Linear motion

At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.

A
(not to scale)

slope
41m

C D

1.8m
dip

12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.

25.0
20.0
15.0
v / ms 1
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0 5.0
t/s

6.0

7.0

8.0

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.
(a)

Use the graph to

(i)

calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

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(2)

(ii)

determine the length of the slope.

1

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(4)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the magnitude of the change EP in the gravitational potential energy of

the skier between point A and point B.
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(2)

(ii)

Use your anwers to (a)(i) and (b)(i) to determine the ratio

EP EK .
E P

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(2)

(iii)

Suggest what this ration represents.

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(1)

(c)

At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He flies across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.
(i)

Calculate the time taken for an object to fall, from rest, through a vertical distance
of 1.8 m. Assume negligible air resistance.
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(2)

(ii)

The time calculated in (c)(i) is the time of flight of the skier across the dip.
Determine the horizontal distance travelled by the skier during this time, assuming
that the skier has the constant speed at which he leaves the slope at B.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

2.

Linear motion
(a)

(i)

EK = 12 72 232 ;
= 1.9 104 J;

(ii)

uses area between the t-axis and the line;

correctly converts area distance (one 1cm 1cm square 5.0m);
distance between 90 m and 105 m;
improved accuracy, distance between 95 m and 100 m;
Do not accept kinematic formulas. Distance can only be found
from area.

(b)

(i)

EP = 72 9.8 41;
= 2.9 104 J;

Accept 3.0 104J for responses using g = 10ms2.

(ii)

ratio =

(2.9104 1.9104 )
(2.9104 ) ;

= 0.34;

Accept 0.37 for responses using g = 10ms2 .

(iii)

(c)

(i)
(ii)

fraction of energy lost due to air resistance / friction between skis and
slope / work to push snow away from skis;

1.8 = 12 9.8 t 2 ;
t = 0.61s;

distance = 23 0.61;
= 14m;

2
[15]

3.

As part of a road-safety campaign, the braking distances of a car were measured.

A driver in a particular car was instructed to travel along a straight road at a constant speed v. A
signal was given to the driver to stop and he applied the brakes to bring the car to rest in as short
a distance as possible. The total distance D travelled by the car after the signal was given was
measured for corresponding values of v. A sketch-graph of the results is shown below.

(a)

State why the sketch graph suggests that D and v are not related by an expression of the
form
D = mv + c,
where m and c are constants.
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(1)

(b)

It is suggested that D and v may be related by an expression of the form

D = av + bv2,
where a and b are constants.
In order to test this suggestion, the data shown below are used. The uncertainties in the
measurements of D and v are not shown.

(i)

v / m s1

D/m

D
/ ........
v

10.0

14.0

1.40

13.5

22.7

1.68

18.0

36.9

2.05

22.5

52.9

27.0

74.0

2.74

31.5

97.7

3.10

In the table above, state the unit of

D
.
v
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the magnitude of

D
, to an appropriate number of significant digits, for v
v

= 22.5 m s1.
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(1)

(c)

Data from the table are used to plot a graph of

D
(y-axis) against v (x-axis). Some of the
v

data points are shown plotted below.

3.50

3.00

2.50

D
(S.I. units)
v

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

v/ms
On the graph above,
(i)

plot the data points for speeds corresponding to 22.5 m s1 and to 31.5 m s1.
(2)

(ii)

draw the best-fit line for all the data points.

(1)

(d)

Use your graph in (c) to determine

(i)

the total stopping distance D for a speed of 35 m s1.

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(2)

(ii)

the intercept on the

D
axis.
v

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(1)

(iii)

the gradient of the best-fit line.

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(2)

(e)

Using your answers to (d)(ii) and (d)(iii), deduce the equation for D in terms of v.
D = .........................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

The uncertainty in the measurement of the distance D is 0.3 m and the uncertainty in the
measurement of the speed v is 0.5 m s1.
(i)

For the date point corresponding to v = 27.0 m s1, calculate the absolute
D
.
uncertainty in the value of
v
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(2)

(ii)

Each of the data points in (b) was obtained by taking the average of several values
of D for each value of v. Suggest what effect, if any, the taking of averages will
have on the uncertainties in the data points.
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(2)
(Total 16 marks)

4.

(a)

equation corresponds to a straight line (and this is a curve);

(b)

(i)

unit is s / seconds;

(ii)

2.35; (3 significant digit essential)

Responses may be given in table. Do not penalize wrong units.

(i)

31.5, 3.10; (plotted to within 1mm)

(c)

(ii)

22.5, 2.35; (plotted to within 1mm ) (allow e.c.f. from (b)(ii))

reasonable best-fit straight-line;

(d)

(i)

at 35ms1, allow

D
in range 3.30 3.45 (s);
v

so D within range 116 121 m;

D
is not in the range 3.30 3.45 (s) and then use
v
ecf for the second marking point.
Penalize once if

(ii)

intercept within range 0.55 0.70 (s);

(iii)

use of " triangle"with hypotenuseat least Only allow use of data points if
half length of graph line;
the points lie on the graph line.

gradient in range 0.074 0.084;

Allow candidates values in (d)(ii) and (d)(iii).

(e)

D = 0.62v + 0.079v2;

Accept correct equation or correct statement about the values of a and b.

(f)

(i)

fractional uncertainty in D is 0.3 0.5 0.023 ;

74

27

actual uncertainty = 0.06; (answer must be 1 significant digit)

(ii)

uncertainty in v is unaffected;
uncertainty in D or D is reduced;

Award [1 max] for a general comment that uncertainties will be reduced.

[16]

10

5.

This question is about the electrical power available from a wind turbine.
The maximum electrical power generated by a wind turbine, Pout , was measured over a range of
incident wind speeds, vin.
The graph below shows the variation with vin of Pout. Uncertainties for the data are not shown.

(a)

It is suggested that Pout is proportional to

(i)

vin .

Draw the line of best-fit for the data points.

(1)

(ii)

State one reason why the line you have drawn does not support this hypothesis.
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(1)

(iii)

The uncertainty in the power at 15 m s1 is 5. Draw an error bar on the graph to

represent this uncertainty.
(2)

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(b)

The theoretical relationship between the available power in the wind, Pin, and incident
wind speed is shown in the graph below.

Using both graphs,

(i)

determine the efficiency of the turbine for an incident wind speed of 14 m s1.
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(3)

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(ii)

suggest, without calculation, how the efficiency of the turbine changes with
increasing wind speed.
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(3)

(c)

Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate electrical
energy.
Advantage:

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Disadvantage: ...................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

6.

(a)

(i)

reasonable curve drawn up to 15 ms1 that does not go through zero;

Expect smooth single-line within one square of each correctly plotted
point.

(ii)

shape of curve wrong / curve does not go through zero;

(iii)

5% = 30;
correct drawing of error bar;

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(b)

(i)

when vin = 14ms1, Pout = 570 (20) kW;

Pin = 1250 (50) kW;
Allow 21 a square.
efficiency =

(ii)

570
0.46 or 46% ;
1250

the efficiency decreases;

for a given increase in velocity the increase in out Pout gets smaller;
whereas the increase in theoretical Pin gets larger;
or
as the Pout graph starts to flatten / OWTTE;
the Pin graph steepens;

(c)

advantage:
wind is renewable so no resources used up / wind is free / no chemical
pollution / carbon dioxide emission / does not add to the enhanced
greenhouse effect;
disadvantage:
expensive initial / capital costs / large land area needed / visual / noise pollution
/ winds unpredictable / not constant / affect on birds;
Award any other suitable advantage or disadvantage.

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