ion of
oordifolia,-whito, April,
in
roots
in,, N. America.
(Brazilian Spider-flower)."
Ord.
Greenhouse
CULTURE:
floweringshrubs.
Compost,
charcoal
shoots
GARDENING.
April.
or
part
OF
Evergreen.
First
Melastomaceai.
introduced
1864.
two
parts turfy loam, one

part peat, " one
sand.
Position,well-drained
pots, tubs, or beds, with
to trellis, or
pillars,rafters, or walls. Pot, or
up
"
trained

Prune
into shape, Feb.
Water
freely,April to
; moderately afterwards.
t-ept.
stimulants
week
Apply
once
a
May
or
50" to
60
Propagate by cuttings of firm side shoots 3iu. long inserted
singly in small pots of sandy soil, under bell-glass or in propagator,
i
"s
in temp, of 70" to 80"/ Feb.
to Sept.
.
"
CUL'TIVATED:
SPECIES
Losiandra
(Syn._
T. elegans, purple, .Tune, 6 ft., Brazil;

semi-decandra
ma"ranthum), purple, summer,
10 to 15 ft,, Brazil.
See Coreopsis.
(Coreopsistinctoria)."
Pleroina
or
Tick-seed
Tidy-tips
(Layia platyglossa).See Layia.

(Mesembryanthemum
tigrinum),
"
Tiser-Chop
See
"
Mesemhryau-
themum.
Flower
Tiger
(TigridaPavonia)." See Tigridia.
iris."
See Tigridia.
Tiger
Tiger
Lily (Lilium tigrinum). See Lilium.
Tigridia
(Tiger Flower; Tiger Iris)."Ord. Iridaceae. Half-hardy
or
First introduced
1796.
last in perfection
Blooms
greenhouse bulbs.
but one
day only.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
" leaf-mould
Soil, equal parts rich loam
with little sand, in partiallyshaded
bed
prepared by digging out soil
to depth of 24 in.; place 6 in. of brickbats
clinkers in bottom
"
or
for
remamdet
culture
border
or
an
ordinary
compost;
open
sunny
" any
good soil. Plant bulbs 3 in. deep, 5 to 6 in. apart, placing little
under
each
in April. Mulch
sand
" around
with
"
decayed manure
cocoanut-fibre
refuse
when
Water
in
3 in. high.
weather.
freely
di-y
"
Lift bulbs
place
POT
Coyer
until
CULTURE
part
one
Oct., tie in small
in
sand.
pots
or
under
to
light.
cinder
in
ashes
cold
advanced.
Apply
when
show.
Position
yellow, then
"
suspend
by
spring ; by
SPECIES
in
after
stimulants
in
refuse
in cold
growth begins, then
growth
begins;
freelywhen
when
occasionally
flower
flower, light airy greenhouse

water
from
or
until
frame
remove
well
stems
cold
sunny
foliageturns
soil,tie into bundles,
pagate
place until potting time the following April. Prosown
J in. deep in light compost in temp. 55" to 65",
cool
seeds
offsets removed
:
"
"
See
for
treated as advised
orange-red, BUmmer,
T. PaTonia,
Pavonia
aurea,
alba, white;
and
crimaon,
acarlet, orange,
white, May, 1 ft., Mexico.
Tilia
until
flowering, gradually withhold

bulbs
keep quite dry. Remove
CULTIVATED
Tile-root.
proof
suspend in cool, airy,frost-
cocoauut-fibre
moderately
Water
After
or
greenhouse
weak
frame.
"
following April.
two
: Compost,
part peat, "
Pot the bulbs singly in 4J-in. pots in March
or
April.
with
stage
bundles,
old
bulbs
in
1 ft., Mexico
rich
yellaw;
conchiflora,
yellov?; Pavonia
18 in., Mexico;
violacea, rose,
summer,
April.
Pavonia
Pringlei,
purple and
Geissorhiza.
(Lime Tree;
trees.
deciduoug
"Pardy
Linden
Orn.
Bass
Ord.
Tiliaceaj.
Tree;
Wood).
foliage. Fl-iwors, whito, yellow;frfj"
GARDENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ord.
Piptanthus
Leguminosae. Hardy
(Nepaul Laburnum).
shrub.
1821.
First
introduced
flowering
evergreen
beries,
CULTURE
sheltered shrub: Soil, rich
Position, warm
sandy loam.
S. " S.W.
bf England;
N.
London.
S.
of
Plant,
walls,
against
Prune
shoots
or
Oct.,
Sept.,
April,
May.
straggling
moderately after
in sandy soil in cool greenhouse
flowering. Propagate by seeds sowu
cold frame
in spring; cuttings of ripened shoots inserted
in small
or
bell-glassor hand-light outdoors, Aug. or
Sept.; layering shoots, Sept. or Oct.
"
OtTLTIVATED
SPECIES
Pi^tachiO-nut
Pistacia
P.
5 to 10 ft.,Himalayas.
nepalensis, yellow, sommer,
See Pistacia.
Mastich
Tree). Ord. Anacar-
(Pistaoiavera)."
(Pistachio-nutTree;
diacese.
Hardy
foliage.
First
"
evergreen
"
deciduous
Flowering " orn.

unequally feather-shapedj
trees.
introduced
1656.
Leaves,
in young
state.
Soil, deep rich sandy loam.
Position, sheltered
S.W.
England; against S. walls, N. of London.
; reddish
green
CULTURE
:
S. "
beries
shrubPlant
Nov.
species,Sept., Oct., April, or May; deciduous
species,
Prune
Nov.
to
species,April; deciduous
evergreen
species,
Propagate by cuttings inserted in sandy soil in cold frame
or
hand-light, Sept. or Oct. ; layering in Sept.
evergreen
to Feb.
Feb.
under
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
40 ft., Canary
P. atlantioa, leaves
pinnate, evergreen,
Isles; Lentiscus
Terebinthus
(Masticli Tree), leaves
pinnate, 20 ft., S. Europe;
(Turpentine
Tree), yellow, June, 30 ft., S. Europe; vera
(Pistaohio Kut
Tree),
brown, April, 20 ft., Syria.
Pistia
Water
Aroidese.
Weed;
(Tropical Duck
Lettuce).Ôrd.
Stove
First
introduced
1843.
Flowers, green,
aquatic perennial.
borne
on
Leaves, wedge-shaped, notched,
spadix at base of leaves.
pale
hairy.
green,
CULTURE
surface
fresh
60"
Place
stove.
of
soil
to
water.
annually.
70".
SPECIES
Soil, rich
2-in.
tub
tank
in
Position, shallow
or
tub
tank
soil
bottom
of
"
on
or
layer
plant on
Replenish with tepid water
occasionally. Add
to Oct.
Temp., March
Propagate
CULTIVATED
Pisum
loam.
of
offsets.
stratiotes, 1 to
by
P.
(Garden Pea;
Sugar Pea;
in., Jamaica.
Crown
or
Pea).
Mummy
"
Ord.
seeded
" podded vegetables.
Edible
Leguminosae. Hardy annuals.
CULTURE
GARDEN
PEAS:
loam,
OF
Soil, deep, rich calcareous
thick
"
trenched
three
a
containing
layer of
previously
spitsdeep
between
first
and
second
Position,
manure
spit.
sunny,
open
tected
proSolid
Suitable
Manures
Horse
from
N. " N.E. " E. winds.
:
dung or peat-moss litter for heavy soils ; cow or pig dung for light or
"
sandy
Chemical
(1) Kainit 21b., nitrate
lime 91b., half of each to a square
when
plants are 6 in. high; (2)nitrate
soils.
"
of
remainder
of
soda
rod
51b., superphosphate
before
of soda
sowing,
lilb., kainit
No.
as
1;
31b., applied same
rod
before
a
applied
sowing, " 6 lb.
guano
square
when
lib. for scjuare rod
plants are 3 in. high; (4) Peruvian
guano
1
before
also
when
lb.
in.
3
sowing,
plants are
high. Liquid Horse
urine diluted
" cow
with
two-thirds
nitrate
of soda Joz. to
water;
all
be
to
when
is
moist
"
when
gallon,
applied
only
ground
pods have
formed.
Direction
of
E.
to
W.
S.E. to N.W.
:
rows
for early
or
just
sorts ; N. to S. for main
Depth of drills,2\ to 3 in. ; width,
crops.
Distance
6 to 9 in.
apart for sowing the seeds: 1 in. each way for
2
for
in,
medium
dwarf
sorts;
kinds; 3 in. for tall vars., arranged in
l^lb.,
superphosphate
(3) native
l^lb.,
salt
6 lb. to
"
332
SNOYCLOP^DtA
thus
GAltDmMQ.
Of
ties
18 in. for varie:
4ft.
than
not
more
exceeding
height;
6
to
for
8ft.
sorts
those
earliest
5
6ft.
Sow
to
high;
growing
high.
south border, Nov.
" Jan., or
on
in 4^ in. pots in temp. 55" in Jan.,
hardening plantsoff when 3 in. high in cold frame " planting outdoors
in Feb. or March;
second
early sorts in open garden m Feb. " March;
"
late
mould
" J uly.
Draw
main-crop,April May ;
up to
crops, June
each side of row
them.
when
plantsare 6 in. high " place supports to
to width
of 15 in.
Mulch
each
with
Water
side of row
on
manure.
Nip off points of shoots of 'tall kinds when
4 ft. high, "
seeds
5 ft. high. Early peas,
round, late
again when
ditto, wrinkled
(marrowfats). Quantity of seed reqijired for a row
for 3 to 4
50ft. long: 1 pint. Seeds
retain their vegetativepowers
seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days. Crop reaches
maturity
years, and
Bound-seeded
sorts germinate more
in 18 to 24 weeks.
quickly than
kinds.
and
wrinkled
Protect
seeds from
mice
birds by soaking them
in paraffinoil for 4 hours before sowing.
two
rows,
Distance
".-."."
not
2 ft. in
between
3 ft. for
rows
those
Culture
Maeket
well
manured.
and
:
Soil, deeply worked
Manure
and
trench
Position,
or
plough deeply previous autumn.
for
and
sheltered
Manures:
Easic
early crops.
slag, 8 to lOcwt.
kainit 2 cwt. per acre, appliedin autumn.
When
plantsappear, apply
3 cwt.
superphosphate per'acre, " a few weeks later 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda per acre.
On poor soils apply 10 tons of farmyard manure
per
-
and
in
autumn,
superphosphate " nitrate of soda in spring.
Sow early sorts, Nov.
to Jan.; mid-season, Feb. " March;
late, April.
Distances
to sow
to
ft.
asunder.
: 3 in. deep,2 to 3 in. apart in rows
3
2^
to
of
bushels.
Cost
cultivation
3
sow
an
acre
:
:
Quantity
per acre
Hoeing,3s.; brushing haulm, 3s. 6d. ; picking per bushel (321b.),4d.
to 6d.
Average yieldper acre, 150 bushels.
Average return per acre,
^620 to ^30.
of
seeds
56
to
63 lb.
bushel,
Weight
per
for garden peas.
CULTURE
OF
PEAS
SUGAR
Sow
: Soil, same
as
in March
in
drills
in.
wide
6
"
6
"
ft.
earth
or
April,2J-in.deep
apart,
Gather
pods when
fullydeveloped "
way.
up k stake in the usual
Rotation
beans.
cook like French
follow potatoes, carrots,
: Peas
may
parsnips,turnips,broccoli, or cabbage ; " be succeeded
by cabbage,
acre
turnips,spinach, or
celery.
MUMMY
PEA:
CULTURE
OF
Soil, ordinary.
Position, open
Sow
seeds în. deep, three or
borders.
four
in a 3-in. pot
sunny
window
filledwith lightsoil " placed in warm
or
greenhouse in March,
in May;
or
2iin. deep in open
transplantingseedlings outdoors
6 in. high.
Water
ground in April. Support with stakes when
when
flowers
Apply stimulants occasionally
appear.
SPECIES
white
or
red,
CULTIVATED
red,
summer,
Europe;
Mediterranean
in an
Egyptian
elatius
etc. ;
satlTum
(Mummy
is
of cultivated Tarieties,
(Sugar Pea), white or
4 to 6 ft.,
Pea), blush, summer,
saccuaratum
Crown
seeds
of
latter
were
originallyfound
purely legendary one.

Bromeliacese.
Stove
First
perennialherbs.
or
Leaves, narrow
sword-shaped; margins prickly.
CULTURE
loam, rough peat, " leaf: Compost, equal parts fibrous
Water
Good
mould.
tial.
Pot, March.
freelyalways.
drainage essen6(j" to 70; March
Propagate by offshoots inserted in small pots at any time.
Pitcalrnia.
introduced 1777.
SPECIES
"
CULTIVATED
Ord.
or
that
statement
Ilegion. The
mummy
(Garden Pea), parent
P. satiTOm
Europe,
Bummer,
P.
andreana,
333
yellow and
red,
summer,
ft., Tene-
(ÂBDFyXIXO.
OF
ENrYCLOP.EDIA
Impatiens.
Boraginacese.
See
(Impaticns noli-me-tangere).
Heliotrope). Ord.
(Summer
Touch-me-not
Tournefortia
"
"
First introduced
1800.
flowering shrubs.
leaf-mould
Icfam,
Compost, equal parts light
trained
shoots
or
with
Position, pots or beds,
growing loosely
Greenhouse
or
vviiUs, pillars,
to
in
pots in windows.
Sept.,or
" repot, Sept.
Pot
Feb.
Apply liquidor artificial

old plants in closelyin Feb.
Prune
lateral
main
shoots
form
pyramids;
shoots
apex
Oct.
points
when
at
apex
be removed
to
60"
frame
12 in.
when
to
70";
main
6
to
in. long
Feb.
shoots
when
shoots
altogether
to
form
to
side
"
"
Oct
50"
to
Plant
Oct., moderately
wards.
after-
in
flower.
shoots
55"-
Jnly
Pot
"
plants
Aug.
within
to
standards.
form
trellis,
healthy plants
off points of main,
; Nip
dwarf
plants; points of
when
3 to 6 in. long, to
2ft.
long, " of lateral
all side
"
to
positionoutdoors,
sunny
or
long,
of
Training
long,
3 in.
when
shoots
also
to
to
manure
to
outdoors, June
outdoors, June.
beds
sunny
May.
to
freely March
Water
Lift
in
greenhouse;
in
rafters
sand.
"
CULTURE;
4 in. of
Temp.,
Feb.
do
in
best
by
Propagate
to
cold
seeds
in. deep in well-drained

sewn
pots or pans of light soil in temp.
of
65" to 75" in March
shoots, 2 to 3 in long, inserted in
; by cuttings
of
soil
underbell-glass,or in propagator in temp. 65" to 75"
sandy
pots
1-16
in
March,
April, Aug.
Sept.
or
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
cordifolia, white,
T.
sninmer,
to
ft., Colombia;
2 ft., Trop. America.

laivigata,lilao, summer,
Trachelium
(Blue Throat-wort). Ord. Campanulaceae. Hardy
1640.
herbaceous
perennial.First introduced
CULTUEE:
part leaf-mould.
in severe
rockeries.
Plant, March
or
Position, sunny
April. Protect
in
weather
by covering of dry fern fronds.
above
compost, lightlycovered with fine light mould, place in temp,
of 55" to 6.3",spring, transplantseedlingswhen
large enough to handle,
"
in
harden
cold
frame
in
inserted
shoots
"
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
white.
plant out, May or June; cuttings of

bell-glassin April or Sept.
T. oueruleum, blue, Aug., 2 ft., Italy
(Chinese Jasmine;
evergreen
climbing
Trachelospermum
Apocynaceae.
young
soil under
sandy
Greenhouse
1846.
introduced
CULTURE:
pots with shoots trained to wire trellis,or
trained
borders
with shoots
rafters, or
up pillars,
oseraleum
Chinese
shrub.
album,
Ivy)." Ord.
Flowering.
First
Feb.
or
March.
shoots
under
afterwards.
Prune
ing.
moderately after flowerto Sept. 65" to 75";
Temp., March
when
flowering.
essential.
55".
to March,
in well-drained
2 to 3 in. long, inserted
pots of sandy peat placed
bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75", spring or summer.
from
Shade
Sept.
freely April to Oct., moderately
Water
Syringe daily except
silver sand.
tion,
Posiwell-drained
beds or
walls.
Pot or plant,
"
SPECIES
sun
45"
to
CULTIVATED
whito, fragrant, summer,
T.
10
jasmiaoides
(Syn. lihyncospermum
jasminoides),
to 15 ft., China.
Tradescantia
(Spider-wort;Flower-of-a-Day). Ord. Commeperennials.

CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary.
Position, partially
shady or sunny
borders
beds.
or
or
April. Lift, divide, "
Excellent
replant every three or four years.
plants for town gardens.
linaceae.
Propagate by
SPECIES
"
Hardy
herbaceous
division
CULTIVATED:
of
roots, March
or
.\pril.
T.
I to
"virginiaiia,violet
blue, sj-'rins,
434
ft., N.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
Amcrioa;
the
see
virginiana alba, white; virginiana
pleno, double.
florc
For
speciea
indoor
Zebrina,
geuus
Tragacanth
See
(Astragalus tragacantha).
Gum-plant
Astragalus.
TrsLgoposon
Hardy
GARDENING.
OF
"
(Salsafy;Vegetable Oyster)."Ord. Compositaj.
biennial esculent-rooted
long, tapering, white.
Eoota
vegetable.
from
Soil, ordinary fine, rich, deeply trenched, free

of three
or
Sow
seeds in groups
Position, sunny, open.
in. apart, in drills Jin. deep, " 18 in. apart, in April. Thin
CXJJJTURE
four,
stones.
12
when
in. high to
in
lings
seed-
heads
flower
Remove
each
as
group.
in
"
store
off
their
the roots in Oct., twist
leaves,
soon
as
seen.
until
outhouse
with
sand
in cellar or
soil between
or
required
layers
for cooking. Artificial manures
for : 3J lb. kainit, 1 lb. sulphate of
ammonia,
mixed, per square rod (30J square yards ,
2J lb. of guano,
applied between
sowing in spring. Requires to be raised from seed
See Scorzonera
annually for producing roots for culinary purposes.
one
Lift
culture,
for market
SPECIES
etc.
CULTIVATED:
T.
and
porritolius, purple, May
June,
to
ft.,
Europe.
Fuchsia
Trailing
(Fuchsia procumbens). See Fuchsia.
Jesuit's Nut).
Chestnut;
Trapa
(Water Caltrops; Water
Onagraceae. Hardy aquaticfloatingherbs.
shallow pots or
CULTURE:
Soil, rich loamy. Position, sunny;
in cool greenhouse. Plant, April or May.
Projiajateby seeds
in temp, of 65" to 75" in spring.
in loamy soil in water
"
Ord.
"
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Traveller's
T.
Joy
Traveller's
natans
(Syn.
T.
sown
biconiis), Europe.
Clematis.
See
(Clematis vitalba).
"
Tree
tubs
(Ravenala madagascarensis).
"
See
Ravenala.
Treasure-flOV\fer
(Gazania Pavonia). See Cazania.
See
Dianthus.
Carnation.
Tree
Celandine
Tree
(Bocconia cordata). See Bocconia.
Tree
Cinquefoil
(Poteutillafrutescens). See Potentilla.
Ferns."
See Cyathea " Dicksonia.
Tree
Heath
Tree
(Erica arborea). See Erica.
Tree
Lupin
(Lupinus arboreus). See Lupinus.
Mallow
Tree
(Lavatera aborea). See Lavatera.
See Reseda.
Tree
Mignonette."
Tree-Of-Heaven
(Ailanthus glandulosus). See Ailanthus.
Onion
Tree
(Allium cepa proliferum). See Allium.
Tree
Paeony
(Paeoniamoutan). See Paeonia.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Tree
Tree
Rhododendron.
Tree
(Romneya Coulteri). See Romneya.

Rhododendron
(Rhododendron arboreum).
Poppy
"
Tremandra.
See
Greenhouse
(Cyphomandra betacea).
Tomato
"
"
Ord.
Tremandrese.
See
"
Cyphomandra.
evergreen
ing
flower-
shrub.
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one part turfy loam,

tion,
Posipots " silver sani
one
part equal proportionscharcoal, broken
Feb.
March.
or
well-drained
pots in light airy greenhouse.Pot,
water
Shade
ram
Water
only to be used.
moderately at all seasons;
from sun, June to Sept. Temp., Oct. to April 40" to 50"; April to Oct.
50" to 65".
bell-glassin
SPECIES
side shoots inserted in sand

65" in summer.
3 ft., Australia.
T. stelligera,purple, summer,
See
Pteris.
(Ptcris tremula).
Propagate by cuttings of
shade in temp, of 55" to
CULTIVATED:
Trembling-fern
"
435
under
TriChomanes
Oreenhouse
GAIiDENINO.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Fronds
filmyferns.
less
or
more
Ord. Filices.
Fern).
divided, semi-transparent.
Bristle
(Killarney Fern;
"
Compost, equal parts peat, loam, leaf-mould, charcoal,

of
Position, moist, shady, in damp recesses
sandstone, " silver sand.
Water
March.
freely
in cases.
Plant,
or
rockeries, under
bell-glasses
CULTURE:
March
to
Damp atmosphere
Sept.; 45" to 55"
in
cool
for
house
or
rhizomes
CuLTUKE
Oct. to March.
Syringing unsuitable.
to
essential.
" shade
most
Temp., 55" to 65" March
best
is
Fern
The
grown
Killarney
Sept. to March.
stone
Provide
in complete shade.
frame
plenty of sandessential.
most
moisture
Constant
to cling to.
moderately
Oct.,
IN
Cases
in
Rooms:
shady window, not exposed to sun.

fresh
compost annually in March.
afterwards.
suitable,
peat
time
T.
radicans.
in shallow
pan
of
; by division
above.
Compost,
as
Plant,
March.
Position,
Top-dress with
rately
freelyApril to Sept., modeminutes
few
Ventilate
daily. Species most
case
surface of sandy
on
with bell-glassin temp. 65" to 75" at any
covered
Water
plant at pottin?
time.
Indies;
T.
CULTIVATED:
alatum, W.
Chili ; par?ulam.
Zealand
exseotum,
Colensoi, New
;
Regions; triclioideum,
Temperate
Ji'ern),Tropical and
auricnlatnm,
SPECIES
Tropics
W.
radicans
Trop. Asia;
(Killarney
Indies.
Greenhouse
Orchidaceae.
tal
epiphyevergreen
Trichopilia,.'
1821.
orchids.
First introduced
CULTURE
peat, fresh sphagnum moss,
well-drained
crocks.
"
clean
Position,
charcoal,
pots with base of
from
roof
in
basket
above
elevated
or
suspended
rim,
plant slightly
"
of
now
Ord.
lightgreenhouse close to glass. Pot, Feb. or March, or immediately

to
Sept., very little
moderately March
Shade
from
sun.
atmosphere essential in summer.
March.
to
March
to
Sept. ; resting period, Sept.
Growing period,
Temp., May to Sept. 55" to 65"; Sept. to Feb. 45" to 55"; Feb. to May
50" to 60".
Propagate by division of pseudo-bulbsat potting time.
and
T. ooooinea, crimson
CULTIVATED
.Tune. 6 in..
white. May and
SPECIES
:
and
Central
yellow, almond
scented, summer,
America;
fragrans, grcenifih white
Mexico;
suavis,
crimson,
summer,
Colombia;
galeottiana, greenish
yellow and
and
scented, May
June, Central
America;
tortilis,
white, red, and yellow, hawthorn
Mexico.
brown, yellow, white, and
crimson, summer,
Trichosanthes
Tijjcr
(Snake Gourd;
Serpent Cucumber;
troduced
annual
Cucurbitaceae.
climbers.
First inOrd.
Greenhouse
Gourd).
1735.
Fruit, very long, cucumber-like, twisted.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts sandy loam, leaf-mould, i- fibrous
peat. Position, well-drained
pots with shoots trained up roof of sunny
Sow
seeds
greenhouse.
singly 1 in. deep in 2-in. pots filled with above
in
lings
compost, placed
Transplant seedtemp. 65" to 75" Feb. or March.
when
three
into
well rooted
leaves form
into 4i-in.pots, " when
8-in. size. Water
freely; use tepid water only. Syringe daily.May to
Shade
trom
twice a week
Sept.
mid-day sun.
to
60"
70".
to
May
Sept. Temp.,
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
T. Anguina, white, summer,
10 to l.^ ft., Trop. Asia.
Trichosma.
First
Ord.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
epiphytal orchid.
1840.
introduced
CULTURE
" fibrypeat.
: Compost, equal parts fresh
sphagnum moss
Position, pots or pans half filled with potsherds," placed close to glas.s.
Pot, Feb. or March;
keep base of plant well above rim of pot or pan.
to Sept. 70" to 85"; Sept. to Nov.
65" to 75"; Nov. to
Temp., March
60" to 70".
March
March
Water
to
freely
Aug., moderately Aug. to
Nov., very little Nov. to March.
Growing period,March to Aug. ; rest-
afterwards.
Moist
"
"
436
America;
grandiflorum rgeeum,
sessile, purple, March, C in., N.
fijay, N.
America;
red, April,
ovatum,
rose;
in., N.W,
America.
(Brodiseauniflora). See
Lily
Triplet
dAIWKNINO.
OF
ENGYGLOPMDIA
"
Brodi3ea.
See Brodisea.
Stove orn.
Ord. Palmaceae.
TrithrinaXi
foliageplants. First
oval ; green.
1875.
introduced
Leaves, roundish
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts loam, one part peat " little sand.
Water
copiously
pots in moist part of stove.
Syringe daily,April to Sept.
April to Oct., moderately afterwards.
from
Shade
sun.
Moist
Temp., March
atmosphere highly essential.
55" to 65".
to Oct. 70" to 85" ; Oct. to March
Propagate by seeds soaked
" then sown
in tepid water
for a few hours
J in. deep in sandy loam in
Triteieia.
"
"
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
10
to
85", any
of 75" to
temp,
time.
T.
acanthoooma,
10
to
ft., Brazil;
15
brafiiliensis,
ft., Braiil.
15
Tritoma."
See Kuiphofia.
bulbous
Tritoniai
Ord. Iridacese.
Hardy deciduous
plants.
1758.
First introduced
OUTDOOE
CULTURE
leaf-mould, "
: Soil, equal parts sandy loam,
well-drained
borders.
Plant
3 in.
manure.
Position,
decayed
sunny,
in
"
in.
Oct.
March.
Nov.
2
to
to
Protect,
March,
deep
apart
masses,
Mulch
in March
with
by covering of dry litter.
layer of decayed
in
first
litter.
Water
occasionally very dry weather.
manure,
removing
stimulants
Apply
occasionallyduring floweringperiod. Lift " replant
"
bulbs
annually.
CULTURE:
POT
mould
cow
gradiiallycease,
fade, then
March
treated
to
as
40" to
advised
cool
with cocoanutstage until flowers
"
cover
greenhouse
dry till Jan.
Temp., Sept.
60".
bulbs
50"
to
times,
for bulbs.
T.
orocata
crocosmiieflora, orange-scarlet, summer,

of S. Africa, and
Aug., 3 ft. Natives
Trollius
pot in Nov.,
keeping
50"; other
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
part leaf-
one
Pots, 4Jin. in diametei-, well-drained.
3 in. deep, in each

in cold frame, or under
refuse
loam,
parts sandy
two
manure.
five bulbs
Place
fibre
Compost,
decayed
or
(Globe Flower).
"
(Syn. Ixia crooata), orange,

summer,
2 to 3 ft., hybrid;
Pottsii, orange
Montbretias.
formerly known
as
Ord. Ranunculaceae.
Hardy
ft.;
yellow,
herbaceous
perennials.
CULTURE
Oct.
Soil, deep, moist
partiallyshady
to April. Water
every
three
or
four
borders
or

Lift, divide, " replant
in moist, loamy
years.
shady positionoutdoors
April.
soil in
to
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
flore pleno, double.
tion,
Posiordinary or preferably loam.
margins of ponds or streams.
Plant,
T.
in
Sept. or April;
asiaticus, yellow. May,
division
18
of roots, Oct.
in., Siberia;
europwns
Tropseolum
(Nasturtium; Indian Cress; Flame
Flower; Canary
Greenhouse
Creeper). Ord. Geraniacese.
or
hardy annual or perennial
dwarf or climbing herbs.
OF
CULTURE
CANARY
CREEPER
: Soil, good
ordinary mould or
sandy loam. Position, against sunny or shady wall, fence, arbour, or
north
a
trellis;does "yell
on
aspect. Sow seeds Jin. deep in light soil
harden
off seedlingsin cold frame
in April "
plant outdoors in May; or J in. deep outdoors in April where required
Water
to grow.
"
CULTURE
Position, sunny
OP
NASTURTIUM:
or
Climbing kinds:
Soil, ordinary.
shady walls, fences,arbourSjor window Ijoses, Sow
438
ENCYOlOP.F.ntA
seed
seed
pods
in.
deep
ordinary, not
Sow
seeds
in
they
as
April
form
where
to
rich.
over
OF
aARDENING.
plants
Eeniove
required to grow.
kinds ; Soil,
flowering. Dwarf
are
free
ensure
Position, sunny
beds.
April. Thin
plants are desired.
borders
shady
or
in. deep " 3 in. apart in lines or masses

seedlingsto 6, 9, or 12 in. apart when 3 in high if fine
1
or
in
Remove
seed pods unless seed is required.
POT
CULTURE:
Sow
seeds Jin. deep " 2 in. apart in 5-in. pots
filled with
a
" one
compost of two
parts good mould
part decayed
in April. Place
manure
cold frame.
Water
rately
modeor
pots in window
in full growth.
first,freely when
sionally
when
in flower.
Double
varieties propagated by cuttings in
in May
Juno.
temp. 55" in spring. Plant outdoors
or
May be grown
in pots in a compost of two
one
parts loam,
part leaf-mould, " fittle
sand.
Pot in March
or
Water
April.
moderately
freelyin summer,
other
times.
Oct.
March
to
40"
to 50"; March
55" to
to June
Temp.,
65".
CULTURE
OF T. LOBBIANUM
seeds in light soil in temp. 55"
; Sow
at
in
March,
harden
in April, " plant out

in
seedlings off in cold frame
in
position against walls, fences, arbours, or
borders,
sunny
to support the shoots; or
outdoors
placing tree branches
îu. deep in
in
June
April where
Indooe
mould
or
pots
requiredto
Culthee
decayed
"
manure
beds, training shoots
or
April, freely
long,inserted
March
to
grow.
Compost,
50"
CULTURE
afterwards.
in
to
two
half
up
parts sandy loam,

sand.
part
rafters.
Propagate
Water
part leaf-
one
Position,
well-drained
moderately Sept.
by cuttings
of
shoots,
to
3 in.
to
sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in spring. Temp., Sept.

60"; March
OF
GREENHOUSE
TUBEROUS-ROOTED
SPECIES:
tion,
PosiCompost, equal parts turfy loam, leaf-mould, peat, " silver sand.
well-drained
pots iu light, airy greenhouse. Pot, Aug. to Nov.
tuber
Place one
1 in.
Water
only in =1 pot and bury this about
very
little till plantsgrow
freely,then give an abundant
supply. Withhold
water
entirelywhen foliage turns yellow " until growth recommences.
Train shoots
Apply stimulants
occasionally when plants are in flower.
to wire trellis fixed in pots or
Temp., Nov. to Feb. 40" to
up rafters.
After
55" to 65".
50"; Feb. to June
growth ceases, store pots in cool
in light sandy soil
place till potting time.
in temp. 55" to 65" in spring; cuttings of shoots inserted in sandy soil
in temp. 55" to 65" in spring or summer.
HARDY
for T.
CULTURE
SPECIES:
OF
Soil, light sandy loam
for T. polyphyllum ; equal parts loam,
pentaphyllum ; ordinary mould
sum.
for T. tuberopeat, leaf-mould, " sand for T. speciosura
; poorish mould
for
T.
sum;
or
Position, south
wall
polyphyllum;
shaded
sunny
border
for
T.
or
fence
wall
or
tuberosum.
for
T.
pentaphyllum;
hedge facing north

Plant
sunny
for
T. tuberosum
T.
bank
specio-
in March
April; T. polyphyllum, Aug. to Nov.; T. speciosum " T. pentaphyllum,

in
weather.
Mulch
with
cayed
deOct. or March.
Water
freely
dry
of T. tuberosum
Lift tubers
in Oct., store in
pagate
Proleave
till
others
undisturbed.
March;
frost-proofplace
"
frame
seeds
in
sand
in
cold
in
sown
loam,
leaf-mould,
bj
division of roots at planting time.
SPECIES:
T. adnncum
(Syn. T. canariense)
.Canary Creeper, yellow,
3 to
10 ft., Peru.
Strictly a perennial, bxit best
annual;
as
an
grown
manure
sand
in
April;
ANNUAL
summer,
Majus
(Dwarf
in Oct.
(Tall Nasturtium),
orange
Nasturtium), yellow, red,
and
summer,
brown,
summer,
1 ft., Peru.
439
to
10
ft., Peru;
minus
ENOYOLOP^DIA
OARDDNING.
OF
and
Oct., 3 ft.,
GREENHOUSE
T.
white,
SPECIES:
blue, green,
azureum,
tuberous-rooted, Chili; .Tarrattii,
scarlet, and brown, June, 12 ft., tuberousorange,
10 ft.,
6 to
and
winter,
rooted, Santiago ; lobbianum,
scarlet, summer
orange
vermilion
4 ft., tuberous-rooted,
and
Colombia;
pentaphyllum,
purple, summer,
Buenos
5 to 10 ft.. Chili.
Ayres ; tricolorum, orange
scarlet, summer,
HARDT
PERENNIAL
SPECIES
Leichtlinii, orange,
yellow and red, summer,
: T.
Indian
Cress), yellow, June, trailing,
trailing, hybrid ;' polyphyllum (Yellow Rock
speeiosum
Chili; tuberosum,
yellow and red, Sept., trailing, tuberous-rooted, Peru;
10 ft.. Chili.
(Fljxme Flower), crimson, summer,
See Teeoma
" Bignonia.
Trumpet-flower.
"
Trumpet
(Lonicera sempervirene).
Honeysuckle
See
"
Lonicera.
(Sarracenia purpurea). See Sarracenia.

Lily (Lilium longiflorum " Ricliardia africana).
Leaf
Trumpet
Trumpet
Lilium
"
Hiehardia.
Ord. Coniferae.
"
Tsusa.
of
"
handsome
growth
CULTURE:
sites in parks
seeds
in
"
in
sown
and
Hardy evergreen coniferous

1736.
elegant. First introduced
Soil, deep, rich

soil outdoors
sandy
in
Habit
trees.
Position, elevated, well-drained
loam.
Plant
pleasure grounds.
or
See
in
autumn.
in pans
April,
or
in
Propagate by
gentle warmth
March.
SPECIES
T.
Abies
Hemlock
CULTIVATED:
canadensis
(Syn.
cnnndensis).
80 ft., N.E.
America;
caroliniana, 50 to 60 ft., S. Alleghaniea; mer(Syn. Abies nlbertiana), 100 to 140 ft., N.W.
America;
(Calipattoniana
60
Spruce,
tensiana
fornian
Spruce),
to
Hemlock
80 to
Spruce),
100
Tuberose
150
ft., California;
sinuata).
(Salpiglossis
"
Pansy."
Tulip."
Tulipa
Sieboldii
Hemlock
(Japanese
Polianthus.
"
Tufted
Salpigljssis.
See
Viola.
See
See
Tulipa.
(Tulip). Ord.
"
CLASSIFICATION"
not
to
(Polianthes tuberosa). See
Tube-tong;ue
have
100
ft., Japan.
Liliaceae.
FLORISTS'
Selfs
Breeders
or
flowered.
bulbous-rooted
Hardy
OF
TULIPS
Seedlings:
plants.
Bulbs
that
Seedlings or offsets from bulbs

that have flowered
" promise to develop into a good strain of one
of
the followingclasses.
Broken
Breeder
:
tulips developing stripes of
another
colour.
Feathered
: Having
a
light,heavy, or irregular darkcoloured
like
edge to the petals. Flamed:
having a dark candle-flamespot in
with
the
another
centre
of each
petal.
Bizarres
Yellow
petalsmarked
colour.
marked
with
of
shades
Byblomens : White,
black, violet, or purple. Roses : White, marked
with red.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ORDINARY
TULIPS
: Early : Flowering in
March.
Van
Thol.
Late
or
Example, Uuc
Cottage : Flowering in
Same
Mother
May " June.
Breeders,
:
as
Example, T. vitellina.
Darwin
self-coloured.
A
strain
of
self-coloured
;
tulips.
superior
Rembrandt
coloured
Same
but
as
Darwins,
striped. Parrot : Curiouslywith large, feathery-edged petals.
CULTURE
OP
ORDINARY
TULIPS:
Soil, light,ordinary, previously
enriched
with
liberally
Position, sunny
well-drained
beds
borders.
bulbs
Plant
or
4 in. deep " 6 in. apart,
Oct. to Dec.
Mulch
surface of bed with decayed manure
cocoanutor
fibre refuse.
Lift bulbs
after
in
"
replant them
directly
flowering
border
finish
to
their
leave
until
reserve
growth; or
July,
sunny
then lift, dry, " store away
in cool place till planting time.
Bulbs
be left in ground altogether if desired, lifting,
planting
dividing," remay
:
blooms
every
tulipsgrown
POT
CULTURE
three
in the
:
years.
same
Mother,
Darwin,
Rembrandt,
"
Parrot
way.
Compost,
two
440
parts
loam,
one
part
decayed
ENGYGLOFJEDIA
GAIWENING.
OF
" little sand.

Pot, Sept. to Nov., placing three bulbs in a
5-in. or
four in a 6-in. pot, " burying bulbs
just below the surface.
Pot firmly. Cover
with
in cold
refuse
cinders
cocoanut-fibre
pots
or
frame.
Kemove
to window, frame, or greenhouse when
growth begins
manure,
"
water
freely. Temp,
CuLTUHS
part leaf-mould,
one
for
Exhibition
roR
one
forcing,55" to 65".
:
Compost, four parts good "turfy loam,
"i one
part
manure,
part decayed cow
in
sand, mixed
to remain
together " allowed
well-drained
Position,
bed, containing
sunny
for
heap
year.
one
18 in.
about
of
above
bulbs
3 to 4 in. deep " 6 m.
apart end of Oct. or
Protect- blooms
each
Surround
bulb
w-th
sand.
beginning of Nov.
in
Store
with canvas
awning. Lift bulbs when leaves turn brown.
in
drawers
which
loose skins " place
cool shed
to dry, after
remove
Plant
compost.
till planting time.

HAEDT
CULTURE
OF
case
3 in.
tion,
Soil, light rich ordinary. Posilatter
In
naturalised, in grass.
borders, rockeries, or
sunny
to Nov.,
Plant,
Sept.
no
required.
lifting
plant permanently;
four
"
divide,
in.
Lift,
years.
replant
"
6
every
apart.
deep
SPECIES
in
transplanting following year
in
Feb.
lig:htsandy soil
in
cold
frame
rich soil outdoors;

by offsets
rich
from
removed
parent bulb " planted 3 in. d"ep in a bed of light
when
Seedling bulbs flower
soil in a sunny
positionoutdoors in Nov.
four
three
to
when
offsets
years old.
old;
to six years
four
yellow and red, 17 m.,
Tulip),
acuminata
(Ti'lîsh
T.
CULTITATED:
SPECIES
1 ft, S.W
Europe;
red
and
April,
T.
oeleiana), yellow
australis
(Syn.
May:
April, 6 to 8 in
yel ow,
; Batalmii.
biebersteiniana, yellow, April, 1 ft., Caucasus
biblietiana,
yellow May,
and
yellow, April, Caucasus;
biflora, white
Asia Minor;
black, June, 8 in., S. Europe ; elegans,
olusiana, white, red and
Europe;
2 ft
ind yellow, May, 1 ft.; elegans alba, white; fragrans, ye-Uow, April 8 in.,
red
Asia
and
2 ft., S. Kussia
black, fragrant, May,
Algiers; gesneriana. scarlet and
and
black, April b to
yellow,
scarlet,
Greigi,
florists'
of
tulips
;
parent
Minor,
white, red, and yellow, C in., Turkestan;, kolpakaufmanniana,
9 in, Tirkestan;
Leichtlini^ pmk
yellow and rose, 8 in., April, 2 ft., Central Asia;
kowskyana,
i
and
black, fragrant, May,
ty.
macrospila, crimson
1 ft., Kashmir;
white
May
white
and
blue,
magenta,
platystigma.
18
Greece;
in.,
orphanidea, yellow, May,
red, yellow, and
oculis-sohs,
Parrot
of the
Tulips, S. Europe;
1 ft., parent
May
primnlina,
2 ft., S. Europe;
and
April,
black,
red
April;18 in.; praecox,
black
1 ft.; spathulata,
red
spring. 6 in. Algiers; retroflexa, yellow, May,
and
yeUow
redTndblack May, 2 ft., Italy; suayolens, scarlet and yellow fragrant,May,
of
bed
in
a^d
,
in.!
Crimea
yellow
and
yiridiflora, yellow
Tulip
in.. Asia
and
green.
(Liriodendron
Tree
Hymenophyllum.
Turban
Turban
(Nyssa aquatica).
Tupelo-tree
"
Bel
crimson
N.
Persia,
(Hymenophyllum Tunbndgense)."
Fern
Filmy
Tunbridge
See
undulatifoUa
18 in., Europe;
6 m..
mauve,
spring,
vio
Minor;
acea,
June. 1 ft.; Titelllna, yellow. May, 18 m.
tulipifera)."See Liriodendron.
'yellow.
syW^tris,
May,.
blick.9
"
See
-kt
Nyssa.
(Campanula turbinata)." See Campanula.
Iflower
Lilium.
Turkey
Lily (Lilium pomponium)."See

Daisy
(Pyrethrum Tchihatchewi) See Pyrethrum.
(TuUpa- Greigi)."See Tulipa.
Tulip
Oak
(Quercus Cerris)."See Quercus.
Turkey
Rhubarb
Turfing
Turkestan
."
palmatum)." See Rheum

(Xerophyllum asphodeloides).
(Rheum
Turkey's-beard
"
Turk'S-cap
Turk'S-cap
Turk's-head
See
Turnip."
(Melocactuscommunis)."
Cactus
Lily
Grass
See
bee
Melocactiis.
(Lilium Martagon)." See Lilium.

(Lagurus ovatus)."See Lagurus.
Brassica,
^^
Aero-
BKCYCLOPMDIA
Turnip
Fern
OF
(Angiopteris erecta). Sec Angiopteris.

See
Celery."
Apium.
"
Turnip-rooted
Turnsole
Sec
"
Turquoise-berried
"See
(JARDEXING.
Vine
Heliotropium.
(Vitis Jieterophyllahumulifolia).
Vitia.
Turtle-head."
Chelone.
See
Tussilag-O
(Variegated Coltsfoot)."Ord.
Compositae. Hardy
herbaceous
perennial. Urn.
foliage. Leaves, roundish
heart-shapea,
white.
margined or spotted with creamy
CULTURE:
" sand.
part leaf-mould
Water
Position, cold
Pot, March.
greenhouse, frame, or window.
freely, April to Oct. ; keep nearly dry afterwards.
May be grown
in damp
outdoors
and
shady borders
ordinary soil. Plant, March.
Propagate by division, March.
T.
CULTIVATED:
Farfara
varieg-ata, 6 in., Britain.
Tutsan
(Hypericum Androsaeura)." See Hypericum.
See Oxypetalum.
Tweed
ia.
Twin-flower
(Linnasa borealis). See Linnsea.
Twin-leaf
(Jeffersoniabinnata). See Jeffersonia.
Twin-leaved
the
Lily of
Valley
(Maianthemum
SPECIES
"
"
"
See
laria).
Tyerman's
"
Typha
conval-
Maianthemum.
Groundsel
(Senecio pulcher). See Senecio.

Typhaceaj. Hardy aquatic perennials.
"
Ord.
(Eeed Mace).
'brown; July.
Soil, ordinary.
:
"
Inflorescence,
CULTURE
Oct.
Plant,
ponds.
SPECIES
or
CULTIVATED:
botli natives
Ulex
of
T.
of shallow
Position, margins
March,
rivers
or
division.
by
angustjfolia, 4
to
ft., and
T.
latifolia, 4 to 6 ft.,
Britain.
Gorse;
(Furze;
Whin).
Ord.
"
Leguminoseae. Hardy
green
ever-
shrubs.
Soil, ordinary.
CULTURE:
woodlands.
Plant,
Sept.
to
Position, sunny
banks,
rockeries, or
April.
18 in. apart in singlerow.

CULTURE
sides
Trim
: Plant
moderately close in April. Propagate by seeds sown
\ in. deep in
in April; cuttings inserted
in ordinary soil in
light soil outdoors
shady positionoutdoors, spring or autumn.
HEDGE
in
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
U.
europasus
flore
pleno, yollow, donble,
ft., spring,
(Britain).
Europe
Hardy deciduous
variegated.
CULTURE:
Soil,ordinary for common
species(U. campestris); deep
moist
rich loamy with
gravelly subsoil for Wych Elm
(U, montana);
Elm
loamy for American
(U. americaua). Position, open " sunny
for all species" varieties.
Plant,
woodlands, parks, or shrubberies
(Elm; Wych
Elm). Ord.
insignificant.Leaves,
Ulmus
trees.
"
Flowers,
Oct. to Feb.
CULTURE
or
FOR
TIMBER
gravel. Position, hedge
25 ft.
apart.
Timber
Urticaceae.
PURPOSES:
rows
fine, hard
or
or
green
Soil,
avenues.
grain, "
brown
clay, loam,
chalk,
20
to
Plant
autumn,
for
in colour.
Used
coffin making, cart " wagon

Average price
making, furniture, etc.
timber
6d.
of
tx)
Is.
7d.
cubic
ft.,
weight
Average
per cubic ft.,
per
ft. per ton, 52.
of cubic
43 lb. ; number
Average life of tree, 400 to
of
Number
Elm
will thrive, 1,500 ft.
to which
Altitude
500 years.
seeds'
to
Average
pound,
price of trees
20s.
to
70,000.
per 1,000 :
Average
2 years
25s.
442
height
old,
of
5s. ; 2 to
trees,
3 years,
150
ft.
planted,
trans-
ENOYCLOPJiDIA
OF
GARDENING.
Propagation
:
removed
"
planted Oct.
layering shoots in Sept. or Oct.; budding choice kinds on
common
in July,
species," choice variegated kinds on U. montana
or
by grafting similarlyin March; seeds gathered as soon
as
ripe "
in lightsoil in shady position outdoors.
sown
to
Nov.;
CULTIVATED:
U.
alata
States;
(Winged Elm), 30 to 40 ft., S.U.
(American Elm), 50 to 100 ft., H. America;
Elm",
camiiestris (Common
70 to 120 ft., Euroiie, N.
Africa, Siberia, etc.; canipcstris euberosa
(Cork-barked
campe"tris
Elm);
pendula, weeping- variety; campestris
variegata, variegated;
glabra (Wych Elm), 50 to 70 ft.,Europe ; glabra cornubiensis
(Cornish Elm) ; glabra
peudula, weeping form; montana
(Scotch Elm), 60 to 100 ft., Europe, N. Asia, etc.;
montana
vegeta (Huntingdon Elm).
Umbilicus."
See
Cotyledon.
SPECIES
ameriooniv
Umbrella
Fern."
Umbrella,
Fir
Umbrella
Leaf
Umbrella
Palm
Umbrella
Pine
See
Gleichenia.
(Sciadopitysverticillata).See Sciadopitys.
(Diphylleia Cymosa)." See Diphylleia.
(Hedyscepe canterburyana). See Hedyscepc.
(Pinus pinea). See Pinus.
Umbrella
Plant.
Umbrella
Tree
"
"
"
See
"
Saxifraga
"
Cyperus.
(Magnolia tripetala).See Magnolia.

bulbous-rooted
Ord.
plant.
Ung-ernia.
Amaryllideae.Greenhouse
two
CULTURE
:
Compost,
Pot
of leaf-mould
" cow
manure.
dry bulbs, Sept. to Dec. ;
afterwards
repotting annually immediately after flowering. Bury
"
"
time
moderately from
depth. Water
leaves
after
freely; keep quite dry
appear,
fade.
April to
pots from
Temp., Sept. to April 55" to 65". Place
oifsets
treated
bulbs,
as
Sept. in light sunny position. Propagate by
Sept. to Dec.
two-thirds
till leaves
bulbs about
flowers show
SPECIES
8
in., N.
of their
then
TJ.
CULTIVATED:
India.
Unicorn-plant.
"
trispha"ra (Syn. Lycoris Semerzowii), red,
See
summer,
Martynia.
See Veltheimia.
(Veltheimia viridifolia).
Graminaceae.
Ord.
perennial grasses.
Uniola
Hardy
(Sea Oat).
loose
in
borne
Inflorescence
Orn.
panicles,July "
large
flowering.
Unicorn-root
"
"
Aug.
or
April. Position, open
COLTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Plant, March
in Aug.
for winter
"
use
inflorescence
Gather
borders.
dry
sunny
sion
in
outdoors
rich
soil
in;
by diviApril
seeds
sown
light
Propagate by
March.
in
of roots
latifolia, 4 ft. ; paniculata, 6 to 8 ft.,N. America.
CULTIVATED
: U.
SPECIES
Drooping Urn-flower)." Ord.
Urceolina
(Golden Urn-flower;
duced
bulbous
deciduous
plants. First introAmaryllidacese. Greenhouse
1836.
.
Compost,
CULTURE:
crushed
few
house.
Pot,
freely from
bones.
two
parts turfy loam,
Feb., burying bulb
quite dry.
of its depth.
two-thirds
until
Sept., when
Feb.)
(about
about
growth begins
Apply liquid manure
time
when
sand,
part river
pots in light part
one
flower
spike
shows.
"
"
of
Water
keep
Top-
Temp., Feb.
dress
annually
repot every
40" to
Propagate by seeds
to Sept. 55" to 65"; Sept. to Feb.
in
temp. Go
in. deep in well-drained
pots of sandy loam
1-16
sown
to 70" in March,
placing seedlings singly in 2-in. pots " keeping
for three years ; by offsets
moist
all the year round
them
moderately
"
treated
as
old
three
bulbs.
443
or
four
years
50".
only.
TSNOYOLOPMniA
SPECIES
ft,, Peru.
CULTIVATED:
Ursinia.
TJ.
Ord.
"
OF
pendula
(Syn.
OAItDENING.
U.
aurea), yellow and
green,
summer,
duced
intro-
First
annual.
1836.
CULTURE
Soil, ordinary.
seeds, Feb.
March
Position,
sunny
beds
or
borders.
Sow
in pots, pans, or
boxes
ordinary light mould
in temp. 55"
to 65", "
inch
an
transplant seedlings when
high to
.3 in. apart in shallow
off
boxes; place in cold frame in April; harden
"
Also
seeds in open ground in
plant outdoors. May or June.
sow
April where required to grow, " thin seedlingsto 4 or 6 in. apart when
1 to 6 in. high.
or
SI'ECIES
brown,
in
CULTIVATED:
1
summer,
U.
Utricularia,
March
Admit
introduced

pots or
fibrous
in
of
saucer
speciosa), yellow
Lentibulariacese.
Ord.
1871.
"
First
CULTURE;
pots
(Syn. Sphcnogyne
(Bladder wort).
aquatic herbs.
crocks.
pulohra
and
ft., S. Africa.
under
water
shallow
peat, sphagnum
pans placed on
or
hand-light in
bell-glass
Stove
moss,
"
inverted
shade.
Pot,
Water
freely,April to Sept.; moderately afterwards.
air for a few minutes
daily every morning by tiltingbell-glass
55" to 65"; March
or
to Oct. 70"
hand-light. Temp. Oct. to March
filled
85".
to
surface
of shallow
on
pans
with
of
under
bellequal parts
sphagnum moss,
peat, " sand, placed
in temp, of 55" to 65", Feb., March,
or
glass " kept moist
April ;
division of plants at potting or planting time.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
V.
lilac
and
Endriesii, green,
yellow, spring, 4 in.,
Costa
white
and
6 in., Trop. America.
llicft; montana,
yellow, summer,
bulbous
Uvularia
plants.
(Bell-wort).Ord. Liliaceae. Hardy
1710.
First introduced
border.
CULTURE;
Soil, moist
peat. Position, partially shaded
April.
or
"
Oct,
Plant,
SPECIES
"
Nov.
foliftta,yellow, May,
in Oct.
division of roots
grandiflora, yellow. May, 1 ft., N. America;
Propagate by
CULTIVATED:
TJ.
1
ft., N.
per-
America.
Ord.
(Whortleberry; Bilberry; Huckleberry).
"
deciduous
or
flowering
ing
berry-bearHardy
evergreen
VaCCinium
Vacciniaceae.
"
Berries, red, bluish
.shrubs.
black;
edible; Aug.
to Oct.
rockeries
V.
for
peat.
or
April. No
myrtillua. Plant, Sept., Oct., March,
boxes
in shallow
or
pruning required. Propagate by seeds sown
in
"5"
65"
in
of
filled
with
to
moist
spring,
temp,
sandy
peat
pans
serted
in summer;
cuttings of shoots intransplanting seedlings outdoors
in summer;
in sandy moist
hand-light in shade
peat under
March.
of plants, Sept. or
layering shoots in autumn
; division
CULTURE
Soil, boggy
vitus-ideae
Position,
moist
V.
"
and
(Bilberry or Whortleberry), rose
berry
(Cow(Britain): Titus-idwa
Hemisphere
N. Hemisphere
(Britain).
Flowering Box), pink, spring, trailing, evergreen,
or
Ceutranthus.
See
Valerian
ruber).
(Centranthus
CULTIVATED:
.SPECIES
STPcn,
T.
spring, berries
dark
myrtillus
blue, 18 in., N.
"
Valerianacese.
Hardy
(Cretan Spikenard). Ord.
"
Leaves,
yellow.
orn.
golden
foliage.
Flowering
Plant, Sept.
borders.
CULTURE
:
four
three
Topor
to April. Lift, divide, " replant every
years.
down
Cut
flowering
in
with
dress
manure
April.
decayed
annually
Valeriana
"
perennial herbs.
stems
in
Oct.
by
outdoors
SPECIES
in
pagate
Probe picked off as they form.
should
position
in. deep in
light soil in sunny
or
April.
V. plin aurea,
white, Ang., 3 ft., Cauca.sus.
Flower
seeds
sown
April;
OULTIVATED:
buds
1-16
444
OF
ENUYVLOL'MDIA
by removing
or
in Feb.
growths with roots

potting or placing
young
"
March,
or
GARDENING.
attached
in
of
from
base
as
advised
baskets
plants
for
old
plants.
CULTIVATED
: V.
amesiana, -white, rose, and magenta, various
seasons,
Bensoni, white, violet, and pinl^, various
Burma;
seasons,
caerulea,
lavender
N.
blue, autumn,
cairulesoens, purplish blue, summer,
India;
Burma;
denisoniana, white, summer,
hookeriana, white, rose, and magenta-purple,
Burma;
Malaya;
autumn,
chocolate, yellow, white, and
insignis, brown,
winter,
rose,
Timor
kimballiana,
Burma
white, rosy
brown,
;
autumn,
purple, yellow, and
;
and
lârishii,yellow, brown, magenta,
violet, fragrant, summer,
Burma;
Roxburghii,
brown,
white, summer,
sanderiana,
India;
pink, yellow, and
purple, and
green,
crimson,
Philippines; suavis, white, purple, and
rose,
summer,
fragrant, Java;
and
teres, white, rose, orange,
magenta,
spring, India; tricolor, yellow, white,
and
Java.
magenta
purple, various
seasons,
SPECIES
fragrant, India;
Vanilla,
"
1800.
Ord.
Seed
Stove
Orchidaceae.
pods
form
First
climbing orchid.
vanilla
the
of
duced
intro-
commerce.
"
clean
moss,
Compost, equal parts peat, sphagnum
bed
with
well-drained
or
narrow
Position,
potsherds.
pots, pans,
Feb.
wall
of
Pot
shoots trained
wood.
or
rafter,
or
or
plant,
logs
up
wards.
afterWater
March
to
March.
or
October;
moderately
copiously,
Shade
from
sun.
Temp.,
Syringe foliage daily in summer.
55" to 65".
March
Propagate by
in
cuttings of climbing stems out into 2 or 3 in. lengths " imbedded
in
85"
"
of
75"
in
to
moss
temp,
spring.
peat
sphagnum
CULTUEE
20
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
America.
ft., Central
Vanilla
Vegetable
Marrows.
Vegetable
Oyster
CULTURE
cow
to
V.
commences
Liliaceae.
See
bulbous
Greenhouse
parts sandy loam,
two
sunny
to
viridifolia,Aug.
bulbs
Place
compost firmly
; freely when
Apply
die off.
Vanilla.
"
Position, light
little sand.
June;
to
to
Cucurbita.
(Tragopogon porrifolius).
Ord.
Compost,
"
March.
Press
"
See
"
10
summer,
Tragoplants.
1768.
manure,
Sept.
of
See
(Vanillaplanifolia)."
Orchid
pogou.
Veltheimia.
First introduced
planitolia (Vanilla Plant), white,
V.
in
cold
frame
Nov.;
those
part well-decayed
dow,
greenhouse or win-
one
sunny
remainder
of V.
of
glauca
"
Pot
year.
intermedia,
bulbs
Oct.
surface
of compost.
below
new
growth
moderately when
leaves
full growth; keep nearly dry when
the plants are
growing
occasionally when
with
point just
pots.
in
stimulants
Water
55" to 6J"
40" to 50"; March
to June
freely. Temp., Sept. to March
in
small pots
from
removed
offsets
bulbs,
placed
parent
Propagate by
close
removed
bulbs
to bulbs
leaves
for
advised
treated
as
"
; by
large
in
soil
in
of
summer.
or
inserted
sandy
spring
"
pots
singly
18 in. to 2 ft.; intermedia,
V.
CULTIVATED:
glauca, flesh, March,
SPECIES
of S. Africa.
flesh, April, 13 to 18 in.; viridifolia, flesh, Aug., 2 ft. All natives
See
Rhus.
Sumach
Venetian
(Rhus Cotinus).
"
Venidium.
CULTURE
by seeds
Compositse. Half-hardy
Ord.
"
sown
in
lightsoil
in
seedlings outdoors.
SPECIES
summer,
18
Venus's
Venus's
CULTIVATED:
in., S. Africa.
V.
temp. 55"
May
fugax
to
65",
annuals.
borders.
March
June.
or
(Sj-n.V. calendulaocum),
or
Propagate
April;
orange
and
planting
trans-
black,
Trap
(Dionseaniuscipula).See Dionaea.
speculum). See SpecuLookingT'Srlass
(Specularia
Fly
"
"
laria.
446
BNOYCLOPJEDIA
Venus'S
OF
Navel-wort
GABDENING.
(Omphalodes
lodes.
See
linifolia)."
Ompha-
Veratrum
(False Hellebore). Ôrd. Liliaoeae. Hardy herbaceous
1548.
Leaves, large, much
ribbed,
Roots, creeping ; highly poisonous.
green.
"
CULTURE
moist
Soil,
light ordinary or peaty. Position, partiallyshady

in
outdoors, March
or
April; division of roots, Oct. or
borders.
moist
soil
peaty
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
Europe;
V.
album
(White
Hellebore), white, ,Tuly, 3 to 4 ft.,

viride
ft., Europe;
(Green
(Black Hellebore), purple, summer,

nigrum
3
Indian
or
Poke), green, July, 3 ft., N. America.
Hellebore
Verbascuin
(Mullein; Aaron's
Rod)." Ord.
Scrophulariacoa;.
biennial
" perennial herbs.
CULTURE
OP
BIENNIAL
SPECIES:
in
borders.
Sow
seeds
soil
in sunny
rich
doors
sunny
ligEt
position outin April, transplantingseedlingswhen
three
four leaves
or
form,
Hardy
6 in.
in
apart
required
to
positionuntil
sunny
OF
CULTURE
seeds
by
March
then
plant
where
PERENNIAL
Position, sunny
in
toUowing April;
flower.
April.
or
BIENNIAL
as
SPECIES
nary.
:
Soil, deep light rich ordiborders.
pagate
March,
or
Plant, Oct., Nov.,
April. Proadvised
for biennial
of
division
roots
species; by
SPECIES."
V.
olympicum
(Olympian
Mullein), yellow,
summer,
ft.,
Bithynia.
PEli.llBNIAL
S.W.
Europe;
SPECIES
Chaixii
3 ft.,
: T.
(Nettle-leaved Mullein), yellow, summer,
3 ft., Europe;
nigrum (Dark Mullein), yellow, summer,
phcenieeum
3 ft., Europe.
(Purple Mullein), violet and red, summer,
Ôrd.
Verbena
Verbenaceae.
biennials
"
(Vervain).
Hardy
"
Present
of
race
greenhouse shrubby
hardy herbaceous
perennials.
from
and
other
V. teucrioides
bedding verbenas
originallyderived
First
introduced
cultivated.
1774.
species not now
CULTURE
OF
BEDDING
VERBENAS
two
: Compost,
parts good
leafturfy loam, " one
part of equal proportions of decayed manure,
mould, " sharp silver sand.
Position, pots in light greenhouse; or
cold
in summer.
Water
frames
to May.
Pot, Feb.
freely,April to
Oct. ; moderately afterwards.
two
three
times
or
Apply stimulants
"
Nip off points of shoots during spring to
bushy growth. Discontinue
nipping off points of shoots six
weeks
before
Young
plants struck
plants are required to flower.
best
seed
from
cuttings or raised from
adapted for pot culture.
55"
Shade
40" to 50"; March
to June
to 65".
weekly
induce
from
sun.
with
:
Soil, good 9rdinaryliberallyenriched
beds
Plant
12 in. apart
borders.
or
Position, sunny
CULTURE
OUTDOOR
decayed
each
manure.
in
way
of bed
Water
June.
as
they
grow,

when
they meet each
"
Peg
shoots
other
nip
to
face
sur-
off their
points.
SPECIES;
Position,
Soil, ordinary.
soil in temp. 55" in Feb., harden
sunny
in April," plant out
12 in. apart in May;
off seedlings in cold frame
in
to
where
April;
or
required
grow
Position, sunny
V. VENOSA:
OP
CULTURE
in Oct., store
in ordinary
Lift roots
borders.
beds or
Plant, May.
CULTURE
OP
soil in
boxes
BIENNIAL
Sow
borders.
in
seeds
in
light
frost-proofplace
until
447
March,
then
place
in
temp.
55", k
place
plant old
Peg shoots
shoots
new
small
down
as
well-drained
in
soils
PROPAGATION
seeds
third
in
May
in
districts.
grow.
sheltered
YERBENAS
in
leaf
Jan.,
forms
in
deep
equal parts loam

75"
to
"
boxes
Propagate
pots,
or
altogether
garden
verbenas
filled with
boxes
sand, placed
by
in
post
com-
temp.
transplanting seedlings when

glass
placing these on shelf near
March,
or
or
pans,
temp. 55", transferring when

size
outdoors
grown
pans,
" little
leaf-mould
Feb.,
in
be
they
OF
in.
1-16
sown
of
65"
form
these with portion of old roots,
remove
off
"
harden
plant out 12 in. apart in May ; or
pots,
if necessary,
direct
into beds in April.
roots, dividing them,
when
in
OAUBENING.
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
fairly strong singly

in
cuttingsinserted
2J-in.pots,
to
bed
"
of
sandy soil
planting 2 in.
; by
larger
in Aug., lifting
rooted
"
cuttings when
in
boxes
"
shelf
in
or
on
greenhouse until March,
apart
storing
pans
off
in
shoots
taken
off in
small
tlien
or
singly
potting
pots;
young
inserted
sand
in
under
Feb.
"
in
March,
or
damp
bell-glass temp. 65" ;
of
the
division
in
V.
roots
venosa,
by
spring, or cuttings of shoots
in cold
frame
in Aug.
inserted
later
in
to
on
cold
frame
BIENNIAL
N.
SPECIES:
(Rose Vervain), purple
Aubletia
Y.
or
lilac,
summer,
ft.,
.\inerica, hardy.
SPECIES
HALF-HAUDT
Vernonia
V.
Ord.
"
flowering plants.
CULTURE:
First
lilac,summer,
tenosa,
(Irouweed).
ft., Argentine.
Compositae. Hardy
introduced
herbaceous
1710.
loam.
borders.
rich, sandy
Position, sunny
in spring.
April. Top-dress with decayed manure
in sandy soil in a cold frame
in March
or
in a sunny
in April; also by division
border
of the
April, or outdoors
in March
roots
or
April.
Plant,
Soil,
March
SPECIES
or
CULTIVATED;
arkansana,
States;
purple, summer,
Veronica.
to
in
Scrophulariaceae.Half-hardy
hardy herbaceous
perennials.
SHRUBBY
"
SPECIES
rockeries, borders,
sunny
districts south
weather.
severe
very
4 ft., T.
liolet, autumn,
America;
noveboracensis,
States.
"
sheltered
Protect
ft., U.
flowering shrubs
evergreen
OP
CULTURE
inland
altissima, purple and

3 to
4 ft., N.
autumn,
(Speedwell). Ord.
hardy
Position,
T.
purple,
of
:
or
the
Prune
Soil, ordinary
the
beds
near
Trent.
Plant,
or
sea
loam
"
coast,
"
peat.
or
in
Sept. or April.
into shape in
plants
straggly
April.
POT
CULTURE

part peat, i- little
corridors, porches, or
greenhouse, windows,
March.
Water
rately
or
freely,April to Oct.; modeother
times.
to
Apply stimulants
occasionally
healthy plants
Plants
during summer.
put out in rich soil in sunny
position in
May, kept well watered, lifted, " placed in pots in Sept., will usually
flower
freely in the greenhouse during autumn.
:
sand.
Position, sunny
balconies.
Pot, Sept.
CULTURE
rich.
Feb.
OP
Position,
to
May.
HARDY
sunny
PERENNIAL
SPECIES:
borders
rockeries.
or
Plant,
Lift, divide,
"
replant triennially.
Soil, ordinary
Sept.
Water
to
Nov.,
in
with
pagate
Prodry
annually
decayed manure.
April
shrubby speciesby cuttings inserted in sandy soil under
bellin summer
glass in spring; under hand-lightor in cold frame
; perennials
in light
or
by division of roots in autumn
spring; seeds sown
outdoors
in April.
soil in shade
V. Andeisoni, blue, summer,
SHnUBBT
SPECIES:
2 to 3 ft.; Andersoni
Tnrieand
6 to 12 in., New
gata, variegated; Bidwcllii, white
violet, summer,
Zealand;
weather.
Mulch
in
448
freely
enoyolopjEdia
of
oabdening.
ouprcssoides
1
tt
JNew
/iealand
violet,summer,
2 to 3 ft.,New
Zealand;
chathamioa, purple, summer,
Zealand;
elliptica (Syn. V. deoussata)), white, summer,
3 to 8 ft., New
Lowisu, white and blue, summer,
4 to 6 ft.. New
Zealand
; Lyallii,white,
1 ft., New
Zealand; salioifolia,white, summer,
3 to 8 ft., New
Zealand;
blue, May, 2 to 3 ft.. New
Zealand;
4 to 6 ft.,
Traversii, white, summer,
summer,
speoiosa,
New
/calaud.
FRUBNNIAL
tiauoides,
gentianoides
tolm, lilao
SPUCIES
T.
:
corymbosa, blue, Sept. and Oct., 8 in., Alps; genblue, .7une, 8 to
12
in., S.E.
Europe;
gentianoides alba, white;
variegata, variegated;
18 in., S. Europe;
incana, blue, summer,
longiblue, Aug., IS in. to 2 ft., Europe; longifoliasubsessilis,blue, 3' to 4 ft.;
orientalis, fleshy pink, summer,
] ft., Asia Minor;
2 to 3 in.,
white, summer,
repens,
Corsica;
saxatihs, blue, July, 8 in., Europe; spioata, blue, July, 12 to 18 in.,
liurope; spioata alba, white; spioata corymbiflora, blue; Teucrium
dubia
(Syn. V.
rupestris), blue, summer,
3 to 6 in., Europe;
virginica, white, July, 4 to 6 ft.,
N.
America.
Verschaffertia."
First introduced
CULTUEE
:
stove.
Old.
Palmaceae.
Stove
palm.
Orn.
foliage.
Leaves, roundish, divided at tips; bright green.

Compost, two parts fibrous peat, one pari: equal proportions
charcoal, turfy loam, " sand.
Position, moist
shady part of
Pot, Feb. or March.
Syringe freelytwice daily, Feb. to Oct. ;
1864.
Water
daily afterwards.
Shade
" moist
freelyat all times.
essential.
March
to Oct.
70" to 85"; Oct.
atmosphere
to
Temp.,
March
65" to 75".
1 in. deep in peat " loam
in small pots in temp. 75" to 85", spring.
once
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
V. splendida ; 13 to
:
Verbena.
See Anthyllis.
Kidney."
Vervain.
Vetch,
Vetch,
ft., Seychelles.
Spring:
See Vieia.
(Vicia lathyroides)."
Eose;
Laurustinus;
(Guelder
Wayfaring
Viburnum
Snowball
80
See
"
Tree).
"
Ord.
Caprifoliacese.
Hardy
deciduous
and
Tree;
evergreen
iloweriug shrubs.
CULTlTEE:
Plant,
Oct.

to
prune.
CDl^TDEE
warm
sheltered
March.
OF
Thin
LAUEUSTINUS
shrubberies,
Position, open
weak
out
growths
shrubberies.
sunny
in winter, but otherwise
Position,
Plant, Sept.,Oct., or April. Prune,
:
etc.
suitable for pot culture

for flowering in cold
winter.
in semi-shady
in
outdoors
Pot, spring. Position,
greenhouses
in
cold
Water
to
till
Oct.
Oct.
greenhouse,
May.
position.May
;
in
winter.
freely while outdoors; moderately
in sandy loam
under
shoots inserted
of half-ripened
bell-glassin cold
in
or
shady frame
hand-light outdoors
Sept. or Oct. ; or by layering
in Sept. or
Oct.
shoots
SPECIES:
T.
DEOIDaOUs
maorooephalum,
white, June, 15 to 20 ft., China;
Hose), white, June, 8 ft., Europe (Britain); opulus sterile,
opulus (Wild Guelder
Rose
Guelder
Snowball
sterile-flowered
plicatum
or
Tree) ; tomentosum
(the Garden
(Syn. V. plicatum), white, May, sterile-flowered, 6 ft., Japan.
V. Tinas
EVERGREEN
SPECIES
:
(Laurustinus), white and pink, winter, 8 to
Region.
Vicia
Bean). Ord. Leguminosae. Hardy annual
(Vetch; Broad
well-known
" perennial herbs, including the
vegetable called the
April.
This
speciesalso
"
Bean.
Broad
CULTUEE
borders, with
SPECIES
Position, sunny
OP ANNUAL
: Soil,ordinary.
trellises. Sow
tree
branches,
walls,
or
shoots trained
up
in
Water
in
8
12
of
or
seeds
in.
freely in dry
April.
deep
\
groups
weather.
PEEENNIAL
SPECIES:
OP
Soil, ordinary. Position.
CULTUEE
Mulch
to March.
Oct.
borders.
annually with decayed
Plant,
sunny
449
enoyolopjEdia
of
oardening.
Cut
Lift, divide, and
replant every four or five years.
deep
iin.
down
flower
stems, Oct. or Nov.
in ordinary soil in sunny
or
April; division
positionoutdoors, March
of roots, Oct.
March.
or
moiat
BEANS:
CULTURE
OF
BROAD
Soil, rich, well-manured,
south
Position,
rich soil for earlyones.
loam, for main
crops ; lighter,
manure.
Sow
late ones.
or
garden for main
early crops;
open
"
March
in
sorts
main
crop
early longpod varieties in Jan. "fe Feb.,
in.
3
for
early;
Drills 3 in. deep " 2ît. apart
April. Distances:
Seeds
to be 4 to 6 in. apart in drills.
deep " 3 ft. for main
crops.
before
hours
in water
for a. few
Soak
seeds
sowing. Nip off pointsof
Mulch
late
crops with decayed manure,
plants when first flowers open.
Manures
soils.
Kainit, 2 lb. ; superphosphate,
;
especiallyon light
these
1
lb.
quantities per square rod
5 lb. ;" sulphate of iron,
Apply
Seeds
after sowing.
weeks
for
18
use
before
sowing. Crop ready
their
retain
Seeds
germinating
to
take
12 to 14 days
germinate.
50 ft. long, 1 pint.
row
a
one
year.
powers
borders
for
Soil,
Cultueb:
Market
rich,
strong,
Manures,
loam.
moist
to poor
of farmyard
appliedper
In
latter
phate
superphossoils.
case
rich
soils ; none
apply
on
before
kainit per acre
" 3 cwt.
sowing, and 1 cwt. nitrate of
3 in. high. On
when
heavy soils 6 cwt. basic slag
soda
plants are
of
in
in
autumn
superphosphate. Sow early Long-pod
place
per acre
2 ft. apart in Feb. ;
drills
2 in. deep and
in
in.
10
6
to
varieties
apart
and 3 ft. apart
in
drills
in.
in.
2
8
to
kinds
10
deep,
main
apart
15
20
to
acre
manure
tons
in
autumn
of
3 cwt.
crop
acre,
an
or
bushel.
the
afterwards.
land
Quantity of seed required to sow
between
Hoe
bushels.
by
occasionally. Market
crops
returns
bushels.
150
Average
Roll
March.
in
(gross) per
dE18 to
acre,
T.
8PE0IES:
X23.
laba
purple, Juno, 3 ft., S. Europe;
lilac.
and
3
Tetoh),
June
East;
lathyroides
(Spring
July,
ft.,
white,
(Broad Bean),
onobrychioides,
narbonenais, purple, June, 3 ft., S. Europe;
May, 6 to 8 in., Europe;
purple, June, 2 ft.
orobioidea
lathyroides), blue, June, 2 ft.,
SPECIES
(Syn. Orobus
: V.
PERENNIAL
(Britain).
Europe
Victoria
Lily; Queen Victoria's Water
Lily).
(Royal Water
ANNUAL
atropurpurea,
"
Ord.
Nymphaoeae.
Stove
Orn.
aquatic plant.
Leaves, roundish, flat, with

4 to 6ft. diameter;
floating.
1838.
green;
CULTURE:
March
two
turned-up edges; bronzy
parts good rich
Position,
large
tank
duced
intro-
turfy loam,
one
part
6 ft.
deep " 20 to 25 ft.

filled with running water.
Plant, May.
Temp, of water, 80" to
75"
March
of
to
to Sept.; Sept. to
85",
atmosphere,
Temp,
No
iu
shade
65" to 70".
required. Propagate by seeds sown
decayed
wide
85".
Compost,
foliage.
First
manure.
cow
in
water
heated
to temp,
of 85", "
Jan.
When
lightposition,
seedlingsappear above
placed near
small
"
in
place in water
surface, transplantsingly
pots
again until
out
above
advised.
The
Victoria
then
as
Regia is strictly
plant
May,
treated
best
annual
in
thrives
but
this country.
as
an
a
perennial,
V.
and
CULTIVATED
regia, white, rose
:
SPECIES
Trop.
purple, summer,
pot
of
sandy
loam
submerged
glassin
America.
Victoria
Water
Victor's
Laurel
Vieussexia.^See
See
Villarsiai
"
(Victoriaregia). See Victoria.

(Laurus nobilis).See Laurus.
Lily
"
"
Mortea.
Limnanthemum.
450
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
^^^^
Plant;
^^'ir^^rS^/"^"^^^^'
Ord.
GARDENING.
Cut Finger; Madagascar
herbaceous
perennials "
Apocynaceae. Hardy
winkle)."
Peristove
shrubs.
evergreen
CULTURE
OF
STOVE
SPECIES
: Compost, two
parts fibrous loam,
part decayed manure,
" little silver sand.
pots in stove, Sept. to June; sunny
cold
frame
mainder
or
greenhouse reof year.
Pot, Feb. or March.
Prune
shoots of old plants to
one
to
within
1
Oct. ;
moderately
in
baskets
or
2 in. of
their base
afterwards.
in
Jan.
Feb.
or
Water
freely,April
Apply weak stimulants occasionally

" autumn.
during summer
old
Nip off points of shoots in young
or
twice
plants once
or
during July " Aug. to insure bushy habit.
to June
Temp., March
55" to 65".
CULTURE
OF
HARDY
SPECIES
: Soil, ordinary. Position, shady
borders, rockeries, or shrubberies
under
trees.
Plant, Oct. to April.
Lift, divide, " replant only when
POT
CULTURE:
Compost, two parts sandy loam, one part leaf"
little sand.
mould,
Pot, Oct. to March.
Position, pots suspended
wire
Water
in
cold
cool
or
greenhouses, balconies,
windows.
or
freely,April to Sept.; moderately afterwards.

nually.
Repot anremoved
shoots
Propagate V. rosea
by cuttings of young
when
2 or
3 in. long in spring," inserted
in sandy soil under
bellglass in temp. 65" to 75". Hardy species by division in March
or
April.
SPECIES:
STOVE
rosea
T.
rosea
(Madagascar
Periwinkle),
rose,
May,
ft.,Tropics;
alba, white.
SPECIES
HAEDT
difformis
1 ft., S.W.
: T.
(Syn. Media), blue, snmmer,
Europe ;
2 ft., Europe (Britain); major Tariegata,
major (Large Periwinkle), purple, summer,
1 ft., Europe
variegated; minor
(Lesser Periwinkle), blue, summer,
(Britain);
minor
flore
flore pleno, double, blue; minor
albo, white, double; minor
foliisargeuteis, Tariega.ted with white ; minor foliis-aureis,
variegated with yellow.
Vine.
See Vitis.
Viola
(Violet;Tufted Pansy; Pansy; Heartsease). Ord. Violacese.
"
"
CLASSIFICATION:
Pansies
in General.
flowering strain, self-coloured, or
"
Any free-growingor
variegated. Show
Pansy.
"
free-
Blooms
circular, flat," smooth, without
crinkled edges; petals thick,

or
wavy
each other; principalor
velvety, " lying closelyover
ground colour
of three lower
white
dark
circular
blotch in
or
yellow;
petals pure
of blooms, orange
lower
dark
belt
three
centre
to
narrow
petals ;
;
eye
diameter
colour as upper
IJin.
same
petals;
Fancy Pansy. Blooms
crinkled
with
or
circular, flat, " smooth,
edges; petals thick
wavy
each other ; solid, bright orange
over
and velvety, lying closely
eye ;
belt or margin of another
colour
large blotches of colour, with narrow
colour as blotches or margins ;
lower petals; top petals same
three
on
in.
to 2 in. in diameter.
suffused
size
Tufted
sometimes
1^
;
colour,
class
of
called
to
A
a
name
pansies, commonly
applied
Pansy.
"
Horned
and
the
the
Violet
of
ordinary pansy
(V.
violas," hybrids
than
of ordinary pansies. Colours
those
smaller
cornuta). Blooms
not
Habit, dwarf,
spreading as in the
varied, chaste, " delicate.
strain
French
A
of
Trimardeau
origin, noteworthy
Pansy.
pansy.
A strain ot
Violetta.
" gaudinessof colour.
of blooms
for coarseness
between
" Viola
a
dwarf
pansy
pansies,the result of a cross
"
"
"
"
very
cornuta.
CULTURE
(a) deep,
Flowers,
small, rayless, ", fragrant.

AND
TUFTED
FANCY,
SHOW,
OF
rich, moist
loam,
enriched
451
with
PANSIES:
well-decayed
cow
Soil
manure;
Q 2
ENOYCLOPJEDIA
(b)
OF
GARDENING.
"
parts loam, one
part of equal proportionB of leaf-mould
enriched
with
; (c;ordinary light mould,
cow
manure
; (d) clayey
or
Soil best manured
heavy soils,with decayed horse or cow
manure.
" dug previous autumn.
from
Position, open, light, sheltered, away
roots
" branches
of trees, " shaded
from
Plant
sun.
pansies
midday
in Sept., Oct., or April, 12 in. apart each
tufted
pansies, March
way;
leafor
Mulch
with
"
manure
cow
April, 10 in. apart each way.
mould
in May or June.
Stir the surface
Water
frequently.
copiously
in dry weather, applying it in the evening. Remove
all flower
buds
two
Baud
until
plants are
only
one
to
established.
bloom
to
If exhibition
each
on
grow
blooms
shoot.
desired,
are
Manures
(1)
oz.
allow
guano
gall,of water; (2)Joz. sulphate of ammonia, \oz. superphosphate

of lime, \ oz.
; (3) liquid
sulphate of iron Ui 2 gall, of water (Griffiths)
in a canvas
soot, prepared by enclosinga peck of soot " a heavy stone
bag, and immersing this with a few crystals of sulphate of iron in
used
undiluted
30 gall, of water,
or
sheep dung,
; (4) liquid cow
prepared by placing a peck of dung in 30 gall, of water, keeping
mixture
stirred at intervals
for a week, then
applying liquid in a
a
clear
undiluted.
state
All
the
foregoing may
flowering season.
or
so
during growing
edgings to beds or in patches on
"
days
as
applied
be
ten
every
best grown
Violettas
in May.
previously well-euriched
rockeries.
Plant
CULTURE
OF
VIOLET:
Soil, ordinary,
with well-decayedmanure.
Clay soils require plenty of grit,decayed
vegetable refuse " manure
Light " gravelly
incorporatedwith them.
of cow
" loam
with
soils need a liberal amount
manure
or
clay mixed
north-east
side of hedge,
them.
or
Position, border or bed on north
Pull
to hot
under
the shade
of fruit trees.
sun
or
summer
exposure
undesirable.
Plant
"crowns"
9 in. apart in rows
12 in. asunder,
"
April.
furnished
Apply
8 in.
apart,
deep
within
Remove
form
they
plants
in
Water
frame.
of
as
Lift
weeds.
Water
recommended
summer.
crowns,"
for
first
when
for
pansies
i.e.
runners,
frames
of
decayed manure
light, putting
"
parent plant,
planted
shade
i:
"
in
each
from
sun.
of
intervals
shoots
that
three
weeks
issue from
the
at
during summer,
winter
blooming
equal parts good soil

freely in fine weather.
12 in.
from
portions separated
are
roots.
manures
during
"
"
Crowns
with
keep plants free from

Sept., " replant, 6 to
leaf-mould
Protect
in
from
be
used
to
may
6 in. of above
soil
cold sunny
a
In
frost.
case
fill up
on
this.
space
to
Replant
annually.
POT
"
one
CULTURE
part sand.

April, placing six
crowns
"
Pot,
in a shady frame, "

Place
in
in shade
rims outdoors
to
remove
water
moderately.
to 6 in.
apart.
Propagate by
in cold
pans
shady frame
into
floweringpositionsin
seedlings
in Aug. or
in cold shady frames
in
runners
violets by
April.
SPECIES
Soil, ordinary, rich.

Position,
borders.
or
Plant, March
or
rockeries, beds,
partially-shaded
April, 3
in boxes
Plunge
in
till Sept.,when
May, " let them remain
Water
greenhouse.
freelyoutdoors; moderately in winter.
Winter
temp., 40" to 50".
OF
OTHER
SPECIES:
CULTURE
moist,
leaf-mould,
6-in. pot.
a
pots to their
part
"
or
CULTIVATED:
(Altaian Violet),purple. May,
V.
6
seeds sown
in July or
in light sandy soil

Aug., transplanting
serted
Sept. or Oct.; by cuttings inSept.; divisions in Sept. or Oct. ;
alpina, purple,June, 3 in., B. Europe;

altaioa
in., Siberia; biflora (Twin-floweredViolet),yellow,
452
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
or
beginning
in
eyes
only
if
to
the
July.
or
ground
of
stem
outside, directlyafter
form
"
grow
first form.
future
planting.
stem;
following
this
Prune
Distance
young
Dec.
rub
2 in.
all
halfway
one
if
back
form
to
Feb.
or
to
it
enters
strong
shoot
when
they
strong;
two-
off
others
apart.
ft.
where
of
Allow
from
raised
plants
tor
planting:
planted in Jan.
of
case
vine
if inside; to witniu
the
Shorten
of
in
or
June
spring,
Pbuking:
within
Sin.
house
Feb.
of
GARDENING.
"
side shoots
young
year : Allow
in a young
off remainder
rub
18
in.
apart;
grow
up
bunch, if
state.
Nip off points of side shoots at first joint beyond
shoots
side
following
fourth
otherwise
at third
or
joints. Prune
any,
" third
to form
main
stem
Dec.
near
close to last bud
or
spurs,
eye
for second
advised
stem
portion. Third
as
same
portion of main
third portion of
at
to form
side shoots
spurs, also on
year ; Allow
at a spur, select strongest
shoot forms
than one
If more
main
stem.
before
of shoots
as
off
remainder.
off
rub
points
"
Nip
(disbud)
shoots
Dec. shorten
advised.
issuingfrom spurs, also from
thirds
shoot
if weak.
Second
one
roof
to
Following
third
of
main
portionof
stem
main
to
to
stem,
length
also
last eye or bud;

and
Fourth
fourth
subsequent
rafters.
of
portion
years:
(disbudding) all side shoots

rubbing
pruning
each
on
at
(stopping)points at first joint
spur, nipping
except one
from
fourth
bunch
base,
or
cutting back, Dec. or Jan., side
beyond
consist
to
Future
off
of
their base.
eye from
Wateeinq:
Time
Temperatuee
Staeting
and
for starting Vines:
for May;
Jan.
for June;
Nov.
to ripen first in April;Dec.
March
March
artificial heat will ripen in
without
Vines
started
for July.
m
Aug. or Sept. Temp, by night: 35" to 40" until buds break; 40" to
then
until
50"
flowers
from
expand; 50" to 55" during flowering
then
until berries are
60"
70"
from
to
period;
ripe. Temp, by day:
60" on
cold " 70" to 75" on
days until buds break ; 65" on cold
sunny
" 75"
to 80"
on
days until vines flower; 75" on cold " 85"
sunny
till grapes
90"
onwards
to
are
on
days
ripe. Watering Inside
sunny
heated
water
to
Borders
: Apply
temp. 60" at the rate of 4 to 5 gall.
foot when
vines are
shoots
6 in.
are
started; again when
per
square
berries begin to
long; also just before flowers expand; lastly,when
time.
swell
for second
Borders
:
Watering Outside
Apply "water
similar
berries
temp. " quantity justbefore flowering" when
begin
time.
second
to swell
Syringe morning ife afternoon
daily until vines
Moisten
cease.
floors, staging, walls, " borders
several
flower, then
start
until
berries colour, then
times
tilation
Vendiscontinue.
daily from
:
Open the ventilators tentativelyon fine days when the sun
when
tilate
or
rises, " close again early in afternoon
sun
disappears. Venshoots
to last
bud
or
freelynight
Manubes
manure
first
form,
for
"
day during ripeningperiod.

Geaê
pob
heap,
"
diluted
again
ViKEs:
with
one-third
when
they
Drainings
water.
commence
from
stable
or
when
berries
colour
Special
Apply
to
soils" (a) Sandy soils not

much
containing
humus
2 lb. of guano,
3 lb. kaiuit, mixed
:
together, " latter crushed
fine; apply at the rate of 2oz. to a square
week
from
a
yard once
until they change colour,
time berries form
(b) Sandy soils containing
humus
of soda, 2 lb. superphosph.ite,
much
nitrate
: 1 lb.
3 lb
kainit
the
at
of IJoz. per square
rate
(c^'
applied
yard as advised for â^
falcpreous soils: lib. dried blood, 21b. superphosphate,lib. sulphate
manures
various
454
enoyolopjEdia
of
gardening.
of potash, appliedat the rate of 1

to a square
oz.
yard as recommended
for (a), (d) Peaty soils: lib. nitrate of
soda, 31b. basic slag, 21b.
sulphate of potash ; apply

Potash
a
"
soda
be
to
1 oz.
crushed
to
yard
square
fine; mixture
to
copious watering (Dyke). Top-dressing: Apply

to
manure
surface
compost
of
ashes
bone
fruit
f lb.
two
of
border
when
vines
part of
parts loam, one

ground
fortnight.
in by
well washed
2 in. of horse
to
commence
or
c^w
Also
grow.
equal proportions of wood

first removing
applied in autumn,
loose inert soil from
surface.
Cropping : Average weight of
of rod, 1 lb.
per foot run
Average weight of a fair-sized bunch,
of bunches
bone
Average number
12.
by a rod 12 ft. long, about
bunch
one
to every
only to each spur, for heavy c-op; one
"
Allow
alternate
shavings or
for
spur
seeds, and
again
berries to enable
hand
head.
or
moderate
later on,
them
to
bones
Thin
crop.
berries
fully develop.
temp., 60", Nov. to Feb.

apply freely. Increase temp,
in
Give
to
when
size of radish
lin. between
space
Avoid
touching berries with
ripe: 40" to 45".
finallyallowing
Temp, for grapes when

Pot
Cttltuiie:
Two-year-old plants
pots best adapted for fruit in pots. No
in
once
be
of
established
in
10
12 in.
or
repotting required.
little water
65" after buds
Place
till buds
break,
break,
to
"
then
75" when
flower; lower
to 68" afterwards
until
stoning is completed, when
to
raise
70".
Allow
above
to
be increased
5" to 10" by
again
temp,
sun-heat.
until
vines
Thin
flower.
when
berries
size of
Syringe daily
radish
above
seeds.
of
one
stimulants
three
times
Apply
liquid
weekly after berries form " until they are ripe. Top-dress with Stanrate
den's manure
of a tablespoonful to each
at the
pot ; or with
loam
"
vine
two
Thomson's
when
one
berries form.
manure
part
parts
vine to carry 6 to 8 bunches
Allow
each
8 to 101b. altogether.
"
OuTDOOB
Soil, two
part of
ashes, old mortar, half-inch bones, " rotten
wall.
Position, against a south sunny
Plant, 2 ft. apart,
March.
for indoor;
Prune, Jan, or Feb., preciselyas advised
Cultuhe:
equal proportionsof
manure.
Nov.
or
also in
Disbud
culture.
vines
wood
similar
manner.
Manures
advised
for
door
in-
equally applicablefor outdoor ones.

Data:
Supposed date of introduction
to England, 280 a.d.

TJsmruL
200 ft.
2611).
in a house
4oz.
bunch
Heaviest
Average
yield
grown,
returns
at
at
Is.
to
lb.,
."150;
27
3,0001b.
Average
ft.,
2,500
by
per
in which
best prices(2s.6d. to 73. 6d. per lb.)
Months
2s. 6d., i375.
months
obtained, Feb., March, April," May; worst
(9d. to 23.),
are
Nov.,
"
Dec,
Jan.
in temp. 55" to 65"

in light mould
seeds sown
: By
in light sandy soil in temp. 65" to
in spring; by "eyes" inserted
6 in. long " having
75" in Jan., Feb., or March
; by cuttings of shoots
inserted
in shady position
at
attached
base,
branch
older
of
slice
a
arching
autumn
or
Nov. ; layering shoots in summer
in Oct. or
; inoutdoors
in flower.
the vines are
in spring; grafting when
nary,
VINES:
ORNAMENTAL
Soil, good ordiHABDY
OF
CULTURE
Pbopagation
enriched
Virginian
with
sown
form
manure.
Position, walls
or
fences
tor
straggling shoots of Virginian creepers

previous year's shoots of other kinds not required
Propagate by seeds
branches, to 1 in. from base in Feb.
in spring; cuttings of shoots, 6 to 8 in. long, inserted
in autumn.
in winter; shorten
Plant
to
decayed
Creepers; arbours, trellises,poles,pergolas,etc., for others.
new
in heat
Prune
away
455
ENCYCLOPEDIA
in
of
pots
shoots
in
soil
sandy
GARDENING.
OF
in
frame
cold
Sept.
in
layering the
Oct.;
"
autumn.
CULTURE
VINE
sand.
shoots
KANGAROO
OF
loam
part leaf-mould, " one

pots, or in well-drained
"
beds,
parts peat, one
Ck)mpost, two
Pot,
Veh.
trained
of
up
Position,
March.
roof
on
or
wire
Temp.,
freely March
55".
45"
to
March
to
55"
60"
to
March
to Sept.
Propagate by
; Sept.
with
removed
of
2
portion of stem
shoots,
cuttings, in. long,
young
filled
with
inserted
in
2-in.
sandy peat in temp. 85"
attached, "
trellis.
Water
to
pot
in
April.
Summer
(ostiTalis (American
SPECIES
Tine), climber, V.
OtTLTIVATED:
T.
climber,
antalotica,
greenhouse
Stat"a; antarotica
(Kangaroo Vine), Syn. Cissus
tinted
in
crimson
leaves
ealifornica
Australia;
(Californian Vine), climber,
in
tinted
crimson
leaves
climber,
California
Vine),
autumn,
; Coignetiaj (Japanese
climber,
major,
self-clinging; flexuosa
autumn,
Japan ; Engelmanni, climber, stems
quoise
(TurChina
and
in autumn,
leaves richly tinted
Japan ; heterophylla humulifolia
and
Japan ; heterophylla
climber, blue
berries, China
Berry Tine), dwarf
Veitchii),
(Syn. Ampelopsis
humulifolia
variegated; inconstans
variegata, leaves
Labrusca
and
China;
Veitch's
self-clinging, Japan
Virginian Creeper, climber, stems
N.
Fox
America;
quinquetolia (Syn. Ampelopsis
(American
Grape), climber,
America;
self -clinging, N.
the
hederacea),
Virginian Creeper, climber, stems
vinifera
purpleOrient;
the
cultivated
of
Vines,
purpurea,
Grape
vinifera, parent
leaved.
Vriesia."
See
Wachendorfla.
Tillandsia.
"
Ord.
Haemoradaceae.
Half-hardy tuberous-
16S7.
rooted plants. First introduced
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
Soil, light, rich sandy. Position, sunny
4- in.
deep
well-drained
border.
Plant, Sept. to Jan., placing bulbs
of bed
surface
" 2 in. apart. Lift " replant bulbs
annually. Mulch
in March
with
cow
manure.
POT
CULTURE
part leaf:
well drained.
mould
manure.
Pot, 4J in. in diameter,
or
decayed cow
Place
five bulbs, 3 in. deep, in each

under
in cold frame
or
fibre refuse
pot
cool
time
in
Nov., "
cover
with
greenhouse stage
cocoanut-
until
growth
until
begin
grow
bulbs dry till Jan.
Temp.,
sets
40" to 50" ; other times, 50" to 60".
Propagate by offSept. to March
advised
for bulbs.
treated
as
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
: W.
paniculata, yellow, April, 3 ft. ; thrysiflora,yellow.
May, 2 ft. : natives of S. Africa.
house
GreenOrd.
Wahienbersia
(Bell-flower).
Campanulaceae.
begins.
flowers
moderately
Water
fade,
then
from
gradually cease,
bulbs
to
keeping
"
"
SPECIES:
GREENHOUSE
OF
with a little silver sand.
house.
greenWater
wards.
Pot, March.
freely,April to Oct. ; moderately after45" to 50".
to March
Temp., March
HARDY
SPECIES
CULTURE
OF
: Soil, ordinary.
Position, sunny
rockeries.
in a temp,
division
in spring.
of 55" in March
or
April; cuttings in summer;
\V.
saxioola
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
Bellflower), lilac, June,
(New Zealand
1 to 2 ft., Juan
and
Fernandez.
Zealand
6 in.. New
rose,
summer,
; tuberosa, white
HARDY
W.
hederacea
bell,
HareSPECIES:
hederaceal, Creeping
(Syn. Campanula
6 in.,
blue, summer,
trailing, Britain^ Kitabelii, blue and
purple, summer,
6 in., Dalmatia.
Transylvania; tenuifolia,blue, violet and white, summer,
Waitzia
(EverlastingFlowers). Ord. Compositee.
Half-hardy
1835.
annuals.
First introduced
CULTURE
beds or borders.
Sow
;
seeds i in. deep in light sandy soil in temp. 55" to 65" in March
or
CULTURE
peat and
loam
"
456
ENOYOLOP^DIA
April, harden
t"lly grown,
OF
GARDENING.
off in
Gather
blooma
when
May, " plant out in June.
for winter
decoration.
dry thoroughly in summer
POT
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts sandy peat, leaf-mould,
loam, " decayed cow
Sow
seeds thinly in shallow
manure.
or
pan
bo.x in temp. 55" to 65" in
Sept. for spring
flowering," in March
for summer
three leaves
have
formed
blooming. Transplant when
1
in.
in
apart
5-in.
Grow
pot.
first; freelylater
at
when
6 in.
"
seedlingsare
high.
SPECIES
No
shade
required.
CULTIVATED:
yellow, summer,
1 to
W.
2 ft. ;
Waldsteinia
Winter
natives
stimulants
of
with
summer,
once
stakes
neat
temp.,
yellow,
aurea,
Water
glass.
near
weak
Apply
high. Support
in.
shelf
on
on.
45"
1
moderately
week
when
to
55".
to
to
ft.; grandiflora,
Australia.
Eosaceae.
Hardy
strawberry). Ord.
introduced
1800.
CULTURE:
rockeries.
Position
on
sunny
flower
in Sept. Propagate by
Plant, Oct. to April. Cut away
stems
seeds sown
boxes
well-drained
or
pots of light
soil in cold frame, April or July, or in
positions(similardepth
sunny
" soil)outdoors, April or Aug. ; division of plants, Oct. to April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: W.
fragarioides, yellow. June, 6 in., N. America.
Wall
Cress
(Arabis albida)."See Arabis.
Wallflower.
See Cheiranthus.
WalllChia.
Ord. Palmacese.
Stove palm. Orn. foliage. Leaves
perennial
(Barren
herbs.
"
First
"
"
feather-shaped.
CULTURE
little sand.
Feb.
Water
Compost,
copiously,Feb.
daily,summer.
Shade
55"
March
attached, Feb.
Oct.
parts rich loam,
two
to
or
from
65".
March.
to
pots
in
part leaf-mould,
one
moist
part of
Temp., March
to
sun.
Oct.
Pot,
stove.
to
Syringe
75"
removed
85";
to
with, roots
: W.
oaryotoides, 6 to 12 ft.,India.
Wall
Pepper
(Sedum acre)." See Sedum.
Wall
Rue
Fern
(Asplenium Ruta-muraria). See Asplenium.
Walnut
(Juglans regia). See Juglaus.
stove
Orchidacese.
Dwarf
Ord.
Waluewai
epiphytal orchids.
Seldom
grown.
CULTURE
:
Compost, equal parts fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum
and a little charcoal.
moss
pots in shady part
March.
Water
to
of stove.
freely March
Sept.,
Repot, Feb. or
65"
to
March
to
Oct.,
75"; Oct. to
Temp.,
to Sept.; restingperiod.
March, 60" to 65".
of
last-made
base
pagate
at
Flowers
pseudo-bulb. Proappear
Sept to Feb.
of
pseudo-bulbs.
by division
W.
CULTIVATED:
pulohella, yellow and purple, Feb., Brazil.
SPECIES
See Saxifraga.
Jevw
Wandering'
(Saxifragasarmentosa').
Plant
Wand
(Galax aphylla). See Galax.
CULTIVATED
SPECIES
"
"
"
"
"
Warcevtficzella.
Warrea.
"
Ord.
"
See
Zygopetalum.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
terrestrial
orchids.
First
troduced
in-
1843.
CULTURE:
Pot,
manure.
moist
April
to
be
decayed
cow
or
drainage
than
half
with
higher
Sept.; moderately, Sept.
to
leaf -mould, loam, "
pots in warm
during growing period ; cool and dry part during
of stove
period. Cover
part
resting
compost
March
an
to
467
of
below
layer
inch
moss,
rim.
"
do
Water
not
allow
freely,
Jan.; keep nearly dry, Jan.
to
ENCYCLOPEDIA
March.
Temp., March
March
55" to
period, Oct. to March.
Jan.
or
to
GARDENING.
OF
to
Sept. 65"
to
Growing
65".
85"; Sept.
to
period, March
60"
Jan.
to
Oct.;
to
70";
resting
pseudo-bulbs,March
of
April.
SPECIES
Brazil.
CULTIVATED:
W.
Washing'tonia..
plants
"
greenhouse
or
tricolor, white, yellow and
Ord.
palms.
Palmeas.
Leaves
of
genus
roundish
purple,
and
summer,
ornamental
fringed
in.,
warm
with
ments.
fila-
CULTURE
tion,
Posi: Compost,
equal parts peat, loam, and silver sand.
Water
pots in partial shade.
Hepot, Feb.
moderately Oct. to
to
Temp. Sept. to March, 55" to 65"; March
Sept., 66" to 75".

in spring.
Propagate by
seeds
in above
sown
compost in temp.
85
SPBCIKS
10
CULTIVATED:
W.
fllifera (Syn. Brahea
Pritohardia
or
filamentosa),
ft.,S. America.
Water
Arum
See Calla.
(Calla palustris)."
Water
Caltrops
(Trapa nutans)." See Trapa.
Water
Chestnut
(Trapa nutans)." See Trapa.
Water
Cress
(Nasturtium ofScinale).See Nasturtium.
Water
Daffodil
(Stembergia lutea). See Sternbergia.
Water
Elm
See Zelkowa.
(Zelkowa acuminata.)
to
20
"
"
"
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Lettuce
Locust
(Pistiastratiotes)."See
(Gleditschiamonosperma).
Pistia.
See Gleditschia.
Oat
(Zizania aquatiea.) See Zizania.
Plantain
(Alisma Flantago). See Alisma.
Rice
(Zizania aquatiea). See Zizania.
Soldier
See Stratiotes.
(Stratiotesaloides)."
Violet
(Hottonia palustris).See Hottonia.
Watsonia
Half-hardy bulbous
(Bugle Lily)." Ord. Iridaceae.
1750.
First
introduced
plants.
OUTDOOR
CULTURE:
tion,
PosiSoil, deep rich, liberally manured.
well-drained
beds
borders.
Nov.,
sheltered,
or
Plant,
sunny,
Place
6 in. apart in groups
4 in. deep "
of
Feb., or March.
corms
tect
Proeach corm.
three, six, or twelve; put a little silver sand under
in winter
with
when
layer of manure.
Apply liquid manure
flower buds
Fix
Lift
form.
stakes to spikes wnen
2 or
3 in. high.
in
"
store
cool
in
till
time.
corms
Sept.,
place
planting
POT
CULTURE:
part well-decayed
" river sand.
manure
Position, pots in cold frame, cool greenhouse,
window.
1 in. deep in a
or
Pot, Oct. to March,
placing five corms
in
cold
6-in. pot. Place
frame
till flower
move
pots
spikes show, then reWater
window.
to greenhouse or
moderately at first; freely
afterwards.
when
flower
After
Apply liquid manure
spikes show.
water
till foliagedies, then
flowering, gradually withhold
keep quite
of
dry till repotted. Propagate by seeds sown
Jin. deep in pans
light rich soil in Feb., m
temp. 55" to 65" ; by bulbils planted 3 in.
border
outdoors, March.
deep " 6 in. apart in sunny
W.
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
ooooinea, scarlet, May, 1 ft.; densiflora, rosy red,
O'Brieni
3 ft. ; rosea
June, 1 ft. ; Moriana
(Syn. W. Ardemi), white, sammer,
of S. Africa.
^Syn. Gladiolus
pyramidatus), rose, July, 2 ft. Natives
Wax
Flovtfer
(Hoya carnosa). See Hoya.
Weather
Plant
(Abrus precatorius). See Abrus.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Wedding
Weeping
Flower
Ash
(Moraea robinsoniana). See Morsea.

"
(Fraxinus excelsior
458
pendula).
"
See
Frasinus.
MNOYOLOPMDtA
OF
QAHDJUNINQ.
wff Si!?^5-""^*^{^B.suasylvaticuspendula)." See Fagus.

w^f5-"^ ^V^^ (Betula alba pendula Youngii)." See Betula.
wf f S-'"^ "V (U"''s glabra pendula)."See Ulmus.
"
CQuercus pedunculata pendula)." See Quercua.

(Salix babylonica)-See
Salix.
lu^f 5-"^ S?..

wf
i^'P^ Willow
Weigrela
See
"
Diervilla.
Palmaceae.
Stove palm.
Orn.
^^'^^'^T^"^-?foliage. First
Leaves, partiallyfeather-shaped;
'"^""^^f^^^ljeg.
bronzy green.
iu-
Compost,
ij
March
part, equal propoitions leaf-
one
soaked
in
to
temp. 65"
SPECIES
55"
then
essential.
Water
copiously,
times.
to Oct.
65"
Temp., March
65".
Propagate by seeds previously
inch deep in turfy loam
an
" leaf-
regâ,
10 to
W.
Weliingtonia
to
sown
75". spring.
to
CULTIVATED
Welsh
Welsh
atmosphere
moderately other
March
tepid water,
in
mould
to
Oct.
little sand.
Pot, Feb.
Shade
from
sun.
Syringe
"
manure,
of stove.
Oct.
Moist
Oct.;
to
85
loam
decayed cow
moist
part
pots in
daily. March
to
rich
mould,
30
ft., New
Grenada.
See Sequoia.
See Allium.
"
Onion."
Polypody
(Polypodium vulgare cambricum)."
See Poly-
podium.
Welsh
Poppy
mushroom-like
filaments.
A
CULTUEE:
well-drained
Full
(Meconopsis cambrica). See Meconopsis.

Ord.
Gnetaceae.
A
curious
hothouse
plant of
of growth with
leaves fringed with
ribbon-like
"
WelwitSChia.
"
habit
difficult
plant
Eqûalparts
bed
lu
to
sun
exposure
to grow.
brick
hot. dry
essential.
rubble
and
Temp.
sand.
coarse
Scarcely any
corner.
55"
Position,
in winter;
75"
required.
water
in
summer.
Propagation, exceedingly difficult.

SPECIES
Western
West
West
CULTIVATED
W.
Plane
Indian
Indian
mirabilis, Trop. Africa.
"See
(Platanus occiden talis).
Platanus.
Jasmine
(Ixora coccinea)."See Ixora.
Kale
(Colocasiaantiquorum esculeutum).
"
See
Colocasia.
Weymouth
Whangee
Pine
(Pinus Strobus)." See Pinus.
Cane
(Phyllostachysnigra)." See Phyllostachys.
White
Beam-tree
(Pyrus Aria)."See Pyrus.
Whitlavia.
See Phacelia.
Grass."
Whitlow
See Draba.
Whorl-flower.
See Morina.
Whortleberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus). See Vaccinium.
Widdring:tonia
(African or Milanji Cypress). Ord. Coniferoe.
Tender
coniferous
trees, suitable only for greenhouse cultivation
evergreen
in this country. Habit, elegant " graceful.
CUXTURE
: Compost, two
parts sandy loam " one part leaf-mould,
with
liberal amount
of silver sand.
a
Position, pots in light,sunny
Water
to Oct. ; moderately
freely,March
greenhouse. Pot in March.
afterwards.
Temp.. March
45" to
in gentle heat in spring, transferring
55".
'
"
"
"
"
seedlings singly to smallpots

SPECIES
Africa.
CULTIVATED:
Wigrandia.
First
"
introduced
wrinkled,
more
W.
Ord.
1836.
or
less
as
soon
Whytei,
large enough
as
leaves
glaucous
Hydrophyllacese.
Height, 3 to 10
downy.
469
Stove
ft.
and
orn.
to handle.
graceful. Central
foliage plants.
Leaves, large, very

.
GAEDMNING.
OF
"BNCYCLOPMBIA
doors.
outbeds
sheltered
Plant,
of year.
to Oct.;
warm
greenhouse remainder
CULTURE:
May

in sandy
soil in temp. 65" to 76" in Teb. ; cuttings inserted
treated
an
as
bell-glassm temp. 75" in spring. Usually
seldom
preserved during the winter.
May
or
Lift, Sept.
June.
or
Willow
See
Willow
Herb.
"
Winter
to
10
ft.,
Andromeda.
Saliz.
See
"
Windflower.
Wine-berry
See
annual
Rhus.
"
Rosemary.
light
soil under
macrophylla),
(Syn. W.
W.
CULTIVATED:
caroassana
SPEOIBS
Mexico;
Vigieri, 4 to 6 ft., lilac, autumn.
(Rhus Cotinus). See
Wig' Tree
Wild
in
Oct.
See
"
Epilobium.
Anemone.
(Rubus phoenicolasius).See Rubus.

Aconite
(Eranthis hyemalis). See Eranthis.
See Physalisand Solanum.
Cherry.
Cress
(Barbarea praecox). See Barbarea.
Flax
(Reinwardtia trigyna). See Reiuwardtia.
Green
(Pyrola minor)." See Pyrola.
Hawthorn
(Aponogeton distachyon). See
"
"
Winter
"
Winter
"
Winter
"
Winter
Winter
"
Apono-
geton.
(Ericacamea). See Erica.

Heliotrope
(Tussilagofragrans). See Tussilago.
Savory
(Satureiamontana). See Satureia.
Sweet
(Acokauthera apectabilis).See Acokanthera.
Heath
Winter
Winter
"
"
Winter
"
Winter
"
Vine;
(Grape-flower
Wistaria
minosffi.
Hardy
deciduous
climbing
Ord.
First
Kidney-bean Tree)."
Legu-
flowering shrubs.
duced
intro-
1724.
CULTURE:
Soil, -deep rich sandy loam.
dards
borders
pergolas; or as stanagainst S. or S.W. walls; or on sunny
March
districts.
in
lawns
in sheltered
Plant,
or
on
tending
or
April. Prune, Jan. or Feb., shortening shoots not required for exto within
1 in. of
branches
base.
Propagate
by layering
shoots during summer.
young
Sirubbery
W.
sinensis
Tree), mauve,
(Chinese Kidney-bean
sinensis
flora
sinensis
alba, ivhite ;
pleno, doable ;
(American
Tree),
purple; frutescens
Kidney-bean
maorobotryS;white, blue, and
April, 10 ft., U. States; frutesoeuB
alba, white; mnltijujâ, lilao-purple,
maUTe.
SPECIES
China
Uay,
summer,
CULTIVATED:
sinensis
China.
Witch's
Thimble
Witloof,"
Witsenia."
See
(Silenemaritima)." See
SUene.
Cichorium.
See
Aiistea.
Wolf's-bane
(Aconitum lycoctonum). See Aconitum.

Wood
Anemone
(Anemone nemerosa). See Anemone.
Woodbine
(Lonicerapericlymenum). "ee Lonicera.
Wood
Lily." See Trillium.
Woodruff
(Asperulaodorata). See Asperula.
Woodsia.
Deciduous
Ord. Filices.
Greenhouse
" hardy ferns.
"
"
"
"
"
"
Fronds, feather-shaped.
evergreen.
CULTURE
OP
GREENHOUSE
SPECIES:
with
"
little
silver
"
charcoal.
loam,
sand,
peat
beds
in
Pot
or
shady greenhouse.
pots or
March
to
Water
afterwards.
Oct.; moderately
freely,
Syringing not
460
MNCrCLOPMDlA
Xanthosoma..
foliage.
variegated.
CULTUBE
Ord. Aroideae
"
First
OF
introduced
GARD'ENINQ.
Stove
Orn.
perennial herbs.
shaped, green or
Leaves, arrow-head
1710.
cayed
de-
Compost,equal parts turfy loam, peat, leaf -mould,
"
silver sand.
in
shade.
pots
pots just large enough to take tubers in Feb.
to larger pots in April or May.
Water
or
March; transfer
moderately,
Feb.
to April " Sept.to Nov. ; freely,April to Sept. ; keep quite drv,
Nov.
to Feb.
Temp., Feb. to Sept. 70" to 80"; Sept. to Nov. 65" to
75"; Nov. to Feb. 55" to 65"Propagate by dividing the tubers in
manure,
Pot
moderately firm
Feb.
or
in
March.
SPECIES
OULTITATBD:
X. Barilletii,Trop. America;
Lindenii
(Syn. Phyllota:violaceum, W. Indies.
(Immortelle; Annual
Everlasting). Ord.
First introduced
1570.
Compositse. Hardy annuals.
Flowers, single
" double;
for winter
suitable
decoration.
CULTURE
beds or borders.
Sow
:
seeds in light soil in March,
in temp. 55" to 65", planting out in
for
flowers
winter
June, or in open
ground end of April. Gather
decoration
directly they are fully expanded.
nium
Liudenii),Colombia;
Xeranthemum
SPECIES
"
CULTIVATED:
Xerophyllum
X.
purple, etc.,
annuum,
(Turkey's Beard)." Ord.
2 ft., S.
summer,
Liliaceee.
Europe.
Hardy
nial
perenFirst introduced
1765.
CULTURE:
Soil, moisf sandy peat. Position, boggy gardens or
margins of ponds or lakes. Plant, March
or
April. Propagate by
seeds
in moist
sown
peaty soil in April where
required to grow, or
or
April.
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
: X.
asphodeloidos,white, May, 1 ft.,N. Amerioft.
Ord.
Orchidaceae,
Stove
First
Xylobium."
epiphytal orchids.
1826.
introduced
aquatic herb.
CULTURE
with
moss,
baskets
or
Compost, equal parts fibirypeat
"
chopped sphagnum
little sand
" charcoal.
pots, pans,
in light part of greenhouse.
Pot
when
new
mences.
growth comWater
deciduous
speciesfreely from time new
growth begins
until Nov., then occasionally;evergreen
to
whilst
twice
Nov.; moderately,Nov. to March.
or
Syringe once
daily
making growth. Ventilate
freely.May to Sept. Temp., April to
55" to 65"; Oct. to April 45" to 50".
Oct.
Growing period, Feb.
to
Oct.
Feb.
to March;
Plants
be grown
in sitting-room
restingperiod,
may
cool conservatory when
in flower.
or
division
Propagate by
of
pseudo-bulbsimmediately
SPECIES
CULTIVATED:
X.
after
flowering.
discolor, yellow
brown, spring, W.
elongatam, yellow, white, and

and
purple, spring, Brazil.
Yam
(Dioscoreasativa). See
Yarrovtf.
See Achillea.
"
and
white,
Indies
Indies;
spring, W.
squalens, yellow, white,
Dioscorea.
"
Yellow
YellOVtf
Asphodel
Ox-Eye.
Yellow
Star
YellOVtf
Water-Lily
Yellow
Wood
Anemone.
Yerba
Yewf."
Yucca
of
Mansa
See Taxus.
(Asphodelinelutea).
"
"
See
See
Asphodeline.
Bupthalmum.
Bethlehem
(Gagea lutea)." See Gagea.

(Nuphar advena)." See Nuphar.
Anemone
(Anemone ranunculoides). See
"
(Anemonopsis macrophylla).
(Adam's Needle;
"
Mound
ma,
See
Anemonopsis.
Lily; Spanish Bayonet). Did.

"
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Liliaceae.
Greenhouse
OF
hardy
"
GARDENING.
perennials.
eversfreen
duced
intro-
First
1626.
CULTURE
drained.
OP
singly
or
with
HARDY
lawns.
mounds,
Soil, ordinary light wellrockeries, raised borders,
April.
Protect
SPECIES
Position, sunny
banks,
Plant, Oct.
or
in
weather
severe
mats.
CULTURE
GREENHOUSE
OF
sandy loam,
leaf-mould
part
one
Sept. to June;
iu
soil, June
Pot, March.
sunny
Sept.;
to
Water
or
SPECIES:
little sand.
"
Compost,
parts
two
Position, light greenhouse,
pots plunged to rims

entirely in greenhouse.
positionoutdoors,
be
may
freely, April
grown
to
Sept.;
little afterwards.
very
when
root-bound.
Temp., Sept. to March,
necessary
to 65".
to Sept. 55"
40" to 50"; March
Propagate by division in
serted
or
March, offsets or suckers in March
April; cuttings of roots inin temp. 55" in spring.
in sand
States
and
SPECIES:
T.
15 ft., S. V.
GREENHOUSE
aloifolia,white, summer,
W. Indies; and its varieties Draconis
(leaves purplish),
(leaves drooping), purpurea
varieleaves
(leaves slender), tricolor
quadrioolor (leaves reddish), tenuifolia
g;atedvrith white, green, and yellow), variegata (leaves striped with white).
SPECIES
HAEDT
: T.
angustifolia,white, July, S. U. States ; fllamentosa, white,
variegata, variegated; glauca, white, July, S. TJ.
June, S. TJ. States; filamentosa
States; gloriosa (Adam's Needle), white, July, 6 to 9 ft., S. U. States; recurvifolia,
S. U. States.
leaves recurving, white, summer,
Yuia.n
(Magnolia conspicua). See Magnolia.
ZaluzJanskia.
Ord.
Scrophulariaceae. Half-hardy annuals.
Repotting only
"
"
First
introduced
slightly covered
"
Position,
sandy loam.
rockeries.
or
1824.
Soil, rich
CULTURE:
with
silver sand
"
borders
sunny
of fine light mould
warm
surface
on
placed
in
55"
temp.
to
65"
in
transplantingseedlingsoutdoors in June, or sow seeds L-16 in

Water
in May
where
outdoors
requiiredto flower.
plants are
deep
refuse
inof
cocoanut-fi""ve
with
weather.
Mulch
in
layer
freely
dry
March,
June.
SPECIES
and summer,
pink and
CULTIVATED:
fragrant,
yellow. May,
Zamia
1
6
Z. oaijensis (Syn. Nycterinia capensis), white, spring,

ft.,S. Africa; selaginoides (Syn. Nycterinia selaginoides),
in., S. Africa.
(Jamaica Sago Tree).

foliageplants. First
"
orn.
Ord.
Cycadaceae. Stove
1691.
introduced
Leaves,
or
house
greenfeather-
shaped.
" peat, little silver sand.
loam
Pot, Feb. or
iu
shady part of stove.
pots
Oct.
to
March
daily,
April to
Syringe
Water
March.
copiously,
March
from
Shade
sun.
essential.
Temp.,
Sept. Moist atmosphere
seeds
70".
60"
to
March
by
to
Propagate
75" to 85"; Oct.
to Oct.
"
removed
offsets
75"
to
85",
by
soil in temp.
spring;
in
CULTURE:
sown
placed
light
in
small
division, Feb.
or
pots under
bell-glassin propagator
,
SPECIES
Lindenii,
CULTIVATED:
8 ft., Ecuador;
Zanzibar
Zauschneria
spring;
in
by
March.
Balsam
Z.
purpuraoca
Wallsii, Colombia.
(Jamaica
"
Sago Tree),
",
"
,i
ft., wW.
jIndies;
(Impatieus Sultani)." See Impatiens.

Fuchsia)."Ord. Onagraceas. Half(Californian
hardy shrubby perennial.First introduced 1847,

rockery or
Soil, sandy loam.
CULTURE:
seeds
iu light
sown
by
or
April. Propagate
old wall.
Plant, March
55" to 65",
in
fine
mould,
with
temp.
place
sandy soil,lightlycovering
end of May or beginning of
seedlingsoutdoors
March, transplanting
463
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
June;
cuttings
by
of
side
young
GARDENING.
shoots
in
inserted
pots
of
positionoutdoors
in
or
sandy soil under bell-glass
hand-light
shady
in Sept., protecting cuttings in heated
greenhouse until following
April, then plantingout; by division of old plants in April.
cali1 ft., California;

CULTIVATED:
Z. californioa, scarlet, autumn,
grandiflora, large flowered.
Gramineae.
Zea.
nual.
Half-hardy anCorn). Ord.
(Maize; Indian
1562.
Leaves, narrow,
grasslike ; green or variegated with white.
seeds Jin. deep " lin.
CULTURE:
Soil, ordinary. Sow
apart in
boxes
Fob.
to
rich
soil
well-drained
in
5.5'
in
fi.")",
or
temjj.
pots
light
SPECIES
fornioa
"
2in.
high singly into 'iin, pots,
seedlingswhen
frame
in May " plant
to harden
Place
in
cold
4J-in.pots.
in
in
be
in June.
also
outdoors
May
pots
compost of equal
grown
sand.
Water
soil
"
"
leaf
little
-mould,
freely.
parts good loamy
March;
or
then
transfer
into
SPECIES
CULTIYATBD:
variegated.
Zebra
Zebrina.
Z.
Mays,
to
Mays
ft., Paraguay;
variegata,
Plant.
See Calathea.
Greenhouse
herbaceous
Ôrd. Commelinaceae.
trailing
introduced
1849.
oval
First
Orn
Leaves,
foliage.
oblong ;
perennial.
Stems
dark
above, purplish beneath.
creeping.
green, stripedwhite
tion,
PosiCULTURE
: Compost,
equal parts loam, leaf-mould, " sand.
in pots or baskets
suspended from roof, or in beds under
stage
Pot
rockeries.
or
or
on
plant, Jan. to April. AVater freely, March
Shade
from
strong sunshine.
Temp.,
40" to 50" Oct. to April; 55" to 65" April to Oct.
May be grown
frost
from
in winter.
a
in windows
as
pot or basket plant. Protect
inserted
in
shoots
soil under
of
light
cuttings
by
Propagate
young
"
"
bell-glassin
above
March
temp.,
to
Oct
pendula (Syn. Tradescantea

zebrina), purple, summer,
and
red.
lêxioo;
pendula tricolor,leaves variegated with white, green,
Ord
Urticaceae.
Zelkowa
Hardy
(Water Elm; Siberian Elm).
SPECIES
CULTIVATED
Z.
"
deriduous
of
trees
CULTURE
no
specialmerit.
Position,
loam.
Soil, deep
Closely allied
mixed
Feb.
to
the
clius.
shrubberies
by seeds
or
side
of
doors
outPlant,
sown
Propagate
water-courses.
or
in autumn
spring; grafting in March.
acuminata
Z.
(Syn. Ulmus
KeaJii), 30 to 40 ft.;
CULTIVATED:
SPECIES
Siberian
Elm, Siberia, 10 ft.; Viscljiiff^'U.ii (Svn.
polvgana),
crenata
(Syn. Ulmns
Oct.
to
Verschaffeltii),30 ft.
Zenobia.
Ord.
Ericaceae.
Hardy
flowering shrub.
evergreen
First introduced
1800.
CULTURE:
sheltered
Soil, peat or
Position, moist
sandy loam.
borders.
Plant, Sept., Oct., March, or April. Propagate by layering
Ulmus
"
in
Sept.
SPECIES
or
Oct.
CULTIVATED."
speciosa pulverulentea,
Zephyranthes
Swamp Lily; Flower
deciduous
bulbous
speciosa, white,
Z.
leaves
summer,
to
ft., N.
America;
whitish.
(Zephyr
of the
West
Atamasoo
Lily; Peruvian
Ord. Amaryllidacc;?. Hardy
First introduced
1629.
Flower;
Wind).
floweringplants.
CULTURE
"
HALF-HARDY
SPECIES:
OF
Soil, light sandy loam.
beds, borders, or rockeries.
Plant, .4ug.
sunny
Protect
in winter
to Nov., placing bulbs 3 to 4 in. deep " 4 in. apart.
bulbs
Lift " replant only when
show
by a layer of cinder ashes.
signs of deterioration.
SPECIES:
HARDY
CULTURE
OF
Position, well-drained pots in
part peat, leaf-mould, " silver sand.
464
cold
frame
aeep
in
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
greenhouse.
6-m. pot.
Pot, Aug.
or
or
Water
very
when
flowers
GARDENING.
to
Nov., placing one
little till growth

fade " keep soil
ireely. Withhold
water
potting time.
Propagate by offsets planted
large bulbs, Aug. to Nov.
HALE-HARDT
treated
2 in.
then
begins,
quite dry
till
advised
for
as
SPECIiDS
: Z. Audersoni, golden yellow, May,

6 in., Monte
Video;
Lily), pink. May, 1 ft., N. America;
May,j.
oarinata,, pink.
f
Atamaôo
(Atamasoo
6 m.,
Mexico.
:M.EDT
"
bulb
SPECIES
2epnyr
Z. Candida
(Peruvian Swamp
Lily),white, Sept., 6 in., Peru
Flower
(Zephyranthes Candida)."See Zephyranthes.

Zingriber
(Ginger)."Ord. Scitaminaceae.
Stove perennial. Roots
First introduced
16U5.
riTTTT-"^ ginger of commerce.
CULTURE:
Compost, equal parts loam, peat, " sand.
Position,
pots in shady moist part of stove.
Water
March
Pot, Feb.
copiously,
to Oct.; keep nearly dry, Oct.
to March.
to Oct.
75="
Temp., March
to
85"; Oct.
to March
division of
55" to 65".
die down
Stems
in autumn.
pagate
Proin Feb.
the rhizomes
SPECIES
OULTITATED
: Z.
red, July, 2 ft., E. Indies.
officinale,
Zinnia,
Ord.
(Youth-and-old-age)."
Compositas. Half hardy annuals.
First
introduced
1770.
by
CULTURE:
manure.
Soil, deep loamy,

beds
Position, sunny
or
in light soil in
third leaf forms
liberally enriched
with
decayed
deep
April. Transplant seedlings when
borders.
Sow
seeds
1-16 in.
55" early in
apart in shallow
glass in temp. 55"
temp.
2 in.
boxes
filled with light mould.
until seedlingsare
established,
house, and if possibleplant out 4 in. apart
frame
Shade
from
early in May.
sun,
keep
moist, " gradually expose to air, end of month.
Plant
out 8 to 12 in.
Sow
also outdoors
middle
of May.
pare
Preapart second week in June.
bed of rich soil in sunny
four
three or
seeds at
position,sow
intervals
of 12 in., " thin seedlingsto one
at each
third
place when
Mulch
all zinnias with
leaf
forms.
after
decayed manure
planting.
when
the plants
Water
liberallyin dry weather.
Apply stimulants
On
to flower.
to depth of 12 in.,
commence
dry soils take out mould
then
in.
of
former.
in,
manure
3
decayed
replace
put
Z. elegans, Tarious
CULTIVATED:
2 ft., Mexico;
SPECIES
colours, summer,
multiflora,scarlet,summer,
haageana, orange-yellow, eummer,
Place box near
the
then
to a cooler
remove
in good rich soil in cold
2 ft. ;
tenuiflora, scarlet,
summer,
ft., Mexico.
Zirania.
Oats; Canadian
Rice; Indian
(Water Rice; Water
Rice).
Graminese.
Ord.
Hardy aquatic perennial grasses.
CULTURE.
Soil, ordinary. Position, margins of shallow ponds or
in heat
lakes.
in
then
under
until
on
glass
May,
hardening
spring,growing seedlings
"
"
off in cold frame.

SPECIES
America.
Z.
CULTIVATED;
aquatica,
green
and
Zonal-Geranium
brown,
summer,
ft., N.
(Pelargonium zonale). See Pelargonium.

Hardy bulbous-rooted
Zygadenus.
plants.
sand.
CULTURE
:
Soil, peat, leaf-mould, and
Position, partially
Lift and
replant triennishady moist border or bed. Plant, autumn.
division
of
offsets
seeds
in
autumn
in sandy
sown
;
ally. Propagate liy
"
"
soil in
cold
frame
CULTIVATED
SPEOIES
and
purple; June, 18
Ord.
in
Liliaceae.
spring.
:
in., N.
anenBtifolim
(Syn. H-lonias
an?DS'if"lia\ white
and
America;
white, July, 2 ft., N.
elegans, green
.Tune, 18 in., N. America;
glaberrima, white, July,
Z.
Fremontii,
America;
cream,
1 ft., N. America;
Muscitoxicum,
June, 18 in., N. America.
green,
July,
465
ft.,N.
America;
Kuttallii, white.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
Zygro-Batemannia..
orchids,
mannia
the
result
CoUeyi.
"
Ord.
GARDENING.
Orchidaceae.
race
new
with
hybridising Zygopetalum crinitum

a
bigeneric orchid.
product is termed
of
The
of
Bate-
Habit
size.
medium
between
intermediate
Flowers
of
the two
genera.
similar culture
to Zygopetalums.
white
and
HKBRID
CULTIVATED:
Z. Maatersii, greeD,
chocolate, creamy
purple.
A
of bigeneric hybrid
Ord.
Orchidaceee.
race
ZygO-Colax.
orchids
obtained
of
those
of
Zygopetalum with
by crossingspecies
the two
Colax.
between
Flowers,
Habit, intermediate
large.
genera.
Eequire similar culture to Zygopetalums.
Z.
amesiana
HlfBEIDS
Colai
CULTIVATED:
x
jiigosus),
(Z. brachypetalum
C. jugosus), white,
x
purple, Tiolet, and white; leopardinus (Z. Gauterii
green,
0. jugoeUH), yellow, purple, violet, and
x
purple and blue; Veitohii (Z. crinitum
C.
white;
purple, white, and
x
wiganiana
(Z. intermedium
jugosus), green,
Eequire
"
Tiolet.
Orchidaceae.
Stove
Ord.
1825.
introduced
CtJLTUEE
:
C!ompost, equal parts rough fibrous
" charcoal.
moss
pots or
Zygopetalum.
"
epiphytal
orchids.
First
(roots being
from
roof.
covered
with
in
from
sun
June
58" to
round.
to
summer.
65";
Dec.
moss),
March.
Water
in
"
blocks
baskets
sphagnum
of
wood
suspended
freely,April to Sept. ;
Dec.
Give
to April. Shade
little,Dec.
very
Moist
essential.
to
atmosphere
Temp., March
to March
53" to 60".
All
the
Growing period:
Pot, etc., Feb.
moderately, Sept.
sphagnum
peat
on
or
Resting period:
None.
or
Flowers
at base of new
appear
time.
growth.
CULTIVATED:
Z. Burkei, green,
SPECIES
chocolate-brown, white, and
purple,
winter, 12 to 18 in., Demerara;
Burtii, white, yellow, brown, crimson, and purple,
1 ft,, Costa
and
liica; oerinum, straw
summer,
1 ft.,
yellow, Tarioua
seaeons,
violet, summer,
white, and
Chiriqui ; coeleste, blue, mauve,
Colombia:
crinitum,
white, and
purple, spring, 18 in. to 2 ft., Brazil; dayannm,
green,
white, greeni
and
1 ft., Colombia;
Gautieri, green,
purple, autumn,
brown, yellow, and
purple,
12 to 15 in., Brazil;
various
seasons,
gramineum, yellow, green, rod, and brown,
various seasons,
9 in., Brazil ; intermedium, green,
brown, white, and violet-purple,
Brazil; Klabocorum,
autumn,
white, purple, yellow, and
crimson, various
seasons,
1 ft., Ecuador
and
Lalindei, rose
1 ft., Colombia
;
yellow, various
seasons,
;
various
Lehmannii,
15 in., Ecuador;
white, purple, and mauve,
seasons,
Mackaii,
yellow, brown, and violet, winter, 18 in. to 2 ft., Brazil ; maxillare, greeni
green,
brown, violet, and blue, winter, 1 ft.,Brazil ; meleagris, white, yellow, and brown,
10
in., Brazil; Rollieonii, yellow and
summer,
3 in., Brazil;
purple, autumn,
and
white
rostratum,
and
purple. May
rosy
June, 8 in., British
Guiana
;
stapelioides,green,
yellow, brown, and
3 in., Brazil; Wendlandii
purple, summer,
Warscewiozella
(Syn.
and
Weidlandii), white
purple, Sept., 9 in., Costa
Rica;
xanthinum
3 in., Brazil.
yellow, red, and crimson, summer,
year
Propagate by division, any
466
ADVERTISEMENTS.
POPULAR
THE
WORK
ON
CULTURE
GARDENING.
OF-
VEGETABLES " FLOWERS

FROM
SEEDS
AND
(THIRTEENTH
The
Cultural
A
Year's
securing
Rotation
The
Chemistry
Monthly
beautiful
LAWNS
PESTS
THE
FUNGUS
The
DAILY
to
"
"The
Baste,
OF
successive
for
year.
Garden.
and
display
FROM
Roots,
of
the
most
work
is
one
of
SEEDS.
(Illustrated).
PLANTS
of CERTAIN
{Illustrated).
FLOWERS
the
best
{Illustrated).
English garden
on
practical
"
I am
says:
information
for which
notes
with
"
gardener to the
acknowledge the arrival of
Tucker,
ment."
manage-
scientific handbook
and
to
Hon.
five books
to
on
the
Earl
'
on
The
it the
I consider
for the young
men.
all matters
pertaining to a gentleman's
from
FIVE
SUTTON
and
SONS,
of
Radnor,
Culture
of
useful
most
works
says
"
"
Vegetables
and
beg
and
instructive
garden."
READING,
and
through
from
KENT
HAMILTON,
32, PATERNOSTER
I find
other
many
SHILLINGS,
all Booksellers
MARSHALL,
Book.
your
consult
of time."
waste
great
Rt.
delighted with
I had
'
PRICE
SIMPKIN,
Seeds
GARDEN
Sclerder,
the
Flowers
Direct
from
PLANTS
S3.ys:""
page
take copious
book
the
cultivation."
one
and
S. W.
reminders
at^d
crops,
Crops.
ensuring
GARDEN
rELEGRAPH
E.
Garden,
Vegetable
GROUNDS
PESTS
says:
in
Mr.
for
PESTS
FUNGUS
Rev.
Garden
TENNIS
OF
garden
The
Notes
AND
TIMES
the
in
Flowers
on
several
Vegetables throughout
Crops
of
the
varieties.
THE
The
of
Vegetable
on
of
supply
Articles
And
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continuous
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The
in
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Consistingof
EDITION.)
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ROOTS.
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
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R"
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THE
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FAVOURITES.
FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

REQUIREMENTS.
ALL
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"
H. MERRYWEATHER
xj
lar
r^
Established
CHARLES
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uotts.
F.R.H.S.,
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1881.
TOOPE,
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s
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ON
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"
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Telegrama: "Toopes,
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world.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
of
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Machinery
The
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to
King.
RANSOMES'
MOWERS,
LAWN
HAND
In
sizes
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suit
to
Designs.
New
users
Large
BEST
variety
every
Machines.
New
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New
and
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The
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of
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WORLD.
MACHINES,
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IN
BEST
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Patent
Spring
Handles.
Over
200
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SIMS " JEFFERIES,

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Ld.,
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Supplied
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Ironmongers.
advp:rtisements.
Flower
Foi^
DARR'S
"-'
snpply
beautiful
Annuals
It
gay.
SEEDslGUIDE
of Vegetables
is full
and
of
Select
and
for
the
o"
of
culture
Seeds
best
the
for
fiill Descriptive List
Garden
Flower
keeping: the
on
List
seonriug
most
tbe
Gret-nhouse
always
Flowers, valuable to
and
Vegetables
of
and
Exhibitors.
Collections
5/6,
Barr's
Year
Perennials
and
Ronud,"
(free) coDtains
"The
practical Hints
Gardeners, Amateurs
Barr's
^Kitchen Garden
7/6,
12/6,
Collections
21/-, 42/-, 63/-
vnrticîlars
Seeds,
Flower
2/6, 5/6, 7/6, 10/6, 15/-,21/-, 30/

Full
105/-.
to
Choice
of
Seeds,
Vegretable
of
42/-, 63/-.
ny"j)licaiion.
on
QoLD
The
most
I UUILXl
L/ni
/v\EDAL
lovely
Spk'nc
all
of
Plowef^s
at the
awarded
Medal
Barr's
the only Gold
Daffodils
Royal Iforticultural
were
Daffodil
Prize,
Conference,
1884; Premier
1894; Gold
Society's First Great
"10
First
Gold
Prize, and
los.
Medal,
Medals,
Medal,
1896; Gold
1899; Two
Gold
Gold
Gold
Medal, 1903;
Two
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Challen;;e Cup,
1902;
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Two
Gold
Gold
Two
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1906;
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1907;
1904;
1905;
and
Five
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Medals,
1908.
Barr's
21/- Amateur's
Daffodils, snitable
Barr's
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of
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for
Fop
Garden'*
21/- ** Flower
Bulbs, all decorative.
Barr's
For
Collection
"Woodland"
Wild
Orchards,
fullpa/rticalarsof
BARR "
the
Gardens,
above
and
each
contains
500
of 26
Bnlbs
high-cla^s
in
20
fine
Bulbs,
of
Outdoops,
300
contains
Collection
6 Balbs
Border.
GraSB, Shrubberies, etc.
contains
Collection
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quality.
21/-
in
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Barr's
Woodlands,
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Select
or
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contains
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for the
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600
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in
etc.
other
Collections,
see
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Bulb
Citalogie.
''"' LONDON.
SONS/i^lISSi"
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Visitors invited.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
00
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The
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Direct
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Only
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PEAS
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WEEKLY.
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Hardy
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"
"
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How
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How
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148
"
OP
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Production, ic.
Table
Purposes.
their Ailments.
Manage.
to Lay Out, Plant, and

\ How
J
advantage.
TERMS
12
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the
Horses,Pigs,Sheep,"c., and
RABBITS,
\
COATS, etc.
SMALL
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Manage
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SUBSCRIPTION:
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Order
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XIOSE:.
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Contains
Bobber.
NO
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W.
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THEM
MOUNT
WE
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
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Manures
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An
and
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By
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the
tion
Forma-
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Genera,
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Uses, Derivation,
Culture
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Gkorgk
H.
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PUBLISHED
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148
"
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and Under
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Them.
By T. W. Sanders, F.L.S.
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List
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By
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Wegoelin^,
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"
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Bulbs
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Edited
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Genera,
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'
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The
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of
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in
Potato."
and
Consumption,
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Varieties
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the Varieties
Pests,
Crown
Price
and
PansieS
Exhibition
By D. B. Crane,
H. "
L.
W.
Pansy
Violets
F.R.H.S.
COLLiNCRlDCE,
Guide
148
or
the
on
Field
for
Raising New
;
descriptivelist of all
Sanders,
"
to
Viola
Selections
PUBMSHBD
W.
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Show,
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By
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J,
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By
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A.
"
tions
Instruc-
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"
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Fruits
PUBLISHED
148
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Best
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a
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"
"
Giiss
"
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How
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A
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H. "
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Price
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BY
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7.
No,
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Best
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By J.
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')'.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
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ANT.
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top and
N,B."Tbe
for
to order.
length and width

Netting, made
New
Our
or
Netting,
nets,
thoroughly
are
for garden, tennis, boundary

square mesh
well
dressed
and weatherproof, and corded
on
bottom.
Square
Mesb
Nets
are
the
aai
We
can
also
supply
Football,
aolf,
Rabbit,
Tpammel,
only
ones
that
cover
la
tall
both
length
width.
Stack,
Drag
Pea,
and
Pheasant,
other
Nets.
Cricket,

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THE

Alphabet of Gardening," "Amateur's

Flower Cardan," Etc.

149/ AUersgate St.. E.G.

ferns, hardy plants,hothouse

fully dealt with,

plant life, soils,

propagation, pruning, planting, training,

past editions, and

trees, shrubs, orchids,

greenhouse plants, and

previously passed through

gardening is unquestionablythe oldest

long vista of time that has passed since the first

craft,while those who

told, experienceddelightin cultivating

fact, throughout all ages and

the vine, fig,pomebeasts,and the crops grown therein were

great cities. Not

flora utilised in their

adornment, but others

thickness,and each plantedwith

kept in constant growth by artificial

togardeners. They seem

periodof the world's

country is concerned, there is little doubt

they had finally

apples,pears, figs,mulberries, etc., as well a?

century it is recorded that vineyardsflourished

fertile county of "Worcester,

walls, planted with fruits,vegetables,

general habits fitted them

the-cmtilageof their monasteries.

plan than before,,

III. that the art of

Housbrandia," by Walter de Henley, appeared in the 16th

farm in pleasingrhyme. In Henry VIII. 's reignthe gardens o"'

great deal to populariseand extend the art of gardeningy

the art of gardeningat the time.

however, woefullylacking in skill and

ordinary crops, but failed

century that gardeningin all its phases

Gardening, and Trees and Shrubs, etc. both works

Paxton, the talented gardenerand designerof the gardensof

the Crystal Palace; Charles

long period of peace which we have

rapid strides during

is,indeed, a great industry,

gardening,a wonderful change has

zonal, and the

plantsfor bedding, and hardy herbaceous plantsand annuals

spent in devisingintricate designsof

endeavouringto produce elaborate

wealthy,and then followed the

readers for the

perfectas we could wish.

for the entire

self-conscious to believe that the work

few, indeed, who

task has been

subsequent reading of the

past experiencethat his efforts will be