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I. INTRODUCTION
With the advent of new technologies running on renewable
energy sources (e.g. wind and solar) and small size but highly
efficient fossil fueled power plants (i.e. natural gas and
petroleum), the number of distributed generators in the low
voltage and medium voltage networks has significantly
increased in the last decade and will continue to increase in the
near future. Generation scheduling of small size units, similar
to large generators, requires market strategy in terms of
generation availability and generation costs. Under the actual
power market conditions, a market strategy is strongly related
to an accurate generation forecast and generation/load bidding.
It is well known that the renewable energy sources show a
stochastic behavior, thus there is always a risk for balancing
the commercial agreements in which such units are part of.
Flexible generation solutions, e.g. gas fired units or flexible
hydro units, are thus required to appropriately balance the
mismatches in generation caused by renewables.
The generation units are differently considered for
balancing responsibility in terms of the installed power. In
Romania, for instance, the owner of a power plant of installed
power totaling over 10 MW can sell the energy either on the
day ahead market (DAM) or by bilateral contracts and must
enter into balancing agreements, while units under 10 MW are
allowed to produce the available power without penalizations
for unbalancing. Besides, units under 10 MW can sell energy
to the balancing responsible parties (BRP) only, through a
bilateral agreement. Thereby, the greater the unbalance a
distributed generator (DG) produces the smaller the energy
price it can get. Vice versa, the smaller the unbalance the
greater the energy price can be negotiated. Therefore, if
capable, the owner of a DG or group of DGs is interested to
MIN
GE (t )
t =1
D. Grid connection
An interfacing with the main grid is considered. When
there is a surplus of energy from the renewable energy sources
and the battery is fully charged, the surplus of energy is
injected into the main power grid. When
The power exchanged with the main grid is denoted by
Psurplus. Positive values represent import from the grid,
whereas negative values represent export to the grid.
E. Management Algorithm
Two generation scheduling algorithms are developed and
implemented for simulation. The first algorithm aims to reduce
the number of charging/discharging cycles. This can be
achieved if the battery system will not change the operation
ALGORITHM 2
Step 1. Set the initial values for generation and load powers
A. Case 1
The first case assumes employing the first algorithm, in
which the battery is not allowed to discharged when operates
in charging mode, and is not allowed to charge when operates
in discharging mode. This means that the battery is used to
produce energy after a full charging cycle.
Figure Fig. 2 shows the load and generation curves for
Case 1. The algorithm applied has resulted in unused power
(Surplus) from the renewable sources. This is due to that fact
that the battery is not allowed to charge when in discharging
mode although there is a surplus of power from renewables.
Since the battery is not fully charged and thus is not
available, for generation, the gas engine is used. This results in
a total energy generation from the gas engine unit of 5.65
MWh, while the unused energy (Surplus) is 0.523 MWh.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
500
1000
1500
Time [minutes]
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus
1.5
Charging mode
2.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
500
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Time [minutes]
-0.5
500
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1500
Time [minutes]
B. Case 2
In order to overcome the inconvenience met in the Case 1,
we assume a smaller size battery, with the installed power of
0.3 MW. All the other parameters and characteristics were
maintained the same. Reduction of the battery size was
decided in order to allow achieving more charging/discharging
cycles.
The simulation with the new battery size has resulted in a
new generation scheduling, for the battery and the gas engine
unit (Fig. 6). The total energy produced by the gas engine in
the Case 2 was 5.37 MWh, and the energy not used from the
renewable sources was 0.437 kWh. Comparing these value
with the ones obtained in Case 1 we may say that when
Algorithm 1 is employed, smaller size batteries should be
used. However, the results depend on both the load profile and
the wind and PV generation profiles. In order to maximize the
use of renewable energy, more than one battery should be
used.
2.5
Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus
1.5
0.9
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0.7
Charging mode
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0.1
0
-0.5
500
1000
500
1500
1000
1500
Time [minutes]
Time [minutes]
0.7
2.5
Ppv
Pw
Pgas
Pbat
Pload
Surplus
0.6
2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
500
1000
1500
Time [minutes]
0.8
C. Case 3
The third case considers the same data used for Case 1.
The second scheduling algorithm is employed for this case,
which assumes that the battery is charged any time there is a
surplus of generation from renewable sources, and is
discharged any time the renewable sources cannot cover the
load. This algorithm allows thus the battery to change its
charging mode.
Figure Fig. 8 illustrates the generation scheduling for the
24 hours window. The figure shows that there is no waste
energy since the surplus line is always zero. On the other
hand, the battery is used mainly in the half part of the day
because it was fully charged during the night while the load
was also at low values. The gas engine is used during the peak
load because the PV system is not available, and the wind
system is not capable of covering the entire load.
1.5
0.5
-0.5
500
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1500
Time [minutes]
0.8
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0.6
0.5
0.4
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0.2
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Time [minutes]
REFERENCES
0.9
[1]
0.8
Charging mode
0.7
[2]
0.6
0.5
[3]
0.4
[4]
0.3
0.2
[5]
0.1
0
500
1000
1500
Time [minutes]
[6]
This case required the use of the gas engine mostly during
the peak load period, and the total generation provided was
4.98 kWh. Compared with the first two cases, this case
ensures the smallest cost for additional fuel. However, the
battery exhibit a large number of charging/discharging cycles.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The microgrid concept is a way of integrating the
renewable energy resources into the electrical networks. The
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