Three-Hinged Roof Rafter

Verification Samples
Three-Hinged Roof Rafter

1
Objective
To check the safety of using the (800JAM350-68mil, 50ksi) TSN JamStud section for a three-
hinged roof rafter, given the following data:Design is based on the AISI-NASPEC 2001 with 2004 supplement, and in accordance with the ASD
method.
Geometric and loading data of the rafter can be summarized in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 Geometric and Loading data of the Roof Rafter
Member
Horizontal
Projection
(HP)
Slope (X/12)
(ft)
Dead Load
Intensity (IDL)
Roof Live
Load Intensity
(ILr)
Wind Load
Intensity (IWL)
Snow Load
Intensity (ISL)
(psf)
(psf)
(psf)
(psf)
Left
12
2.4/ 12
20
24
25 (pressure)
20
Right
12
2.4/ 12
20
24
25 (pressure)
20
Rafter spacing (RS) = 24 in.

Design Load combinations are:
1. DL + Lr
2. DL + SL
3. DL + WL
4. DL + 0.75 Lr + 0.75 WL
5. DL + 0.75 SL + 0.75 WL
Web-crippling check is considered, and the bearing length (N) = 3 in.
The Section web is unreinforced along the rafter span.
The top flange of the rafter is considered laterally fully braced.
The bottom flange of the rafter is considered laterally braced@48spacing.
The lateral and torsional bracing of the rafter in axial compression are assumed @48 on center.
The deflection limit = (Rafter Span)/ 360
= (Rafter Span)/ 240
(for roof live load)

(for total load)
SteelSmart System 7.0 SP2

Page 1 of 50
Effect of the standard punch-out (4" X 1.5") is not considered.

Strength increase due to cold-work of forming is considered (if applicable).
Modeling with SteelSmart System

Page 2 of 50

Page 3 of 50
Statical System, Loads, and Design Forces
3.1 Statical System

The statical system of the rafter can be shown in Fig. 3-1.
ft
.2376
L = 12
Rh = 2.4 ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-1 Statical System of the Roof Rafter
= Typical angle of inclination of rafter member on horizontal

-1
= Tan (2.4/ 12) = 11.3099

L
= Geometric length of the member

= HP/ Cos
= 12/ Cos(11.3099) = 12.2376 ft.
3.2
Loads
DL
= Nominal dead load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-2)

= IDL x RS
= 20 * (24/ 12) = 40 lbs/ ft
(on horizontal projection)

DL = 40 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-2 Nominal Dead load on Roof Rafter (DL)

Lr
= Nominal roof live load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-3)

= ILr x RS
= 24 * (24/ 12) = 48 lbs/ ft

Page 4 of 50
LL = 48 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-3 Nominal Roof Live load on Roof Rafter (Lr)

WL
= Nominal wind load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-4)

= IWL x RS
= 25 * (24/ 12) = 50 lbs/ ft
(normal to the member and downwards)

WL = 50 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-4 Nominal Wind load on Roof Rafter (WL)

SL
= Nominal snow load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-5)

= ISL x RS
= 20 * (24/ 12) = 40 lbs/ ft

SL = 40 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-5 Nominal Snow load on Roof Rafter (SL)

Page 5 of 50
3.3 Design Forces

3.3.1 Combination of (DL + Lr)
W TL1
= Total load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-6)

= DL + Lr
= 40 + 48 = 88 lbs/ ft (on horizontal projection)
WTL1 = 88 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-6 Total load on Roof Rafter for (DL + Lr) Combination
Ry1
= Typical vertical reaction at rafter supports (Fig. 3-7)

= W TL1 x HP
= 88 * 12 = 1056 lbs = 1.056 kips
The typical horizontal support reaction of the rafter can be obtained by equating zero and the summation
of moments just left the intermediate hinge as follows:
0
Rx1
= R x1 * R h
WTL1 * HP
R y1 * HP
2
= R x1 * 2.4
88 * 12
1056 * 12
2
= 2640 lbs (Fig. 3-7)

= 2.640 kips , at the left support
Rx1
= 2.640 kips , at the right support
Rx1 = 2.640 kips
Rx1 = 2.640 kips
Ry1 = 1.056 kips
Ry1 = 1.056 kips
Figure 3-7 Reactions at Roof Rafter Supports for (DL + Lr) Combination

Page 6 of 50
Mx1
= Maximum bending moment at middle of member (Fig. 3-8)

=
W TL1 HP
8
88 * 12
8
= 1584 lbs.ft. = 19.008 kips.in.
M x1
s
08 kip
= 19.0
Mx1 =
19.008
kips
.in.
.in.
Figure 3-8 Bending Moment Diagram for (DL + Lr) Combination
Vy1
= Maximum shear force at rafter support (Fig. 3-9)

= R y1Cos R x1Sin
= 1056 * Cos 11.3099 2640 * Sin11.3099
= 517.7466 lbs = 0.5177 kips

V y1 = 0
.5177
kips
Vy1 = 0
.5177
kips
Vy1 = 0.5177
kips
0.51
V y1 = -
s
77 kip
Figure 3-9 Shear Force Diagram for (DL + Lr) Combination
P1
= Maximum axial force in rafter members (Fig. 3-10)

= Ry1Sin + Rx1Cos
= 1056 * Sin(11.3099) + 2640 * Cos(11.3099)
= 2795.83 lbs = 2.7958 kips (compression)

Page 7 of 50
.7958
P 1 = -2
P1 = -2
.7958
kips
kips
Figure 3-10 Axial Force Diagram for (DL + Lr) Combination

Pcr1
= Typical crippling force at rafter supports (Fig. 3-11)

= Vy1
= 517.7466 lbs = 0.5177 kips
Pcr1 =
0.5177
kips
kips
0.5177
=
P cr1
Figure 3-11 Crippling Forces at Rafter Supports for (DL + Lr) Combination
3.3.2 Combination of (DL + SL)

W TL2
= Total load on roof rafter (Fig. 3-12)

= DL + SL
= 40 + 40 = 80 lbs/ ft (on horizontal projection)
WTL2 = 80 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-12 Total load on Roof Rafter for (DL + SL) Combination
Ry2

= W TL2 x HP
= 80 * 12 = 960 lbs = 0.96 kips

Page 8 of 50
0
Rx2
= R x2 * R h
WTL2 * HP
R y 2 * HP
2
= R x2 * 2.4
80 * 12
960 * 12
2
= 2400 lbs (Fig. 3-13)

= 2.40 kips , at left support
= 2.40 kips , at right support
Rx2 = 2.40 kips
Rx2 = 2.40 kips
Ry2 = 0.96 kips
Ry2 = 0.96 kips
Figure 3-13 Reactions at Roof Rafter Supports for (DL + SL) Combination
Mx2

=
W TL2 HP
8
80 * 12
8
= 1440 lbs.ft. = 17.28 kips.in.
kips
17.28
M x2 =
.in.
Mx2 =
17.28
kips.in
Figure 3-14 Bending Moment Diagram for (DL + SL) Combination

Page 9 of 50
Vy2

= R y2 Cos R x 2 Sin
= 960 * Cos 11.3099 2400 * Sin11.3099
= 470.6787 lbs = 0.4707 kips

kips
.4707
0
=
V y2
Vy2 = 0
.4707
kips
Vy2 = 0.47
V y2 = -
0.4707
07 kip
s
kips
Figure 3-15 Shear Force Diagram for (DL + SL) Combination

P2

= Ry2Sin + Rx2Cos
= 960 * Sin(11.3099) + 2400 * Cos(11.3099)
P2 = -2
.5417
kips
kips
.5417
P 2 = -2
Figure 3-16 Axial Force Diagram for (DL + SL) Combination

Pcr2

= Vy2
= 470.6787 lbs = 0.4707 kips
Pcr2 =
0.4707
kips
0.4707
P cr2 =
kips
Figure 3-17 Crippling Forces at Rafter Supports for (DL + SL) Combination

Page 10 of 50
3.3.3 Combination of (DL + WL)

The total load on roof rafter can be shown in Fig. 3-18.
DL = 40 lbs/ ft
WL = 50 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-18 Total load on Roof Rafter for (DL + WL) Combination
Ry3

= DL x HP + WL x Cos x L
= (40 * 12) + [50 * Cos(11.3099) * 12.2376] = 1080 lbs = 1.08 kips
0
Rx3
= R x3 * R h
DL * HP
WL * L
R y3 * HP
2
2
= R x3 * 2.4
40 * 12
50 * 12.2376
1080 * 12
2
2
= 2640 lbs (Fig. 3-19)

Rx3 = 2.64 kips
Rx3 = 2.64 kips
Ry3 = 1.08 kips
Ry3 = 1.08 kips
Figure 3-19 Reactions at Roof Rafter Supports for (DL + WL) Combination

Page 11 of 50
Mx3

=
DLHP
WL L
8
8
40 * 12
50 * 12.2376
8
8
= 1656 lbs.ft. = 19.872 kips.in.
s
72 kip
= 19.8
M x3
Mx3 =
19.872
.in.
kips.in
Figure 3-20 Bending Moment Diagram for (DL + WL) Combination

Vy3

= R y3 Cos R x3 Sin
= 1080 * Cos 11.3099 2640 * Sin11.3099
= 541.2805 lbs = 0.5413 kips

V y3 = 0
.5413
kips
Vy3 = 0
.5413
kips
Vy3 = 0.5413
kips
0.54
V y3 = -
s
13 kip
Figure 3-21 Shear Force Diagram for (DL + WL) Combination

P3

= Ry3Sin + Rx3Cos
= 1080 * Sin(11.3099) + 2640 * Cos(11.3099)

Page 12 of 50
.8005
P 3 = -2
P3 = -2
.8005
kips
kips
Figure 3-22 Axial Force Diagram for (DL + WL) Combination

Pcr3

= Vy3
= 541.2805 lbs = 0.5413 kips
P cr3 =
Pcr3 =
0.5413
kips
kips
0.5413
Figure 3-23 Crippling Forces at Rafter Supports for (DL + WL) Combination
3.3.4 Combination of (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL)

DL = 40 lbs/ ft
0.75LL
r = 36 lbs/ ft
0.75WL = 37.5 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-24 Total load on Roof Rafter for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination
Ry4

= (DL + 0.75Lr) x HP + 0.75WL x Cos x L
= (40 + 36) * 12 + [37.5 * Cos(11.3099) * 12.2376]
= 1362 lbs = 1.362 kips

Page 13 of 50
R x4 * R h DL 0.75Lr * HP
= R x4 * 2.4
Rx4
40 36 * 122
2
0.75WL * L
R y 4 * HP
2
2
37.5 * 12.2376
1362 * 12
2
2
= 3360 lbs (Fig. 3-25)

Rx4 = 3.36 kips
Rx4 = 3.36 kips
Ry4 = 1.362 kips
Ry4 = 1.362 kips
Figure 3-25 Reactions at Roof Rafter Supports for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination
Mx4
DL 0.75Lr * HP2 0.75WLL 2

8
40 36 * 122
8
37.5 * 12.2376
8
= 2070 lbs.ft. = 24.84 kips.in.
M x4
4 kips
= 24.8
.in.
Mx4 =
24.84
kips.in
Figure 3-26 Bending Moment Diagram for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination

Page 14 of 50
Vy4

= R y4 Cos R x 4 Sin
= 1362 * Cos 11.3099 3360 * Sin11.3099
= 676.6007 lbs = 0.6766 kips

V y4 = 0
.6766
kips
Vy4 = 0
.6766
kips
Vy4 = 0.6766
kips
0.67
V y4 = -
s
66 kip
Figure 3-27 Shear Force Diagram for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination
P4

= Ry4Sin + Rx4Cos
= 1362 * Sin(11.3099) + 3360 * Cos(11.3099)
P4 = -3
.5619
kips
kips
.5619
P 4 = -3
Figure 3-28 Axial Force Diagram for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination
Pcr4

= Vy4
= 676.6007 lbs = 0.6766 kips

Page 15 of 50
Pcr4 =
0.6766
kips
0.6766
P cr4 =
kips
Figure 3-29 Crippling Forces at Rafter Supports for (DL + 0.75Lr + 0.75WL) Combination
3.3.5 Combination of (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL)

DL = 40 lbs/ ft
0.75SL = 30 lbs/ ft
0.75WL = 37.5 lbs/ ft
HP = 12 ft
HP = 12 ft
Figure 3-30 Total load on Roof Rafter for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination
Ry5

= (DL + 0.75SL) x HP + 0.75WL x Cos x L
= (40 + 30) * 12 + [37.5 * Cos(11.3099) * 12.2376]
= 1290 lbs = 1.29 kips
0
= R x5 * R h
= R x5 * 2.4
Rx5
DL 0.75SL * HP2
2
40 30 * 122
2
0.75WL * L
R y5 * HP
2
2
37.5 * 12.2376
1290 * 12
2
2
= 3180 lbs (Fig. 3-31)


Page 16 of 50
Rx5 = 3.18 kips
Rx5 = 3.18 kips
Ry5 = 1.29 kips
Ry5 = 1.29 kips
Figure 3-31 Reactions at Roof Rafter Supports for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination
Mx5

=
DL 0.75SL * HP2
40 30 * 122
8
0.75WL L
8
37.5 * 12.2376
8
= 1962 lbs.ft. = 23.544 kips.in.
M x5
s
44 kip
= 23.5
Mx5 =
23.544
.in.
kips.in
Figure 3-32 Bending Moment Diagram for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination
Vy5

= R y5 Cos R x5 Sin
= 1290 * Cos 11.3099 3180 * Sin11.3099
= 641.2998 lbs = 0.6413 kips

V y5 = 0
.6413
kips
Vy5 = 0
.6413
Vy5 = 0.6413
V y5 = -
0.6413
kips
kips
kips
Figure 3-33 Shear Force Diagram for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination

Page 17 of 50
P5

= Ry5Sin + Rx5Cos
= 1290 * Sin(11.3099) + 3180 * Cos(11.3099)
P5 = -3
.3712
kips
kips
.3712
3
=
P5
Figure 3-34 Axial Force Diagram for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination
Pcr5

= Vy5
= 641.2998 lbs = 0.6413 kips
Pcr5 =
0.6413
kips
0.6413
P cr5 =
kips
Figure 3-35 Crippling Forces at Rafter Supports for (DL + 0.75SL + 0.75WL) Combination
3.3.6 Maximum Values

The maximum design forces, regarding all load combinations, can be shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Maximum Design Forces for Roof Rafter
Load Combination
Force
DL +
0.75SL +
0.75WL
Maximum
Value
DL + Lr
DL + SL
DL + WL
DL + 0.75Lr
+ 0.75WL
Mx (kips.in.)
19.008
17.28
19.872
24.84
23.544
24.84
Vy (kips)
0.5177
0.4707
0.5413
0.6766
0.6413
0.6766
P (kips)
-2.7958
-2.5417
-2.8005
-3.5619
-3.3712
-3.5619
Pcr (kips)
0.5177
0.4707
0.5413
0.6766
0.6413
0.6766

Page 18 of 50
Dimensioning
Symbols of the basic dimensions of the roof rafter section can be shown in Fig. 4-1, and their
values are summarized in Table 4-1.

B
d1
R
d2
Figure 4-1 Basic Dimensions Symbols of Roof Rafter Section

Table 4-1 Basic Dimensions of Roof Rafter Section
Dimension
Definition
Value (in.)
Out-to-out section depth
Out-to-out flange width
3.5
d1
Out-to-out vertical lip width
0.6626
d2
Out-to-out horizontal lip width
0.5
Inside bend radius
0.105
Thickness of the section
0.0713
To calculate the section strength for internal forces resistance; the section can be divided into labeled
elements as shown in Fig. 4-2.

Page 19 of 50
3
2
1
1'
2'
3'
Figure 4-2 Labeled Elements of the Section

The flat widths of the section elements (shown in Fig. 4-3) can be calculated as follows:
W1
= Flat width of Element (1)

= d2 (t + R)
= 0.5 (0.0713 + 0.105) = 0.3237 in.
W 1'
= Flat width of Element (1')

= W 1 = 0.3237 in.
W2

= d1 2(t + R)
= 0.6626 2 * (0.0713 + 0.105) = 0.31 in.
W 2'

= W 2 = 0.31 in.
W3

= B 2(t + R)
= 3.5 2 * (0.0713 + 0.105) = 3.1474 in.
W 3'

= W 3 = 3.1474 in.

Page 20 of 50
W4

= D 2(t + R)
= 8 2 * (0.0713 + 0.105) = 7.6474 in.
W
1'
2'
3'
Figure 4-3 Flat Widths of Section Elements
Strength Check
5.1 Flexural Moment (Mx)

The major flexural strength of the roof rafter member is the least of:
a) The strength at initiation of cross-section yielding.
b) The strength for lateral-torsional buckling.
Since the compression flange of the section is fully braced, the lateral-torsional buckling won't occur; and
the flexural strength is then equal to the strength at initiation of cross-section yielding calculated in
accordance with Section C3.1.1 in the 2001 specification.
The effective properties of the section can be calculated by loading the section by a stress gradient
(tension-compression) which has the value of the yielding stress (Fy) at the extreme compression fiber
(Fig. 5-1).

Page 21 of 50
Fy = 50 ksi
f3
f 2 and f 1-4
2
f1
Ycg0 = 4.0 in.
M
x
N.A.
1'
2'
f 2-4
3'
Figure 5-1 Initial Position of Neutral Axis and Stress Distribution on the Full Unreduced Section at
Initiation of Yielding
Iteration (1)
The section is assumed to be fully effective, i.e. the neutral axis (N.A.) is assumed located at a distance
equal to half the section depth, measured from the extreme compression fiber of the section towards the
flange lying in tension zone (Fig. 5-1).
5.1.1 Effective Area Calculation

5.1.1.1 Element (1) and Element (2)
Element (1) can be classified as a uniformly compressed unstiffened element, thus, the
effective width of W 1 can be calculated in accordance with section B3.1 (a) in the 2001 specification as
follows:
K1
= 0.43

Page 22 of 50
f1
= Compression stress at the centerline of W 1 (Fig. 5-1)
Ycgo d1 0.5t
Fy
=
Ycgo
Fcr1
4 0.6626 0.5 * 0.0713
* 50 = 42.163125 ksi
4
= K1
2 W
12 (1 ) 1
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
= 0.43 *
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 556.2387 ksi
12 (1 0.3 2 ) 0.3237
f1
Fcr1
42.163125
= 0.27532 < 0.673
556.2387
(Eq. B2.1-4)
The quantity 1 given by (Eq. B2.1-3) is equal to unity.

d'1
= Effective width of (W 1)
= W1
(Eq. B2.1-1)
= 0.3237 in.
Element (2) can be approximated to a uniformly compressed element with an edge stiffener, where its
stiffener is Element (1); thus; the effective width of W 2 and the reduced effective width of W 1 can be
calculated in accordance with Section B4.2 in the 2001 specification as follows:
f2
= Compression stress at the top end of W 2 (Fig. 5-1)
Ycgo t R
Fy
=
Y
cgo
4 0.0713 0.105
=
* 50 = 47.79625 ksi
4
= 1.28 E f2
(Eq. B4-1)
= 1.28 29500 47.79625 = 31.79978

W 2/ t
= 0.31/ 0.0713 = 4.347826 < (0.328S = 10.43032655)

Page 23 of 50
b2
= W2
(Eq. B4.2-1)
= 0.31 in.
b1-2
= W 2/ 2
(Eq. B4.2-2)
= 0.31/ 2 = 0.155 in.

b2-2
= W 2/ 2
(Eq. B4.2-2)
= 0.31/ 2 = 0.155 in.

d1
= Reduced effective width of (W 1)

= d'1
(Eq. B4.2-3)
= 0.3237 in.
5.1.1.2 Element (3) and the L-shape Lip

Element (3) can be classified as a uniformly compressed element with an edge stiffener, where
its stiffener is the L-shape lip; thus; the effective width of W 3 and the reduced effective width of each flat
part of the L-shape lip can be calculated in accordance with Section B4.2 in the 2001 specification as
follows:
f3
= Compression stress at the centerline of W 3 (Fig. 5-1)
Ycgo 0.5t
Fy
=
Y
cgo
4 0.5 * 0.0713
=
* 50 = 49.554375 ksi
4
S1
= 1.28 E f 3
(Eq. B4-1)
= 1.28 29500 49.554375 = 31.23057

W 3/ t
= 3.1474/ 0.0713 = 44.14306
Rmean
= R + 0.5t
> (0.328S1 = 10.243629)
= 0.105 + 0.5 * 0.0713 = 0.14065 in.

Y
= Distance from the bottom fiber of W 1 to the horizontal centroidal axis of the full unreduced Lshape lip (the centroidal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the flange), as shown in (Fig. 5-2)
=
0.5tW1 1.57Rmean 0.5t 0.363Rmean W2 (0.5W2 t R)

W1 1.57Rmean W2
= 0.156098 in.

Page 24 of 50
Y = 0.156098 in.
Figure 5-2 Position of Horizontal Centroidal Axis of L-Shape Lip
Is-TL
= Moment of inertia of the L-shape edge stiffener @ its centroidal axis parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the flange
= tW1( Y 0.5t ) 2 0.149tR mean 1.57R mean tY 0.5t 0.363R mean
3
tW2 12 tW2 t R 0.5W2 Y

3
-3
= 1.295685 * 10 in.
Ia
W t
= 399t 4 3 0.328
S1
(Eq. B4.2-10)
3
4 44.14306
-2
4
= 399 0.0713
31.23057 0.328 = 1.31877 * 10 in.
Ia-max
W t
= t 4 115 3 5
S1
(Eq. B4.2-10)
0.07134 115* 44.14306 5
31.23057
-3
= 4.330081 * 10 in. < Ia

RI
take Ia = Ia-max
Is T L
Ia
1.295685 * 10 -3
= 0.29923 < 1.0
4.330081 * 10 -3
(Eq. B4.2-9)
W t
= 0.582 3
4S1
(Eq. B4.2-11)
44.14306
0.582
= 0.2286359 < (1/3) take n = 1/3
4
*
31.23057

Page 25 of 50
Using Table B4.2 for the case of Other Edge Stiffener Shapes;
K3
= 3.57(RI) + 0.43
= 3.57(0.29923)
0.333
+ 0.43
= 2.81783 < 4
Fcr3
= K3
2 W
12 (1 ) 3
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 2.81783 *
= 38.55569 ksi
12 (1 0.32 ) 3.1474
3
f3
Fcr3
49.554375
= 1.133696 > 0.673
38.55569
= 1 0.22 3 3
=
b3
(Eq. B2.1-4)
(Eq. B2.1-3)
1 0.22 1.133696 1.133696 = 0.7109
= Effective width of W 3
= 3W 3
(Eq. B2.1-2)
= 0.7109 * 3.1474 = 2.23749 in.

b1-3
= (b3/ 2)RI
(Eq. B4.2-5)
= (2.23749/ 2) * 0.29923 = 0.334762 in.

b2-3
= b3 b1-3
(Eq. B4.2-6)
= 2.23749 0.334762 = 1.902728 in.

The reduced values of the effective parts b1-2, b2-2, and d1 can be calculated as follows:
b1-2*
= Reduced width of b1-2

= b1-2RI
= 0.155 * 0.29923 = 0.046380 in.
b2-2*

= b2-2RI
= 0.155 * 0.29923 = 0.046380 in.

Page 26 of 50
d1*
= Reduced width of d1
= d1RI
= 0.3237 * 0.29923 = 0.09686 in.
The removed widths from elements (1), (2), and (3) for this iteration can then be calculated as follows:
Rem1
= Removed width of W 1 due to local buckling

= W 1 d1*
= 0.3237 0.09686 = 0.22684 in.
Rem2

= W 2 (b1-2* + b2-2*)
= 0.31 (0.046380 + 0.046380) = 0.21724 in.
Rem3

= W 3 (b1-3 + b2-3)
= 3.1474 (0.334762 + 1.902728) = 0.90991 in.
The effective parts of W 1, W 2, and W 3 can be shown in Fig. 5-3.
b2-3
b1-3
b 1-2
*
b 2-2
*
d1*
Figure 5-3 Effective Parts of W1, W2, and W3 under Flexural Moment
5.1.1.3 Element (4)

Element (4) can be classified as a stiffened element under stress gradient (tensioncompression), thus, the effective width of W 4 can be calculated in accordance with section B2.3 (a) in the
2001 specification as follows:
f1-4
= Compression stress at the top end of W 4 (Fig. 5-1)
Ycgo t R
Fy
=
Y
cgo
4 0.0713 0.105
=
* 50 = 47.79625 ksi
4

Page 27 of 50
f2-4
= Tensile stress at the bottom end of W 4 (Fig. 5-1)
D Ycgo t R
Fy
= -
Ycgo
8 4 0.0713 0.105
= -
* 50 = -47.79625 ksi
4
= |f2-4/ f1-4|
(Eq. B2.3-1)
= |-47.79625 / 47.79625| = 1
K4
= 4 + 2(1 + ) + 2(1 + )
3
(Eq. B2.3-2)
= 4 + 2(1 + 1) + 2(1 + 1) = 24
Fcr4
= K4
2 W
12 (1 ) 4
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
= 24 *
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 55.62395 ksi
12 (1 0.3 2 ) 7.6474
f1 4
Fcr 4
47.79625
= 0.9269707 > 0.673
55.62395
(Eq. B2.1-4)
= 1 0.22 4 4
(Eq. B2.1-3)
= 1 0.22 0.9269707 0.9269707 = 0.8227529

b4
= 4W 4
(Eq. B2.1-2)
= 0.8227529 * 7.6474 = 6.29192 in.

D/ B
= 8/ 3.5 = 2.285714 < 4.0
b1-4
= b4/ (3 + 4)
(Eq. B2.3-3)
= 6.29192/ (3 + 1) = 1.57298 in.
> 0.236
b2-4 = b4/ 2
(Eq. B2.3-4)
= 6.29192/ 2 = 3.14596 in.

b1-4 + b2-4 = Summation of the effective parts of Element (4)
= 1.57298 + 3.14596 = 4.71894 in.

Page 28 of 50
Lwc
= Flat portion of the web lying in compression zone

= Ycg0 t R
= 4 0.0713 0.105 = 3.8237 in. < (b1-4 + b2-4)
The web is fully effective

Rem4
= Removed width from Lwc due to local buckling

=0
5.1.1.4 Value of the Effective Area

Considering the parts lying in tension zone and the corners are fully effective, the effective
area of the section in flexural moment (Mx) can be calculated as follows:
Remt
= Total removed length of the section due to local buckling

= Rem1 + Rem2 + Rem3 + Rem4
= 0.22684 + 0.21724 + 0.90991 + 0 = 1.35399 in.
Ae
= Effective area of the section

= Ag (Remt * t), where Ag is the gross area of the section
2
= 1.17886 (1.35399 * 0.0713) = 1.08232 in.
5.1.2 Effective Section Modulus @ Major Axis

To calculate the effective section modulus of the section @ its major axis, we have firstly to
determine the neutral axis position of the effective section as follows:
Ycg1
= Neutral axis position of the effective section after Iteration 1, measured from the extreme
compression fiber towards the flange lying in tension zone
n
A i Xi
Ae
i1
Where,
Ai
= Effective area of a part the section includes.
Xi
= Distance between the centroid of the part and the extreme compression fiber of the section.
Ycg1
= 4.340351 in. > (Ycg0 = 4 in.), (calculations are not shown).
cg1
= Ycg1 Ycg0
= 4.340351 4 = 0.340351 in.

Page 29 of 50
Since cg1 has a significant value, iterations must be continued till cg becomes 0.0. This condition was
verified by doing two more iterations, and the final value of Ycg was found equal to 4.34056 in. (Fig. 5-5).
3
Fy = 50 ksi
f3
f 2 and f 1-4
2
f1
Ycg= 4.34056 in.
4
M
x
N.A.
1'
2'
f 2-4
3'
Figure 5-4 Final Position of Neutral Axis and Stress Distribution on the Effective Section at
Initiation of Yielding
The effective moment of inertia of the section @ its major axis (Ixe) can be calculated based on the final
4
position of the neutral axis, and was found = 11.5329 in. < (Ixg = 12.408 in. ); where Ixg is the gross
moment of inertia @ major axis (calculations are not shown).
Sxe
= Effective section modulus of the section relative to extreme compression fiber

= Ixe/ Ycg
3
= 10.6267/ 4.34056 = 2.44823 in.
5.1.3 Strength Increase due to Cold-Work of Forming

Since the quantity 3 is less than unity, the yield strength increase due to cold-work of forming;
discussed in Section A7.2; won't be applicable.

Page 30 of 50
5.1.4 Flexural Strength Determination and Check of Safety

Mnx
= Nominal major flexural strength of the member

= SxeFy
(Eq. C3.1.1-1)
= 2.44823 * 50 = 122.4118 kips.in.

Mx-all
= Allowable major flexural strength of the member

= Mnxo/ b
= 122.4118/ 1.67 = 73.3004 kips.in. > (Mx = 24.84 kips.in.)
safe
Act/ All = Mx/ Mx-all

= 24.84/ 73.3004 = 0.3389
5.2 Shear (Vy)

The shear strength of the section can be determined in accordance with Section C3.2.1 in the
2001 specification as discussed in the sections to follow.
5.2.1 Calculation of the Nominal Shear Stress (Fv)

h
= Flat portion of the web

= W4
= 7.6474 in.
h/ t
= 7.6474/ 0.0713 = 107.2567
Web is unreinforced Kv = shear buckling coefficient = 5.34.
EK v Fy =
29500 * 5.34 50 = 56.1302058
(h/ t) > ( 1.51 EK v Fy = 84.756611)

Fv
= Nominal shear stress

= 0.904EK v h t
(Eq. C3.2.1-4)
= 0.904 * 29500 * 5.34 107.2567
= 12.3789 ksi

Page 31 of 50
5.2.2 Calculation of the Shear Resisting Area (Aw)

Aw
= Area of web resisting shear

= ht
2
= 7.6474 * 0.0713 = 0.5452596 in.
5.2.3 Shear Strength Determination and Check of Safety

Vny
= Nominal shear strength of the section

= A wF v
(Eq. C3.2.1-1)
= 0.5452596 * 12.3789 = 6.749732 Kips

Vy-all
= Allowable shear strength of the section

= Vny/ v
= 6.749732/ 1.6 = 4.2186 kips > (Vy = 0.6766 kips)
safe
Act/ All = Vy/ Vy-all

= 0.6766/ 4.2186 = 0.1604
5.3 Axial Compression (P)

5.3.1 Calculation of Effective Lengths
Assuming the ends of the rafter member are hinged-hinged, the effective lengths for buckling of this
member can be determined as follows:
KxLx
= Effective length for buckling @ x-axis

= 1.0 * L
= 1.0 * 12.2376
= 12.2376 ft = 146.8518 in.
KyLy
= Effective length for buckling @ y-axis

= Compression bracing spacing = 48 in.
KtLt
= Effective length for torsion

= Compression bracing spacing = 48 in.

Page 32 of 50
5.3.2 Calculation of Elastic Buckling Stress (Fe)

5.3.2.1 Elastic Flexural Buckling Stress
The elastic flexural buckling stress (Fe1) can be determined using Section C4.1 in the 2001 specification
as follows:
KxLx/ rx = Slenderness ratio for buckling @ x-axis
= 146.8518/ 3.21231 = 45.71533
KyLy/ ry = Slenderness ratio for buckling @ y-axis
= 48 / 1.29936 = 36.94126
The ratio (KxLx/ rx) controls
Fe1
2E
K x L x
(Eq. C4.1-1)
rx
2 * 29500
= 139.31507 ksi
45.71533 2
5.3.2.2 Torsional or Torsional-Flexural Buckling Stress

The torsional or torsional-flexural buckling stress (Fe2) can be determined using Section C4.2 in the 2001
specification as follows:
= 1 x o ro
(Eq. C4.2-3)
= 1 2.88418 4.51224 = 0.616424

2
ex
2E
K x L x
(Eq. C3.1.2.1-7)
rx
= Fe1 = 139.31507 ksi

t
2EC w
1
GJ
Aro2
K t L t 2
1
1.17886 * 4.413492
(Eq. C3.1.2.1-9)
2 * 29500 * 25.7873
11300
*
0
.
00199766
482
= 142.89489 ksi
Fe2
1
ex t
2
ex t 2 4 ex t
(Eq. C4.2-1)
= 87.11927 ksi

Page 33 of 50
5.3.2.3 Value of Fe
Fe
= Least of Fe1 and Fe2

= Least of 139.31507 and 87.11927 = 87.11927 ksi
5.3.3 Calculation of Nominal Buckling Stress (Fn)

c
Fy
(Eq. C4-4)
Fe
50
= 0.757579 < 1.5
87.11927
2
= 0.658 c Fy
Fn
0.658
0.7457579 2
(Eq. C4-2)
* 50
= 39.322865 ksi
5.3.4 Calculation of Effective Area (Ae)

5.3.4.1 Element (1) and Element (2)
Element (1) can be classified as a uniformly compressed unstiffened element, thus, the
effective width of W 1 can be calculated in accordance with section B3.1 (a) in the 2001 specification as
follows:
K1
= 0.43
Fcr1
= K1
2 W
12 (1 ) 1
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
= 0.43 *
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 556.2387 ksi
12 (1 0.3 2 ) 0.3237
Fn
Fcr1
39.322865
= 0.265884 < 0.673
556.2387
(Eq. B2.1-4)

d'1
= W1
(Eq. B2.1-1)
= 0.3237 in.

Page 34 of 50
Element (2) can be classified as a uniformly compressed element with an edge stiffener, where its
stiffener is Element (1); thus; the effective width of W 2 and the reduced effective width of W 1 can be
calculated in accordance with Section B4.2 in the 2001 specification as follows:
S
= 1.28 E Fn
=
W 2/ t
(Eq. B4-1)
1.28 29500 39.322865 = 35.05891
= 0.31/ 0.0713 = 4.347826 < (0.328S = 11.499322)

b2
= W2
(Eq. B4.2-1)
= 0.31 in.
b1-2
= W 2/ 2
(Eq. B4.2-2)
= 0.31/ 2 = 0.155 in.

b2-2
= W 2/ 2
(Eq. B4.2-2)
= 0.31/ 2 = 0.155 in.

d1
= Reduced effective width of (W 1)

= d'1
(Eq. B4.2-3)
= 0.3237 in.
5.3.4.2 Element (3) and the L-shape Lip

Element (3) can be classified as a uniformly compressed element with an edge stiffener, where
its stiffener is the L-shape lip; thus; the effective width of W 3 and the reduced effective width of each flat
part of the L-shape lip can be calculated in accordance with Section B4.2 in the 2001 specification as
follows:
W 3/ t
= 3.1474/ 0.0713 = 44.14306 > (0.328S = 11.499322)
= Distance from the bottom fiber of W 1 to the horizontal centroidal axis of the full unreduced Lshape lip (the centroidal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the flange), as shown in (Fig. 5-5)
=
0.5tW1 1.57Rmean 0.5t 0.363Rmean W2 (0.5W2 t R)

W1 1.57Rmean W2
= 0.156098 in.

Page 35 of 50
Y = 0.156098 in.
Figure 5-5 Position of Horizontal Centroidal Axis of L-Shape Lip
Is-TL
= Moment of inertia of the L-shape edge stiffener @ its centroidal axis parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the flange
= tW1( Y 0.5t ) 2 0.149tR mean 1.57R mean tY 0.5t 0.363R mean
3
tW2 12 tW2 t R 0.5W2 Y

3
-3
= 1.295685 * 10 in.
Ia
W t
= 399t 4 3 0.328
S
(Eq. B4.2-10)
3
4 44.14306
-3
4
= 399 0.0713
35.05891 0.328 = 8.32406 * 10 in.
Ia-max
RI
W t
= t 4 115 3 5
S
(Eq. B4.2-10)
0.07134 115* 44.14306 5
Is T L
Ia
1.295685 * 10 -3
= 0.334685 < 1.0
3.871359 * 10 -3
35.05891
-3
= 3.871359 * 10 in. < Ia take Ia = Ia-max
(Eq. B4.2-9)
W t
= 0.582 3
4S
(Eq. B4.2-11)
44.14306
0.582
= 0.267222 < (1/3) take n = 1/3
4 * 35.05891

Page 36 of 50
Using Table B4.2 in the 2001 specification for the case of Other Edge Stiffener Shapes;
K3
= 3.57(RI) + 0.43
= 3.57(0.334685)
0.333
+ 0.43
= 2.90864 < 4
Fcr3
= K3
2 W
12 (1 ) 3
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 2.90864 *
= 39.798282 ksi
12 (1 0.32 ) 3.1474
3
Fn
Fcr3
39.322865
= 0.994 > 0.673
39.798282
= 1 0.22 3 3
=
b3
(Eq. B2.1-4)
(Eq. B2.1-3)
1 0.22 0.994 0.994 = 0.783367
= 3W 3
(Eq. B2.1-2)
= 0.783367 * 3.1474 = 2.46557 in.

b1-3
= (b3/ 2)RI
(Eq. B4.2-5)
= (2.46557/ 2) * 0.334685 = 0.412595 in.

b2-3
= b3 b1-3
(Eq. B4.2-6)
= 2.46557 0.412595 = 2.052975 in.

The reduced values of the effective parts b1-2, b2-2, and d1 can be calculated as follows:
b1-2*

= b1-2RI
= 0.155 * 0.334685 = 0.051876 in.
b2-2*

= b2-2RI
= 0.155 * 0.334685 = 0.051876 in.

Page 37 of 50
d1*
= Reduced width of d1
= d1RI
= 0.3237 * 0.334685 = 0.108337 in.
The removed widths from elements (1), (2), and (3) can then be calculated as follows:
Rem1

= W 1 d1*
= 0.3237 0.108337 = 0.215363 in.
Rem2

= W 2 (b1-2* + b2-2*)
= 0.31 (0.051876 + 0.051876) = 0.206248 in.
Rem3

= W 3 (b1-3 + b2-3)
= 3.1474 (0.412595+ 2.052975) = 0.681830 in.
The effective parts of W 1, W 2, and W 3 can be shown in Fig. 5-6.
b2-3
b1-3
b1-2
*
b 2-2
*
d1*
Figure 5-6 Effective Parts of W1, W2, and W3 under Axial Compression
5.3.4.3 Element (4)

Element (4) can be classified as a uniformly compressed stiffened element, thus, the effective
width of W 4 can be calculated in accordance with Section B2.1 (a) in the 2001 specification as follows:
K4
=4
Fcr4
= K4
2 W
12 (1 ) 4
2E
(Eq. B2.1-5)
2
= 4*
2 * 29500 0.0713
= 9.270658 ksi
12 (1 0.3 2 ) 7.6474

Page 38 of 50
Fn
Fcr 4
39.322865
= 2.059526 > 0.673
9.270658
(Eq. B2.1-4)
= 1 0.22 4 4
=
b4
(Eq. B2.1-3)
1 0.22 2.059526 2.059526 = 0.433682
= 4W 4
(Eq. B2.1-2)
= 0.433682 * 7.6474 = 3.316539 in.

Rem4

= W 4 b4
= 7.6474 3.316539 = 4.330861 in.
The effective parts (hatched parts) of W 4 can be shown in Fig. 5-7.
0.5b4
0.5b4
Figure 5-7 Effective Parts of W4 under Axial Compression

Page 39 of 50
5.3.4.4 Value of the Effective Area

Considering the corners are fully effective, the effective area of the section under axial
compression (P) can be calculated as follows:
Remt
= Total removed length of the section due to local buckling

= 2(Rem1 + Rem2 + Rem3) + Rem4
= 2 * (0.215363 + 0.206248 + 0.681830) + 4.330861 = 6.537743 in.
Ae
= Effective area of the section

= Ag (Remt * t), where Ag is the gross area of the section
2
= 1.17886 (6.537743 * 0.0713) = 0.712719 in.
5.3.5 Axial Compression Strength Determination and Check of Safety

Pn
= Nominal axial compression strength of the section

= AeFn
(Eq. C4-1)
= 0.712719 * 39.322865 = 28.0262 Kips

Pall
= Allowable axial compression strength of the section

= Pn/ c
= 28.0262/ 1.8 = 15.5701 kips > (P = 3.5619 kips)
safe
Act/ All = P/ Pall

= 3.5619/ 15.5701 = 0.2288
5.4 Web-Crippling (Pcr)

The web-crippling must be checked, in accordance with Section C3.4.1 in the 2001 specification,
for the typical support reaction (case of End, One-Flange Loading) as follows:
Pny
= Nominal web-crippling strength
R
N
h
1 CN
1 Ch
= Ct 2Fy Sin1 CR
t
t
t
(Eq. C3.4.1-1)
0.105
3
2
1 0.02 7.6474
1 0.35
= 4 * 0.0713 * 50 * Sin901 0.14
0.0713
0.0713
0.0713
= 2.188431 kips

Page 40 of 50
Py-all
= Allowable web-crippling strength

= Pny/ w
safe
= 2.188431/ 1.75 = 1.2505 kips > (Py = 0.6766 kips)

Act/ All = Py/ Py-all
= 0.6766/ 1.2505 = 0.5411
5.5 Combined (Mx) and (Vy)

The critical combined corresponding values of bending moment (M x) and shear force (Vy) were
found at a distance from left support equal to 4.8 ft (Xc/ L = 4.8/ 12 = 0.4) due to combination of (DL +
0.75Lr + 0.75WL), and can be checked in accordance with Section C3.3.1 in the 2004 supplement as
follows:Mx
= Actual bending moment at a distance from left support equal to 4.8 ft
DL X c 0.75Lr X c 0.75WL X c Cos

= R y 4 X c Rx 4 X c Rh L
2
2
2
2
2
2
37.5 57.6 Cos 11.3099
4057.6
3657.6
= 1.362 * 57.6 3.36 * 57.6 * 2.4 12
2 * 12000 2 * 12000
2 * 12000
= 23.8464 kips.in.
Vy
= Actual shear force at a distance from left support equal to 4.8 ft

=
R DL 0.75Lr X Cos R
y4
x4
Sin 0.75WL X c Cos
= 1.362 40 36 * 4.8 / 1000 * Cos11.3099 3.36 * Sin11.3099 37.5 4.8 1000 * Cos11.3099
= 0.1353 kips
23.8464 0.1353

= 0.3269 < (Upper Limit = 1.0) safe
73.3004 4.2186
Interaction
V
bMx
v y
M
Vny
nxo
Act/ All
(Eq. C3.3.2-1)
= Interaction/ Upper Limit

= 0.3269 / 1 = 0.3269
Supplement 2004 to the NASPEC-AISI 2001 for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

Page 41 of 50
5.6 Combined (Mx) and (P)

The critical combined corresponding values of bending moment (Mx) and axial compressive force
(P) were found at a distance from left support equal to 6 ft (Xc/ L = 6/ 12 = 0.5) due to combination of (DL
+ 0.75Lr + 0.75WL), and can be checked in accordance with Section C5.2.1 in the 2001 specification as
follows:P
= Actual axial compressive force at a distance from left support equal to 6 ft
R DL 0.75Lr X Sin R Cos

= 1.362 40 36 * 6 1000 Sin11.3099 3.36 * Cos11.3099
=
y4
x4
= 3.4724 kips
Mx
= Actual bending moment at a distance from left support equal to 6 ft

= Mx4 = 24.84 kips.in.
P/ Pall
= 3.4724/ 15.5701
= 0.2230 > 0.15
PEx
2EI x
2 * 29500 * 12.1646
= 164.2332 kips
146.85182
= 1
(Eq. C5.2.1-6)
K x L x 2
cP
PEx
(Eq. C5.2.1-4)
1.8 * 3.4724
= 0.961942
164.2332
Taking Cmx conservatively as unity;

Interaction (1)
Ratio(1)
cP bCmxMx
Pn
Mnx x
3.4724
1.0 * 24.84

15.5701 73.3004 * 0.961942
(Eq. C5.2.1-1)
= Interaction (1)/ Upper Limit

= 0.5753/ 1 = 0.5753
Interaction (2)
c P bM x
Pno
Mnx
3.4724
24.84

18.1033 73.3004
(Eq. C5.2.1-2)

Page 42 of 50
Ratio(2)
= Interaction (2)/ Upper Limit

= 0.5307/ 1 = 0.5307
Act/ All
= Maximum of Ratio(1) and Ratio(2)

= Maximum of 0.5753 and 0.5307 = 0.5753
Serviceability Check
6.1 Total Load Deflection (Total)

all-Total = Maximum allowed deflection for total load
= (2 * 12 * 12)/ 240 = 1.20 in. = maximum absolute deflection
act-Total = Maximum actual deflection for total load based on the maximum of the load combinations (D +
Lr, D + S)
= 0.1562 in. (from structural analysis) < all-Total
safe
Act/ All = act-Total/ all-Total

= 0.1562/ 1.20 = 0.1302
6.2 Live Load Deflection (Live)

all-Live = Maximum allowed deflection for roof live load
= (2 * 12 * 12)/ 360 = 0.80 in. < (maximum absolute deflection = 1.20 in.)
act-Live = Maximum actual deflection for the maximum of (roof live load, snow load)
= 0.0852 in. (from structural analysis) < all-Total
safe
Act/ All = act-Live/ all-Live

= 0.0852/ 0.80 = 0.1065
Conclusion
It is safe to use a (800JAM350-68mil, 50Ksi) section as a rafter for this roof.

Page 43 of 50
Verification of SteelSmart System
8.1 Forces and Deflection Diagrams

8.1.1 Bending Moment Diagram (kips.in.)

Page 44 of 50
8.1.2 Shear Force Diagram (kips)

Page 45 of 50
8.1.3 Axial (Normal) Force Diagram (kips)

Page 46 of 50
8.1.4 Total load Deflection Diagram (in.)

Page 47 of 50
8.1.5 Live load Deflection Diagram (in.)

Page 48 of 50
8.2 Output
8.2.1 Left Span

Page 49 of 50
8.2.2 Right Span

Page 50 of 50

Three-Hinged Roof Rafter

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Three-Hinged Roof Rafter

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Verification Samples